Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Beer with high hop content}} {{Infobox beer style | name = India pale ale | image = File:Brewdog-hardcore-ipa (cropped).jpg | caption = Hardcore IPA from [[BrewDog]] | origin = [[United Kingdom]] | yeast = | alcohol = 4.5–20% | colour = 6–14 | bitterness = 25–120{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} | originalgravity = 1.050–1.090 | finalgravity = 1.000–1.025 | maltpercentage = }} '''India pale ale''' ('''IPA''') is a [[hops|hoppy]] [[beer style]] within the broader category of [[pale ale]].<ref name="eco" /><ref name=":0" /> The style of pale ale which became known as India pale ale was widespread in England by 1815,<ref name=":2" /> and would grow in popularity, notably as an export beer shipped to [[India]] (which was [[Company rule in India|under the control]] of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] until 1858) and elsewhere.<ref name="eco">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2016/12/24/a-history-of-the-authentically-global-beer|title=A history of the authentically global beer|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2020-04-11|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford companion to beer|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Oliver, Garrett.|isbn=978-0-19-536713-3|location=New York|pages=485|oclc=706025045}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=155}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=104}}</ref> ==History== {{See also|Bow, London|Burton-on-Trent}} The pale ales of the early 18th century were lightly [[hops|hopped]] and quite different from today's pale ales.<ref>{{harvnb|Anonymous|1744|pp=72–73}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, pale ale was brewed mostly with [[coke (fuel)|coke]]-fired malt, which produced less smoking and roasting of [[barley]] in the malting process, and hence produced a paler beer.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=154}}</ref> One such variety of beer was [[Old ale|October beer]], a pale well-hopped brew popular among the [[landed gentry]], who brewed it domestically; once brewed it was intended to [[Wine cellar|cellar]] two years.<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|pp=97–98}}</ref> Among the first brewers known to export beer to India was George Hodgson's Bow Brewery,<ref name="smithsonianmag.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-india-pale-ale-got-its-name-180954891|title=How the India Pale Ale Got Its Name|website=Smithsonianmag.com|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> on the [[Middlesex]]-[[Essex]] boundary. Its beers became popular among [[East India Company]] traders' provisions in the late 18th century for being two miles up the [[River Lea|Lea]] from the [[East India Docks]],{{efn|The Bow Brewery was on the west bank, south of [[Bow, London#Bridges at Bowe|Bow bridge]] with a wharf opposite.<ref name=Pryor2009 />}} and Hodgson's liberal [[Line of credit|credit line]] of 18 months. Ships exported this beer to India, among them his October beer, which benefited exceptionally from conditions of the voyage and was highly regarded among its consumers in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=98}}</ref> The brewery came into the control of Hodgson's son early in the next century,{{efn|Mark Hodgson died in 1810, leaving the Bow Brewery in the care of a trust. His only surviving son, Frederick, took control of the brewery in 1819.<ref name=Pryor2009 />}} [[Burton upon Trent|Burton]] breweries lost their export market in Continental Europe, including Scandinavia and Russia, when the [[Continental System|Napoleonic blockade]] was imposed, and were seeking a new export market for their beer.<ref name="Pryor2009">{{cite journal |title=Indian Pale Ale: an Icon of Empire |journal=Commodities of Empire Working Paper |year=2009 |last=Pryor |first=Alan |issue=13 |issn=1756-0098 |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/ferguson-centre/commodities-of-empire/working-papers/WP13.pdf |access-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> [[File:Old Phipps IPA Claret sharpened.jpg|thumb|250px|19th century poster for [[Phipps NBC|Phipps]], an IPA brewer in [[Northampton]]]] At the behest of the East India Company, [[Samuel Allsopp & Sons|Allsopp]]'s brewery developed a strongly-hopped pale ale in the style of Hodgson's for export to India.