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Variables generated for this change
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Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Billboard (magazine)' |
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|American weekly music magazine}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox magazine
| logo = Billboard logo.svg
| logo_size = 220px
| image_file = Billboard magazine 16 November 2019 issue 125th anniversary.png
| image_caption = November 16, 2019, cover featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and highlighting the magazine's 125th anniversary
| founder = {{ubl|William Donaldson|James Hennegan}}
| website = {{official URL}}
| publisher = Lynne Segall
| editor = Hannah Karp
| editor_title =
| previous_editor = Lee Zhito, Tony Gervino, Bill Werde, Tamara Conniff
| language = English
| founded = {{start date and age|1894|11|1}} (as ''Billboard Advertising'')
| frequency = Weekly
| category = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]
| total_circulation = 17,000 magazines per week<br/>15.2 million unique visitors per month<ref name="primary">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|title=Media Kit|magazine=Billboard|access-date=June 15, 2016|archive-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806222729/https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| company = [[Eldridge Industries]]
| firstdate =
| country = United States
| based = [[New York City]]
| issn = 0006-2510
| title = Billboard
}}
'''''Billboard''''' (stylized in lowercase since 2013) is an American music and entertainment [[magazine]] published weekly by [[Penske Media Corporation]]. The magazine provides music charts, news, video, opinion, reviews, events and styles related to the [[music industry]]. Its [[Billboard charts|music charts]] include the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], the [[Billboard 200|200]], and the [[Billboard Global 200|Global 200]], tracking the most popular albums and songs in various music genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm and operates several television shows.
''Billboard'' was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegan's interest in 1900 for $500. In the early years of the 20th century, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and [[burlesque]] shows, and also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. ''Billboard'' began focusing more on the music industry as the [[jukebox]], [[phonograph]] and [[radio]] became commonplace. Many topics that it covered became the subjects of new magazines, including ''Amusement Business'' in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that ''Billboard'' could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, ''Billboard'' was inherited by his and Hennegan's children, who retained ownership until selling it to private investors in 1985. The magazine has since been owned by various parties.
==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Billboard, November 1, 1894 first issue.png|thumb|left|upright|First issue of ''Billboard'' (1894)]]
The first issue of ''Billboard'' was published in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio by William Donaldson and James Hennegan on November 1, 1894.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="Broven 2009 p. 187">{{cite book |last=Broven | first=J. |title=Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers |publisher=University of Illinois Press |series=Music in American life |year=2009 | isbn=978-0-252-03290-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov |url-access=registration | access-date=November 5, 2015 | page=[https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/187 187]}}</ref> Initially it covered the advertising and [[Flyposting|bill-posting]] industry<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Gary|last=Trust|title=The First Billboard: All That Was 'New, Bright and Interesting on the Boards'|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/first-billboard-issue-november-1-1894/|magazine=Billboard|date=November 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=November 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101232809/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6746273/first-billboard-issue-november-1-1894|url-status=live}}</ref> and was known as '''''Billboard Advertising'''''.<ref name="Gussow. 2015">{{cite book|last=Gussow.|first=Don|title=The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press|date=1984|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-165202-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32 32–33]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32}}</ref><ref name="godfrey"/>{{efn|Some sources say it was called ''The Billboard Advertiser''<ref name="LampelLant"/>}} At the time, billboards, posters, and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the primary means of advertising.<ref name="godfrey"/> Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co., managed magazine production. The first issues were just eight pages long.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994">{{cite news | title=Hall of fame. (history's top personalities in the live entertainment and amusement industry) (One hundredth-anniversary collector's edition) |website=Amusement Business| date=November 1, 1994 | url=http://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000221/https://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 24, 2015 |access-date=November 7, 2015}}</ref> The paper had columns such as The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable and Tireless Industry of the Bill Poster.<ref name="LampelLant"/> A department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> The ''Billboard Advertising'' publication was renamed '''''The Billboard''''' in 1897.<ref name="booksdirectory">{{cite book|title=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|volume=98|publisher=International Directory of Company Histories|first=Ed|last=Dinger|pages=260–265}}</ref>
After a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegan's interest in the business in 1900 for $500 (equal to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US-GDP|500|1900|r=-2}}}} today) to save it from bankruptcy.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> On May 5, Donaldson changed the publication from a monthly to a weekly paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, and Paris,<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and also refocused the magazine on outdoor entertainment such as fairs, carnivals, circuses, [[vaudeville]], and burlesque shows.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of outdoor events in 1901.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> ''Billboard'' also covered topics including regulation, professionalism, economics and new shows. It had a "stage gossip" column covering the private lives of entertainers, a "tent show" section covering traveling shows and a subsection called "Freaks to order".<ref name="LampelLant"/> Donaldson also published news articles opposing censorship, supporting productions exhibiting good taste and decrying [[yellow journalism]]."<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
As railroads became more developed, ''Billboard'' enabled a mail-forwarding system for traveling entertainers. The location of an entertainer was tracked in the paper's Routes Ahead column, and then ''Billboard'' would receive mail on the star's behalf and publish a notice in its Letter-Box column that it had mail for him or her.<ref name="LampelLant"/> This service was first introduced in 1904 and became one of ''Billboard''{{'}}s largest sources of profit<ref name="Radel 1994"/> and celebrity connections.<ref name="LampelLant"/> By 1914, 42,000 people were using the service.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/> It was also used as the official address of traveling entertainers for draft letters during [[World War I]].<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|newspaper=Newsweek|date=April 4, 1949|title=New Boss for Billboard|pages=57–58}}</ref> In the 1960s, when the service was discontinued, ''Billboard'' was still processing 1,500 letters per week.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
In 1920, Donaldson controversially hired black journalist James Albert Jackson to write a weekly column devoted to black performers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> According to ''The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media'', the column identified discrimination against black performers and helped validate their careers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> Jackson was the first black critic at a national magazine with a predominantly white audience. According to his grandson, Donaldson also established a policy against identifying performers by their race.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> Donaldson died in 1925.<ref name="LampelLant"/>
===Focus on music===
''Billboard''{{'}}s editorial content changed focus as technology in recording and playback developed, covering "marvels of modern technology" such as the [[phonograph]] and wireless radios.<ref name="LampelLant"/> The magazine began covering coin-operated entertainment machines in 1899 and created a dedicated section called Amusement Machines in March 1932.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> ''Billboard'' began covering the motion-picture industry in 1907<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> but, facing strong competition from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', centered its focus on music.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83">{{cite book | last=Bloom | first=K. | title=Broadway: An Encyclopedia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-135-95020-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83 | access-date=November 6, 2015 | page=83 | archive-date=March 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160535/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83 | url-status=live }}</ref> It created a radio-broadcasting station in the 1920s.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
The jukebox industry continued to grow through the [[Great Depression]] and was advertised heavily in ''Billboard'',<ref name="booksdirectory"/>{{rp|262}} which led to even more editorial focus on music.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> The proliferation of the phonograph and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> ''Billboard'' published the first [[Billboard charts|music hit parade]] on January 4, 1936<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html | title=Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to ... Sinatra | first=Jonathan | last=Sale | date=January 4, 1996 | work=[[The Independent]] | access-date=January 3, 2017 | archive-date=January 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170756/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and introduced a Record Buying Guide in January 1939.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> In 1940, it introduced Chart Line, which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox records in 1944 called Music Box Machine.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> By the 1940s, ''Billboard'' was more of a music-industry specialist publication.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> The number of charts that it published grew after [[World War II]], as new music interests and genres became popular. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and formats,<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and 28 charts by 1994.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
By 1943, ''Billboard'' had about 100 employees.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184">{{cite book | author=Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Ohio | title=Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors | publisher=Best Books | year=1943 | isbn=978-1-62376-051-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184 | access-date=November 7, 2015 | page=184 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225718/https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184 | url-status=live }}</ref> The magazine's offices moved to Brighton, Ohio in 1946, then to New York City in 1948.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> A five-column tabloid format was adopted in November 1950 and coated paper was first used in ''Billboard''{{'}}s print issues in January 1963, allowing for photojournalism.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> Sometime prior to September 1960, the name had been changed to '''''The Billboard'''''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Billboard |magazine=The Billboard<!--- The Billboard was its name in September 1960 ---> |date=September 19, 1960 |volume=72 |issue=38 |pages=1–96, see in particular p. 1 Cover and p. 2 Imprint/Masthead |location=New York City |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1960/Billboard%201960-09-19.pdf? |access-date=October 29, 2022 |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007235254/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1960/Billboard%201960-09-19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
''Billboard Publications Inc.'' acquired a monthly trade magazine for candy and cigarette machine vendors called ''Vend'', and in the 1950s it acquired an advertising trade publication called ''Tide''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> By 1969, Billboard Publications Inc. owned 11 trade and consumer publications, [[Watson-Guptill]] Publications, a set of self-study cassette tapes and four television franchises. It also acquired ''Photo Weekly'' that year.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Over time, subjects that ''Billboard'' covered outside of the music world formed the basis of separate publications: ''Funspot'' magazine was created in 1957 to cover amusement parks and ''Amusement Business'' was created in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment. In January 1961, ''Billboard'' was renamed '''''Billboard Music Week'''''<ref name="godfrey"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> to emphasize its newly exclusive interest in music.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83"/> Two years later, it was renamed to simply ''Billboard''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> According to ''The New Business Journalism'', by 1984, Billboard Publications was a "prosperous" conglomerate of trade magazines, and ''Billboard'' had become the "undisputed leader" in music-industry news.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> In the early 1990s, ''Billboard'' introduced ''Billboard Airplay Monitors'', a publication for disc jockeys and music programmers.<ref name="godfrey"/> By the end of the 1990s, ''Billboard'' dubbed itself the "bible" of the recording industry.<ref name="godfrey">{{Cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of American Radio |first1=Donald G. |last1=Godfrey |first2=Frederic A. |last2=Leigh |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-29636-9|page=45}}</ref>
===Changes in ownership===
''Billboard'' struggled after its founder William Donaldson died in 1925, and within three years, was once again heading towards [[bankruptcy]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Donaldson's son-in-law Roger Littleford took command in 1928 and "nursed the publication back to health."<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="newsweek"/> His sons Bill and Roger became co-publishers in 1946<ref name="newsweek"/> and inherited the magazine in the late 1970s after Littleford's death.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> They sold it to private investors in 1985 for an estimated $40 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638"/> The investors cut costs and acquired a trade publication for the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] theatre industry called ''Backstage''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1987, ''Billboard'' was sold again to Affiliated Publications for $100 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638">{{cite book | last1=Jackson | first1=K.T. | last2=Keller | first2=L. | last3=Flood | first3=N. | title=The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-300-18257-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638 | access-date=November 5, 2015 | page=638 | archive-date=March 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160539/https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638 | url-status=live }}</ref> Billboard Publications Inc. became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications called BPI Communications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> As BPI Communications, it acquired ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', ''[[Adweek]]'', ''[[Marketing Week]]'' and ''[[Mediaweek (American magazine)|Mediaweek]]'', and also purchased [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|Broadcast Data Systems]], a high-tech firm for tracking music airtime.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Private investors from Boston Ventures and BPI executives repurchased a two-thirds interest in Billboard Publications for $100 million, and more acquisitions followed. In 1993, it created a division known as Billboard Music Group for music-related publications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1994, Billboard Publications was sold to Dutch media conglomerate [[Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen]] (VNU) for $220 million.<ref name="The New York Times 1994">{{cite web | title=Dutch Buyer Acquires BPI | website=The New York Times | date=January 15, 1994 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223193744/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|19 publications according to the ''Chicago Tribune''<ref name="tribunedigital-chicagotribune 1994">{{cite news | title=Dutch Firm To Purchase Billboard, Film Magazine | newspaper=Chicago Tribune | date=January 17, 1994 | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235626/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} VNU acquired the [[Clio Awards]] in advertising and the National Research Group in 1997, as well as ''[[Editor & Publisher]]'' in 1999. In July 2000, it paid $650 million to the publisher [[Miller Freeman, Inc.|Miller Freeman]]. BPI was combined with other entities in VNU in 2000 to form Bill Communications Inc. By the time CEO Gerald Hobbs retired in 2003, VNU had grown substantially larger, but had a great deal of debt from the acquisitions. An attempted $7 billion acquisition of [[IMS Health]] in 2005 prompted protests from shareholders that halted the deal; it eventually agreed to an $11 billion takeover bid from investors in 2006.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
VNU changed its name to [[Nielsen N.V.|Nielsen]] in 2007, the namesake of a company that it had acquired for $2.5 billion in 1999.<ref name="WSJ 1999">{{cite news | title=VNU to Buy Nielsen Media In Deal Valued at $2.5 Billion | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=August 17, 1999 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829 | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225803/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deliso 2007">{{cite web | last=Deliso | first=Meredith | title=VNU Changes Name to the Nielsen Co. | website=Advertising Age | date=January 18, 2007 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/ | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190633/http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/ | url-status=live }}</ref> New CEO Robert Krakoff divested some of the previously owned publications, restructured the organization and planned some acquisitions before dying suddenly in 2007. He was subsequently replaced by Greg Farrar.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Nielsen owned ''Billboard'' until 2009, when it was one of eight publications sold to e5 Global Media Holdings. e5 was formed by investment firms Pluribus Capital Management and [[Guggenheim Partners]] for the purpose of the acquisition.<ref name="Ives 2009">{{cite web | last=Ives | first=Nat | title=Adweek Group Among Titles Sold to e5 Global Media Holdings | website=Advertising Age | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/ | access-date=October 11, 2015 | archive-date=December 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052542/http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times 2009">{{cite web | title=Hollywood Reporter, Billboard sold | website=Los Angeles Times | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html | access-date=October 12, 2015 | archive-date=September 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918103938/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, the new parent company was renamed [[Prometheus Global Media]].<ref name="Folio: 2010">{{cite web | title=What's in a Name? | website=Folio | date=October 15, 2010 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/ | access-date=October 11, 2015 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052614/http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Three years later, Guggenheim Partners acquired Pluribus' share of Prometheus and became the sole owner of ''Billboard''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a.html|title=Former Yahoo chief moves to Guggenheim|last=Steel|first=Emily|newspaper=Financial Times|date=January 15, 2013|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160545/https://www.ft.com/content/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Numbers 2013">{{cite web | title=Yahoo Exec Tapped To Head Prometheus Global Media | website=Folio | date=January 15, 2013 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2013/yahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media/ | access-date=January 11, 2016 | archive-date=May 29, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529163647/http://www.foliomag.com/2013/yahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2015, Guggenheim Digital Media spun out several media brands, including ''Billboard'', to its own executive [[Todd Boehly]].<ref name=deadline-guggensell>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Prepares To Sell Hollywood Reporter, Dick Clark Productions To Exec|url=https://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/|website=Deadline.com|access-date=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015|archive-date=June 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201145/http://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=thewrap-todd>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Media Spins Off Money-Losing Hollywood Reporter, Billboard to Company President Todd Boehly (Exclusive)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/|website=The Wrap|access-date=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015|archive-date=December 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220003424/http://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/|url-status=live}}</ref> The assets operate under the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a unit of the holding company [[Eldridge Industries]].<ref name="bloomberg-draftkingsfund">{{cite news|title=Dodgers' Boehly Leads $100 Million DraftKings Investment|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/dodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=March 9, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=March 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309224456/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/dodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment|url-status=live}}</ref>
