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[[File:Jupiter - Great Red Spot - PJ7-60 61 62 - Balanced (49803032983).png|thumb|alt=|upright=1.5|Close up view of the Great Red Spot by [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'']]]]
The '''Great Red Spot''' is a persistent [[high-pressure area|high-pressure region]] in the [[atmosphere of Jupiter]], producing an [[anticyclonic storm]] that is the largest in the [[Solar System]]. It is the most recognizable feature on Jupiter, owing to its red-orange color whose origin is still unknown. Located 22 [[degree (angle)|degree]]s south of [[Jupiter]]'s [[equator]], it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). Observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least {{#expr: ({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1665)}} years.<ref>*{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2007 |url=https://www.space.com/3134-jupiter-data-sheet.html |title=Jupiter Data Sheet – SPACE.com |publisher=Imaginova |access-date=2008-06-03}}
*{{cite web |url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610075946/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |archive-date=2004-06-10 |title=The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Red Spot |publisher=Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref> It was next observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878, when continuous observations began.<ref name="Denning" /><ref>*{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html |date=2017-12-13 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-12-15 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Great Red Spot |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>
==Observation history==
=== First observations ===
[[File:Donato Creti - Astronomical Observations - 06 - Jupiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Donato Creti]]'s 1711 painting "Jupiter", the first depiction of the Great Red Spot as red]]
[[File:Jupiter Great Red Spot Elger November 1881.png|thumb|A sketch of Jupiter made by [[Thomas Gwyn Elger]] in November 1881, showing the Great Red Spot]]
The Great Red Spot may have existed before 1665, but it could be that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and was well studied only after a prominent appearance in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different from the storm that exists today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|author=Karl Hille|date=2015-08-04|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|website=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />
The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Month in Physics History|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202005/history.cfm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.aps.org|language=en}}</ref> Far more convincing is [[Giovanni Cassini]]'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year.<ref>Rogers (1995), 6.</ref> With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot makes it difficult to conclude that they are the same.<ref>Rogers (1995), 188.</ref>
A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by [[Donato Creti]], which is exhibited in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2003 |url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-xv---secolo-xviii/donato-creti--osservazioni-astronomiche.html |title=Donato Creti, Astronomical observations |publisher=Vatican Museums |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=Muha m jaadugar sei Vaticani}}</ref><ref name="Hockey1">Hockey (1999), 40-1.</ref> Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various [[Italy|Italian]] scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer [[Eustachio Manfredi]] for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known depiction of the Great Red Spot as red (albeit raised to the Jovian northern hemisphere due to an optical inversion inherent to the era's telescopes). No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.<ref name="Hockey1" />
The Great Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. By 1879, over 60 observations had been recorded.<ref name="Denning">{{cite journal |last1=Denning |first1=William Frederick |title=Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=June 1899 |volume=59 |issue=10 |page=574 |doi=10.1093/mnras/59.10.574 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |bibcode=1899MNRAS..59..574D|doi-access=free }}</ref> Since it came into prominence in 1879, it has been under continuous observation.
===Late 20th and 21st centuries===
[[Image:Great Red Spot From Voyager 1.jpg|thumb|A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from ''Voyager 1'' in 1979.|left]]On 25 February 1979,<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 951-972.</ref> when the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' spacecraft was {{convert|9200000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as {{convert|160|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.
In the 21st century, the major diameter of the Great Red Spot has been observed to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, its length was about half that of a century earlier, when it reached a size of {{convert|40,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it will become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beatty |first=J. Kelly |year=2002 |title=Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot |url=http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |journal=Sky and Telescope |volume=103 |issue=4 |page=24 |bibcode=2002S&T...103d..24B |access-date=2007-06-21 |archive-date=2011-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527081602/http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, the Great Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating.<ref name="disintegrating">{{cite web |author=Paul Scott Anderson |date=10 June 2019 |title=Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot disintegrating? |url=https://earthsky.org/space/is-jupiters-great-red-spot-disintegrating |access-date=2 July 2019 |publisher=EarthSky}}</ref> The shrinking and "flaking" fueled speculation from some astronomers that the Great Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Urrutia |first1=Doris Elin |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot Could Disappear Within 20 Years |website=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/39764-jupiter-great-red-spot-could-disappear.html |access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref> However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the Great Red Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they also believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the case, this would mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.<ref name="may not">{{cite web |author=Philip Marcus |date=26 November 2019 |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot may not be disappearing |url=https://astronomy.com/news/2019/11/jupiters-great-red-spot-is-not-disappearing |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=Astronomy}}</ref>
A smaller spot, designated [[Oval BA]], formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Lavega |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |date=February 2001 |title=The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=491–495 |bibcode=2001Icar..149..491S |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6548}}
</ref> has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the ''Little Red Spot'' or ''Red Jr.'' As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tony |title=Huge Storms Converge |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190145/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-date=2007-02-02 |access-date=2007-01-08 |publisher=Science@NASA}}</ref> The storms pass each other about every two years, but the passing of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. [[Amy Simon|Amy Simon-Miller]], of the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with [[Imke de Pater]] and Phil Marcus of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] as well as a team of professional astronomers beginning in April 2006 to study the storms using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the [[Gemini Observatory]] without converging.<ref>{{cite news |last=Michaud |first=Peter |title=Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots |publisher=Gemini Observatory |url=http://www.gemini.edu/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=196 |access-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> In May 2008, a third storm turned red.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shiga |first=David |title=Third red spot erupts on Jupiter |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13963-third-red-spot-erupts-on-jupiter/ |magazine=New Scientist |access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref>
The [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'' spacecraft]], which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above the surface.<ref name="junospots" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2016-07-05 |title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Around Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html |access-date=2017-07-12 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Over the duration of the ''Juno'' mission, the spacecraft continued to study the composition and evolution of Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.<ref name="junospots" />
The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tony |title=The Great Dark Spot |publisher=Science at NASA |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615100054/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |archive-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> There is also a feature in the atmosphere of [[Neptune]] called the [[Great Dark Spot]]. The latter feature was imaged by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It was no longer present as of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.
==Mechanical dynamics==
[[File:790106-0203 Voyager 58M to 31M reduced.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|Time-lapse sequence from the approach of ''[[Voyager 1]]'' to Jupiter in 1979, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and the circulation of the Great Red Spot.]]
Jupiter's Great Red Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about 4.5 Earth days,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=John |title=The accelerating circulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association |date=2008 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=14–20 |bibcode=2008JBAA..118...14R |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JBAA..118...14R/abstract |access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref> or 11 Jovian days, as of 2008. Measuring {{convert|16350|km|mi|abbr=on}} in width as of 3 April 2017, the Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth.<ref name="junospots">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot|last=Perez|first=Martin|date=2017-07-12|work=NASA|access-date=2017-07-16|language=en}}</ref> The cloud-tops of this storm are about {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} above the surrounding cloud-tops.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuBYXLt4K9MC&pg=PA5 |title=The Voyager Mission: Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System |date=1979 |publisher=NASA |page=5}}</ref> The storm has continued to exist for centuries because there is no planetary surface (only a mantle of [[hydrogen]]) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 24, 2004 |title=Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot |url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterGreatRedSpot.html |publisher=www.astrophysicsspectator.com}}</ref>
[[Infrared]] data has long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.<ref>Rogers (1995), 191.</ref> The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. [[Acoustic wave|Acoustic (sound) waves]] rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region.<ref name="Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere">{{cite journal |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=J. |last2=Moore |first2=L. |last3=Stallard |first3=T. S. |last4=Melin |first4=H. |title=Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot |journal=Nature |date=27 July 2016 |volume=536 |issue=7615 |pages=190–192 |doi=10.1038/nature18940|pmid=27462811 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..190O |hdl=2381/38554 |s2cid=4462322 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10122821 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The acoustic waves travel vertically up to a height of {{cvt|800|km}} above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is {{convert|1600|K}}—several hundred kelvins warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.<ref name="Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere" /> The effect is described as like "crashing [...] ocean waves on a beach".<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=NASA }}</ref>
[[File:Jupiter, Earth size comparison.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Size of the Earth compared to the Great Red Spot]]
Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counterclockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the ''Voyager'' fly-bys.<ref>Rogers (1995), 194-6.</ref> The spot is confined by a modest eastward [[jet stream]] to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.<ref>Beebe (1997), 35.</ref> Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about {{convert|432|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.<ref>Rogers (1995), 195.</ref> The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rogers |first=John
|url=http://www.britastro.org/jupiter/2006report09.htm
|title=Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB
|publisher=British Astronomical Association
|access-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref>
