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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ruler of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Cambyses II<br>𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹
| title = {{unbulleted list|
| [[King of Kings]]
| [[Great King]]
| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]]
| [[King of Babylon]]
| [[Pharaoh of Egypt]]
| [[King of the Lands|King of Countries]]
}}
| image = Stela Cambyses Apis closeup.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Cambyses (left, kneeling) as [[pharaoh]] while worshipping an [[Apis bull]] (524 BC)
| succession = [[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]
| reign = 530 – July 522 BC
| reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-ruler}}
| regent = [[Cyrus the Great]] (530 BC)
| predecessor = [[Cyrus the Great]]
| successor = [[Bardiya]]
| succession1 = [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]
| reign1 = 525 – July 522 BC
| predecessor1 = [[Psamtik III]]
| successor1 = [[Bardiya]]<br>{{Ancient Egyptian royal titulary case|horus=''smꜢ-tꜢwj''<br>''Sematawy''<br> The one who has united the Two Lands|horus_hiero=<hiero>zmA-N16:N16</hiero>|prenomen=''mswt-rꜤ…''<br>''Mesutre…''<br>The offspring of Ra, lord of the Two Lands<br><hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-N5-ms-s-w-U33->-R8-nfr-t:N17:N17</hiero>|nomen=''kmbyḏt''<br>''Kembydjet''<br>Cambyses|nomen_hiero=<hiero>k-m-D58-i-V13:t</hiero>}}<ref name=posener>{{cite journal |first=Georges |last=Posener |title=La première domination perse en Égypte |journal=Bibliothèque d'Études |location=Cairo |publisher=[[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]] |year=1936 |pages=30–36 |url=https://archive.org/stream/BdE11/BdE%2011%20Posener%2C%20Georges%20-%20La%20Première%20Domination%20perse%20en%20Égypte%20%281936%29%20LR#page/n23/ |editor=Bibliothèque de l'Université Bordeaux Montaigne |issn=0259-3823 |oclc=5042163}}</ref>
| queen = [[#Marriages|See below]]
| issue =
| dynasty = [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]]
| father = [[Cyrus the Great]]
| mother = [[Cassandane]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = July 522 BC
| death_place = [[Hama|Agbatana]], [[Eber-Nari]]
| religion = [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] religion <br />{{small|(possibly [[Zoroastrianism]])}}
}}
'''Cambyses II''' ({{lang-peo|𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹|translit=Kaᵐbūjiya}}) was the second [[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] from 530 to 522 BC. He was the son and successor of [[Cyrus the Great]] ({{reign|550|530 BC}}) and his mother was [[Cassandane]].
Before his accession, Cambyses had briefly served as the governor of northern [[Babylonia]] under his father from April to December 538 BC. Afterwards, he resided in the Babylonian cities of [[Babylon]] and [[Sippar]], before being appointed by his father as co-ruler in 530 BC. His father then set off on an expedition against the [[Massagetae]] of [[Central Asia]], where he met his end. Cambyses thus became the sole ruler of the vast Achaemenid Empire, facing no reported opposition.
His relatively brief reign was marked by his conquests in [[North Africa]], notably [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], which he conquered after his victory over the Egyptian [[pharaoh]] [[Psamtik III]] ({{reign|526|525|era=BC}}) at the [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|battle of Pelusium]] in 525 BC. After having established himself in Egypt, he expanded the empire's holdings in Africa, including the conquest of [[Cyrenaica]]. In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia.
While en route in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] ([[Eber-Nari]]), he received a wound to the thigh, which was soon affected by [[gangrene]]. Cambyses died three weeks later at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of [[Hama]]. He died childless, and was thus succeeded by his younger brother [[Bardiya]], who ruled for a short period before being overthrown by [[Darius the Great]] ({{reign|522|486|era=BC}}), who went on to increase the power of the Achaemenids even further.