===1990s–present===
[[Timothy White (editor)|Timothy White]] was appointed editor-in-chief in 1991, a position that he held until his unexpected death in 2002. White wrote a weekly column promoting music with "artistic merit" while criticizing music with violent or misogynistic themes,<ref name="latimes 2002">{{cite news | title=Timothy White, 50; Editor Revolutionized Billboard Magazine | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=June 28, 2002 | url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28 | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=November 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122135442/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28 | url-status=live }}</ref> and also reworked the publication's music charts.<ref name="latimes 2002"/> Rather than relying on data from music retailers, new charts used data from store checkout scanners obtained by [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> White also wrote in-depth profiles on musicians,<ref name="Pareles 2002">{{cite web | last=Pareles | first=Jon | title=Timothy White, 50, Billboard Editor in Chief | website=The New York Times | date=July 1, 2002 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/arts/timothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225920/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/arts/timothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html | url-status=live }}</ref> but was replaced by Keith Girard, who was subsequently fired in May 2004. Girard and a female employee filed a $29 million lawsuit alleging that ''Billboard'' fired them unfairly with an intent to damage their reputations<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004">{{cite news | last=Jurkowitz | first=Mark | title=Lawsuit is latest in list of tough hits for Billboard | newspaper=Boston Globe | date=August 12, 2004 | url=https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003805/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full | url-status=live }}</ref> and that they experienced sexual harassment, a hostile work environment and a financially motivated lack of editorial integrity.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Grinberg 2005"/> Email evidence suggested that human resources were given special instructions to watch minority employees.<ref name="Grinberg 2005">{{cite web | last=Grinberg | first=Emanuella | title=New motion details racial profiling claims against Billboard magazine | publisher=CNN | date=April 6, 2005 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/06/billboard/ | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=October 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016201329/http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/06/billboard/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The case was settled out of court in 2006 for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015">{{cite web | last=Tsioulcas | first=Anastasia | title=Why Is 'Billboard' Asking Industry Execs If They Believe Kesha? | publisher=NPR | date=August 23, 2015 | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/08/23/433466416/why-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha | access-date=November 7, 2015 | archive-date=November 7, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107142709/http://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/08/23/433466416/why-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha | url-status=live }}</ref>
In the 2000s, economic decline in the music industry dramatically reduced readership and advertising from ''Billboard''{{'}}s traditional audience.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Sisario 2014">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Leadership Change May Signal New Start for Billboard Magazine | website=The New York Times | date=January 8, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/business/media/leadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html | access-date=November 6, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225916/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/business/media/leadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Circulation declined from 40,000 in circulation in the 1990s to less than 17,000 by 2014.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/> The publication's staff and ownership were also undergoing frequent changes.<ref name="Grinberg 2005" />
In 2004, Tamara Conniff became the first female and youngest-ever executive editor at ''Billboard'' and led its first major redesign since the 1960s, designed by Daniel Stark and Stark Design. During Conniff's tenure, ''Billboard''<nowiki/>'s newsstand sales jumped 10%, ad pages climbed 22% and conference registrations rose 76%.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/tamara-conniff|publisher = Crain's New York Business|work = 40 Under 40|title = Tamara Conniff, 33|date = January 2006|last = Flamm|first = Matthew|access-date = September 28, 2018|archive-date = September 28, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200736/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/tamara-conniff|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2005, ''Billboard'' expanded its editorial outside the music industry into other areas of digital and mobile entertainment. In 2006, after leading Billboard's radio publication, former ABC News and CNN journalist Scott McKenzie was named editorial director across all ''Billboard'' properties.<ref>{{Cite magazine | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors|archive-url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R1Bgw7HvFY4J:https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk&client=firefox-b-d |archive-date = August 2, 2020|title = Billboard Promotes Key Editors |magazine =Billboard|url-status = live|date = January 13, 2006 }}</ref> Conniff launched the ''Billboard'' Women in Music event in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/reba-named-woman-of-the-year/|work = CBS News|date = September 14, 2007|title = Reba Named Woman Of The Year|agency = AP|access-date = April 17, 2020|archive-date = April 20, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200420093450/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/reba-named-woman-of-the-year/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = https://www.prlog.org/11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html|website = PRLOG|title = Top Music Exec joins WorldMusicLink|date = February 18, 2011|access-date = August 14, 2020|archive-date = November 26, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201126093030/https://www.prlog.org/11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Billboard chooses Reba McEntire as its first 'Woman of the Year' |url = https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/14/billboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year/ |date = September 14, 2007 |work = The Orange County Register |access-date = August 14, 2020 |archive-date = December 4, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204062945/https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/14/billboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title = McEntire Named Billboard's Woman Of The Year|magazine = Billboard|date = September 17, 2007|url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049244/mcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year|access-date = August 14, 2020|archive-date = June 22, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180622052816/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049244/mcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year|url-status = live}}</ref>
Bill Werde was named editorial director in 2008,<ref name="one"/> and was followed by [[Janice Min]] in January 2014, also responsible for editorial content at ''The Hollywood Reporter''.<ref name="one">{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Randy |title=Billboard Shakeup puts Hollywood Reporter's Janice Min in Charge |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109,0,2774613.story |date=January 9, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112181529/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109,0,2774613.story |url-status=live }}</ref> The magazine became more of a general-interest music-news source rather than solely an industry trade, covering more celebrity and fashion news.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/><ref name="Sisario 2014"/><ref name="Sisario 20142"/> Min hired Tony Gervino as editor although he did not have a background in the music industry.<ref name="Sisario 20142">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino as Editor | website=The New York Times | date=April 7, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html | access-date=November 6, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225945/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Gervino was appointed editor-in-chief in April 2014.<ref name="Steigrad 2014">{{cite web | last=Steigrad | first=Alexandra | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino Editor in Chief | website=Women's Wear Daily | date=April 7, 2014 | url=http://wwd.com/globe-news/fashion-memopad/billboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887/ | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=December 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205074636/https://wwd.com/globe-news/fashion-memopad/billboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887/ | url-status=live }}</ref> An [[National Public Radio|NPR]] item covered a leaked version of ''Billboard''{{'}}s annual survey, which it said had more gossip and focused on less professional topics than had prior surveys. For example, the magazine polled readers on a lawsuit that singer [[Kesha]] filed against her producer, alleging sexual abuse.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/>
Gervino was fired in May 2016. A note from Min to the editorial staff indicated that senior vice president of digital content Mike Bruno would head the editoria departmentl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269|title=Billboard EIC Tony Gervino Exits on a High Note|website=www.adweek.com|date=May 2, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016|archive-date=January 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109230120/https://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On June 15, 2016, [[Billboard Philippines|BillboardPH]], the first ''Billboard'' chart company in Southeast Asia, mainly in the Philippines, was announced.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7407932/billboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership|title=Billboard Partners with AlgoRhythm to Launch Billboard Philippines|magazine=Billboard|date=June 15, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2017|archive-date=June 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609155547/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7407932/billboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 12, 2016, ''Billboard'' expanded into China by launching ''[[Billboard China]]'' in partnership with Vision Music Ltd.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china|title=Billboard Launches in China|first=Lyndsey|last=Havens|magazine=Billboard|date=September 12, 2016|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914165039/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china|url-status=live}}</ref>
On September 23, 2020, it was announced that [[Penske Media Corporation]] would assume operations of the MRC Media & Info publications under a joint venture with MRC known as PMRC. The joint venture includes the management of ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ellefson|first=Lindsey|date=September 23, 2020|title=Variety Parent Penske Media to Take Over Hollywood Reporter, Billboard in Joint Venture With MRC|url=https://www.thewrap.com/variety-parent-penske-media-to-take-over-hollywood-reporter-billboard-in-joint-venture-with-mrc/|access-date=September 23, 2020|website=TheWrap|language=en-US|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924171830/https://www.thewrap.com/variety-parent-penske-media-to-take-over-hollywood-reporter-billboard-in-joint-venture-with-mrc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==News publishing==
''Billboard'' publishes a news website and weekly [[trade magazine]] that covers music, video and home entertainment. Most of the articles are written by staff writers, while some are written by industry experts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> It covers news, gossip, opinion,<ref name="LampelLant"/> and music reviews, but its "most enduring and influential creation" is the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]].<ref name="godfrey"/> The charts track music sales, radio airtime and other data about the most popular songs and albums.<ref name="godfrey"/> The [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart of the top-selling songs was introduced in 1958. Since then, the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], which tracks the top-selling albums, has become more popular as an indicator of commercial success.<ref name="LampelLant">{{cite book |last=Anand |first=N. |chapter=Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field |editor1-last=Lampel |editor1-first=Joseph |editor2-last=Shamsie |editor2-first=Jamal |editor3-last=Lant |editor3-first=Theresa |title=The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Series in Organization and Management |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-135-60923-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |access-date=November 5, 2015 |page=140 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230014/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Billboard'' has also published books in collaboration with [[Watson-Guptill]] and a radio and television series called American Top 40, based on Billboard charts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212">{{cite book | last=Hoffmann | first=Frank | title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-135-94950-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 | access-date=November 5, 2015 | page=212 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230010/https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 | url-status=live }}</ref> A daily ''Billboard Bulletin'' was introduced in February 1997<ref name="godfrey"/> and ''Billboard'' hosts about 20 industry events each year.<ref name="primary"/>
''Billboard'' is considered one of the most reputable sources of music industry news.<ref name="Radel 1994">{{cite news | last=Radel | first=Cliff | title=Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits | newspaper=The Seattle Times | date=November 3, 1994 | url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453 | access-date=November 6, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190632/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sisario 2014"/> The website includes the Billboard Charts, news separated by music genre, videos and a separate website. It also compiles lists, hosts a fashion website called Pret-a-Reporter and publishes eight different newsletters. The print magazine's regular sections include:<ref name="primary"/>
* Hot 100: A chart of the top 100 most popular songs of the week
* Topline: News from the week
* The Beat: Hitmaker interviews, gossip and trends in the music industry
* Style: Fashion and accessories
* Features: In-depth interviews, profiles and photography
* Reviews: Reviews of new albums and songs
* Backstage pass: information about events and concerts
* Charts and CODA: More information about current and historical Billboard Charts
== Listicles ==
''Billboard'' is known for publishing several annual [[listicle]]s on its website, in recognition of the most influential executives, artists and companies in the music industry, such as the following:
* 21 Under 21<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila|title=21 Under 21 2017: Music's Next Generation|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=February 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209004318/https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 40 Under 40<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7548901/40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list|title=40 Under 40: Music's Top Young Power Players Revealed|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205020230/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7548901/40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Billboard Women in Music|Women in Music]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 12, 2019|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2019 Women In Music Top Executives|work=Billboard Magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8545832/billboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives|access-date=May 18, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627104836/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8545832/billboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Dance 100<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8213443/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement|title=Billboard Launches Inaugural 'Billboard Dance 100' Ranking of Top Dance Music Artists|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160552/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement-8213443/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Power 100<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list|title=Billboard's 2017 Power 100 List Revealed|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109080631/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Dance Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8257599/dance-power-players-list-2018t|title=Billboard Dance Power Players 2018: The Managers, Live Leaders & Tastemakers Shaping the Genre|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Digital Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Digital Power Players, Guiding the Future in Music and Tech|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=December 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230110/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Hip-Hop Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers|title=Hip-Hop Power Players 2017: The Heat Seekers|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016201409/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Indie Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Indie Power Players, Led by Big Machine's Scott Borchetta|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120041615/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Latin Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list|title=Latin Power Players 2017 List Revealed|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050843/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
*''[[Billboard Candid Covers]]''
*''[[Billboard K-Town]]''
*''[[Billboard Mashup Mondays]]''
*[[Billboard Touring Awards|''Billboard'' Touring Awards]]
*[[Top Heatseekers]]
'''International editions'''
* ''Billboard Arabia'' (2023–present)
* ''[[Billboard Argentina]]'' (2013–present)
* ''[[Billboard Brasil]]'' (2009–2019, 2023–present)
* ''Billboard Canada'' (2023–present)
* ''[[Billboard China]]'' (2016–2019, 2022–present)
* ''[[Billboard Japan]]'' (2008–present)
* ''[[Billboard Philippines]]'' (2016–2018, 2023–present)
* [[Billboard Vietnam|''Billboard Việt Nam'']] (2017–present)
* ''[[Billboard Greece]]'' (launched 2011; defunct)
* ''[[Billboard Indonesia]]'' (launch 2018; defunct)
* ''Billboard Thailand'' (launched 2016; defunct)
* ''[[Billboard Türkiye]]'' (2006–2010)
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Billboard (magazine)}}
*{{Official website}}
=== Archives ===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ ''Billboard'' Archive] on Google Books
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pBQEAAAAMBAJ 1940–2010] archived online by [[Google Books]]
* [https://www.billboard.com/archive Charts since 1958, articles since 2001, reviews 2008–2016]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207163132/http://www.billboard.com/archive |date=December 7, 2011 }}. archived online by Billboard.