The Great Red Spot's [[latitude]] has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its [[longitude]], however, is subject to constant variation, including a 90-day longitudinal oscillation with an amplitude of ~1°.<ref>* {{cite journal|author1=Reese, Elmer J.|author2=Solberg, H. Gordon|year=1966|title=Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot|journal=Icarus|volume=5|issue=1–6|pages=266–273|bibcode=1966Icar....5..266R|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4|hdl-access=free|hdl=2060/19650022425}}<!--|access-date=2007-06-20 -->
* Rogers (1995), 192-3.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trigo-Rodriguez |first1=J.M |last2=Sánchez-Lavega |first2=A |last3=Gómez |first3=J.M |last4=Lecacheux |first4=J |last5=Colas |first5=F |last6=Miyazaki |first6=I |date=2000 |title=The 90-day oscillations of Jupiter's Great Red Spot revisited |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032063300000027 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=331–339 |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00002-7|bibcode=2000P&SS...48..331T |s2cid=120883365 }}</ref> Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.<ref>
*{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=Peter H. |title=On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |year=1974 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1471–1472 |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/31/5/pdf/i1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf |access-date=2007-06-20 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1974JAtS...31.1471S}}
*Rogers (1995), 48, 193.</ref> Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early 19th century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the [[South Equatorial Belt]] and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.<ref>Rogers (1995), 193.</ref>
== Internal depth and structure ==
[[File:Telescopes and Spacecraft Join Forces to Probe Deep into Jupiter's Atmosphere (49892941386).png|thumb|Clockwise from top left: [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] image of [[visible spectrum]]; [[infrared]] from the [[Gemini Observatory]];
multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red; [[ultraviolet]] image from Hubble; visible light detail|400x400px]]Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) is an elliptical shaped anticyclone, occurring at 22 degrees below the equator, in Jupiter's southern hemisphere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bjoraker |first1=G. L. |last2=Wong |first2=M. H. |last3=Pater |first3=I. de |last4=Hewagama |first4=T. |last5=Ádámkovics |first5=M. |last6=Orton |first6=G. S. |date=2018-08-20 |title=The Gas Composition and Deep Cloud Structure of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=156 |issue=3 |page=101 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aad186 |arxiv=1808.01402 |bibcode=2018AJ....156..101B |s2cid=119365729 |issn=1538-3881 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The largest [[Anticyclone|anticyclonic]] storm (~16,000 km) in our solar system, little is known about its internal depth and structure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Parisi |first1=Marzia |last2=Kaspi |first2=Yohai |last3=Galanti |first3=Eli |last4=Durante |first4=Daniele |last5=Bolton |first5=Scott J. |last6=Levin |first6=Steven M. |last7=Buccino |first7=Dustin R. |last8=Fletcher |first8=Leigh N. |last9=Folkner |first9=William M. |last10=Guillot |first10=Tristan |last11=Helled |first11=Ravit |date=2021-11-19 |title=The depth of Jupiter's Great Red Spot constrained by Juno gravity overflights |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf1396 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=374 |issue=6570 |pages=964–968 |doi=10.1126/science.abf1396 |pmid=34709940 |bibcode=2021Sci...374..964P |s2cid=240153766 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Visible imaging and cloud-tracking from [[In situ|in-situ]] observation determined the velocity and vorticity of the GRS, which is located in a thin anticyclonic ring at 70–85% of the radius and is located along Jupiter's fastest westward moving jet stream.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Leigh N. |last2=Orton |first2=G. S. |last3=Mousis |first3=O. |last4=Yanamandra-Fisher |first4=P. |last5=Parrish |first5=P. D. |last6=Irwin |first6=P. G. J. |last7=Fisher |first7=B. M. |last8=Vanzi |first8=L. |last9=Fujiyoshi |first9=T. |last10=Fuse |first10=T. |last11=Simon-Miller |first11=A. A. |date=2010-07-01 |title=Thermal structure and composition of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from high-resolution thermal imaging |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103510000084 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=208 |issue=1 |pages=306–328 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.005 |bibcode=2010Icar..208..306F |issn=0019-1035}}</ref> During NASA's 2016 [[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]] mission, gravity signature and thermal infrared<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=David S. |last2=Banfield |first2=Don |last3=Gierasch |first3=Peter |last4=Showman |first4=Adam P. |date=2007-05-01 |title=Velocity and vorticity measurements of Jupiter's Great Red Spot using automated cloud feature tracking |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506004179 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=188 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.037 |arxiv=1301.6119 |bibcode=2007Icar..188...35C |s2cid=55114257 |issn=0019-1035}}</ref> data were obtained that offered insight into the structural dynamics and depth of the GRS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During July 2017, the Juno spacecraft conducted a second pass of the GRS to collect [[Microwave Radiometer (Juno)|Microwave Radiometer]] (MWR) scans of the GRS to determine how far the GRS extended toward the surface of the condensed H<sub>2</sub>O layer.<ref name=":0" /> These MWR scans suggested that the GRS vertical depth extended to about 240 km below cloud level, with an estimated drop in atmospheric pressure to 100 bar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Two methods of analysis that constrain the data collected were the [[mascon]] approach, which found a depth of ~290 km, and the Slepian approach showing wind extending to ~310 km.<ref name=":0" /> These methods, along with gravity signature MWR data, suggest that the GRS zonal winds still increase at a rate of 50% of the velocity of the viable cloud level, before the wind decay starts at lower levels. This rate of wind decay and gravity data suggest the depth of the GRS is between 200 and 500 km.<ref name=":0" />
[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] and [[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini's]] thermal infrared imaging and [[spectroscopy]] of the GRS were conducted during 1995–2008, in order to find evidence of thermal inhomogeneities within the internal structure vortex of the GRS.<ref name=":1" /> Previous thermal infrared temperature maps from the [[Voyager program|Voyager]], Galileo, and Cassini missions suggested the GRS is a structure of an anticyclonic vortex with a cold core within a upwelling warmer annulus; this data shows a gradient in the temperature of the GRS.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Better understanding of Jupiter's atmospheric temperature, aerosol particle opacity, and ammonia gas composition was provided by thermal-IR imaging: a direct correlation of the visible cloud layers reactions, thermal gradient and compositional mapping to observational data were collected over decades.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> During December 2000, high spatial resolution images from Galileo, of an atmospheric turbulent area to the northwest of the GRS, showed a thermal contrast between the warmest region of the anticyclone and regions to the east and west of the GRS.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sánchez-Lavega |first1=A. |last2=Hueso |first2=R. |last3=Eichstädt |first3=G. |last4=Orton |first4=G. |last5=Rogers |first5=J. |last6=Hansen |first6=C. J. |last7=Momary |first7=T. |last8=Tabataba-Vakili |first8=F. |last9=Bolton |first9=S. |date=2018-09-18 |title=The Rich Dynamics of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from JunoCam: Juno Images |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=156 |issue=4 |page=162 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aada81 |bibcode=2018AJ....156..162S |s2cid=125185665 |issn=1538-3881|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Winds in Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Winds in the Great Red Spot as analyzed from Hubble's data. Red means faster wind, blue means slower wind.]]
The vertical temperature of the structure of the GRS is constrained between the 100–600 mbar range, with the vertical temperature of the GRS core is approximately 400 mbar of pressure{{clarify|date=May 2023}}, being 1.0–1.5 K, much warmer than regions of the GRS to the east–west, and 3.0–3.5 K warmer than regions to the north–south of the structures edge.<ref name=":1" /> This structure is consistent with the data collected by the VISIR (VLT Mid-Infrared Imager Spectrometer on the ESO Very Large Telescope) imaging obtained in 2006; this revealed that the GRS was physically present at a wide range of altitudes that occur within the atmospheric pressure range of 80–600 mbar, and confirms the thermal infrared mapping result.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Amy A. |last2=Tabataba-Vakili |first2=Fachreddin |last3=Cosentino |first3=Richard |last4=Beebe |first4=Reta F. |last5=Wong |first5=Michael H. |last6=Orton |first6=Glenn S. |date=2018-03-13 |title=Historical and Contemporary Trends in the Size, Drift, and Color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=155 |issue=4 |page=151 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaae01 |bibcode=2018AJ....155..151S |s2cid=126147959 |issn=1538-3881|doi-access=free }}</ref> To develop a model of the internal structure of the GRS the Cassini mission Composite [[Infrared spectroscopy|Infrared Spectrometer]] (CIRS) and ground based spatial imaging mapped the composition of the [[phosphine]] and [[ammonia]] aerosols (PH<sub>3</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>) and [[para-hydroxybenzoic acid]] within the anticyclonic circulation of the GRS.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=James Y-K. |last2=de la Torre Juárez |first2=Manuel |last3=Ingersoll |first3=Andrew P. |last4=Dritschel |first4=David G. |date=2001-03-25 |title=A high-resolution, three-dimensional model of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |language=en |volume=106 |issue=E3 |pages=5099–5105 |doi=10.1029/2000JE001287|bibcode=2001JGR...106.5099C |doi-access=free }}</ref> The images that were collected from the CIRS and ground-based imaging trace the vertical motion in the Jovian atmosphere by PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> spectra.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
The highest concentrations of PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> were found to the north of the GRS peripheral rotation. They aided in determining the southward jet movement and showed evidence of an increase in altitude of the column of aerosols with pressures ranging from 200–500 mbar.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morales-Juberías |first1=Raúl |last2=Dowling |first2=Timothy E. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: Fine-scale matches of model vorticity patterns to prevailing cloud patterns |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001425 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=225 |issue=1 |pages=216–227 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.026 |bibcode=2013Icar..225..216M |issn=0019-1035}}</ref> However, the NH<sub>3</sub> composition data shows that there is a major depletion of NH<sub>3</sub> below the visible cloud layer at the southern peripheral ring of the GRS; this lower opacity is relative to a narrow band of atmospheric subsidence.<ref name=":1" /> The low mid-IR aerosol opacity, along with the temperature gradients, the altitude difference, and the vertical movement of the zonal winds, are involved with the development and sustainability of the vorticity.<ref name=":1" /> The stronger atmospheric [[subsidence]] and compositional asymmetries of the GRS suggest that the structure exhibits a degree of tilt from the northern edge to the southern edge of the structure.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Flasar |first1=F. Michael |last2=Conrath |first2=Barney J. |last3=Pirraglia |first3=Joseph A. |last4=Clark |first4=Patrick C. |last5=French |first5=Richard G. |last6=Gierasch |first6=Peter J. |date=1981-09-30 |title=Thermal structure and dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere 1. The great red spot |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JA086iA10p08759 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=86 |issue=A10 |pages=8759–8767 |doi=10.1029/JA086iA10p08759|bibcode=1981JGR....86.8759F |hdl=2060/19810016481 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The GRS depth and internal structure has been constantly changing over decades;<ref name=":0" /> however there is still no logical reason that it is 200–500 km in depth, but the jet streams that supply the force that powers the GRS vortex are well below the structure base.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Color and composition==
It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that it may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of [[ammonium hydrosulfide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|publisher=[[NASA]]|quote=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|Goddard]] scientists Mark Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter's clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot's color. |date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> and the organic compound [[acetylene]], which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called [[tholin]]s.<ref name="Hudson2018">{{cite journal
|last1=Loeffer |first1=Mark J.