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=26}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=102}}</ref> Other Burton brewers, including [[Bass Brewery|Bass]] and [[Salt's Brewery|Salt]], quickly followed Allsopp's lead, taking advantage of Burton water in brewing similar beers.{{efn|The water of Burton on Trent contains a very high concentration of sulphate which accentuates the bitterness of beer. See Daniels, Foster, and Cornell.}} [[London East End]] brewer [[Charrington Brewery|Charrington]]'s trial shipments of [[hogshead]]s of "India Ale" to [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1827 proved successful and a regular trade emerged with the key British agents and retailers: Griffiths & Co in Madras; Adam, Skinner and Co. in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and Bruce, Allen & Co. in Calcutta.{{sfn|Mathias|1959|page=190}} Early IPAs were only slightly higher in alcohol than other beers brewed then, but more of the [[wort]] was fermented, meaning few residual sugars, and they were heavily hopped.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|pp=17–21}} discusses the hopping rate; {{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=154}} discusses the high level of fermentation.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=21}}</ref> While IPAs were formulated to survive long voyages by sea better than other styles of the time, [[porter (beer)|porter]] was also successfully shipped to India and California.<ref name="AnchorIPA">{{cite web|title=IN THE ROOM THE STORY OF ANCHOR IPA™|url=http://www.anchorbrewing.com/blog/in-the-roomthe-story-of-anchor-ipa/|work=Anchor Brewing Blog|date=14 February 2014|publisher=Anchor Brewing Company|access-date=28 April 2014}}.</ref> By the 1860s, India pale ales were widely brewed in England, and they were much more [[Attenuation (brewing)|attenuated]] and hopped than porters and ales.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|p=156}}</ref> [[File:Best India Pale Ale label (8734611254).jpg|thumb|200px|Best India Pale Ale, bottled expressly for export by A. W. Palmer & Co.]] Demand for the export style of pale ale, which had become known as "India pale ale", developed in England around 1840 and India pale ale became a popular product in England.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> In 1837, Hodgson's IPA typically cost 6/6 (£{{£sd|s=6|d=6|round=3}}) for a dozen pint bottles, the same as [[Guinness|Guinness Double Stout]], 53% more than the 4/3 (£{{£sd|s=4|d=3|round=4}}) a dozen for those of porter.<ref>WANDSWORTH IN THE FIELDS. In thorough." ''Times'', 15 June 1837, p. 2. ''The Times Digital Archive''</ref> Some brewers dropped the term "India" in the late 19th century, but records indicated that these "pale ales" retained the features of earlier IPAs.<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|1999|p=65}}</ref> American, Australian, and Canadian brewers manufactured beer with the label IPA before 1900, and records suggest that these beers were similar to English IPA of the era.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniels|1996|pp=157–58}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cornell|2008|p=112}}</ref> IPA style beers started being exported to other colonial countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, around this time with many breweries dropping the 'I' in 'IPA' and simply calling them Pale Ales or Export Pales. [[Kirkstall Brewery]] and many competitors sent much export beer across the world by steam ship to auction off to wholesalers upon arrival. ==United Kingdom== India pale ale was well known as early as 1815,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Webster|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIEAAAAAMAAJ&q=india+pale+ale&pg=PA598|title=An Encyclopæaedia of Domestic Economy|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1815|pages=598, 599|language=en}}</ref> but gained popularity in the British domestic market sometime before then.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zythophile.co.uk/2010/03/31/ipa-the-executive-summary/|title=IPA: the executive summary|date=31 March 2010|website=Zythophile.co.uk|access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref> By World War I, IPA in Britain had diverged into two styles, the premium bottled IPAs of around 1.065 specific gravity and cask-conditioned draught IPAs which were among the weakest beers on the bar. For instance Bass was 1.065 OG and 6.4% ABV, but in 1912 Whitbread's draught IPA was 1.049 and less than 5% ABV, at a time when the average British beer was 1.055.