* [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard-Magazine.htm World Radio History] (1894–1903, 1905, 1918, 1919, 1920–2019). Incomplete.
{{Music industry}}
{{Billboard}}
{{USNumber1s}}
{{USTop10s}}
{{Top Hot 100 Hits}}
[[Category:Billboard (magazine)| ]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Magazines about the media]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1894]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Cincinnati]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]
[[Category:Music magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:VNU Business Media publications]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|American weekly music magazine}}
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{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
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==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Billboard, November 1, 1894 first issue.png|thumb|left|upright|First issue of ''Billboard'' (1894)]]
The first issue of ''Billboard'' was published in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio by William Donaldson and James Hennegan on November 1, 1894.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="Broven 2009 p. 187">{{cite book |last=Broven | first=J. |title=Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers |publisher=University of Illinois Press |series=Music in American life |year=2009 | isbn=978-0-252-03290-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov |url-access=registration | access-date=November 5, 2015 | page=[https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/187 187]}}</ref> Initially it covered the advertising and [[Flyposting|bill-posting]] industry<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Gary|last=Trust|title=The First Billboard: All That Was 'New, Bright and Interesting on the Boards'|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/first-billboard-issue-november-1-1894/|magazine=Billboard|date=November 1, 2021|access-date=October 1, 2022|url-access=subscription|archive-date=November 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101232809/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6746273/first-billboard-issue-november-1-1894|url-status=live}}</ref> and was known as '''''Billboard Advertising'''''.<ref name="Gussow. 2015">{{cite book|last=Gussow.|first=Don|title=The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press|date=1984|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-165202-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32 32–33]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32}}</ref><ref name="godfrey"/>{{efn|Some sources say it was called ''The Billboard Advertiser''<ref name="LampelLant"/>}} At the time, billboards, posters, and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the primary means of advertising.<ref name="godfrey"/> Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co., managed magazine production. The first issues were just eight pages long.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994">{{cite news | title=Hall of fame. (history's top personalities in the live entertainment and amusement industry) (One hundredth-anniversary collector's edition) |website=Amusement Business| date=November 1, 1994 | url=http://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000221/https://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 24, 2015 |access-date=November 7, 2015}}</ref> The paper had columns such as The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable and Tireless Industry of the Bill Poster.<ref name="LampelLant"/> A department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> The ''Billboard Advertising'' publication was renamed '''''The Billboard''''' in 1897.<ref name="booksdirectory">{{cite book|title=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|volume=98|publisher=International Directory of Company Histories|first=Ed|last=Dinger|pages=260–265}}</ref>
After a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegan's interest in the business in 1900 for $500 (equal to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US-GDP|500|1900|r=-2}}}} today) to save it from bankruptcy.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> On May 5, Donaldson changed the publication from a monthly to a weekly paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, and Paris,<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and also refocused the magazine on outdoor entertainment such as fairs, carnivals, circuses, [[vaudeville]], and burlesque shows.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of outdoor events in 1901.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> ''Billboard'' also covered topics including regulation, professionalism, economics and new shows. It had a "stage gossip" column covering the private lives of entertainers, a "tent show" section covering traveling shows and a subsection called "Freaks to order".<ref name="LampelLant"/> Donaldson also published news articles opposing censorship, supporting productions exhibiting good taste and decrying [[yellow journalism]]."<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
As railroads became more developed, ''Billboard'' enabled a mail-forwarding system for traveling entertainers. The location of an entertainer was tracked in the paper's Routes Ahead column, and then ''Billboard'' would receive mail on the star's behalf and publish a notice in its Letter-Box column that it had mail for him or her.<ref name="LampelLant"/> This service was first introduced in 1904 and became one of ''Billboard''{{'}}s largest sources of profit<ref name="Radel 1994"/> and celebrity connections.<ref name="LampelLant"/> By 1914, 42,000 people were using the service.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/> It was also used as the official address of traveling entertainers for draft letters during [[World War I]].<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|newspaper=Newsweek|date=April 4, 1949|title=New Boss for Billboard|pages=57–58}}</ref> In the 1960s, when the service was discontinued, ''Billboard'' was still processing 1,500 letters per week.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
In 1920, Donaldson controversially hired black journalist James Albert Jackson to write a weekly column devoted to black performers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> According to ''The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media'', the column identified discrimination against black performers and helped validate their careers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> Jackson was the first black critic at a national magazine with a predominantly white audience. According to his grandson, Donaldson also established a policy against identifying performers by their race.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> Donaldson died in 1925.<ref name="LampelLant"/>
===Focus on music===
''Billboard''{{'}}s editorial content changed focus as technology in recording and playback developed, covering "marvels of modern technology" such as the [[phonograph]] and wireless radios.<ref name="LampelLant"/> The magazine began covering coin-operated entertainment machines in 1899 and created a dedicated section called Amusement Machines in March 1932.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> ''Billboard'' began covering the motion-picture industry in 1907<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> but, facing strong competition from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', centered its focus on music.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83">{{cite book | last=Bloom | first=K. | title=Broadway: An Encyclopedia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-135-95020-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83 | access-date=November 6, 2015 | page=83 | archive-date=March 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160535/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83 | url-status=live }}</ref> It created a radio-broadcasting station in the 1920s.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
The jukebox industry continued to grow through the [[Great Depression]] and was advertised heavily in ''Billboard'',<ref name="booksdirectory"/>{{rp|262}} which led to even more editorial focus on music.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> The proliferation of the phonograph and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> ''Billboard'' published the first [[Billboard charts|music hit parade]] on January 4, 1936<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html | title=Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to ... Sinatra | first=Jonathan | last=Sale | date=January 4, 1996 | work=[[The Independent]] | access-date=January 3, 2017 | archive-date=January 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170756/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and introduced a Record Buying Guide in January 1939.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> In 1940, it introduced Chart Line, which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox records in 1944 called Music Box Machine.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> By the 1940s, ''Billboard'' was more of a music-industry specialist publication.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> The number of charts that it published grew after [[World War II]], as new music interests and genres became popular. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and formats,<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and 28 charts by 1994.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
By 1943, ''Billboard'' had about 100 employees.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184">{{cite book | author=Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Ohio | title=Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors | publisher=Best Books | year=1943 | isbn=978-1-62376-051-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184 | access-date=November 7, 2015 | page=184 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225718/https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184 | url-status=live }}</ref> The magazine's offices moved to Brighton, Ohio in 1946, then to New York City in 1948.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> A five-column tabloid format was adopted in November 1950 and coated paper was first used in ''Billboard''{{'}}s print issues in January 1963, allowing for photojournalism.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> Sometime prior to September 1960, the name had been changed to '''''The Billboard'''''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Billboard |magazine=The Billboard<!--- The Billboard was its name in September 1960 ---> |date=September 19, 1960 |volume=72 |issue=38 |pages=1–96, see in particular p. 1 Cover and p. 2 Imprint/Masthead |location=New York City |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1960/Billboard%201960-09-19.pdf? |access-date=October 29, 2022 |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007235254/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1960/Billboard%201960-09-19.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
''Billboard Publications Inc.'' acquired a monthly trade magazine for candy and cigarette machine vendors called ''Vend'', and in the 1950s it acquired an advertising trade publication called ''Tide''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> By 1969, Billboard Publications Inc. owned 11 trade and consumer publications, [[Watson-Guptill]] Publications, a set of self-study cassette tapes and four television franchises. It also acquired ''Photo Weekly'' that year.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Over time, subjects that ''Billboard'' covered outside of the music world formed the basis of separate publications: ''Funspot'' magazine was created in 1957 to cover amusement parks and ''Amusement Business'' was created in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment. In January 1961, ''Billboard'' was renamed '''''Billboard Music Week'''''<ref name="godfrey"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> to emphasize its newly exclusive interest in music.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83"/> Two years later, it was renamed to simply ''Billboard''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> According to ''The New Business Journalism'', by 1984, Billboard Publications was a "prosperous" conglomerate of trade magazines, and ''Billboard'' had become the "undisputed leader" in music-industry news.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> In the early 1990s, ''Billboard'' introduced ''Billboard Airplay Monitors'', a publication for disc jockeys and music programmers.<ref name="godfrey"/> By the end of the 1990s, ''Billboard'' dubbed itself the "bible" of the recording industry.<ref name="godfrey">{{Cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of American Radio |first1=Donald G. |last1=Godfrey |first2=Frederic A. |last2=Leigh |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-29636-9|page=45}}</ref>
===Changes in ownership===
''Billboard'' struggled after its founder William Donaldson died in 1925, and within three years, was once again heading towards [[bankruptcy]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Donaldson's son-in-law Roger Littleford took command in 1928 and "nursed the publication back to health."<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="newsweek"/> His sons Bill and Roger became co-publishers in 1946<ref name="newsweek"/> and inherited the magazine in the late 1970s after Littleford's death.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> They sold it to private investors in 1985 for an estimated $40 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638"/> The investors cut costs and acquired a trade publication for the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] theatre industry called ''Backstage''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1987, ''Billboard'' was sold again to Affiliated Publications for $100 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638">{{cite book | last1=Jackson | first1=K.T. | last2=Keller | first2=L. | last3=Flood | first3=N. | title=The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-300-18257-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638 | access-date=November 5, 2015 | page=638 | archive-date=March 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160539/https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638 | url-status=live }}</ref> Billboard Publications Inc. became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications called BPI Communications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> As BPI Communications, it acquired ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', ''[[Adweek]]'', ''[[Marketing Week]]'' and ''[[Mediaweek (American magazine)|Mediaweek]]'', and also purchased [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|Broadcast Data Systems]], a high-tech firm for tracking music airtime.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Private investors from Boston Ventures and BPI executives repurchased a two-thirds interest in Billboard Publications for $100 million, and more acquisitions followed. In 1993, it created a division known as Billboard Music Group for music-related publications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1994, Billboard Publications was sold to Dutch media conglomerate [[Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen]] (VNU) for $220 million.<ref name="The New York Times 1994">{{cite web | title=Dutch Buyer Acquires BPI | website=The New York Times | date=January 15, 1994 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223193744/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|19 publications according to the ''Chicago Tribune''<ref name="tribunedigital-chicagotribune 1994">{{cite news | title=Dutch Firm To Purchase Billboard, Film Magazine | newspaper=Chicago Tribune | date=January 17, 1994 | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235626/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} VNU acquired the [[Clio Awards]] in advertising and the National Research Group in 1997, as well as ''[[Editor & Publisher]]'' in 1999. In July 2000, it paid $650 million to the publisher [[Miller Freeman, Inc.|Miller Freeman]]. BPI was combined with other entities in VNU in 2000 to form Bill Communications Inc. By the time CEO Gerald Hobbs retired in 2003, VNU had grown substantially larger, but had a great deal of debt from the acquisitions. An attempted $7 billion acquisition of [[IMS Health]] in 2005 prompted protests from shareholders that halted the deal; it eventually agreed to an $11 billion takeover bid from investors in 2006.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
VNU changed its name to [[Nielsen N.V.|Nielsen]] in 2007, the namesake of a company that it had acquired for $2.5 billion in 1999.<ref name="WSJ 1999">{{cite news | title=VNU to Buy Nielsen Media In Deal Valued at $2.5 Billion | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=August 17, 1999 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829 | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225803/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deliso 2007">{{cite web | last=Deliso | first=Meredith | title=VNU Changes Name to the Nielsen Co. | website=Advertising Age | date=January 18, 2007 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/ | access-date=October 10, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190633/http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/ | url-status=live }}</ref> New CEO Robert Krakoff divested some of the previously owned publications, restructured the organization and planned some acquisitions before dying suddenly in 2007. He was subsequently replaced by Greg Farrar.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Nielsen owned ''Billboard'' until 2009, when it was one of eight publications sold to e5 Global Media Holdings. e5 was formed by investment firms Pluribus Capital Management and [[Guggenheim Partners]] for the purpose of the acquisition.<ref name="Ives 2009">{{cite web | last=Ives | first=Nat | title=Adweek Group Among Titles Sold to e5 Global Media Holdings | website=Advertising Age | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/ | access-date=October 11, 2015 | archive-date=December 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052542/http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times 2009">{{cite web | title=Hollywood Reporter, Billboard sold | website=Los Angeles Times | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html | access-date=October 12, 2015 | archive-date=September 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918103938/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, the new parent company was renamed [[Prometheus Global Media]].<ref name="Folio: 2010">{{cite web | title=What's in a Name? | website=Folio | date=October 15, 2010 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/ | access-date=October 11, 2015 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052614/http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Three years later, Guggenheim Partners acquired Pluribus' share of Prometheus and became the sole owner of ''Billboard''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a.html|title=Former Yahoo chief moves to Guggenheim|last=Steel|first=Emily|newspaper=Financial Times|date=January 15, 2013|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160545/https://www.ft.com/content/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Numbers 2013">{{cite web | title=Yahoo Exec Tapped To Head Prometheus Global Media | website=Folio | date=January 15, 2013 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2013/yahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media/ | access-date=January 11, 2016 | archive-date=May 29, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529163647/http://www.foliomag.com/2013/yahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
In December 2015, Guggenheim Digital Media spun out several media brands, including ''Billboard'', to its own executive [[Todd Boehly]].<ref name=deadline-guggensell>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Prepares To Sell Hollywood Reporter, Dick Clark Productions To Exec|url=https://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/|website=Deadline.com|access-date=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015|archive-date=June 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201145/http://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=thewrap-todd>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Media Spins Off Money-Losing Hollywood Reporter, Billboard to Company President Todd Boehly (Exclusive)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/|website=The Wrap|access-date=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015|archive-date=December 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220003424/http://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/|url-status=live}}</ref> The assets operate under the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a unit of the holding company [[Eldridge Industries]].<ref name="bloomberg-draftkingsfund">{{cite news|title=Dodgers' Boehly Leads $100 Million DraftKings Investment|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/dodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=March 9, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2017|archive-date=March 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309224456/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/dodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment|url-status=live}}</ref>