|last2=Hudson |first2=Reggie L.
|title=Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)
|journal=Icarus
|year=2018 |volume=302
|pages=418–425
|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041|bibcode=2018Icar..302..418L
}}</ref> The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring.<ref name="EarthSky">{{cite web|title=What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?|date=2014-11-11|url=https://earthsky.org/space/what-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red|access-date=2019-03-13|publisher=[[EarthSky]]}}</ref>
The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]] (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.<ref name="Beebe1">Beebe (1997), 38-41.</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Solar System}}
* [[Extraterrestrial vortex]]
* [[Great Dark Spot]]
* [[Great White Spot]], a similar storm on [[Saturn]]
* [[Hypercane]]
* [[WISEP J190648.47+401106.8]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|author=[Numerous authors]
|editor1=Beatty, Kelly J.
|editor2=Peterson, Carolyn Collins
|editor3=Chaiki, Andrew
|year=1999
|title=The New Solar System
|edition=4th
|publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation
|location=Massachusetts
|isbn=978-0-933346-86-4
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Reta |last=Beebe
|year=1997
|title=Jupiter the Giant Planet
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Smithsonian Books
|location=Washington
|isbn=978-1-56098-685-0
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Thomas |last=Hockey
|year=1999
|title=Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography
|publisher=IOP Publishing
|location=Bristol, Philadelphia
|isbn=978-0-7503-0448-1
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Bertrand M.
|last=Peek
|author-link=Bertrand Meigh Peek
|year=1981
|title=The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook
|edition=Revised
|publisher=Faber and Faber Limited
|location=London
|isbn=978-0-571-18026-4
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/planetjupiter00peek
}}
*{{cite book
|first=John H. |last=Rogers
|year=1995
|title=The Giant Planet Jupiter
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|isbn=978-0-521-41008-3
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Smith |first=B. A.
|display-authors=etal
|year=1979
|title=The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1
|journal=Science
|volume=204 |issue=4396|pages=951–957, 960–972
|bibcode=1979Sci...204..951S
|doi=10.1126/science.204.4396.951
|pmid=17800430
|s2cid=33147728
}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Great Red Spot}}
* {{cite news
|first=Sarah |last=Yang
|title=Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear
|publisher=UC Berkeley News |date=April 21, 2004
|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/04/21_jupiter.shtml
|access-date=2007-06-14
}}
* {{cite news
|first=Tony
|last=Phillips
|title=Jupiter's New Red Spot
|publisher=Science at NASA
|date=March 3, 2006
|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|access-date=2007-06-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019024917/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|archive-date=October 19, 2008
}}
* {{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |title=Huge Storms Converge |publisher=Science at NASA |date=June 5, 2006 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |access-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505203040/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |archive-date=May 5, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
*{{cite journal
|author1=Youssef, Ashraf
|author2=Marcus, Philip S.
|year=2003
|title=The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger
|journal=Icarus
|volume=162 |issue=1 |pages=74–93
|bibcode=2003Icar..162...74Y
|doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X
}}
* {{cite web
|last=Williams |first=Gareth P.
|date=May 4, 2005
|url=http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gw
|title=NOAA Web Page
|publisher=Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
|access-date=2007-07-21
}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/35790218312/in/photostream/ Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight] by Seán Doran (see [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315 album] for more)
* [https://www.forumhub.org/index.php?topic=143.0 What is the estimated lifespan of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter ?] by Forumhub
{{Jupiter}}
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Planetary spots]]
[[Category:Anticyclones]]
[[Category:Vortices]]
[[Category:Storms]]
[[Category:1830 in science]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Persistent storm in Jupiter's atmosphere}}
[[File:Jupiter - Great Red Spot - PJ7-60 61 62 - Balanced (49803032983).png|thumb|alt=|upright=1.5|Close up view of the Great Red Spot by [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'']]]]
The '''Great Red Spot''' is a persistent [[high-pressure area|high-pressure region]] in the [[atmosphere of Jupiter]], producing an [[anticyclonic storm]] that is the largest in the [[Solar System]]. It is the most recognizable feature on Jupiter, owing to its red-orange color whose origin is still unknown. Located 22 [[degree (angle)|degree]]s south of [[Jupiter]]'s [[equator]], it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). Observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least {{#expr: ({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1665)}} years.<ref>*{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2007 |url=https://www.space.com/3134-jupiter-data-sheet.html |title=Jupiter Data Sheet – SPACE.com |publisher=Imaginova |access-date=2008-06-03}}
*{{cite web |url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610075946/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |archive-date=2004-06-10 |title=The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Red Spot |publisher=Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref> It was next observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878, when continuous observations began.<ref name="Denning" /><ref>*{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html |date=2017-12-13 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-12-15 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Great Red Spot |entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>
==Observation history==
===vgmnjn n mn bnm vhgvtery|website=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />
The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title
==Mechanical dynamics==
[[File:790106-0203 Voyager 58M to 31M reduced.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|Time-lapse sequence from the approach of ''[[Voyager 1]]'' to Jupiter in 1979, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and the circulation of the Great Red Spot.]]
Jupiter's Great Red Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about 4.5 Earth days,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=John |title=The accelerating circulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association |date=2008 |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=14–20 |bibcode=2008JBAA..118...14R |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JBAA..118...14R/abstract |access-date=2022-08-28}}</ref> or 11 Jovian days, as of 2008. Measuring {{convert|16350|km|mi|abbr=on}} in width as of 3 April 2017, the Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth.<ref name="junospots">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot|last=Perez|first=Martin|date=2017-07-12|work=NASA|access-date=2017-07-16|language=en}}</ref> The cloud-tops of this storm are about {{convert|8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} above the surrounding cloud-tops.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuBYXLt4K9MC&pg=PA5 |title=The Voyager Mission: Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System |date=1979 |publisher=NASA |page=5}}</ref> The storm has continued to exist for centuries because there is no planetary surface (only a mantle of [[hydrogen]]) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 24, 2004 |title=Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot |url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterGreatRedSpot.html |publisher=www.astrophysicsspectator.com}}</ref>
[[Infrared]] data has long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.<ref>Rogers (1995), 191.</ref> The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. [[Acoustic wave|Acoustic (sound) waves]] rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region.<ref name="Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere">{{cite journal |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=J. |last2=Moore |first2=L. |last3=Stallard |first3=T. S. |last4=Melin |first4=H. |title=Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot |journal=Nature |date=27 July 2016 |volume=536 |issue=7615 |pages=190–192 |doi=10.1038/nature18940|pmid=27462811 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..190O |hdl=2381/38554 |s2cid=4462322 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10122821 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The acoustic waves travel vertically up to a height of {{cvt|800|km}} above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is {{convert|1600|K}}—several hundred kelvins warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.<ref name="Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere" /> The effect is described as like "crashing [...] ocean waves on a beach".<ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=NASA }}</ref>
[[File:Jupiter, Earth size comparison.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Size of the Earth compared to the Great Red Spot]]
Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counterclockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the ''Voyager'' fly-bys.<ref>Rogers (1995), 194-6.</ref> The spot is confined by a modest eastward [[jet stream]] to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.<ref>Beebe (1997), 35.</ref> Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about {{convert|432|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.<ref>Rogers (1995), 195.</ref> The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rogers |first=John
|url=http://www.britastro.org/jupiter/2006report09.htm
|title=Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB
|publisher=British Astronomical Association
|access-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref>
The Great Red Spot's [[latitude]] has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its [[longitude]], however, is subject to constant variation, including a 90-day longitudinal oscillation with an amplitude of ~1°.<ref>* {{cite journal|author1=Reese, Elmer J.|author2=Solberg, H. Gordon|year=1966|title=Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot|journal=Icarus|volume=5|issue=1–6|pages=266–273|bibcode=1966Icar....5..266R|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4|hdl-access=free|hdl=2060/19650022425}}<!--|access-date=2007-06-20 -->
* Rogers (1995), 192-3.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trigo-Rodriguez |first1=J.M |last2=Sánchez-Lavega |first2=A |last3=Gómez |first3=J.M |last4=Lecacheux |first4=J |last5=Colas |first5=F |last6=Miyazaki |first6=I |date=2000 |title=The 90-day oscillations of Jupiter's Great Red Spot revisited |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032063300000027 |journal=Planetary and Space Science |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=331–339 |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00002-7|bibcode=2000P&SS...48..331T |s2cid=120883365 }}</ref> Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.<ref>
*{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=Peter H. |title=On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |year=1974 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1471–1472 |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/31/5/pdf/i1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf |access-date=2007-06-20 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1974JAtS...31.1471S}}
*Rogers (1995), 48, 193.</ref> Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early 19th century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the [[South Equatorial Belt]] and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.<ref>Rogers (1995), 193.</ref>