== Etymology ==
The origins of the name of "Cambyses" ({{lang-peo|𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹|translit=Kaᵐbūjiya}}) is disputed in scholarship; according to some scholars, the name is of [[Elamite language|Elamite]] origin, whilst others associate it with [[Kambojas]], an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian people]] who inhabited northwestern [[Indian subcontinent|India]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} The name of Cambyses is known in other languages as: Elamite ''Kanbuziya''; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''Kambuziya''; [[Aramaic]] ''Kanbūzī''.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
== Background ==
Cambyses was the eldest son of [[Cyrus the Great]] ({{reign|550|530|era=BC}}) and [[Cassandane]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{efn|According to 5th-century BC [[Greeks|Greek]] historian [[Ctesias]], the mother of Cambyses II was [[Amytis of Media|Amytis]], a daughter of the last [[Medes|Median]] king [[Astyages]] ({{reign|585|550|era=BC}}). However, according to the [[Russia]]n [[Iranologist]] [[Muhammad Dandamayev]], this statement is not trustworthy.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}}} Cambyses had a younger brother named [[Bardiya]], and three sisters named [[Artystone]], [[Atossa]] and Roxanne.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1993|pp=516–521}} Cambyses' paternal grandfather was his namesake [[Cambyses I]], the king of [[Persis]] from 600 to 559 BC.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} The family was descended from a line of rulers of [[Persians|Persian]] tribes, who starting with Cyrus in [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]], expanded their reach over Persis, subjugating the [[Medes|Median Empire]], the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], [[Lydia]] and [[Central Asia]], thus establishing the [[Achaemenid Empire]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1993|pp=516–521}}
== Early life ==
[[Image:Babylon city Iraq.jpg|270px|thumb|Overview of the ruins of [[Babylon]]]]
In April 538 BC, Cambyses was appointed by his father as the governor of the northern part of [[Babylonia]], including its city [[Babylon]], whilst the central and southern part continued to be directly supervised by Cyrus and his bureaucrats. Before his appointment, Cambyses had taken part in a ritual at the regular [[Nowruz|New Year festival]] on 27 March 538 BC, where he received the royal [[sceptre]] in [[Esagila]], a temple dedicated to the god [[Marduk]]. His governorship, however, lasted only nine months; Cyrus dismissed him from the post in December 538 BC for unknown reasons. After his dismissal, Cambyses continued to mostly reside in the Babylonian cities of Babylon and [[Sippar]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
According to Babylonian records, both Cambyses and Cyrus carried the title of "King of Babylon, King of the Lands" in 538/7 BC, which indicates that Cyrus had appointed him as co-ruler some years before his campaign against the [[Massagetae]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=519}} Cyrus' younger son, Bardiya, was given his own realm in Central Asia, which was exempted from paying tribute.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=50}} Cambyses reportedly took part in the expedition against the Massagetae, but, due to his being the heir to the throne, he was sent back to Persia, before Cyrus fell to the Massagetae.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} Cambyses had his father's body carried to [[Pasargadae]] in Persis, where he was buried in a [[Tomb of Cyrus|tomb]] that had been prepared for him earlier.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=50}}
== Military campaigns ==
===Preparations against Egypt and the conquest of Cyprus===
[[Image:Achaemenid Empire under different kings (flat map).svg|thumb|300px|Evolution of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].]]
Cambyses' accession to the Achaemenid throne was relatively smooth.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=50}} Ruling over a vast but young empire, Cambyses preserved his authority over the subjugated lands, but also expanded his dominion over Egypt, the last prominent power in the [[Near East]]. According to the [[France|French]] [[Iranologist]] [[Pierre Briant]], "this must not be seen as a more or less irrational and uncontrollable desire to take over the entire inhabited world".{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}} On the contrary, Cambyses' action had already been planned by his father, who wanted to unify Babylonia with the lands of the Trans-Euphrates (an area that stretched from [[Ras al-Bassit|Posideium]] to Egypt).{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=49, 51}} This would eventually require conquering the lands situated between the Euphrates and [[Nile river|Nile]] rivers, and therefore necessitated conflict with Egypt, which had previously and more recently shown interest in the area.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}}
The incumbent [[pharaoh]] of Egypt was [[Amasis II]], who had been ruling since 570.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}} His ally, [[Polycrates]], a Greek ruler of [[Samos]], posed a considerable threat to the Achaemenids, launching several raids that jeopardised Achaemenid authority.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=52}} However, Polycrates eventually forsook his Egyptian allies, and reached out to Cambyses, whose plans he was well acquainted with.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}} His sudden change of alliances was undoubtedly due to his uneasy position, with the [[Spartan]]s raising a force against him, and the rising hostility of some of the Samian aristocrats, who preferred partnership with Egypt. Another former ally of Amasis II, the [[Caria]]n military leader [[Phanes of Halicarnassus]], had also joined Cambyses after escaping assassins sent by the pharaoh.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=53}} Cambyses, before starting his expedition into Egypt, had seized [[Cyprus]] from Amasis II, which was reportedly a heavy blow to the latter.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}}
===Conquest of Egypt and its surroundings===
{{Main|First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt}}
[[Image:Meeting Between Cambyses II and Psammetichus III.jpg|thumb|300px|Imaginary 19th-century illustration of Cambyses II meeting [[Psamtik III]].]]