===1990s–present===
[[Timothy White (editor)|Timothy White]] was appointed editor-in-chief in 1991, a position that he held until his unexpected death in 2002. White wrote a weekly column promoting music with "artistic merit" while criticizing music with violent or misogynistic themes,<ref name="latimes 2002">{{cite news | title=Timothy White, 50; Editor Revolutionized Billboard Magazine | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=June 28, 2002 | url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28 | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=November 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122135442/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28 | url-status=live }}</ref> and also reworked the publication's music charts.<ref name="latimes 2002"/> Rather than relying on data from music retailers, new charts used data from store checkout scanners obtained by [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> White also wrote in-depth profiles on musicians,<ref name="Pareles 2002">{{cite web | last=Pareles | first=Jon | title=Timothy White, 50, Billboard Editor in Chief | website=The New York Times | date=July 1, 2002 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/arts/timothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225920/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/arts/timothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html | url-status=live }}</ref> but was replaced by Keith Girard, who was subsequently fired in May 2004. Girard and a female employee filed a $29 million lawsuit alleging that ''Billboard'' fired them unfairly with an intent to damage their reputations<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004">{{cite news | last=Jurkowitz | first=Mark | title=Lawsuit is latest in list of tough hits for Billboard | newspaper=Boston Globe | date=August 12, 2004 | url=https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003805/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full | url-status=live }}</ref> and that they experienced sexual harassment, a hostile work environment and a financially motivated lack of editorial integrity.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Grinberg 2005"/> Email evidence suggested that human resources were given special instructions to watch minority employees.<ref name="Grinberg 2005">{{cite web | last=Grinberg | first=Emanuella | title=New motion details racial profiling claims against Billboard magazine | publisher=CNN | date=April 6, 2005 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/06/billboard/ | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=October 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016201329/http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/06/billboard/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The case was settled out of court in 2006 for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015">{{cite web | last=Tsioulcas | first=Anastasia | title=Why Is 'Billboard' Asking Industry Execs If They Believe Kesha? | publisher=NPR | date=August 23, 2015 | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/08/23/433466416/why-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha | access-date=November 7, 2015 | archive-date=November 7, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107142709/http://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/08/23/433466416/why-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha | url-status=live }}</ref>
In the 2000s, economic decline in the music industry dramatically reduced readership and advertising from ''Billboard''{{'}}s traditional audience.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Sisario 2014">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Leadership Change May Signal New Start for Billboard Magazine | website=The New York Times | date=January 8, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/business/media/leadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html | access-date=November 6, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225916/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/business/media/leadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Circulation declined from 40,000 in circulation in the 1990s to less than 17,000 by 2014.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/> The publication's staff and ownership were also undergoing frequent changes.<ref name="Grinberg 2005" />
In 2004, Tamara Conniff became the first female and youngest-ever executive editor at ''Billboard'' and led its first major redesign since the 1960s, designed by Daniel Stark and Stark Design. During Conniff's tenure, ''Billboard''<nowiki/>'s newsstand sales jumped 10%, ad pages climbed 22% and conference registrations rose 76%.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/tamara-conniff|publisher = Crain's New York Business|work = 40 Under 40|title = Tamara Conniff, 33|date = January 2006|last = Flamm|first = Matthew|access-date = September 28, 2018|archive-date = September 28, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200736/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/tamara-conniff|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2005, ''Billboard'' expanded its editorial outside the music industry into other areas of digital and mobile entertainment. In 2006, after leading Billboard's radio publication, former ABC News and CNN journalist Scott McKenzie was named editorial director across all ''Billboard'' properties.<ref>{{Cite magazine | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors|archive-url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R1Bgw7HvFY4J:https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk&client=firefox-b-d |archive-date = August 2, 2020|title = Billboard Promotes Key Editors |magazine =Billboard|url-status = live|date = January 13, 2006 }}</ref> Conniff launched the ''Billboard'' Women in Music event in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/reba-named-woman-of-the-year/|work = CBS News|date = September 14, 2007|title = Reba Named Woman Of The Year|agency = AP|access-date = April 17, 2020|archive-date = April 20, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200420093450/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/reba-named-woman-of-the-year/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = https://www.prlog.org/11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html|website = PRLOG|title = Top Music Exec joins WorldMusicLink|date = February 18, 2011|access-date = August 14, 2020|archive-date = November 26, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201126093030/https://www.prlog.org/11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Billboard chooses Reba McEntire as its first 'Woman of the Year' |url = https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/14/billboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year/ |date = September 14, 2007 |work = The Orange County Register |access-date = August 14, 2020 |archive-date = December 4, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204062945/https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/14/billboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title = McEntire Named Billboard's Woman Of The Year|magazine = Billboard|date = September 17, 2007|url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049244/mcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year|access-date = August 14, 2020|archive-date = June 22, 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180622052816/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049244/mcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year|url-status = live}}</ref>
Bill Werde was named editorial director in 2008,<ref name="one"/> and was followed by [[Janice Min]] in January 2014, also responsible for editorial content at ''The Hollywood Reporter''.<ref name="one">{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Randy |title=Billboard Shakeup puts Hollywood Reporter's Janice Min in Charge |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109,0,2774613.story |date=January 9, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112181529/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109,0,2774613.story |url-status=live }}</ref> The magazine became more of a general-interest music-news source rather than solely an industry trade, covering more celebrity and fashion news.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/><ref name="Sisario 2014"/><ref name="Sisario 20142"/> Min hired Tony Gervino as editor although he did not have a background in the music industry.<ref name="Sisario 20142">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino as Editor | website=The New York Times | date=April 7, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html | access-date=November 6, 2015 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225945/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Gervino was appointed editor-in-chief in April 2014.<ref name="Steigrad 2014">{{cite web | last=Steigrad | first=Alexandra | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino Editor in Chief | website=Women's Wear Daily | date=April 7, 2014 | url=http://wwd.com/globe-news/fashion-memopad/billboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887/ | access-date=November 5, 2015 | archive-date=December 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205074636/https://wwd.com/globe-news/fashion-memopad/billboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887/ | url-status=live }}</ref> An [[National Public Radio|NPR]] item covered a leaked version of ''Billboard''{{'}}s annual survey, which it said had more gossip and focused on less professional topics than had prior surveys. For example, the magazine polled readers on a lawsuit that singer [[Kesha]] filed against her producer, alleging sexual abuse.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/>
Gervino was fired in May 2016. A note from Min to the editorial staff indicated that senior vice president of digital content Mike Bruno would head the editoria departmentl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269|title=Billboard EIC Tony Gervino Exits on a High Note|website=www.adweek.com|date=May 2, 2016 |access-date=August 15, 2016|archive-date=January 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109230120/https://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On June 15, 2016, [[Billboard Philippines|BillboardPH]], the first ''Billboard'' chart company in Southeast Asia, mainly in the Philippines, was announced.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7407932/billboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership|title=Billboard Partners with AlgoRhythm to Launch Billboard Philippines|magazine=Billboard|date=June 15, 2016|access-date=June 30, 2017|archive-date=June 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609155547/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7407932/billboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 12, 2016, ''Billboard'' expanded into China by launching ''[[Billboard China]]'' in partnership with Vision Music Ltd.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china|title=Billboard Launches in China|first=Lyndsey|last=Havens|magazine=Billboard|date=September 12, 2016|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-date=September 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914165039/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china|url-status=live}}</ref>
On September 23, 2020, it was announced that [[Penske Media Corporation]] would assume operations of the MRC Media & Info publications under a joint venture with MRC known as PMRC. The joint venture includes the management of ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ellefson|first=Lindsey|date=September 23, 2020|title=Variety Parent Penske Media to Take Over Hollywood Reporter, Billboard in Joint Venture With MRC|url=https://www.thewrap.com/variety-parent-penske-media-to-take-over-hollywood-reporter-billboard-in-joint-venture-with-mrc/|access-date=September 23, 2020|website=TheWrap|language=en-US|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924171830/https://www.thewrap.com/variety-parent-penske-media-to-take-over-hollywood-reporter-billboard-in-joint-venture-with-mrc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==News publishing==
''Billboard'' publishes a news website and weekly [[trade magazine]] that covers music, video and home entertainment. Most of the articles are written by staff writers, while some are written by industry experts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> It covers news, gossip, opinion,<ref name="LampelLant"/> and music reviews, but its "most enduring and influential creation" is the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]].<ref name="godfrey"/> The charts track music sales, radio airtime and other data about the most popular songs and albums.<ref name="godfrey"/> The [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart of the top-selling songs was introduced in 1958. Since then, the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], which tracks the top-selling albums, has become more popular as an indicator of commercial success.<ref name="LampelLant">{{cite book |last=Anand |first=N. |chapter=Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field |editor1-last=Lampel |editor1-first=Joseph |editor2-last=Shamsie |editor2-first=Jamal |editor3-last=Lant |editor3-first=Theresa |title=The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Series in Organization and Management |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-135-60923-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |access-date=November 5, 2015 |page=140 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230014/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Billboard'' has also published books in collaboration with [[Watson-Guptill]] and a radio and television series called American Top 40, based on Billboard charts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212">{{cite book | last=Hoffmann | first=Frank | title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-135-94950-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 | access-date=November 5, 2015 | page=212 | archive-date=December 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230010/https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 | url-status=live }}</ref> A daily ''Billboard Bulletin'' was introduced in February 1997<ref name="godfrey"/> and ''Billboard'' hosts about 20 industry events each year.<ref name="primary"/>
''Billboard'' is considered one of the most reputable sources of music industry news.<ref name="Radel 1994">{{cite news | last=Radel | first=Cliff | title=Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits | newspaper=The Seattle Times | date=November 3, 1994 | url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453 | access-date=November 6, 2015 | archive-date=December 23, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190632/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sisario 2014"/> The website includes the Billboard Charts, news separated by music genre, videos and a separate website. It also compiles lists, hosts a fashion website called Pret-a-Reporter and publishes eight different newsletters. The print magazine's regular sections include:<ref name="primary"/>
* Hot 100: A chart of the top 100 most popular songs of the week
* Topline: News from the week
* The Beat: Hitmaker interviews, gossip and trends in the music industry
* Style: Fashion and accessories
* Features: In-depth interviews, profiles and photography
* Reviews: Reviews of new albums and songs
* Backstage pass: information about events and concerts
* Charts and CODA: More information about current and historical Billboard Charts
== Listicles ==
''Billboard'' is known for publishing several annual [[listicle]]s on its website, in recognition of the most influential executives, artists and companies in the music industry, such as the following:
* 21 Under 21<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila|title=21 Under 21 2017: Music's Next Generation|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=February 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209004318/https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 40 Under 40<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7548901/40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list|title=40 Under 40: Music's Top Young Power Players Revealed|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205020230/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7548901/40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Billboard Women in Music|Women in Music]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 12, 2019|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2019 Women In Music Top Executives|work=Billboard Magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8545832/billboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives|access-date=May 18, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627104836/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8545832/billboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Dance 100<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8213443/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement|title=Billboard Launches Inaugural 'Billboard Dance 100' Ranking of Top Dance Music Artists|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160552/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement-8213443/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Power 100<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list|title=Billboard's 2017 Power 100 List Revealed|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109080631/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Dance Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8257599/dance-power-players-list-2018t|title=Billboard Dance Power Players 2018: The Managers, Live Leaders & Tastemakers Shaping the Genre|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Digital Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Digital Power Players, Guiding the Future in Music and Tech|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017|archive-date=December 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230110/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Hip-Hop Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers|title=Hip-Hop Power Players 2017: The Heat Seekers|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016201409/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Indie Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Indie Power Players, Led by Big Machine's Scott Borchetta|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120041615/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Latin Power Players<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list|title=Latin Power Players 2017 List Revealed|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017|archive-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050843/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
*''[[Billboard Candid Covers]]''
*''[[Billboard K-Town]]''
*''[[Billboard Mashup Mondays]]''
*[[Billboard Touring Awards|''Billboard'' Touring Awards]]
*[[Top Heatseekers]]
'''International editions'''
* ''Billboard Arabia'' (2023–present)
* ''[[Billboard Argentina]]'' (2013–present)
* ''[[Billboard Brasil]]'' (2009–2019, 2023–present)
* ''Billboard Canada'' (2023–present)
* ''[[Billboard China]]'' (2016–2019, 2022–present)
* ''[[Billboard Japan]]'' (2008–present)
* ''[[Billboard Philippines]]'' (2016–2018, 2023–present)
* [[Billboard Vietnam|''Billboard Việt Nam'']] (2017–present)
* ''[[Billboard Greece]]'' (launched 2011; defunct)
* ''[[Billboard Indonesia]]'' (launch 2018; defunct)
* ''Billboard Thailand'' (launched 2016; defunct)
* ''[[Billboard Türkiye]]'' (2006–2010)
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Billboard (magazine)}}
*{{Official website}}
=== Archives ===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ ''Billboard'' Archive] on Google Books
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pBQEAAAAMBAJ 1940–2010] archived online by [[Google Books]]
* [https://www.billboard.com/archive Charts since 1958, articles since 2001, reviews 2008–2016]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207163132/http://www.billboard.com/archive |date=December 7, 2011 }}. archived online by Billboard.