== Internal depth and structure ==
[[File:Telescopes and Spacecraft Join Forces to Probe Deep into Jupiter's Atmosphere (49892941386).png|thumb|Clockwise from top left: [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] image of [[visible spectrum]]; [[infrared]] from the [[Gemini Observatory]];
multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red; [[ultraviolet]] image from Hubble; visible light detail|400x400px]]Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) is an elliptical shaped anticyclone, occurring at 22 degrees below the equator, in Jupiter's southern hemisphere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bjoraker |first1=G. L. |last2=Wong |first2=M. H. |last3=Pater |first3=I. de |last4=Hewagama |first4=T. |last5=Ádámkovics |first5=M. |last6=Orton |first6=G. S. |date=2018-08-20 |title=The Gas Composition and Deep Cloud Structure of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=156 |issue=3 |page=101 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aad186 |arxiv=1808.01402 |bibcode=2018AJ....156..101B |s2cid=119365729 |issn=1538-3881 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The largest [[Anticyclone|anticyclonic]] storm (~16,000 km) in our solar system, little is known about its internal depth and structure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Parisi |first1=Marzia |last2=Kaspi |first2=Yohai |last3=Galanti |first3=Eli |last4=Durante |first4=Daniele |last5=Bolton |first5=Scott J. |last6=Levin |first6=Steven M. |last7=Buccino |first7=Dustin R. |last8=Fletcher |first8=Leigh N. |last9=Folkner |first9=William M. |last10=Guillot |first10=Tristan |last11=Helled |first11=Ravit |date=2021-11-19 |title=The depth of Jupiter's Great Red Spot constrained by Juno gravity overflights |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf1396 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=374 |issue=6570 |pages=964–968 |doi=10.1126/science.abf1396 |pmid=34709940 |bibcode=2021Sci...374..964P |s2cid=240153766 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Visible imaging and cloud-tracking from [[In situ|in-situ]] observation determined the velocity and vorticity of the GRS, which is located in a thin anticyclonic ring at 70–85% of the radius and is located along Jupiter's fastest westward moving jet stream.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Leigh N. |last2=Orton |first2=G. S. |last3=Mousis |first3=O. |last4=Yanamandra-Fisher |first4=P. |last5=Parrish |first5=P. D. |last6=Irwin |first6=P. G. J. |last7=Fisher |first7=B. M. |last8=Vanzi |first8=L. |last9=Fujiyoshi |first9=T. |last10=Fuse |first10=T. |last11=Simon-Miller |first11=A. A. |date=2010-07-01 |title=Thermal structure and composition of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from high-resolution thermal imaging |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103510000084 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=208 |issue=1 |pages=306–328 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.005 |bibcode=2010Icar..208..306F |issn=0019-1035}}</ref> During NASA's 2016 [[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]] mission, gravity signature and thermal infrared<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=David S. |last2=Banfield |first2=Don |last3=Gierasch |first3=Peter |last4=Showman |first4=Adam P. |date=2007-05-01 |title=Velocity and vorticity measurements of Jupiter's Great Red Spot using automated cloud feature tracking |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506004179 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=188 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.037 |arxiv=1301.6119 |bibcode=2007Icar..188...35C |s2cid=55114257 |issn=0019-1035}}</ref> data were obtained that offered insight into the structural dynamics and depth of the GRS.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During July 2017, the Juno spacecraft conducted a second pass of the GRS to collect [[Microwave Radiometer (Juno)|Microwave Radiometer]] (MWR) scans of the GRS to determine how far the GRS extended toward the surface of the condensed H<sub>2</sub>O layer.<ref name=":0" /> These MWR scans suggested that the GRS vertical depth extended to about 240 km below cloud level, with an estimated drop in atmospheric pressure to 100 bar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Two methods of analysis that constrain the data collected were the [[mascon]] approach, which found a depth of ~290 km, and the Slepian approach showing wind extending to ~310 km.<ref name=":0" /> These methods, along with gravity signature MWR data, suggest that the GRS zonal winds still increase at a rate of 50% of the velocity of the viable cloud level, before the wind decay starts at lower levels. This rate of wind decay and gravity data suggest the depth of the GRS is between 200 and 500 km.<ref name=":0" />
[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] and [[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini's]] thermal infrared imaging and [[spectroscopy]] of the GRS were conducted during 1995–2008, in order to find evidence of thermal inhomogeneities within the internal structure vortex of the GRS.<ref name=":1" /> Previous thermal infrared temperature maps from the [[Voyager program|Voyager]], Galileo, and Cassini missions suggested the GRS is a structure of an anticyclonic vortex with a cold core within a upwelling warmer annulus; this data shows a gradient in the temperature of the GRS.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Better understanding of Jupiter's atmospheric temperature, aerosol particle opacity, and ammonia gas composition was provided by thermal-IR imaging: a direct correlation of the visible cloud layers reactions, thermal gradient and compositional mapping to observational data were collected over decades.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> During December 2000, high spatial resolution images from Galileo, of an atmospheric turbulent area to the northwest of the GRS, showed a thermal contrast between the warmest region of the anticyclone and regions to the east and west of the GRS.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sánchez-Lavega |first1=A. |last2=Hueso |first2=R. |last3=Eichstädt |first3=G. |last4=Orton |first4=G. |last5=Rogers |first5=J. |last6=Hansen |first6=C. J. |last7=Momary |first7=T. |last8=Tabataba-Vakili |first8=F. |last9=Bolton |first9=S. |date=2018-09-18 |title=The Rich Dynamics of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from JunoCam: Juno Images |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=156 |issue=4 |page=162 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aada81 |bibcode=2018AJ....156..162S |s2cid=125185665 |issn=1538-3881|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Winds in Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.jpg|left|thumb|400x400px|Winds in the Great Red Spot as analyzed from Hubble's data. Red means faster wind, blue means slower wind.]]
The vertical temperature of the structure of the GRS is constrained between the 100–600 mbar range, with the vertical temperature of the GRS core is approximately 400 mbar of pressure{{clarify|date=May 2023}}, being 1.0–1.5 K, much warmer than regions of the GRS to the east–west, and 3.0–3.5 K warmer than regions to the north–south of the structures edge.<ref name=":1" /> This structure is consistent with the data collected by the VISIR (VLT Mid-Infrared Imager Spectrometer on the ESO Very Large Telescope) imaging obtained in 2006; this revealed that the GRS was physically present at a wide range of altitudes that occur within the atmospheric pressure range of 80–600 mbar, and confirms the thermal infrared mapping result.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Amy A. |last2=Tabataba-Vakili |first2=Fachreddin |last3=Cosentino |first3=Richard |last4=Beebe |first4=Reta F. |last5=Wong |first5=Michael H. |last6=Orton |first6=Glenn S. |date=2018-03-13 |title=Historical and Contemporary Trends in the Size, Drift, and Color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=155 |issue=4 |page=151 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaae01 |bibcode=2018AJ....155..151S |s2cid=126147959 |issn=1538-3881|doi-access=free }}</ref> To develop a model of the internal structure of the GRS the Cassini mission Composite [[Infrared spectroscopy|Infrared Spectrometer]] (CIRS) and ground based spatial imaging mapped the composition of the [[phosphine]] and [[ammonia]] aerosols (PH<sub>3</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>) and [[para-hydroxybenzoic acid]] within the anticyclonic circulation of the GRS.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=James Y-K. |last2=de la Torre Juárez |first2=Manuel |last3=Ingersoll |first3=Andrew P. |last4=Dritschel |first4=David G. |date=2001-03-25 |title=A high-resolution, three-dimensional model of Jupiter's Great Red Spot |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets |language=en |volume=106 |issue=E3 |pages=5099–5105 |doi=10.1029/2000JE001287|bibcode=2001JGR...106.5099C |doi-access=free }}</ref> The images that were collected from the CIRS and ground-based imaging trace the vertical motion in the Jovian atmosphere by PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> spectra.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />
The highest concentrations of PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> were found to the north of the GRS peripheral rotation. They aided in determining the southward jet movement and showed evidence of an increase in altitude of the column of aerosols with pressures ranging from 200–500 mbar.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morales-Juberías |first1=Raúl |last2=Dowling |first2=Timothy E. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: Fine-scale matches of model vorticity patterns to prevailing cloud patterns |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001425 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=225 |issue=1 |pages=216–227 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.026 |bibcode=2013Icar..225..216M |issn=0019-1035}}</ref> However, the NH<sub>3</sub> composition data shows that there is a major depletion of NH<sub>3</sub> below the visible cloud layer at the southern peripheral ring of the GRS; this lower opacity is relative to a narrow band of atmospheric subsidence.<ref name=":1" /> The low mid-IR aerosol opacity, along with the temperature gradients, the altitude difference, and the vertical movement of the zonal winds, are involved with the development and sustainability of the vorticity.<ref name=":1" /> The stronger atmospheric [[subsidence]] and compositional asymmetries of the GRS suggest that the structure exhibits a degree of tilt from the northern edge to the southern edge of the structure.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Flasar |first1=F. Michael |last2=Conrath |first2=Barney J. |last3=Pirraglia |first3=Joseph A. |last4=Clark |first4=Patrick C. |last5=French |first5=Richard G. |last6=Gierasch |first6=Peter J. |date=1981-09-30 |title=Thermal structure and dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere 1. The great red spot |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JA086iA10p08759 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics |language=en |volume=86 |issue=A10 |pages=8759–8767 |doi=10.1029/JA086iA10p08759|bibcode=1981JGR....86.8759F |hdl=2060/19810016481 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The GRS depth and internal structure has been constantly changing over decades;<ref name=":0" /> however there is still no logical reason that it is 200–500 km in depth, but the jet streams that supply the force that powers the GRS vortex are well below the structure base.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
==Color and composition==
It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that it may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of [[ammonium hydrosulfide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|publisher=[[NASA]]|quote=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|Goddard]] scientists Mark Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter's clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot's color. |date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> and the organic compound [[acetylene]], which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called [[tholin]]s.<ref name="Hudson2018">{{cite journal
|last1=Loeffer |first1=Mark J.