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://barclayperkins.blogspot.com/2016/02/english-ipa.html | title=English IPA | date=13 February 2016 | first=Ron | last=Pattinson}}</ref> Like all British beers, their strength declined during World War I and by 1923 Bass was 1.055<ref>{{cite web | url=http://barclayperkins.blogspot.com/2020/05/bass-pale-ale-1851-1994.html | title=Bass Pale Ale 1851 - 1994 | date=10 May 2020 | first=Ron | last=Pattinson}}</ref> and Whitbread IPA was a bottled beer of 1.036 and 3.7% (compared to their standard X Mild at 1.042 and their draught bitter at 1.042).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://barclayperkins.blogspot.com/2009/03/lets-brew-ipa.html | title=Let's Brew 1923 Whitbread IPA! | date=2 March 2009 | first=Ron | last=Pattinson}}</ref> [[Greene King]] IPA (3.7%) and [[Charles Wells Ltd|Charles Wells]] Eagle IPA (3.6%) are examples of IPAs in this tradition. [[Worthington's White Shield]] is an example of a historic India Pale Ale, first brewed in 1829 principally for export to the [[British Empire]]. By the 1960s White Shield had become a cult drink brewed in small quantities for a dedicated following, but it found renewed popularity in the early 1970s when the demand for [[real ale]] grew in the UK.<ref name="autogenerated11">{{cite news|last=Fort|first=Matthew|title=Vintage beers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/sep/22/foodanddrink|access-date=12 April 2020|newspaper=The Guardian|date=22 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated10">{{cite news|last=Jackson|first=Michael|title=Drink the beer, swallow the tonic|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/drink-the-beer-swallow-the-tonic-white-shield-one-of-the-few-real-ales-in-a-bottle-is-now-in-supermarkets-says-michael-jackson-1543208.html|access-date=12 April 2020|newspaper=The Independent|date=29 August 1992}}</ref> The revival of IPA in modern times dates to a seminar on Burton pale ales organised by publican Mark Dorber at his pub, the [[The White Horse, Fulham|White Horse, Parson's Green]], in 1990. That led to a pale ale festival in 1992 and an IPA festival in 1993, for which Bass brewed a 7.2% beer inspired by Bass Continental, originally brewed for the Belgian market before World War II and based on Bass recipes going back to the 1850s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boakandbailey.com/2020/05/what-do-we-really-know-about-how-to-brew-bass/ | title=What do we really know about how to brew Bass? | first1=Jessica | last1= Boak | first2=Ray | last2=Bailey | date=7 May 2020}}</ref> Dorber and [[Roger Protz]] then organised an IPA conference in 1994 at Whitbread's brewery in London, attended by brewers from both sides of the Atlantic.<ref name=Protz20161114>{{cite web | url=https://protzonbeer.co.uk/news/2016/11/14/taste-the-ipa-that-launched-the-revival | title=Taste the IPA that launched the revival | date=14 November 2016 | first=Roger | last=Protz}}</ref> The influence of this meeting persists, for instance Brooklyn Brewery's East India IPA is based on the beer that Garrett Oliver took there.<ref name=Protz20161114 /> In the 21st century, US-influenced IPA is one of the most popular beer styles in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |work=Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/food-drink/beer-cider-perry/best-ipa-beer-uk-world-hops-america-london-a7049686.html |title=10 best IPAs |date=27 September 2017 |first1=Nick |last1=Moyle |first2=Richard |last2= Hood |access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref> In 2019, [[Brewdog|Brewdog's]] Punk IPA was the country's best selling craft beer in the [[pub|on-trade]]<ref>{{cite news |work=Morning Advertiser |url=https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2019/11/26/What-is-the-best-selling-craft-beer-in-pubs |title=BrewDog Punk IPA sales increase by 19.7% |date=26 November 2019 |first=Stuart |last=Stone |access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref> and [[Swannay Brewery|Swannay's]] Muckle IPA won overall craft keg gold in [[Society of Independent Brewers|SIBA's]] Independent Beer Awards.