* [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard-Magazine.htm World Radio History] (1894–1903, 1905, 1918, 1919, 1920–2019). Incomplete.
{{Music industry}}
{{Billboard}}
{{USNumber1s}}
{{USTop10s}}
{{Top Hot 100 Hits}}
[[Category:Billboard (magazine)| ]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Magazines about the media]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1894]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Cincinnati]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]
[[Category:Music magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:VNU Business Media publications]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,31 +3,5 @@
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
-{{Infobox magazine
-| logo = Billboard logo.svg
-| logo_size = 220px
-| image_file = Billboard magazine 16 November 2019 issue 125th anniversary.png
-| image_caption = November 16, 2019, cover featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and highlighting the magazine's 125th anniversary
-| founder = {{ubl|William Donaldson|James Hennegan}}
-| website = {{official URL}}
-| publisher = Lynne Segall
-| editor = Hannah Karp
-| editor_title =
-| previous_editor = Lee Zhito, Tony Gervino, Bill Werde, Tamara Conniff
-| language = English
-| founded = {{start date and age|1894|11|1}} (as ''Billboard Advertising'')
-| frequency = Weekly
-| category = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]
-| total_circulation = 17,000 magazines per week<br/>15.2 million unique visitors per month<ref name="primary">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|title=Media Kit|magazine=Billboard|access-date=June 15, 2016|archive-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806222729/https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-| company = [[Eldridge Industries]]
-| firstdate =
-| country = United States
-| based = [[New York City]]
-| issn = 0006-2510
-| title = Billboard
-}}
-
-'''''Billboard''''' (stylized in lowercase since 2013) is an American music and entertainment [[magazine]] published weekly by [[Penske Media Corporation]]. The magazine provides music charts, news, video, opinion, reviews, events and styles related to the [[music industry]]. Its [[Billboard charts|music charts]] include the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], the [[Billboard 200|200]], and the [[Billboard Global 200|Global 200]], tracking the most popular albums and songs in various music genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm and operates several television shows.
-
-''Billboard'' was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegan's interest in 1900 for $500. In the early years of the 20th century, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and [[burlesque]] shows, and also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. ''Billboard'' began focusing more on the music industry as the [[jukebox]], [[phonograph]] and [[radio]] became commonplace. Many topics that it covered became the subjects of new magazines, including ''Amusement Business'' in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that ''Billboard'' could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, ''Billboard'' was inherited by his and Hennegan's children, who retained ownership until selling it to private investors in 1985. The magazine has since been owned by various parties.
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==History==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 50487 |
Old page size (old_size) | 48788 |
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] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Infobox magazine',
1 => '| logo = Billboard logo.svg',
2 => '| logo_size = 220px',
3 => '| image_file = Billboard magazine 16 November 2019 issue 125th anniversary.png',
4 => '| image_caption = November 16, 2019, cover featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and highlighting the magazine's 125th anniversary',
5 => '| founder = {{ubl|William Donaldson|James Hennegan}}',
6 => '| website = {{official URL}}',
7 => '| publisher = Lynne Segall',
8 => '| editor = Hannah Karp',
9 => '| editor_title = ',
10 => '| previous_editor = Lee Zhito, Tony Gervino, Bill Werde, Tamara Conniff',
11 => '| language = English',
12 => '| founded = {{start date and age|1894|11|1}} (as ''Billboard Advertising'')',
13 => '| frequency = Weekly',
14 => '| category = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]',
15 => '| total_circulation = 17,000 magazines per week<br/>15.2 million unique visitors per month<ref name="primary">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|title=Media Kit|magazine=Billboard|access-date=June 15, 2016|archive-date=August 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806222729/https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
16 => '| company = [[Eldridge Industries]]',
17 => '| firstdate = ',
18 => '| country = United States',
19 => '| based = [[New York City]]',
20 => '| issn = 0006-2510',
21 => '| title = Billboard',
22 => '}}',
23 => '',
24 => ''''''Billboard''''' (stylized in lowercase since 2013) is an American music and entertainment [[magazine]] published weekly by [[Penske Media Corporation]]. The magazine provides music charts, news, video, opinion, reviews, events and styles related to the [[music industry]]. Its [[Billboard charts|music charts]] include the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]], the [[Billboard 200|200]], and the [[Billboard Global 200|Global 200]], tracking the most popular albums and songs in various music genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm and operates several television shows.',
25 => '',
26 => '''Billboard'' was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegan's interest in 1900 for $500. In the early years of the 20th century, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and [[burlesque]] shows, and also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. ''Billboard'' began focusing more on the music industry as the [[jukebox]], [[phonograph]] and [[radio]] became commonplace. Many topics that it covered became the subjects of new magazines, including ''Amusement Business'' in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that ''Billboard'' could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, ''Billboard'' was inherited by his and Hennegan's children, who retained ownership until selling it to private investors in 1985. The magazine has since been owned by various parties.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American weekly music magazine</div>
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<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Focus_on_music"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Focus on music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Changes_in_ownership"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Changes in ownership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1990s–present"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">1990s–present</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#News_publishing"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">News publishing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Listicles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Listicles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Archives"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Archives</span></a></li>
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</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Early history"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Billboard,_November_1,_1894_first_issue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Billboard%2C_November_1%2C_1894_first_issue.png/170px-Billboard%2C_November_1%2C_1894_first_issue.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Billboard%2C_November_1%2C_1894_first_issue.png/255px-Billboard%2C_November_1%2C_1894_first_issue.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Billboard%2C_November_1%2C_1894_first_issue.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>First issue of <i>Billboard</i> (1894)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The first issue of <i>Billboard</i> was published in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio by William Donaldson and James Hennegan on November 1, 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broven_2009_p._187_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broven_2009_p._187-2">[2]</a></sup> Initially it covered the advertising and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">bill-posting</a> industry<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> and was known as <i><b>Billboard Advertising</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gussow._2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gussow._2015-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></sup> At the time, billboards, posters, and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the primary means of advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup> Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co., managed magazine production. The first issues were just eight pages long.<sup id="cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-7">[6]</a></sup> The paper had columns such as The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable and Tireless Industry of the Bill Poster.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> A department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-8">[7]</a></sup> The <i>Billboard Advertising</i> publication was renamed <i><b>The Billboard</b></i> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>After a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegan's interest in the business in 1900 for $500 (equal to $14,500 today) to save it from bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-7">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> On May 5, Donaldson changed the publication from a monthly to a weekly paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, and Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> and also refocused the magazine on outdoor entertainment such as fairs, carnivals, circuses, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, and burlesque shows.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of outdoor events in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-8">[7]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> also covered topics including regulation, professionalism, economics and new shows. It had a "stage gossip" column covering the private lives of entertainers, a "tent show" section covering traveling shows and a subsection called "Freaks to order".<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> Donaldson also published news articles opposing censorship, supporting productions exhibiting good taste and decrying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>As railroads became more developed, <i>Billboard</i> enabled a mail-forwarding system for traveling entertainers. The location of an entertainer was tracked in the paper's Routes Ahead column, and then <i>Billboard</i> would receive mail on the star's behalf and publish a notice in its Letter-Box column that it had mail for him or her.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> This service was first introduced in 1904 and became one of <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s largest sources of profit<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-11">[10]</a></sup> and celebrity connections.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> By 1914, 42,000 people were using the service.<sup id="cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-7">[6]</a></sup> It was also used as the official address of traveling entertainers for draft letters during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-12">[11]</a></sup> In the 1960s, when the service was discontinued, <i>Billboard</i> was still processing 1,500 letters per week.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1920, Donaldson controversially hired black journalist James Albert Jackson to write a weekly column devoted to black performers.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> According to <i>The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media</i>, the column identified discrimination against black performers and helped validate their careers.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> Jackson was the first black critic at a national magazine with a predominantly white audience. According to his grandson, Donaldson also established a policy against identifying performers by their race.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-11">[10]</a></sup> Donaldson died in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Focus_on_music">Focus on music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Focus on music"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s editorial content changed focus as technology in recording and playback developed, covering "marvels of modern technology" such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> and wireless radios.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> The magazine began covering coin-operated entertainment machines in 1899 and created a dedicated section called Amusement Machines in March 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> began covering the motion-picture industry in 1907<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-8">[7]</a></sup> but, facing strong competition from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>, centered its focus on music.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_2013_p._83-13">[12]</a></sup> It created a radio-broadcasting station in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The jukebox industry continued to grow through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and was advertised heavily in <i>Billboard</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 262">: 262 </span></sup> which led to even more editorial focus on music.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> The proliferation of the phonograph and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> published the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">music hit parade</a> on January 4, 1936<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> and introduced a Record Buying Guide in January 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> In 1940, it introduced Chart Line, which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox records in 1944 called Music Box Machine.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> By the 1940s, <i>Billboard</i> was more of a music-industry specialist publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Gussow._2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gussow._2015-4">[4]</a></sup> The number of charts that it published grew after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as new music interests and genres became popular. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and formats,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> and 28 charts by 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1943, <i>Billboard</i> had about 100 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-8">[7]</a></sup> The magazine's offices moved to Brighton, Ohio in 1946, then to New York City in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-11">[10]</a></sup> A five-column tabloid format was adopted in November 1950 and coated paper was first used in <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s print issues in January 1963, allowing for photojournalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> Sometime prior to September 1960, the name had been changed to <i><b>The Billboard</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Billboard Publications Inc.</i> acquired a monthly trade magazine for candy and cigarette machine vendors called <i>Vend</i>, and in the 1950s it acquired an advertising trade publication called <i>Tide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> By 1969, Billboard Publications Inc. owned 11 trade and consumer publications, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watson-Guptill" title="Watson-Guptill">Watson-Guptill</a> Publications, a set of self-study cassette tapes and four television franchises. It also acquired <i>Photo Weekly</i> that year.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Over time, subjects that <i>Billboard</i> covered outside of the music world formed the basis of separate publications: <i>Funspot</i> magazine was created in 1957 to cover amusement parks and <i>Amusement Business</i> was created in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment. In January 1961, <i>Billboard</i> was renamed <i><b>Billboard Music Week</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> to emphasize its newly exclusive interest in music.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_2013_p._83-13">[12]</a></sup> Two years later, it was renamed to simply <i>Billboard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> According to <i>The New Business Journalism</i>, by 1984, Billboard Publications was a "prosperous" conglomerate of trade magazines, and <i>Billboard</i> had become the "undisputed leader" in music-industry news.<sup id="cite_ref-Gussow._2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gussow._2015-4">[4]</a></sup> In the early 1990s, <i>Billboard</i> introduced <i>Billboard Airplay Monitors</i>, a publication for disc jockeys and music programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup> By the end of the 1990s, <i>Billboard</i> dubbed itself the "bible" of the recording industry.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Changes_in_ownership">Changes in ownership</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Changes in ownership"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><i>Billboard</i> struggled after its founder William Donaldson died in 1925, and within three years, was once again heading towards <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> Donaldson's son-in-law Roger Littleford took command in 1928 and "nursed the publication back to health."<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-12">[11]</a></sup> His sons Bill and Roger became co-publishers in 1946<sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-12">[11]</a></sup> and inherited the magazine in the late 1970s after Littleford's death.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> They sold it to private investors in 1985 for an estimated $40 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638-16">[15]</a></sup> The investors cut costs and acquired a trade publication for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> theatre industry called <i>Backstage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1987, <i>Billboard</i> was sold again to Affiliated Publications for $100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638-16">[15]</a></sup> Billboard Publications Inc. became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications called BPI Communications.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> As BPI Communications, it acquired <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adweek" title="Adweek">Adweek</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marketing_Week" title="Marketing Week">Marketing Week</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediaweek_(American_magazine)" title="Mediaweek (American magazine)">Mediaweek</a></i>, and also purchased <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nielsen_Broadcast_Data_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems">Broadcast Data Systems</a>, a high-tech firm for tracking music airtime.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> Private investors from Boston Ventures and BPI executives repurchased a two-thirds interest in Billboard Publications for $100 million, and more acquisitions followed. In 1993, it created a division known as Billboard Music Group for music-related publications.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1994, Billboard Publications was sold to Dutch media conglomerate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verenigde_Nederlandse_Uitgeverijen" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen">Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen</a> (VNU) for $220 million.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1994-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a></sup> VNU acquired the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clio_Awards" title="Clio Awards">Clio Awards</a> in advertising and the National Research Group in 1997, as well as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher" title="Editor & Publisher">Editor & Publisher</a></i> in 1999. In July 2000, it paid $650 million to the publisher <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman</a>. BPI was combined with other entities in VNU in 2000 to form Bill Communications Inc. By the time CEO Gerald Hobbs retired in 2003, VNU had grown substantially larger, but had a great deal of debt from the acquisitions. An attempted $7 billion acquisition of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IMS_Health" title="IMS Health">IMS Health</a> in 2005 prompted protests from shareholders that halted the deal; it eventually agreed to an $11 billion takeover bid from investors in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>VNU changed its name to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nielsen_N.V." class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen N.V.">Nielsen</a> in 2007, the namesake of a company that it had acquired for $2.5 billion in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_1999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_1999-20">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deliso_2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deliso_2007-21">[19]</a></sup> New CEO Robert Krakoff divested some of the previously owned publications, restructured the organization and planned some acquisitions before dying suddenly in 2007. He was subsequently replaced by Greg Farrar.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Nielsen owned <i>Billboard</i> until 2009, when it was one of eight publications sold to e5 Global Media Holdings. e5 was formed by investment firms Pluribus Capital Management and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guggenheim_Partners" title="Guggenheim Partners">Guggenheim Partners</a> for the purpose of the acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-Ives_2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ives_2009-22">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_2009-23">[21]</a></sup> The following year, the new parent company was renamed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media" title="Prometheus Global Media">Prometheus Global Media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Folio:_2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folio:_2010-24">[22]</a></sup> Three years later, Guggenheim Partners acquired Pluribus' share of Prometheus and became the sole owner of <i>Billboard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_2013-26">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2015, Guggenheim Digital Media spun out several media brands, including <i>Billboard</i>, to its own executive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Todd_Boehly" title="Todd Boehly">Todd Boehly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deadline-guggensell_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadline-guggensell-27">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thewrap-todd_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewrap-todd-28">[26]</a></sup> The assets operate under the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a unit of the holding company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eldridge_Industries" title="Eldridge Industries">Eldridge Industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg-draftkingsfund_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-draftkingsfund-29">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="1990s.E2.80.93present"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1990s–present">1990s–present</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: 1990s–present"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_White_(editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy White (editor)">Timothy White</a> was appointed editor-in-chief in 1991, a position that he held until his unexpected death in 2002. White wrote a weekly column promoting music with "artistic merit" while criticizing music with violent or misogynistic themes,<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2002_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes_2002-30">[28]</a></sup> and also reworked the publication's music charts.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2002_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes_2002-30">[28]</a></sup> Rather than relying on data from music retailers, new charts used data from store checkout scanners obtained by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-9">[8]</a></sup> White also wrote in-depth profiles on musicians,<sup id="cite_ref-Pareles_2002_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pareles_2002-31">[29]</a></sup> but was replaced by Keith Girard, who was subsequently fired in May 2004. Girard and a female employee filed a $29 million lawsuit alleging that <i>Billboard</i> fired them unfairly with an intent to damage their reputations<sup id="cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-32">[30]</a></sup> and that they experienced sexual harassment, a hostile work environment and a financially motivated lack of editorial integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-32">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg_2005-33">[31]</a></sup> Email evidence suggested that human resources were given special instructions to watch minority employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg_2005-33">[31]</a></sup> The case was settled out of court in 2006 for an undisclosed sum.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-34">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 2000s, economic decline in the music industry dramatically reduced readership and advertising from <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s traditional audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-32">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_2014-35">[33]</a></sup> Circulation declined from 40,000 in circulation in the 1990s to less than 17,000 by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-34">[32]</a></sup> The publication's staff and ownership were also undergoing frequent changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg_2005-33">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2004, Tamara Conniff became the first female and youngest-ever executive editor at <i>Billboard</i> and led its first major redesign since the 1960s, designed by Daniel Stark and Stark Design. During Conniff's tenure, <i>Billboard</i>'s newsstand sales jumped 10%, ad pages climbed 22% and conference registrations rose 76%.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup> In 2005, <i>Billboard</i> expanded its editorial outside the music industry into other areas of digital and mobile entertainment. In 2006, after leading Billboard's radio publication, former ABC News and CNN journalist Scott McKenzie was named editorial director across all <i>Billboard</i> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup> Conniff launched the <i>Billboard</i> Women in Music event in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bill Werde was named editorial director in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-one_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-42">[40]</a></sup> and was followed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janice_Min" title="Janice Min">Janice Min</a> in January 2014, also responsible for editorial content at <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-one_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-42">[40]</a></sup> The magazine became more of a general-interest music-news source rather than solely an industry trade, covering more celebrity and fashion news.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-34">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_2014_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_2014-35">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_20142_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_20142-43">[41]</a></sup> Min hired Tony Gervino as editor although he did not have a background in the music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_20142_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_20142-43">[41]</a></sup> Gervino was appointed editor-in-chief in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigrad_2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigrad_2014-44">[42]</a></sup> An <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a> item covered a leaked version of <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s annual survey, which it said had more gossip and focused on less professional topics than had prior surveys. For example, the magazine polled readers on a lawsuit that singer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kesha" title="Kesha">Kesha</a> filed against her producer, alleging sexual abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-34">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Gervino was fired in May 2016. A note from Min to the editorial staff indicated that senior vice president of digital content Mike Bruno would head the editoria departmentl.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></sup>