|last2=Hudson |first2=Reggie L.
|title=Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)
|journal=Icarus
|year=2018 |volume=302
|pages=418–425
|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041|bibcode=2018Icar..302..418L
}}</ref> The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring.<ref name="EarthSky">{{cite web|title=What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?|date=2014-11-11|url=https://earthsky.org/space/what-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red|access-date=2019-03-13|publisher=[[EarthSky]]}}</ref>
The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]] (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.<ref name="Beebe1">Beebe (1997), 38-41.</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Solar System}}
* [[Extraterrestrial vortex]]
* [[Great Dark Spot]]
* [[Great White Spot]], a similar storm on [[Saturn]]
* [[Hypercane]]
* [[WISEP J190648.47+401106.8]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|author=[Numerous authors]
|editor1=Beatty, Kelly J.
|editor2=Peterson, Carolyn Collins
|editor3=Chaiki, Andrew
|year=1999
|title=The New Solar System
|edition=4th
|publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation
|location=Massachusetts
|isbn=978-0-933346-86-4
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Reta |last=Beebe
|year=1997
|title=Jupiter the Giant Planet
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Smithsonian Books
|location=Washington
|isbn=978-1-56098-685-0
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Thomas |last=Hockey
|year=1999
|title=Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography
|publisher=IOP Publishing
|location=Bristol, Philadelphia
|isbn=978-0-7503-0448-1
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Bertrand M.
|last=Peek
|author-link=Bertrand Meigh Peek
|year=1981
|title=The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook
|edition=Revised
|publisher=Faber and Faber Limited
|location=London
|isbn=978-0-571-18026-4
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/planetjupiter00peek
}}
*{{cite book
|first=John H. |last=Rogers
|year=1995
|title=The Giant Planet Jupiter
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|isbn=978-0-521-41008-3
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Smith |first=B. A.
|display-authors=etal
|year=1979
|title=The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1
|journal=Science
|volume=204 |issue=4396|pages=951–957, 960–972
|bibcode=1979Sci...204..951S
|doi=10.1126/science.204.4396.951
|pmid=17800430
|s2cid=33147728
}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Great Red Spot}}
* {{cite news
|first=Sarah |last=Yang
|title=Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear
|publisher=UC Berkeley News |date=April 21, 2004
|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/04/21_jupiter.shtml
|access-date=2007-06-14
}}
* {{cite news
|first=Tony
|last=Phillips
|title=Jupiter's New Red Spot
|publisher=Science at NASA
|date=March 3, 2006
|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|access-date=2007-06-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019024917/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|archive-date=October 19, 2008
}}
* {{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |title=Huge Storms Converge |publisher=Science at NASA |date=June 5, 2006 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |access-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505203040/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |archive-date=May 5, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
*{{cite journal
|author1=Youssef, Ashraf
|author2=Marcus, Philip S.
|year=2003
|title=The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger
|journal=Icarus
|volume=162 |issue=1 |pages=74–93
|bibcode=2003Icar..162...74Y
|doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X
}}
* {{cite web
|last=Williams |first=Gareth P.
|date=May 4, 2005
|url=http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gw
|title=NOAA Web Page
|publisher=Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
|access-date=2007-07-21
}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/35790218312/in/photostream/ Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight] by Seán Doran (see [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315 album] for more)
* [https://www.forumhub.org/index.php?topic=143.0 What is the estimated lifespan of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter ?] by Forumhub
{{Jupiter}}
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Planetary spots]]
[[Category:Anticyclones]]
[[Category:Vortices]]
[[Category:Storms]]
[[Category:1830 in science]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -9,26 +9,7 @@
==Observation history==
-=== First observations ===
-[[File:Donato Creti - Astronomical Observations - 06 - Jupiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Donato Creti]]'s 1711 painting "Jupiter", the first depiction of the Great Red Spot as red]]
-[[File:Jupiter Great Red Spot Elger November 1881.png|thumb|A sketch of Jupiter made by [[Thomas Gwyn Elger]] in November 1881, showing the Great Red Spot]]
-The Great Red Spot may have existed before 1665, but it could be that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and was well studied only after a prominent appearance in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different from the storm that exists today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|author=Karl Hille|date=2015-08-04|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|website=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />
+===vgmnjn n mn bnm vhgvtery|website=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />
-The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Month in Physics History|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202005/history.cfm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.aps.org|language=en}}</ref> Far more convincing is [[Giovanni Cassini]]'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year.<ref>Rogers (1995), 6.</ref> With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot makes it difficult to conclude that they are the same.<ref>Rogers (1995), 188.</ref>
-
-A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by [[Donato Creti]], which is exhibited in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2003 |url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-xv---secolo-xviii/donato-creti--osservazioni-astronomiche.html |title=Donato Creti, Astronomical observations |publisher=Vatican Museums |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=Muha m jaadugar sei Vaticani}}</ref><ref name="Hockey1">Hockey (1999), 40-1.</ref> Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various [[Italy|Italian]] scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer [[Eustachio Manfredi]] for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known depiction of the Great Red Spot as red (albeit raised to the Jovian northern hemisphere due to an optical inversion inherent to the era's telescopes). No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.<ref name="Hockey1" />
-
-The Great Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. By 1879, over 60 observations had been recorded.<ref name="Denning">{{cite journal |last1=Denning |first1=William Frederick |title=Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=June 1899 |volume=59 |issue=10 |page=574 |doi=10.1093/mnras/59.10.574 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |bibcode=1899MNRAS..59..574D|doi-access=free }}</ref> Since it came into prominence in 1879, it has been under continuous observation.
-
-===Late 20th and 21st centuries===
-[[Image:Great Red Spot From Voyager 1.jpg|thumb|A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from ''Voyager 1'' in 1979.|left]]On 25 February 1979,<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 951-972.</ref> when the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' spacecraft was {{convert|9200000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as {{convert|160|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.
-
-In the 21st century, the major diameter of the Great Red Spot has been observed to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, its length was about half that of a century earlier, when it reached a size of {{convert|40,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it will become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beatty |first=J. Kelly |year=2002 |title=Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot |url=http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |journal=Sky and Telescope |volume=103 |issue=4 |page=24 |bibcode=2002S&T...103d..24B |access-date=2007-06-21 |archive-date=2011-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527081602/http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, the Great Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating.<ref name="disintegrating">{{cite web |author=Paul Scott Anderson |date=10 June 2019 |title=Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot disintegrating? |url=https://earthsky.org/space/is-jupiters-great-red-spot-disintegrating |access-date=2 July 2019 |publisher=EarthSky}}</ref> The shrinking and "flaking" fueled speculation from some astronomers that the Great Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Urrutia |first1=Doris Elin |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot Could Disappear Within 20 Years |website=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/39764-jupiter-great-red-spot-could-disappear.html |access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref> However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the Great Red Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they also believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the case, this would mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.<ref name="may not">{{cite web |author=Philip Marcus |date=26 November 2019 |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot may not be disappearing |url=https://astronomy.com/news/2019/11/jupiters-great-red-spot-is-not-disappearing |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=Astronomy}}</ref>
-
-A smaller spot, designated [[Oval BA]], formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Lavega |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |date=February 2001 |title=The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=491–495 |bibcode=2001Icar..149..491S |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6548}}
-</ref> has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the ''Little Red Spot'' or ''Red Jr.'' As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tony |title=Huge Storms Converge |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190145/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-date=2007-02-02 |access-date=2007-01-08 |publisher=Science@NASA}}</ref> The storms pass each other about every two years, but the passing of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. [[Amy Simon|Amy Simon-Miller]], of the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with [[Imke de Pater]] and Phil Marcus of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] as well as a team of professional astronomers beginning in April 2006 to study the storms using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the [[Gemini Observatory]] without converging.<ref>{{cite news |last=Michaud |first=Peter |title=Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots |publisher=Gemini Observatory |url=http://www.gemini.edu/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=196 |access-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> In May 2008, a third storm turned red.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shiga |first=David |title=Third red spot erupts on Jupiter |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13963-third-red-spot-erupts-on-jupiter/ |magazine=New Scientist |access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref>
-
-The [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'' spacecraft]], which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above the surface.<ref name="junospots" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2016-07-05 |title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Around Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html |access-date=2017-07-12 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Over the duration of the ''Juno'' mission, the spacecraft continued to study the composition and evolution of Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.<ref name="junospots" />
-
-The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tony |title=The Great Dark Spot |publisher=Science at NASA |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615100054/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |archive-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> There is also a feature in the atmosphere of [[Neptune]] called the [[Great Dark Spot]]. The latter feature was imaged by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It was no longer present as of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.