<ref>[https://www.siba.co.uk/2019/03/15/gloucester-swannay-wibblers-brewery-take-overall-uk-gold/ Society of Independent Brewers. ''Gloucester, Swannay, and Wibblers Brewery take overall UK Gold.''] Retrieved 23 May 2020</ref> ==United States== [[File:Ballantinebrewerynewark1906.jpg|thumb|260px|Ballantine's of New Jersey, brewers of Ballantine IPA]] In the late 20th century craft beer revolution in the United States, brewers began seeking out old beer styles that had fallen out of vogue; [[P. Ballantine and Sons Brewing Company|Ballantine IPA]], which had been made in the U.S. since 1890 until the 1990s, proved inspirational.<ref name=":0" /> The traditional IPA style was well-suited to model the intense flavour and aroma of American hops.<ref name=":0" /> Bert Grant of [[Yakima Brewing|Yakima Brewing and Malting]] identified that [[Cascade hop|Cascade]] and [[Chinook hops|Chinook]] hops, grown locally in [[Yakima, Washington]], provided strong flavours when showcased in an IPA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yakimaherald.com/magazine/bert-grant-the-godfather-of-craft-brewing/article_670d4e54-5794-11e7-8414-97ba2e75a638.html|title=Bert Grant: The Godfather of Craft Brewing|last=Messer|first=Text, Photos and Memorabilia courtesy of Ryan|website=Yakima Herald-Republic|language=en|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The boom in popularity for IPA as a style spread down the west coast of the United States, then across the United States and eventually the world. It is estimated that over 40% of craft beer brewed in the United States can be classified as an IPA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.salon.com/2022/04/26/the-ipa-is-dead-long-live-the-ipa-why-the-love-it-or-hate-it-beer-is-here-to-stay/|title=The IPA is dead, long live the IPA: Why the love-it-or-hate-it beer is here to stay|website=Salon|language=en|date=2022-04-26|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref> As the ''[[The Oxford Companion to Beer|Oxford Companion to Beer]]'' notes: "IPA is now the signature of craft brewers worldwide. Fittingly for an export beer, brewers from Australia to Scandinavia are creating new beers, mostly inspired by the American take on the style, but often adding a regional twist of their own."<ref name=":0" /> === Black IPA === Black IPA (also known as Cascadian Dark Ale (CDA) or American Black Ale) is not pale in colour. Black IPAs share the bitter hoppy flavours of other IPAs; however, the use of roasted malts gives them a much darker malty flavour. [[Greg Noonan]] of Vermont Pub & Brewery created the first black IPA for sale on draught only in the pub in the early 1990s, but it didn't become popular in the United States until 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/drink/lets-talk-beer-styles-black-ipa/|title=Let's Talk Beer Styles: Black IPA|date=2016-04-20|website=pastemagazine.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> === Brut IPA === A crisp, dry IPA, the Brut IPA was invented by Kim Sturdavant, head brewer at San Francisco's Social Kitchen and Brewery.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fabricant|first=Florence|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/dining/drinks/brut-ipa-beer.html|title=Meet Brut I.P.A.|date=2018-12-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beerandbrewing.com/the-birth-of-the-brut-ipa/|title=The Birth of the Brut IPA|website=Craft Beer & Brewing|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> To make a brut IPA, brewers add the enzyme [[amyloglucosidase]] to remove sugars. === Double IPA === Double IPAs (also referred to as Imperial IPAs) are a stronger, very hoppy variant of IPAs that typically have alcohol content above 7.5% by volume.<ref>[http://beeradvocate.com/articles/599 "American Double IPA"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207013533/http://www.beeradvocate.com/articles/599/ |date=2014-12-07 }} ''[[Beer Advocate]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2013.</ref> The style is claimed to have originated with Vinnie Cilurzo, currently the owner of [[Russian River Brewing Company]] in [[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]], California, in 1994 at the now-defunct Blind Pig Brewery in [[Temecula, California|Temecula]], California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appellationbeer.com/blog/hold-it-which-blind-pig-beer-was-one-of-the-first-double-ipas/|title=Hold it, which Blind Pig beer was one of the first Double IPAs?