By 526 BC, Amasis II had died, and his son [[Psamtik III]] had succeeded him, thus weakening Egypt's position.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=52}} In the meantime, Cambyses had made substantial preparations for his army. He had essentially laid the foundations for the Persian navy, which was crucial to his ambitions to conquer Egypt. The navy was created using men and equipment from [[History of ancient Lebanon|Phoenicia]] and [[ Asia Minor]]. During his march to Egypt, Cambyses made a treaty with the [[Arabs]], who controlled the desert area between [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and the Egyptian frontier. This treaty granted Cambyses sufficient water for his forces to reach the Nile.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=53}} This also paved the way for Cambyses to extend his authority over the unsubdued lands between Egypt and Persia, including Gaza, a prominent commercial region, which equalled that of [[Sardis]] in [[Lydia]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=53–54}} The region served as the headquarters for the Persian expedition into Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}}
In 525 BC, Cambyses finally invaded Egypt. In the spring of that year, the Persian and Egyptian forces [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|clashed at Pelusium]], where the Persians emerged victorious.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} According to one author, Cambyses was able to defeat the Egyptians by putting cats, sheep, dogs and other animals that the Egyptians considered sacred in the front lines. This led the Egyptians to cease using their war engines for fear of killing an animal and angering the gods.<ref>Forster, E. S. (1941). Dogs in Ancient Warfare. Greece & Rome, 10(30), 114–117. http://www.jstor.org/stable/641375</ref> The forces of Cambyses then laid siege to [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], where Psamtik III and his men had fortified themselves. Despite the considerable resistance by the pharaoh's forces, Cambyses captured Memphis and established a Persian-Egyptian garrison there. The length of the siege is not specified by the 5th-century BC Greek historian [[Herodotus]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}} Regardless, by summer, [[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|all of Egypt was under Persian suzerainty]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} Cambyses now adopted the aspirations of the last pharaohs in seeking to control the neighbouring lands towards the west ([[Ancient Libya|Libya]] and [[Cyrenaica]]) and south ([[Nubia]]).{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}}
===Further conquests===
The Libyans, and soon the Greeks of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] and [[Barca (ancient city)|Barca]], willingly acknowledged the authority of Cambyses, and as proof of their submission, sent offerings to Cambyses.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}}{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} As a demonstration of his generosity, Cambyses had Amasis II's Greek widow, [[Ladice (Cyrenaean princess)|Ladice]], returned to Cyrene.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}} Cambyses originally intended to make an expedition against the Phoenician state of [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]], but it was ultimately called off due to his Phoenician subjects' reluctance to make war against their own people.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}} In the south, Cambyses, followed the same policy of the last pharaohs to keep the [[Kingdom of Kush]] in check, and had a garrison established at [[Elephantine]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=54-55}}
According to Herodotus, Cambyses' campaigns against Ammon in the [[Siwa Oasis]] and [[Ethiopia]] ended catastrophically.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} He states that the reason behind this defeat was the "madness" of Cambyses, who "at once began his march against Ethiopia, without any orders for the provision of supplies, and without for a moment considering the fact that he was to take his men to the ends of the earth".{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} This is called the [[Lost Army of Cambyses]].
However, according to Briant, "the deliberate bias against Cambyses raises doubts about the accuracy of Herodotus's version."{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} Herodotus' statement is contradicted by other sources that do not suggest a catastrophe for his forces, even though the obstacles of the campaign possibly compelled Cambyses to withdraw.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} Archaeological proof indicates that the Achaemenids made use of the stronghold of Dorginarti (south of [[Buhen]]) during the time they controlled Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}}
==Policies in Egypt==
[[Image:Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg|thumb|Statue of an [[Apis (deity)|Apis]].]]