+The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title
==Mechanical dynamics==
' |
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0 => '===vgmnjn n mn bnm vhgvtery|website=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />',
1 => 'The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '=== First observations ===',
1 => '[[File:Donato Creti - Astronomical Observations - 06 - Jupiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Donato Creti]]'s 1711 painting "Jupiter", the first depiction of the Great Red Spot as red]]',
2 => '[[File:Jupiter Great Red Spot Elger November 1881.png|thumb|A sketch of Jupiter made by [[Thomas Gwyn Elger]] in November 1881, showing the Great Red Spot]]',
3 => 'The Great Red Spot may have existed before 1665, but it could be that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and was well studied only after a prominent appearance in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different from the storm that exists today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|author=Karl Hille|date=2015-08-04|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|website=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />',
4 => 'The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Month in Physics History|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202005/history.cfm|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.aps.org|language=en}}</ref> Far more convincing is [[Giovanni Cassini]]'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year.<ref>Rogers (1995), 6.</ref> With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot makes it difficult to conclude that they are the same.<ref>Rogers (1995), 188.</ref>',
5 => '',
6 => 'A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by [[Donato Creti]], which is exhibited in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2003 |url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-xv---secolo-xviii/donato-creti--osservazioni-astronomiche.html |title=Donato Creti, Astronomical observations |publisher=Vatican Museums |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=Muha m jaadugar sei Vaticani}}</ref><ref name="Hockey1">Hockey (1999), 40-1.</ref> Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various [[Italy|Italian]] scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer [[Eustachio Manfredi]] for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known depiction of the Great Red Spot as red (albeit raised to the Jovian northern hemisphere due to an optical inversion inherent to the era's telescopes). No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.<ref name="Hockey1" />',
7 => '',
8 => 'The Great Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. By 1879, over 60 observations had been recorded.<ref name="Denning">{{cite journal |last1=Denning |first1=William Frederick |title=Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=June 1899 |volume=59 |issue=10 |page=574 |doi=10.1093/mnras/59.10.574 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |bibcode=1899MNRAS..59..574D|doi-access=free }}</ref> Since it came into prominence in 1879, it has been under continuous observation.',
9 => '',
10 => '===Late 20th and 21st centuries===',
11 => '[[Image:Great Red Spot From Voyager 1.jpg|thumb|A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from ''Voyager 1'' in 1979.|left]]On 25 February 1979,<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 951-972.</ref> when the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' spacecraft was {{convert|9200000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as {{convert|160|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.',
12 => '',
13 => 'In the 21st century, the major diameter of the Great Red Spot has been observed to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, its length was about half that of a century earlier, when it reached a size of {{convert|40,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it will become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beatty |first=J. Kelly |year=2002 |title=Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot |url=http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |journal=Sky and Telescope |volume=103 |issue=4 |page=24 |bibcode=2002S&T...103d..24B |access-date=2007-06-21 |archive-date=2011-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527081602/http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, the Great Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating.<ref name="disintegrating">{{cite web |author=Paul Scott Anderson |date=10 June 2019 |title=Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot disintegrating? |url=https://earthsky.org/space/is-jupiters-great-red-spot-disintegrating |access-date=2 July 2019 |publisher=EarthSky}}</ref> The shrinking and "flaking" fueled speculation from some astronomers that the Great Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Urrutia |first1=Doris Elin |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot Could Disappear Within 20 Years |website=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/39764-jupiter-great-red-spot-could-disappear.html |access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref> However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the Great Red Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they also believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the case, this would mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.<ref name="may not">{{cite web |author=Philip Marcus |date=26 November 2019 |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot may not be disappearing |url=https://astronomy.com/news/2019/11/jupiters-great-red-spot-is-not-disappearing |access-date=25 December 2020 |publisher=Astronomy}}</ref>',
14 => '',
15 => 'A smaller spot, designated [[Oval BA]], formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Lavega |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |date=February 2001 |title=The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=491–495 |bibcode=2001Icar..149..491S |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6548}}',
16 => '</ref> has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the ''Little Red Spot'' or ''Red Jr.'' As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tony |title=Huge Storms Converge |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190145/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-date=2007-02-02 |access-date=2007-01-08 |publisher=Science@NASA}}</ref> The storms pass each other about every two years, but the passing of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. [[Amy Simon|Amy Simon-Miller]], of the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with [[Imke de Pater]] and Phil Marcus of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] as well as a team of professional astronomers beginning in April 2006 to study the storms using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the [[Gemini Observatory]] without converging.<ref>{{cite news |last=Michaud |first=Peter |title=Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots |publisher=Gemini Observatory |url=http://www.gemini.edu/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=196 |access-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> In May 2008, a third storm turned red.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shiga |first=David |title=Third red spot erupts on Jupiter |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13963-third-red-spot-erupts-on-jupiter/ |magazine=New Scientist |access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref>',
17 => '',
18 => 'The [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'' spacecraft]], which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above the surface.<ref name="junospots" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2016-07-05 |title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Around Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html |access-date=2017-07-12 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Over the duration of the ''Juno'' mission, the spacecraft continued to study the composition and evolution of Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.<ref name="junospots" />',
19 => '',
20 => 'The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tony |title=The Great Dark Spot |publisher=Science at NASA |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |access-date=2007-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615100054/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |archive-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> There is also a feature in the atmosphere of [[Neptune]] called the [[Great Dark Spot]]. The latter feature was imaged by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It was no longer present as of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persistent storm in Jupiter's atmosphere</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_(49803032983).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png/330px-Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png/495px-Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png/660px-Jupiter_-_Great_Red_Spot_-_PJ7-60_61_62_-_Balanced_%2849803032983%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Close up view of the Great Red Spot by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <b>Great Red Spot</b> is a persistent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure region</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">atmosphere of Jupiter</a>, producing an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">anticyclonic storm</a> that is the largest in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. It is the most recognizable feature on Jupiter, owing to its red-orange color whose origin is still unknown. Located 22 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a> south of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). Observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least 358 years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> It was next observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878, when continuous observations began.<sup id="cite_ref-Denning_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denning-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Observation_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Observation history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Internal_depth_and_structure"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Internal depth and structure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Color_and_composition"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Color and composition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Observation_history">Observation history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Observation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>===vgmnjn n mn bnm vhgvtery|website=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Beebe1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beebe1-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a>), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>.<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: A <code><ref></code> tag is missing the closing <code></ref></code> (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_included_ref" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error included ref">help page</a>).</span> or 11 Jovian days, as of 2008. Measuring 16,350 km (10,160 mi) in width as of 3 April 2017, the Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-junospots_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junospots-5">[5]</a></sup> The cloud-tops of this storm are about 8 km (5 mi) above the surrounding cloud-tops.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The storm has continued to exist for centuries because there is no planetary surface (only a mantle of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> data has long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acoustic_wave" title="Acoustic wave">Acoustic (sound) waves</a> rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere-9">[9]</a></sup> The acoustic waves travel vertically up to a height of 800 km (500 mi) above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is 1,600 K (1,330 °C; 2,420 °F)—several hundred kelvins warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere-9">[9]</a></sup> The effect is described as like "crashing [...] ocean waves on a beach".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/260px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/390px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/520px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>Size of the Earth compared to the Great Red Spot</figcaption></figure>
<p>Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counterclockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the <i>Voyager</i> fly-bys.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The spot is confined by a modest eastward <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about 432 km/h (268 mph), currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Great Red Spot's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, however, is subject to constant variation, including a 90-day longitudinal oscillation with an amplitude of ~1°.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early 19th century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a> and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_depth_and_structure">Internal depth and structure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal depth and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_(49892941386).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/400px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/600px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/800px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> image of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gemini_Observatory" title="Gemini Observatory">Gemini Observatory</a>; multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> image from Hubble; visible light detail</figcaption></figure><p>Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) is an elliptical shaped anticyclone, occurring at 22 degrees below the equator, in Jupiter's southern hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a></sup> The largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">anticyclonic</a> storm (~16,000 km) in our solar system, little is known about its internal depth and structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup> Visible imaging and cloud-tracking from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in-situ</a> observation determined the velocity and vorticity of the GRS, which is located in a thin anticyclonic ring at 70–85% of the radius and is located along Jupiter's fastest westward moving jet stream.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> During NASA's 2016 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> mission, gravity signature and thermal infrared<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a></sup> data were obtained that offered insight into the structural dynamics and depth of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> During July 2017, the Juno spacecraft conducted a second pass of the GRS to collect <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microwave_Radiometer_(Juno)" title="Microwave Radiometer (Juno)">Microwave Radiometer</a> (MWR) scans of the GRS to determine how far the GRS extended toward the surface of the condensed H<sub>2</sub>O layer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup> These MWR scans suggested that the GRS vertical depth extended to about 240 km below cloud level, with an estimated drop in atmospheric pressure to 100 bar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> Two methods of analysis that constrain the data collected were the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mascon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascon">mascon</a> approach, which found a depth of ~290 km, and the Slepian approach showing wind extending to ~310 km.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup> These methods, along with gravity signature MWR data, suggest that the GRS zonal winds still increase at a rate of 50% of the velocity of the viable cloud level, before the wind decay starts at lower levels. This rate of wind decay and gravity data suggest the depth of the GRS is between 200 and 500 km.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini's</a> thermal infrared imaging and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> of the GRS were conducted during 1995–2008, in order to find evidence of thermal inhomogeneities within the internal structure vortex of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> Previous thermal infrared temperature maps from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a>, Galileo, and Cassini missions suggested the GRS is a structure of an anticyclonic vortex with a cold core within a upwelling warmer annulus; this data shows a gradient in the temperature of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> Better understanding of Jupiter's atmospheric temperature, aerosol particle opacity, and ammonia gas composition was provided by thermal-IR imaging: a direct correlation of the visible cloud layers reactions, thermal gradient and compositional mapping to observational data were collected over decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> During December 2000, high spatial resolution images from Galileo, of an atmospheric turbulent area to the northwest of the GRS, showed a thermal contrast between the warmest region of the anticyclone and regions to the east and west of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/400px-Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/600px-Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/800px-Winds_in_Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Winds in the Great Red Spot as analyzed from Hubble's data. Red means faster wind, blue means slower wind.