|last=Hieronymus|first=Stan|date=2013-01-14|website=Appellation Beer|language=en|access-date=2022-10-21}}</ref> [[File:Castelló Beer Factory N7, infusionada amb Nitrogen!!.jpg|thumb|150px|A New England IPA with typical hazy appearance]] === New England IPA === New England IPA (NEIPA, also referred to as Hazy IPA or Juicy IPA or, less frequently, [[Vermont]] IPA) was invented by John Kimmich in 2004 at the Alchemist Brewery in [[Waterbury, Vermont]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/20/515799364/the-haze-craze-beer-lovers-newfound-obsession-with-murky-ipas|title=The 'Haze Craze': Beer Lovers' Newfound Obsession With Murky IPAs|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> Characterized by juicy citrus and floral flavours, with an emphasis on hop aroma with lower bitterness, they also have a smooth consistency or mouthfeel, and a hazy appearance. These characteristics are achieved using a combination of brewing techniques, including the use of particular strains of yeast, the timing of adding the hops, and adjusting the chemistry of the water.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Jason |last1=Alström |first2=Todd |last2=Alström |date=May 2017 |title=It's Official: New England India Pale Ale Is a Style |url=https://www.beeradvocate.com/articles/15649/its-official-new-england-india-pale-ale-is-a-style/ |website=[[Beer Advocate]] |access-date=6 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Josh |last=Noel |date=5 July 2017 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/dining/foodfocus/ct-hazy-ipa-craft-beer-food-0705-20170630-story.html |title=How I learned to stop worrying and love hazy IPA — some hazy IPA |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Moorhead |date=August 2016 |url=https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/news/new-england-ipa-haze-craze/ |title=New England IPA: The Haze Craze |website=American Homebrewers Association |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Andy |last=Sparhawk |date=2 August 2017 |url=https://www.craftbeer.com/craft-beer-muses/new-england-style-ipa-anti-ipa |title=The New England Style IPA Is the Anti-IPA |website=CraftBeer.com |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> New England IPAs do not necessarily need to be brewed in New England.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Stein |date=8 June 2017 |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/06/the-haze-craze-11-breweries-outside-of-new-england.html |title=The Haze Craze: 11 Breweries Outside of New England Making NE IPAs |website=Paste Magazine |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> It was officially recognized as a separate beer style, the Juicy or Hazy India Pale Ale, by the Brewers Association in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/restaurants/2018/03/20/brewers-association-guidelines-new-england-ipa/|title=New England-Style, Hazy Ales Finally Get Industry Recognition|date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brewersassociation.org/resources/brewers-association-beer-style-guidelines/|title=Brewers Association Beer Style Guidelines|website=Brewers Association}}</ref> A variation on the style is the milkshake IPA, which adds [[lactose]] and occasionally fruit to make a New England IPA more creamy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hopculture.com/best-milkshake-ipa-style/|title=What Exactly Is a Milkshake IPA? • Hop Culture|date=2020-01-20|website=Hop Culture|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> === Triple IPA === Triple IPAs are characterized by higher hop flavours and higher alcohol content, with alcohol content usually over 10% [[Alcohol by volume|ABV]]. === American IPA / West Coast IPA === Both American and West Coast IPAs are hop-forward in character, with the West Coast variety being especially so.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-calcook-decoding-the-different-styles-of-ipas-20140221-story.html|title=Your guide to 5 IPAs: Decoding the different styles of this hop-intensive beer|date=2014-02-22|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> They often have brilliant clarity and are dry with minimal malt character. Being highly hopped, West Coast / American IPAs are typically very bitter, between 40-70 [[International bitterness units|IBUs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beer Judge Certification Program |url=https://www.bjcp.org/style/2015/21/21A/american-ipa/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.bjcp.org}}</ref> As such, they commonly taste of resin as well as citrus and tropical fruit from the use of [[List of hop varieties#Cascade|American "C" hops]], although these are not the only hops that can be used; often breweries around the world emulating the style will use local New-World hop varieties, or may use a combination of American and local hops.