On June 15, 2016, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Philippines" title="Billboard Philippines">BillboardPH</a>, the first <i>Billboard</i> chart company in Southeast Asia, mainly in the Philippines, was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></sup> On September 12, 2016, <i>Billboard</i> expanded into China by launching <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China" title="Billboard China">Billboard China</a></i> in partnership with Vision Music Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>On September 23, 2020, it was announced that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation" title="Penske Media Corporation">Penske Media Corporation</a> would assume operations of the MRC Media & Info publications under a joint venture with MRC known as PMRC. The joint venture includes the management of <i>Billboard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="News_publishing">News publishing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: News publishing"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><i>Billboard</i> publishes a news website and weekly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade_magazine" title="Trade magazine">trade magazine</a> that covers music, video and home entertainment. Most of the articles are written by staff writers, while some are written by industry experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> It covers news, gossip, opinion,<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> and music reviews, but its "most enduring and influential creation" is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts"><i>Billboard</i> charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup> The charts track music sales, radio airtime and other data about the most popular songs and albums.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> chart of the top-selling songs was introduced in 1958. Since then, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a>, which tracks the top-selling albums, has become more popular as an indicator of commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> has also published books in collaboration with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watson-Guptill" title="Watson-Guptill">Watson-Guptill</a> and a radio and television series called American Top 40, based on Billboard charts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10">[9]</a></sup> A daily <i>Billboard Bulletin</i> was introduced in February 1997<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-5">[5]</a></sup> and <i>Billboard</i> hosts about 20 industry events each year.<sup id="cite_ref-primary_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primary-49">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Billboard</i> is considered one of the most reputable sources of music industry news.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_2014_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_2014-35">[33]</a></sup> The website includes the Billboard Charts, news separated by music genre, videos and a separate website. It also compiles lists, hosts a fashion website called Pret-a-Reporter and publishes eight different newsletters. The print magazine's regular sections include:<sup id="cite_ref-primary_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primary-49">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Hot 100: A chart of the top 100 most popular songs of the week</li>
<li>Topline: News from the week</li>
<li>The Beat: Hitmaker interviews, gossip and trends in the music industry</li>
<li>Style: Fashion and accessories</li>
<li>Features: In-depth interviews, profiles and photography</li>
<li>Reviews: Reviews of new albums and songs</li>
<li>Backstage pass: information about events and concerts</li>
<li>Charts and CODA: More information about current and historical Billboard Charts</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Listicles">Listicles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Listicles"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><i>Billboard</i> is known for publishing several annual <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Listicle" title="Listicle">listicles</a> on its website, in recognition of the most influential executives, artists and companies in the music industry, such as the following:
</p>
<ul><li>21 Under 21<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup></li>
<li>40 Under 40<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music" title="Billboard Women in Music">Women in Music</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Billboard</i> Dance 100<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Billboard</i> Power 100<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></sup></li>
<li>Dance Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a></sup></li>
<li>Digital Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></sup></li>
<li>Hip-Hop Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></sup></li>
<li>Indie Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a></sup></li>
<li>Latin Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Candid_Covers" title="Billboard Candid Covers">Billboard Candid Covers</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_K-Town" title="Billboard K-Town">Billboard K-Town</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Mashup_Mondays" title="Billboard Mashup Mondays">Billboard Mashup Mondays</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Touring_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Touring Awards"><i>Billboard</i> Touring Awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Heatseekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Heatseekers">Top Heatseekers</a></li></ul>
<p><b>International editions</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i>Billboard Arabia</i> (2023–present)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Argentina" title="Billboard Argentina">Billboard Argentina</a></i> (2013–present)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Brasil" title="Billboard Brasil">Billboard Brasil</a></i> (2009–2019, 2023–present)</li>
<li><i>Billboard Canada</i> (2023–present)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China" title="Billboard China">Billboard China</a></i> (2016–2019, 2022–present)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i> (2008–present)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Philippines" title="Billboard Philippines">Billboard Philippines</a></i> (2016–2018, 2023–present)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam" title="Billboard Vietnam"><i>Billboard Việt Nam</i></a> (2017–present)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Greece" title="Billboard Greece">Billboard Greece</a></i> (launched 2011; defunct)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Indonesia" title="Billboard Indonesia">Billboard Indonesia</a></i> (launch 2018; defunct)</li>
<li><i>Billboard Thailand</i> (launched 2016; defunct)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Billboard Türkiye">Billboard Türkiye</a></i> (2006–2010)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources say it was called <i>The Billboard Advertiser</i><sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">19 publications according to the <i>Chicago Tribune</i><sup id="cite_ref-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994-18">[17]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-LampelLant-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnand2006" class="citation book cs1">Anand, N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">"Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field"</a>. In Lampel, Joseph; Shamsie, Jamal; Lant, Theresa (eds.). <i>The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media</i>. Series in Organization and Management. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-60923-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-60923-8"><bdi>978-1-135-60923-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230014/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charting+the+Music+Business%3A+Magazine+and+the+Development+of+the+Commercial+Music+Field&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+Culture%3A+Strategic+Perspectives+on+Entertainment+and+Media&rft.series=Series+in+Organization+and+Management&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-60923-8&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yJ5AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Broven_2009_p._187-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broven_2009_p._187_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBroven2009" class="citation book cs1">Broven, J. (2009). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov"><i>Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers</i></a></span>. Music in American life. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/187">187</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03290-5"><bdi>978-0-252-03290-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+Makers+and+Breakers%3A+Voices+of+the+Independent+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Pioneers&rft.series=Music+in+American+life&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03290-5&rft.aulast=Broven&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordmakersbrea0000brov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTrust2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Trust, Gary (November 1, 2021). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/pro/first-billboard-issue-november-1-1894/">"The First Billboard: All That Was 'New, Bright and Interesting on the Boards'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101232809/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6746273/first-billboard-issue-november-1-1894">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=The+First+Billboard%3A+All+That+Was+%27New%2C+Bright+and+Interesting+on+the+Boards%27&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.aulast=Trust&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fpro%2Ffirst-billboard-issue-november-1-1894%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gussow._2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gussow._2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gussow._2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gussow._2015_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGussow.1984" class="citation book cs1">Gussow., Don (1984). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32"><i>The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press</i></a></span>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32">32–33</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-165202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-165202-0"><bdi>978-0-15-165202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Business+of+Journalism%3A+An+Insider%27s+Look+at+the+Workings+of+America%27s+Business+Press&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-15-165202-0&rft.aulast=Gussow.&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewbusinessjourn0000guss%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-godfrey-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGodfreyLeigh1998" class="citation book cs1">Godfrey, Donald G.; Leigh, Frederic A. (1998). <i>Historical Dictionary of American Radio</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 45. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29636-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29636-9"><bdi>978-0-313-29636-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+American+Radio&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29636-9&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Leigh%2C+Frederic+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000221/https://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame">"Hall of fame. (history's top personalities in the live entertainment and amusement industry) (One hundredth-anniversary collector's edition)"</a>. <i>Amusement Business</i>. November 1, 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame">the original</a> on December 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amusement+Business&rft.atitle=Hall+of+fame.+%28history%27s+top+personalities+in+the+live+entertainment+and+amusement+industry%29+%28One+hundredth-anniversary+collector%27s+edition%29&rft.date=1994-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.highbeam.com%2F53%2Farticle-1G1-15906377%2Fhall-fame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWriters'_Program_of_the_Works_Projects_Administration_in_the_State_of_Ohio1943" class="citation book cs1">Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Ohio (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184"><i>Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors</i></a>. Best Books. p. 184. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-051-9"><bdi>978-1-62376-051-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225718/https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cincinnati%2C+a+Guide+to+the+Queen+City+and+Its+Neighbors&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Best+Books&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=978-1-62376-051-9&rft.au=Writers%27+Program+of+the+Works+Projects+Administration+in+the+State+of+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdW-52BWC4LoC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-booksdirectory-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_9-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDinger" class="citation book cs1">Dinger, Ed. <i>Nielsen Business Media, Inc</i>. Vol. 98. International Directory of Company Histories. pp. 260–265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=260-265&rft.pub=International+Directory+of+Company+Histories&rft.aulast=Dinger&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Frank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 212. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94950-1"><bdi>978-1-135-94950-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230010/https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Recorded+Sound&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94950-1&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FOSAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Radel_1994-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRadel1994" class="citation news cs1">Radel, Cliff (November 3, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453">"Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190632/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Entertainment+%26+the+Arts%3A+Billboard+Celebrates+100+Years+Of+Hits&rft.date=1994-11-03&rft.aulast=Radel&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D19941103%26slug%3D1939453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-newsweek-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1">"New Boss for Billboard". <i>Newsweek</i>. April 4, 1949. pp. 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=New+Boss+for+Billboard&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=1949-04-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bloom_2013_p._83-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2013" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83"><i>Broadway: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 83. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95020-0"><bdi>978-1-135-95020-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160535/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95020-0&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIb2awFyFUKoC%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSale1996" class="citation news cs1">Sale, Jonathan (January 4, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html">"Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to ... Sinatra"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170756/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sixty+years+of+hits%2C+from+Sinatra+to+...+Sinatra&rft.date=1996-01-04&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fsixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1960/Billboard%201960-09-19.pdf?">"The Billboard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Billboard</i>. Vol. 72, no. 38. New York City. September 19, 1960. pp. 1–96, see in particular p. 1 Cover and p. 2 Imprint/Masthead. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007235254/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/60s/1960/Billboard%201960-09-19.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Billboard&rft.atitle=The+Billboard&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=1-96%2C+see+in+particular+p.+1+Cover+and+p.+2+Imprint%2FMasthead&rft.date=1960-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-All-Music%2FBillboard%2F60s%2F1960%2FBillboard%25201960-09-19.pdf%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonKellerFlood2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, K.T.; Keller, L.; Flood, N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638"><i>The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 638. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18257-6"><bdi>978-0-300-18257-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160539/https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18257-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=K.T.&rft.au=Keller%2C+L.&rft.au=Flood%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlI5ERUmHf3YC%26pg%3DPT638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1994_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html">"Dutch Buyer Acquires BPI"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 15, 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223193744/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dutch+Buyer+Acquires+BPI&rft.date=1994-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F01%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235626/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire">"Dutch Firm To Purchase Billboard, Film Magazine"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. January 17, 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire">the original</a> on December 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dutch+Firm+To+Purchase+Billboard%2C+Film+Magazine&rft.date=1994-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F1994-01-17%2Fbusiness%2F9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WSJ_1999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_1999_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829">"VNU to Buy Nielsen Media In Deal Valued at $2.5 Billion"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. August 17, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213225803/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=VNU+to+Buy+Nielsen+Media+In+Deal+Valued+at+%242.5+Billion&rft.date=1999-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB934790785976203829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Deliso_2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deliso_2007_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDeliso2007" class="citation web cs1">Deliso, Meredith (January 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/">"VNU Changes Name to the Nielsen Co"</a>. <i>Advertising Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223190633/http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=VNU+Changes+Name+to+the+Nielsen+Co.&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft.aulast=Deliso&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fmedia%2Fvnu-nielsen%2F114382%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ives_2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ives_2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIves2009" class="citation web cs1">Ives, Nat (December 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/">"Adweek Group Among Titles Sold to e5 Global Media Holdings"</a>. <i>Advertising Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052542/http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=Adweek+Group+Among+Titles+Sold+to+e5+Global+Media+Holdings&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Nat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fmedia%2Fmedia-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings%2F140994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_2009_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html">"Hollywood Reporter, Billboard sold"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. December 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918103938/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Reporter%2C+Billboard+sold&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fentertainmentnewsbuzz%2F2009%2F12%2Fhollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Folio:_2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Folio:_2010_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/">"What's in a Name?"