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The vertical temperature of the structure of the GRS is constrained between the 100–600 mbar range, with the vertical temperature of the GRS core is approximately 400 mbar of pressure<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, being 1.0–1.5 K, much warmer than regions of the GRS to the east–west, and 3.0–3.5 K warmer than regions to the north–south of the structures edge.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> This structure is consistent with the data collected by the VISIR (VLT Mid-Infrared Imager Spectrometer on the ESO Very Large Telescope) imaging obtained in 2006; this revealed that the GRS was physically present at a wide range of altitudes that occur within the atmospheric pressure range of 80–600 mbar, and confirms the thermal infrared mapping result.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> To develop a model of the internal structure of the GRS the Cassini mission Composite <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared Spectrometer</a> (CIRS) and ground based spatial imaging mapped the composition of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> aerosols (PH<sub>3</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Para-hydroxybenzoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-hydroxybenzoic acid">para-hydroxybenzoic acid</a> within the anticyclonic circulation of the GRS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The images that were collected from the CIRS and ground-based imaging trace the vertical motion in the Jovian atmosphere by PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> spectra.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>The highest concentrations of PH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> were found to the north of the GRS peripheral rotation. They aided in determining the southward jet movement and showed evidence of an increase in altitude of the column of aerosols with pressures ranging from 200–500 mbar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> However, the NH<sub>3</sub> composition data shows that there is a major depletion of NH<sub>3</sub> below the visible cloud layer at the southern peripheral ring of the GRS; this lower opacity is relative to a narrow band of atmospheric subsidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> The low mid-IR aerosol opacity, along with the temperature gradients, the altitude difference, and the vertical movement of the zonal winds, are involved with the development and sustainability of the vorticity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup> The stronger atmospheric <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> and compositional asymmetries of the GRS suggest that the structure exhibits a degree of tilt from the northern edge to the southern edge of the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> The GRS depth and internal structure has been constantly changing over decades;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup> however there is still no logical reason that it is 200–500 km in depth, but the jet streams that supply the force that powers the GRS vortex are well below the structure base.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Color_and_composition">Color and composition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Color and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that it may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> and the organic compound <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">tholins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2018-29">[29]</a></sup> The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring.<sup id="cite_ref-EarthSky_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarthSky-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a> (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Beebe1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beebe1-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extraterrestrial_vortex" title="Extraterrestrial vortex">Extraterrestrial vortex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Dark_Spot" title="Great Dark Spot">Great Dark Spot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_White_Spot" title="Great White Spot">Great White Spot</a>, a similar storm on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WISEP_J190648.47%2B401106.8" title="WISEP J190648.47+401106.8">WISEP J190648.47+401106.8</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-Denning-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denning_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Denning</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot">"Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Red+Spot&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGreat-Red-Spot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-Beebe1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beebe1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beebe1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beebe (1997), 38-41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-junospots-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-junospots_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2017" class="citation news cs1">Perez, Martin (2017-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot">"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Juno+Spacecraft+Spots+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fjpl%2Fnasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuBYXLt4K9MC&pg=PA5"><i>The Voyager Mission: Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System</i></a>. NASA. 1979. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyager+Mission%3A+Jupiter%2C+the+Giant+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKuBYXLt4K9MC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterGreatRedSpot.html">"Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot"</a>. www.astrophysicsspectator.com. November 24, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+Atmosphere+and+Great+Red+Spot&rft.pub=www.astrophysicsspectator.com&rft.date=2004-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrophysicsspectator.com%2Ftopics%2Fplanets%2FJupiterGreatRedSpot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 191.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heating_of_Jupiter's_upper_atmosphere_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFO'DonoghueMooreStallardMelin2016" class="citation journal cs1">O'Donoghue, J.; Moore, L.; Stallard, T. S.; Melin, H. (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10122821">"Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>536</b> (7615): 190–192. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.536..190O">2016Natur.536..190O</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature18940">10.1038/nature18940</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2381%2F38554">2381/38554</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462811">27462811</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4462322">4462322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Heating+of+Jupiter%27s+upper+atmosphere+above+the+Great+Red+Spot&rft.volume=536&rft.issue=7615&rft.pages=190-192&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2381%2F38554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4462322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.536..190O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27462811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature18940&rft.aulast=O%27Donoghue&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Moore%2C+L.&rft.au=Stallard%2C+T.+S.&rft.au=Melin%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F10122821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source">"Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+Likely+a+Massive+Heat+Source&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fjupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 194-6.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beebe (1997), 35.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 195.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britastro.org/jupiter/2006report09.htm">"Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB"</a>. British Astronomical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interim+reports+on+STB+%28Oval+BA+passing+GRS%29%2C+STropB%2C+GRS+%28internal+rotation+measured%29%2C+EZ%28S.+Eq.+Disturbance%3B+dramatic+darkening%3B+NEB+interactions%29%2C+%26+NNTB&rft.pub=British+Astronomical+Association&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britastro.org%2Fjupiter%2F2006report09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFReese,_Elmer_J.Solberg,_H._Gordon1966" class="citation journal cs1">Reese, Elmer J.; Solberg, H. Gordon (1966). "Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>5</b> (1–6): 266–273. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966Icar....5..266R">1966Icar....5..266R</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2866%2990036-4">10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19650022425">2060/19650022425</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Recent+measures+of+the+latitude+and+longitude+of+Jupiter%27s+red+spot&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%936&rft.pages=266-273&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19650022425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2866%2990036-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966Icar....5..266R&rft.au=Reese%2C+Elmer+J.&rft.au=Solberg%2C+H.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li>Rogers (1995), 192-3.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTrigo-RodriguezSánchez-LavegaGómezLecacheux2000" class="citation journal cs1">Trigo-Rodriguez, J.M; Sánchez-Lavega, A; Gómez, J.M; Lecacheux, J; Colas, F; Miyazaki, I (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032063300000027">"The 90-day oscillations of Jupiter's Great Red Spot revisited"</a>. <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 331–339. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000P&SS...48..331T">2000P&SS...48..331T</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2800%2900002-7">10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00002-7</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120883365">120883365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=The+90-day+oscillations+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+revisited&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-339&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120883365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2800%2900002-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000P%26SS...48..331T&rft.aulast=Trigo-Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=J.M&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Lavega%2C+A&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+J.M&rft.au=Lecacheux%2C+J&rft.au=Colas%2C+F&rft.au=Miyazaki%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0032063300000027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStone1974" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Peter H. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/31/5/pdf/i1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf">"On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 1471–1472. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JAtS...31.1471S">1974JAtS...31.1471S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281974%29031%3C1471%3AOJROR%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+Jupiter%27s+Rate+of+Rotation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1471-1472&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281974%29031%3C1471%3AOJROR%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JAtS...31.1471S&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fams.allenpress.com%2Farchive%2F1520-0469%2F31%2F5%2Fpdf%2Fi1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Rogers (1995), 48, 193.</li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 193.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBjorakerWongPaterHewagama2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bjoraker, G. L.; Wong, M. H.; Pater, I. de; Hewagama, T.; Ádámkovics, M.; Orton, G. S. (2018-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faad186">"The Gas Composition and Deep Cloud Structure of Jupiter's Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>156</b> (3): 101. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.01402">1808.01402</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....156..101B">2018AJ....156..101B</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faad186">10.3847/1538-3881/aad186</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881">1538-3881</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119365729">119365729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Gas+Composition+and+Deep+Cloud+Structure+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119365729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018AJ....156..101B&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1808.01402&rft.issn=1538-3881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faad186&rft.aulast=Bjoraker&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rft.au=Wong%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Pater%2C+I.+de&rft.au=Hewagama%2C+T.&rft.au=%C3%81d%C3%A1mkovics%2C+M.&rft.au=Orton%2C+G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Faad186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParisiKaspiGalantiDurante2021" class="citation journal cs1">Parisi, Marzia; Kaspi, Yohai; Galanti, Eli; Durante, Daniele; Bolton, Scott J.; Levin, Steven M.; Buccino, Dustin R.; Fletcher, Leigh N.; Folkner, William M.; Guillot, Tristan; Helled, Ravit (2021-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf1396">"The depth of Jupiter's Great Red Spot constrained by Juno gravity overflights"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>374</b> (6570): 964–968. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...374..964P">2021Sci...374..964P</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abf1396">10.1126/science.abf1396</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34709940">34709940</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240153766">240153766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+depth+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+constrained+by+Juno+gravity+overflights&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=6570&rft.pages=964-968&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240153766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...374..964P&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abf1396&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34709940&rft.aulast=Parisi&rft.aufirst=Marzia&rft.au=Kaspi%2C+Yohai&rft.au=Galanti%2C+Eli&rft.au=Durante%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Scott+J.&rft.au=Levin%2C+Steven+M.&rft.au=Buccino%2C+Dustin+R.&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Leigh+N.&rft.au=Folkner%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Guillot%2C+Tristan&rft.au=Helled%2C+Ravit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abf1396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherOrtonMousisYanamandra-Fisher2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, Leigh N.; Orton, G. S.; Mousis, O.; Yanamandra-Fisher, P.; Parrish, P. D.; Irwin, P. G. J.; Fisher, B. M.; Vanzi, L.; Fujiyoshi, T.; Fuse, T.; Simon-Miller, A. A. (2010-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103510000084">"Thermal structure and composition of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from high-resolution thermal imaging"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>208</b> (1): 306–328. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..208..306F">2010Icar..208..306F</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.005">10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.005</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Thermal+structure+and+composition+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+from+high-resolution+thermal+imaging&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=306-328&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Icar..208..306F&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Leigh+N.&rft.au=Orton%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Mousis%2C+O.&rft.au=Yanamandra-Fisher%2C+P.&rft.au=Parrish%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=Irwin%2C+P.+G.+J.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Vanzi%2C+L.