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beer Judge Certification Program |url=https://www.bjcp.org/style/2015/21/21A/american-ipa/ |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=www.bjcp.org}}</ref> === White IPA === White IPAs combine the flavours of an American IPA and a Belgian-style [[wheat beer]].<ref>[https://www.themanual.com/food-and-drink/what-is-white-ipa/ What is White IPA?], ''The Manual''</ref> While the White IPA may sometimes be more Belgian- or IPA- focused, the resulting flavor profile is a unique mix between the spicy phenols from the Belgian yeast strain and the vibrant, citrus notes from new world hops<ref>{{Cite web |last=Junkies |first=The Beer |date=2023-03-02 |title=Best of Both Worlds: How To Brew a Refreshing White IPA |url=https://thebeerjunkies.com/white-ipa/ |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=The Beer Junkies |language=en-US}}</ref>. === India pale lager / Cold IPA === India pale lager (IPL) or Cold IPA is a [[Hops|hoppy]] [[Beer styles|beer style]] inspired by India pale ale. But unlike IPAs, IPLs are fermented with a lager yeast strain at lower, and hence, colder lager fermentation temperatures. They generally combine a crisp lager finish with amplified hops.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kate |last=Bernot |date=10 March 2016 |url=http://draftmag.com/ipl-india-pale-lager/ |title=What the hell's an IPL? |website=Draft Magazine |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Colby |date=4 April 2014 |url=http://beerandwinejournal.com/india-pale-lager/ |title=India Pale Lager |website=Beer & Wine Journal |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" widths="170px" heights="170px"> File:TitanIPA.jpg|[[Great Divide Brewing Company|Great Divide]]<br>Titan IPA File:Bell's Two Hearted Ale.jpg|[[Bell's Brewery|Bell's]]<br>Two Hearted Ale File:Southern Tier IPA (15421680637).jpg|[[Southern Tier Brewing Company|Southern Tier]]<br>IPA Fuller's India pale ale.jpg|[[Fuller's Brewery|Fuller's]]<br>India Pale Ale File:Happy Saturday (238576229) (cropped) (cropped).jpeg|[[Dogfish Head Brewery|Dogfish Head]]<br>120 Minute IPA File:Nils oscar india ale.jpg|[[Nils Oscar Brewery|Nils Oscar]]<br>India Ale File:NogneoIPA.jpg|[[Nøgne Ø]]<br>India Pale Ale </gallery> == See also == * [[Craft brewery and microbrewery]] == Explanatory footnotes == {{notelist}} == Citations == {{Reflist}} == General bibliography == {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite book |author=Anonymous <!-- Some places list William Ellis as author --> |title=The London and Country Brewer |year=1744 |publisher=Thomas Astley |location=London |oclc=22476249 |ol=24190346M }} * {{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Martyn |title=Amber, Gold & Black: The Story of Britain's Great Beers |year=2008 |publisher=Zythography Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sJPGPgAACAAJ |isbn = <!-- No ISBN for this edition? -->}} * {{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Ray |title=Designing Great Beers: The Ultimate Guide to Brewing Classic Beer Styles |year=1996 |publisher=Brewers Publications |isbn=978-0-937381-50-2}} * {{cite book |last=Foster |first=Terry |title=Pale Ale: History, Brewing Techniques, Recipes |edition=Second |year=1999 |publisher=Brewers Publications |isbn=978-0-937381-69-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/palealehistorybr0000fost }} * {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Jackson (writer) |title=The World Guide to Beer |date=1978 |publisher=[[Ballantine Books]] |isbn=978-0-345-27408-3}} * {{cite book|last=Mathias|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Mathias|title=The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830|url=https://archive.org/details/brewingindustryi0000math|url-access=registration|year=1959|publisher=CUP Archive|id=GGKEY:DYD5N29F6JD}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [[Pete Brown (writer)|Brown, Pete]] (2009), ''Hops & Glory: One Man's Search for the Beer That Built the British Empire'', [[Pan Macmillan]] * {{cite book |last=Steele |first=Mitch |title=IPA: Brewing Techniques, Recipes, and the Evolution of India Pale Ale |year=2012 |publisher=Brewers Publications |isbn=978-1-938469-00-8}} ==External links== * {{commons category-inline|India Pale Ales}} {{Beer styles}} [[Category:Beer styles]]'