</a>. <i>Folio</i>. October 15, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052614/http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folio&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foliomag.com%2F2010%2Fwhats-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-deadline-guggensell-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deadline-guggensell_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/">"Guggenheim Prepares To Sell Hollywood Reporter, Dick Clark Productions To Exec"</a>. <i>Deadline.com</i>. December 17, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201145/http://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline.com&rft.atitle=Guggenheim+Prepares+To+Sell+Hollywood+Reporter%2C+Dick+Clark+Productions+To+Exec&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fguggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-thewrap-todd-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thewrap-todd_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/">"Guggenheim Media Spins Off Money-Losing Hollywood Reporter, Billboard to Company President Todd Boehly (Exclusive)"</a>. <i>The Wrap</i>. December 17, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220003424/http://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wrap&rft.atitle=Guggenheim+Media+Spins+Off+Money-Losing+Hollywood+Reporter%2C+Billboard+to+Company+President+Todd+Boehly+%28Exclusive%29&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewrap.com%2Fguggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-latimes_2002-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2002_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2002_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28">"Timothy White, 50; Editor Revolutionized Billboard Magazine"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. June 28, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122135442/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Timothy+White%2C+50%3B+Editor+Revolutionized+Billboard+Magazine&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2002%2Fjun%2F28%2Flocal%2Fme-white28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJurkowitz2004" class="citation news cs1">Jurkowitz, Mark (August 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full">"Lawsuit is latest in list of tough hits for Billboard"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003805/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Lawsuit+is+latest+in+list+of+tough+hits+for+Billboard&rft.date=2004-08-12&rft.aulast=Jurkowitz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fmusic%2Farticles%2F2004%2F08%2F12%2Flawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard%3Fpg%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8213443/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement">"Billboard Launches Inaugural 'Billboard Dance 100' Ranking of Top Dance Music Artists"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160552/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement-8213443/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Launches+Inaugural+%27Billboard+Dance+100%27+Ranking+of+Top+Dance+Music+Artists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fdance%2F8213443%2Fbillboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list">"Billboard's 2017 Power 100 List Revealed"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109080631/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard%27s+2017+Power+100+List+Revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7684897%2Fbillboard-2017-power-100-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8257599/dance-power-players-list-2018t">"Billboard Dance Power Players 2018: The Managers, Live Leaders & Tastemakers Shaping the Genre"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Dance+Power+Players+2018%3A+The+Managers%2C+Live+Leaders+%26+Tastemakers+Shaping+the+Genre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fdance%2F8257599%2Fdance-power-players-list-2018t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry">"Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Digital Power Players, Guiding the Future in Music and Tech"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213230110/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Billboard%27s+2017+Digital+Power+Players%2C+Guiding+the+Future+in+Music+and+Tech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7942213%2Fdigital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers">"Hip-Hop Power Players 2017: The Heat Seekers"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016201409/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop+Power+Players+2017%3A+The+Heat+Seekers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fhip-hop%2F7964813%2Fhip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents">"Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Indie Power Players, Led by Big Machine's Scott Borchetta"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120041615/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Billboard%27s+2017+Indie+Power+Players%2C+Led+by+Big+Machine%27s+Scott+Borchetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7898108%2F2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list">"Latin Power Players 2017 List Revealed"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050843/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Latin+Power+Players+2017+List+Revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Flatin%2F8022282%2Flatin-music-power-players-2017-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Billboard_(magazine)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Billboard (magazine)">Billboard (magazine)</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485240#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Archives">Archives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Billboard_(magazine)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Archives"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ"><i>Billboard</i> Archive</a> on Google Books</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBQEAAAAMBAJ">1940–2010</a> archived online by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/archive">Charts since 1958, articles since 2001, reviews 2008–2016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207163132/http://www.billboard.com/archive">Archived</a> December 7, 2011, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. archived online by Billboard.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard-Magazine.htm">World Radio History</a> (1894–1903, 1905, 1918, 1919, 1920–2019). Incomplete.</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">Eight-track</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billboard</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a>
<ul><li>In: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li>
<li>Genre:
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Nationality:
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Category</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Billboard_charts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Billboard" title="Template:Billboard"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Billboard" title="Template talk:Billboard"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Billboard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Billboard"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Billboard_charts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts"><i>Billboard</i> charts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billboard</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Top charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Songs_(chart)" title="Radio Songs (chart)">Radio Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_Songs" title="Digital Songs">Digital Song Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Digital_Tracks" title="Hot Digital Tracks">Digital Tracks</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Streaming_Songs" title="Streaming Songs">Streaming Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100" title="Bubbling Under Hot 100">Bubbling Under Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_U.S._Afrobeats_Songs" title="Billboard U.S. Afrobeats Songs">U.S. Afrobeats Songs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200">Billboard 200</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Album_Sales" title="Top Album Sales">Top Album Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Pop_Catalog_Albums" title="Top Pop Catalog Albums">Catalog Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Albums" title="Independent Albums">Independent Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Comprehensive_Albums" title="Billboard Comprehensive Albums">Comprehensive Albums</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bubbling_Under_the_Top_LPs" title="Bubbling Under the Top LPs">Bubbling Under the Top LPs</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artist_100" title="Artist 100">Artist 100</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Global_200" title="Billboard Global 200">Global 200</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Hits of the World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart" title="Canadian Albums Chart">Canadian Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hits_of_the_World" title="Hits of the World">Hits of the World</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil_Songs" title="Brazil Songs">Brazil Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatia_Songs" title="Croatia Songs">Croatia Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong_Songs" title="Hong Kong Songs">Hong Kong Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_India_Songs" title="Billboard India Songs">India Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia Songs">Indonesia Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Malaysia_Songs" title="Billboard Malaysia Songs">Malaysia Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines_Songs" title="Philippines Songs">Philippines Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_record_charts#Romania_Songs" title="Romanian record charts">Romania Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Korea_Songs" title="South Korea Songs">South Korea Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico_Songs" title="Mexico Songs">Mexico Songs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico_Airplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Airplay">Mexico Airplay</a> (defunct)
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico_Espanol_Airplay" title="Mexico Espanol Airplay">Español</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico_Ingles_Airplay" title="Mexico Ingles Airplay">Ingles</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Twitter_Real-Time" title="Billboard Twitter Real-Time">Hot Trending Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TikTok_Billboard_Top_50" title="TikTok Billboard Top 50">TikTok <i>Billboard</i> Top 50</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Pop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_Airplay" title="Pop Airplay">Pop Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)" title="Adult Contemporary (chart)">Adult Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_Top_40" title="Adult Top 40">Adult Top 40</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_100" title="Pop 100">Pop 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_40_Tracks" title="Top 40 Tracks">Top 40 Tracks</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Crossover_30" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Crossover 30">Hot Crossover 30</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Country_Albums" title="Top Country Albums">Top Country Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">Hot Country Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_Airplay" title="Country Airplay">Country Airplay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Rock</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs" title="Hot Rock & Alternative Songs">Hot Rock & Alternative Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)" title="Mainstream Rock (chart)">Mainstream Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_Airplay" title="Alternative Airplay">Alternative Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_Alternative_Airplay" title="Adult Alternative Airplay">Triple A</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">R&B/Hip-Hop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums" title="Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums">Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%26B/Hip-Hop_Airplay" title="R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay">R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_R%26B/Hip-Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop">Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bubbling_Under_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles">Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs" title="Hot Rap Songs">Hot Rap Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%26B_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B Songs">Hot R&B Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_R%26B_Songs" title="Adult R&B Songs">Adult R&B Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)" title="Rhythmic (chart)">Rhythmic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Dance/Electronic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums" title="Dance/Electronic Albums">Dance/Electronic Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs" title="Dance/Electronic Songs">Dance/Electronic Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Digital_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance/Electronic Digital Songs">Dance/Electronic Digital Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay" title="Dance/Mix Show Airplay">Dance/Mix Show Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs" title="Dance Club Songs">Dance Club Songs</a> (suspended)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales" title="Dance Singles Sales">Dance Singles Sales</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Christian/Gospel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums" title="Top Christian Albums">Top Christian Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Christian_Songs" title="Hot Christian Songs">Hot Christian Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Airplay" title="Christian Airplay">Christian Airplay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Breaking and Entering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Twitter_Real-Time" title="Billboard Twitter Real-Time">Emerging Artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Heatseekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Heatseekers">Heatseekers Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Heatseekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Heatseekers">Heatseekers Songs</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Holiday</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Christmas/Holiday charts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Additional charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_Albums" title="Comedy Albums">Comedy Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kid_Albums" title="Kid Albums">Kid Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales" title="World Digital Song Sales">World Digital Song Sales</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Billboard Español">Billboard Español</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Top_Latin_Albums" title="Billboard Top Latin Albums">Top Latin Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs" title="Hot Latin Songs">Hot Latin Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Airplay" title="Latin Airplay">Latin Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Pop_Albums" title="Latin Pop Albums">Latin Pop Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay" title="Latin Pop Airplay">Latin Pop Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Rhythm_Albums" title="Latin Rhythm Albums">Latin Rhythm Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Rhythm_Airplay" title="Latin Rhythm Airplay">Latin Rhythm Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_Mexican_Albums" title="Regional Mexican Albums">Regional Mexican Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_Mexican_Airplay" title="Regional Mexican Airplay">Regional Mexican Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_Albums" title="Tropical Albums">Tropical Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_Airplay" title="Tropical Airplay">Tropical Airplay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Argentina" title="Billboard Argentina">Billboard Argentina</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100">Argentina Hot 100</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Brasil" title="Billboard Brasil">Billboard Brasil</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100">Brasil Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artistas_25" title="Artistas 25">Artistas 25</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China" title="Billboard China">Billboard China</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China_Top_100" title="Billboard China Top 100">China Top 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China_Airplay/FL" title="Billboard China Airplay/FL">China Airplay/FL</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Greece" title="Billboard Greece">Billboard Greece</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Greek_Airplay" title="Billboard Greek Airplay">Billboard Greek Airplay</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Indonesia" title="Billboard Indonesia">Billboard Indonesia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Indonesia_Top_100" title="Billboard Indonesia Top 100">Indonesia Top 100</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100" title="Billboard Japan Hot 100">Japan Hot 100</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Billboard Korea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K-pop_Hot_100" title="K-pop Hot 100">K-pop 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_K-Town" title="Billboard K-Town">Billboard K-Town</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_K-pop_at_Billboard" title="Timeline of K-pop at Billboard">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_K-pop_at_Billboard_in_the_2020s" title="Timeline of K-pop at Billboard in the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Philippines" title="Billboard Philippines">Billboard Philippines</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_Hot_100" title="Philippine Hot 100">Philippine Hot 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_Top_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Top 20">Philippine Top 20</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Billboard Türkiye">Billboard Türkiye</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Top_20" title="Türkiye Top 20">Türkiye Top 20</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Việt Nam">Billboard Việt Nam</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100" title="Billboard Vietnam Hot 100">Vietnam Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100" title="Billboard Vietnam Hot 100">Vietnam Top Vietnamese Songs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_%26_Media" title="Music & Media">Music & Media</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums" title="European Top 100 Albums">European Albums</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles" title="European Hot 100 Singles">European Hot 100</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of number-one<br />albums and singles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)" title="Adult Contemporary (chart)">Adult Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_alternative_hits" title="List of Billboard number-one alternative hits">Alternative Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Americana/Folk_Albums" title="Americana/Folk Albums">Americana/Folk Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_200_number-one_albums" title="List of Billboard 200 number-one albums"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_club_songs" title="List of Billboard number-one dance club songs">Dance Club Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_airplay_hits" title="List of Billboard number-one dance airplay hits">Dance/Mix Show Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_electronic_albums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Billboard number-one electronic albums">Dance/Electronic Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_Dance/Electronic_Songs_number_ones" title="List of Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs number ones">Dance/Electronic Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" title="List of Billboard number-one singles">Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_country_songs" title="List of Billboard number-one country songs">Hot Country Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_rhythm_and_blues_hits" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Billboard number-one rhythm and blues hits">Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_Hot_100_number_ones" title="List of K-pop Hot 100 number ones">K-Pop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Mainstream_Rock_number-one_songs_of_the_2010s" title="List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 2010s">Mainstream Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_have_achieved_simultaneous_number-one_single_and_album_in_the_United_States" title="List of artists who have achieved simultaneous number-one single and album in the United States">Simultaneous album and single</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_have_achieved_simultaneous_UK_and_US_number-one_hits" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number-one hits">Simultaneous UK and US</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_country_albums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Billboard number-one country albums">Top Country Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Year-End_number-one_singles_and_albums" title="List of Billboard Year-End number-one singles and albums">Year-End</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of artists who<br /> reached number one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_in_the_United_States" title="List of artists who reached number one in the United States">US</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Canadian_Hot_100" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Japan_Hot_100" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Japan Hot 100">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Adult_Contemporary_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart">Adult Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Billboard_Adult_Top_40" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Adult Top 40">Adult Top 40</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._alternative_rock_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart">Alternative Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Dance_Club_Songs_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart">Dance Club Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._dance_airplay_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance airplay chart">Dance/Mix Show Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._country_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. country chart">Hot Country Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Latin_Songs_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Latin Songs chart">Hot Latin Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Billboard_R%26B_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart">Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Mainstream_Rock_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart">Mainstream Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Pop_Airplay_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Pop Airplay chart">Pop Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Rhythmic_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Rhythmic chart">Rhythmic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Social_50_number-one_artists" title="List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists">Social 50</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Radio_Monitor" title="Billboard Radio Monitor">Billboard Radio Monitor</a></i> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%26R_(magazine)" title="R&R (magazine)"><i>R&R</i></a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Twitter_Real-Time" title="Billboard Twitter Real-Time"><i>Billboard</i> Twitter Real-Time</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Decade-End" title="Billboard Decade-End">Decade-End</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Joel Whitburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones">List of <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones</a></li>
<li>List of <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 number-ones by origin of artists