&rft.au=Fujiyoshi%2C+T.&rft.au=Fuse%2C+T.&rft.au=Simon-Miller%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103510000084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChoiBanfieldGieraschShowman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, David S.; Banfield, Don; Gierasch, Peter; Showman, Adam P. (2007-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103506004179">"Velocity and vorticity measurements of Jupiter's Great Red Spot using automated cloud feature tracking"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>188</b> (1): 35–46. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.6119">1301.6119</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..188...35C">2007Icar..188...35C</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.10.037">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.037</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55114257">55114257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Velocity+and+vorticity+measurements+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+using+automated+cloud+feature+tracking&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-46&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55114257%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..188...35C&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.6119&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.10.037&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Banfield%2C+Don&rft.au=Gierasch%2C+Peter&rft.au=Showman%2C+Adam+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103506004179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez-LavegaHuesoEichstädtOrton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sánchez-Lavega, A.; Hueso, R.; Eichstädt, G.; Orton, G.; Rogers, J.; Hansen, C. J.; Momary, T.; Tabataba-Vakili, F.; Bolton, S. (2018-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faada81">"The Rich Dynamics of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from JunoCam: Juno Images"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>156</b> (4): 162. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....156..162S">2018AJ....156..162S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faada81">10.3847/1538-3881/aada81</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881">1538-3881</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125185665">125185665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Rich+Dynamics+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+from+JunoCam%3A+Juno+Images&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=162&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faada81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125185665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-3881&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018AJ....156..162S&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez-Lavega&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Hueso%2C+R.&rft.au=Eichst%C3%A4dt%2C+G.&rft.au=Orton%2C+G.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+J.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Momary%2C+T.&rft.au=Tabataba-Vakili%2C+F.&rft.au=Bolton%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Faada81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimonTabataba-VakiliCosentinoBeebe2018" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Amy A.; Tabataba-Vakili, Fachreddin; Cosentino, Richard; Beebe, Reta F.; Wong, Michael H.; Orton, Glenn S. (2018-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faaae01">"Historical and Contemporary Trends in the Size, Drift, and Color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>155</b> (4): 151. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....155..151S">2018AJ....155..151S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faaae01">10.3847/1538-3881/aaae01</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881">1538-3881</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126147959">126147959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Historical+and+Contemporary+Trends+in+the+Size%2C+Drift%2C+and+Color+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faaae01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126147959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-3881&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018AJ....155..151S&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Amy+A.&rft.au=Tabataba-Vakili%2C+Fachreddin&rft.au=Cosentino%2C+Richard&rft.au=Beebe%2C+Reta+F.&rft.au=Wong%2C+Michael+H.&rft.au=Orton%2C+Glenn+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Faaae01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFChode_la_Torre_JuárezIngersollDritschel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, James Y-K.; de la Torre Juárez, Manuel; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Dritschel, David G. (2001-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001287">"A high-resolution, three-dimensional model of Jupiter's Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>106</b> (E3): 5099–5105. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JGR...106.5099C">2001JGR...106.5099C</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JE001287">10.1029/2000JE001287</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=A+high-resolution%2C+three-dimensional+model+of+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E3&rft.pages=5099-5105&rft.date=2001-03-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JE001287&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...106.5099C&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=James+Y-K.&rft.au=de+la+Torre+Ju%C3%A1rez%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+Andrew+P.&rft.au=Dritschel%2C+David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2000JE001287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMorales-JuberíasDowling2013" class="citation journal cs1">Morales-Juberías, Raúl; Dowling, Timothy E. (2013-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001425">"Jupiter's Great Red Spot: Fine-scale matches of model vorticity patterns to prevailing cloud patterns"</a>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>225</b> (1): 216–227. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Icar..225..216M">2013Icar..225..216M</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.03.026">10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.026</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot%3A+Fine-scale+matches+of+model+vorticity+patterns+to+prevailing+cloud+patterns&rft.volume=225&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=216-227&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.03.026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Icar..225..216M&rft.aulast=Morales-Juber%C3%ADas&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Dowling%2C+Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103513001425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFlasarConrathPirragliaClark1981" class="citation journal cs1">Flasar, F. Michael; Conrath, Barney J.; Pirraglia, Joseph A.; Clark, Patrick C.; French, Richard G.; Gierasch, Peter J. (1981-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JA086iA10p08759">"Thermal structure and dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere 1. The great red spot"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics</i>. <b>86</b> (A10): 8759–8767. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JGR....86.8759F">1981JGR....86.8759F</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJA086iA10p08759">10.1029/JA086iA10p08759</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19810016481">2060/19810016481</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Space+Physics&rft.atitle=Thermal+structure+and+dynamics+of+the+Jovian+atmosphere+1.+The+great+red+spot&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=A10&rft.pages=8759-8767&rft.date=1981-09-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19810016481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJA086iA10p08759&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JGR....86.8759F&rft.aulast=Flasar&rft.aufirst=F.+Michael&rft.au=Conrath%2C+Barney+J.&rft.au=Pirraglia%2C+Joseph+A.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Patrick+C.&rft.au=French%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Gierasch%2C+Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1029%2FJA086iA10p08759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery">"Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. August 4, 2015. <q><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard</a> scientists Mark Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter's clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot's color.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot%3A+A+Swirling+Mystery&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2Fjupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hudson2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2018_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLoefferHudson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Loeffer, Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie L. (2018). "Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>302</b>: 418–425. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..302..418L">2018Icar..302..418L</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.10.041">10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Coloring+Jupiter%27s+clouds%3A+Radiolysis+of+ammonium+hydrosulfide+%28NH4SH%29&rft.volume=302&rft.pages=418-425&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.10.041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Icar..302..418L&rft.aulast=Loeffer&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Reggie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EarthSky-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EarthSky_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthsky.org/space/what-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red">"What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/EarthSky" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthSky">EarthSky</a>. 2014-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+makes+Jupiter%27s+Red+Spot+red%3F&rft.pub=EarthSky&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fspace%2Fwhat-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREF[Numerous_authors]1999" class="citation book cs1">[Numerous authors] (1999). Beatty, Kelly J.; Peterson, Carolyn Collins; Chaiki, Andrew (eds.). <i>The New Solar System</i> (4th ed.). Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933346-86-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933346-86-4"><bdi>978-0-933346-86-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Solar+System&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sky+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-933346-86-4&rft.au=%5BNumerous+authors%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeebe1997" class="citation book cs1">Beebe, Reta (1997). <i>Jupiter the Giant Planet</i> (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-685-0"><bdi>978-1-56098-685-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jupiter+the+Giant+Planet&rft.place=Washington&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-685-0&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=Reta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHockey1999" class="citation book cs1">Hockey, Thomas (1999). <i>Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography</i>. Bristol, Philadelphia: IOP Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0448-1"><bdi>978-0-7503-0448-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Planet%3A+Observing+Jupiter+Before+Photography&rft.place=Bristol%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pub=IOP+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0448-1&rft.aulast=Hockey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPeek1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bertrand_Meigh_Peek" title="Bertrand Meigh Peek">Peek, Bertrand M.</a> (1981). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planetjupiter00peek"><i>The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). London: Faber and Faber Limited. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-18026-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-18026-4"><bdi>978-0-571-18026-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planet+Jupiter%3A+The+Observer%27s+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-571-18026-4&rft.aulast=Peek&rft.aufirst=Bertrand+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanetjupiter00peek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, John H. (1995). <i>The Giant Planet Jupiter</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41008-3"><bdi>978-0-521-41008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Giant+Planet+Jupiter&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41008-3&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, B. A.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1". <i>Science</i>. <b>204</b> (4396): 951–957, 960–972. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...204..951S">1979Sci...204..951S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951">10.1126/science.204.4396.951</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800430">17800430</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33147728">33147728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+system+through+the+eyes+of+Voyager+1&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=4396&rft.pages=951-957%2C+960-972&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33147728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800430&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...204..951S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYang2004" class="citation news cs1">Yang, Sarah (April 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/04/21_jupiter.shtml">"Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear"</a>. UC Berkeley News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Researcher+predicts+global+climate+change+on+Jupiter+as+giant+planet%27s+spots+disappear&rft.date=2004-04-21&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F04%2F21_jupiter.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tony (March 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019024917/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm">"Jupiter's New Red Spot"</a>. Science at NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+New+Red+Spot&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F02mar_redjr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tony (June 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505203040/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685">"Huge Storms Converge"</a>. Science at NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685">the original</a> on May 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+Storms+Converge&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F05jun_redperil.htm%3Flist56685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef,_AshrafMarcus,_Philip_S.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Youssef, Ashraf; Marcus, Philip S. (2003). "The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>162</b> (1): 74–93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..162...74Y">2003Icar..162...74Y</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2802%2900060-X">10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+jovian+white+ovals+from+formation+to+merger&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-93&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2802%2900060-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..162...74Y&rft.au=Youssef%2C+Ashraf&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Gareth P. (May 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gw">"NOAA Web Page"</a>. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Web+Page&rft.pub=Geophysical+Fluid+Dynamics+Laboratory&rft.date=2005-05-04&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfdl.noaa.gov%2F~gw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/35790218312/in/photostream/">Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight</a> by Seán Doran (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315">album</a> for more)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forumhub.org/index.php?topic=143.0">What is the estimated lifespan of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter ?</a> by Forumhub</li></ul>
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class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a> and<br />orbiting missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> <small>(2023)</small></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <small>(2024)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> <small>(2023)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interstellar_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar Express">Interstellar Express</a> <small>(2024)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> <small>(2026)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> <small>(2029)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)"><i>Smara</i></a> <small>(2030)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1702422940' |