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-ones_by_Australian_artists" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by Australian artists">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-ones_by_British_artists" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by British artists">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_by_Canadian_artists" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones by Canadian artists">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-ones_by_European_artists" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by European artists">European</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_on_the_Billboard_charts" title="List of K-pop on the Billboard charts">List of K-pop on the <i>Billboard</i> charts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_albums_on_the_Billboard_charts" title="List of K-pop albums on the Billboard charts">Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_songs_on_the_Billboard_charts" title="List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts">Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_songs_on_the_Billboard_Japan_Hot_100" title="List of K-pop songs on the Billboard Japan Hot 100">Japan Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_songs_on_the_World_Digital_Song_Sales_chart" title="List of K-pop songs on the World Digital Song Sales chart">World Digital Song Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_on_the_Billboard_year-end_charts" title="List of K-pop on the Billboard year-end charts">Year-end</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Number-one_singles_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Number-one singles in the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Number-one_singles_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Number-one singles in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Number-one_singles_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Number-one singles in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" title="List of Billboard number-one singles">Lists of <i>Billboard</i> number-one singles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1940" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1940">1940</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1941" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1941">1941</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1942" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1942">1942</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1943" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1943">1943</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1944" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1944">1944</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1945" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1945">1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1946" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1946">1946</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1947" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1947">1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1948" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1948">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1949" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1949">1949</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1950" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1950">1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1951" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1951">1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1952" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1952">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1953" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1953">1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1954" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1954">1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1955" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1955">1955</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1956" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1956">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1957" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1957">1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1958" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1958">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1959" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1959">1959</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1960" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1961" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1961">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1962" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1962">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1963" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1963">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1964" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1965" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1965">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1966" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1966">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1967" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1967">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1968" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1969" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1969">1969</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1970" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1970">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1971" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1971">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1972" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1973" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1973">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1974" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1974">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1975" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1975">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1976" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1977" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1977">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1978" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1978">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1979" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1979">1979</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1980" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1981" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1981">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1982" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1982">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1983" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1983">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1984" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1985" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1985">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1986" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1986">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1987" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1987">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1988" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1989" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1989">1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1990" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1990">1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1991" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1991">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1992" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1993" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1993">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1994" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1994">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1995" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1995">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1996" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1997" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1997">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1998" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1998">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1999" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1999">1999</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2000" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2001" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2001">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2002" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2002">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2003" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2003">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2004" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2005" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2006" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2006">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2007" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2007">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2008" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2009" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2009">2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2010" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2010">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2011" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2011">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2012" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2013" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2013">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2014" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2015" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2016" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2017" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2018" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2019" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2019">2019</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020–2039</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2020" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2020">2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2021" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2021">2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2022" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2022">2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2023" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2023">2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2024" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2024">2024</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_the_1940s" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of the 1940s">1940s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_from_1950_to_1958" title="List of Billboard number-one singles from 1950 to 1958">1950–1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_from_1958_to_1969" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles from 1958 to 1969">1958–1969</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_1970s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1970s">1970s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_1980s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s">1980s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_1990s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1990s">1990s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2000s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2000s">2000s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2010s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2010s">2010s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2020s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Your_Hit_Parade_number-one_songs" title="List of Your Hit Parade number-one songs">List of Your Hit Parade number-one songs</a> (1930s)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_top-ten_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Billboard top-ten singles">Top-ten singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End" title="Billboard Year-End">Hot 100 Year-end</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones">List of <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:USTop10s" title="Template:USTop10s"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:USTop10s" title="Template talk:USTop10s"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USTop10s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USTop10s"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles">Lists of <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 top-ten singles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1958" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1958">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1959" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1959">1959</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1960" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1961" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1961">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1962" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1962">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1963" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1963">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1964" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1965" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1965">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1966" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1966">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1967" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1967">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1968" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1969" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1969">1969</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1970" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1970">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1971" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1971">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1972" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1973" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1973">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1974" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1974">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1975" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1975">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1976" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1977" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1977">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1978" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1978">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1979" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1979">1979</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1980" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1981" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1981">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1982" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1982">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1983" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1983">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1984" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1985" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1985">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1986" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1986">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1987" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1987">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1988" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1989" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1989">1989</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1990" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1990">1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1991" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1991">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1992" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1993" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1993">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1994" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1994">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1995" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1995">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1996" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1997" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1997">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1998" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1998">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1999" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1999">1999</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2000" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2001" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2001">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2002" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2002">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2003" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2003">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2004" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2005" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2006" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2006">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2007" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2007">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2008" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2009" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2009">2009</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2010" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2010">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2011" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2011">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2012" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2013" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2013">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2014" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2015" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2016" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2017" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2018" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2019" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2019">2019</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2020" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2020">2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2021" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2021">2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2022" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2022">2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2023" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2023">2023</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2024" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2024">2024</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" title="List of Billboard number-one singles">List of <i>Billboard</i> number-one singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End" title="Billboard Year-End"><i>Billboard</i> Year-End</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Hot_100_year-end_charts" title="Template:Hot 100 year-end charts"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Hot_100_year-end_charts" title="Template talk:Hot 100 year-end charts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hot_100_year-end_charts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hot 100 year-end charts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Billboard</i></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End" title="Billboard Year-End">Year-End</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a> singles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_singles_of_1946" title="Billboard year-end top singles of 1946">1946</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_singles_of_1947" title="Billboard year-end top singles of 1947">1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_singles_of_1948" title="Billboard year-end top singles of 1948">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1949" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1949">1949</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1950" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1950">1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1951" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1951">1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1952" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1952">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1953" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1953">1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1954" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1954">1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1955" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1955">1955</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_50_singles_of_1956" title="Billboard year-end top 50 singles of 1956">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_50_singles_of_1957" title="Billboard year-end top 50 singles of 1957">1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_50_singles_of_1958" title="Billboard year-end top 50 singles of 1958">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1959" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1959">1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1960" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1961" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1961">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1962" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1962">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1963" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1963">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1964" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1965" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1965">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1966" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1966">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1967" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1967">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1968" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1969" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1969">1969</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1970" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1970">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1971" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1971">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1972" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1973" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1974" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1974">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1975" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1975">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1976" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1977" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1977">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1978" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1978">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1979" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1979">1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1980" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1981" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1981">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1982" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1982">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1983" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1983">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1984" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1985" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1985">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1986" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1986">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1987" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1987">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1988" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1989" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1989">1989</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1990" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1990">1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1991" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1991">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1992" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1993" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1993">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1994" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1994">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1995" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1995">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1996" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1997" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1997">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1998" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1998">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1999" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1999">1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2000" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2001" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2001">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2002" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2002">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2003" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2003">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2004" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2005" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2006" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2006">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2007" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2007">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2008" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2009" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2009">2009</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2010" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2010">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2011" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2011">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2012" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2013" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2013">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2014" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2015" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2016" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2017" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2018" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2019" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2019">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2020" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2020">2020</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2021" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2021">2021</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2022" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2022">2022</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2023" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2023">2023</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1704403090' |