In accordance with the traditional Egyptian royal custom, Cambyses took the titles of "king of Upper and Lower Egypt" and "descendant of (the gods) [[Ra]], [[Horus]], [[Osiris]]," used by the previous Egyptian pharaohs. Cambyses used propaganda to show his Egyptian conquest as a legitimate unification with the native Egyptians, and that he was himself of Egyptian descent, claiming to be the son of Princess Nitetis, a daughter of the pharaoh [[Apries]]. At [[Sais, Egypt|Sais]], Cambyses had himself crowned in the temple of the goddess [[Neith]] as part of a religious ritual, during which he made sacrifices to the Egyptian gods.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
According to ancient historians, Cambyses' rule of Egypt was marked by brutality, looting temples, ridiculing the local gods, and defilement of the royal tombs.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} Historians such as Herodotus put an emphasis on Cambyses' supposed killing of the Egyptian [[sacred bull]] [[Apis (deity)|Apis]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}} However, no looting of temples has been reported by contemporary Egyptian sources.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} In addition, Cambyses is said to have ordered the burial of an Apis in a [[sarcophagus]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=69}} The successor of the Apis died in 518 BC, four years after Cambyses had already died.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
The [[epitaph]] of the Apis buried in 524 BC, states:
{{quote|[Year] 6, third month of the season Shemou, day 10 (?), under the Majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt [...] endowed with eternal life, the god was brought in [peace toward the good West and laid to rest in the necropolis in] his [place] which is the place which his Majesty had made for him, [after] all [the ceremonies had been done for him] in the embalming hall [...] It was done according to everything his Majesty had said [...]{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}}}}
A legend on the sarcophagus also says:
{{quote|(Cambyses], the king of Upper and Lower Egypt [...] made as his monument to his father Apis-Osiris a large sarcophagus of granite, dedicated by the king [...], endowed with all life, with all perpetuity and prosperity (?), with all health, with all joy, appearing eternally as king of Upper and Lower Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}}}}
This thus debunks Cambyses' supposed killing of the Apis, and according to Briant, proves that Herodotus documented bogus reports.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}} Rather, Cambyses took part in the preservation and burial ceremony of an Apis.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}} Other similar sources also make mention of Cambyses' careful treatment towards Egyptian culture and religion.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=69}} According to the Egyptian [[Demotic Chronicle]], Cambyses decreased the immense income that the Egyptian temples received from the Egyptian pharaohs. Only the three main temples were given permission to maintain all their entitlements.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} In response to this action, Egyptian priests who had lost their entitlements circulated spurious stories about Cambyses.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=68}} The issue with the temples dated back to the earlier pharaohs, who had also tried to reduce the economic power of the temples.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=60}} This issue would continue until the demise of ancient Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=60}} Like Cyrus in Babylon, Cambyses allowed the Egyptian nobility to maintain their jurisdictions.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=69}}
== Administration ==
[[Image:KINGS of LYDIA. Time of Cyrus to Darios I. Circa 545-520 BC.jpg|thumb|Achaemenid [[Achaemenid coinage|coin]] minted at [[Sardis]], possibly under Cambyses II.]]
Although a tax system existed during the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses, it was not a systematic one, and thus the subjects of the king were either obligated to give gifts, or pay taxes.{{sfn|Dandamayev|2000}} As was the case during his father's reign, Cambyses' [[satrap]]s were all of Persian stock: Gubaru in Babylonia-Trans-Euphrates: [[Aryandes]] in Egypt: [[Oroetes]] in Sardis, [[Mitrobates]] in [[Dascylium]], [[Dadarsi]] in [[Bactria]], and Vivana in [[Arachosia]]. Likewise, the imperial treasurer in Babylon, Mithradata, was also from a Persian family. Indeed, the senior officials and officers accompanying Cambyses in Egypt were composed solely of Persians.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=82}} The most notable of these Persians were relatives of the king, such as his cousin [[Darius the Great|Darius]], who occupied high offices under Cyrus and Cambyses, and serving as a spear-bearer under the latter.{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=82, 771}} Darius' father, Hystaspes, served as the governor of [[Parthia]] and [[Hyrcania]], or at least held a prominent role there. Important offices centred around the king was also occupied by the Persians, as in the case of [[Prexaspes]], who served as the "message-bearer" of Cambyses, and [[Sisamnes]], who was the royal judge but later executed by Cambyses.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=82}}
== Personality ==
According to Herodotus, Cambyses was labelled a "[[Despotism|despot]]" by the Persians due to his being "half-mad, cruel, and insolent". However, this would seem to be part of later Persian and Egyptian propaganda critical of Cambyses. Indeed, due to Cambyses' willingness to consolidate authority to himself, the Persian tribal nobility were increasingly antagonistic towards him.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
==Marriages==
In Achaemenid Persia, marriages between family members, such as half-siblings, nieces and cousins took place but were not seen as incestuous. However, Greek sources state that brother-sister and father-daughter marriages allegedly took place inside the royal family, yet it remains problematic to determine the reliability of these accounts.{{sfn|Brosius|2000}} According to Herodotus, Cambyses supposedly married two of his sisters, [[Atossa]] and Roxane.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Brosius|2000}} This would have been regarded as illegal. However, Herodotus also states that Cambyses married [[Otanes]]' daughter [[Phaedymia|Phaidyme]], whilst his contemporary [[Ctesias]] names Roxane as Cambyses' wife, but she is not referred to as his sister.{{sfn|Brosius|2000}}
The accusations against Cambyses of committing incest are mentioned as part of his "blasphemous actions", which were designed to illustrate his "madness and vanity". These reports all derive from the same Egyptian source that was antagonistic towards Cambyses, and some of these allegations of "crimes", such as the killing of the [[Apis bull]], have been confirmed as false, which means that the report of Cambyses' supposed incestuous acts is questionable.{{sfn|Brosius|2000}}
==Death and succession==
In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=61}} Before he left the country, he made Egypt into a satrapy under the governorship of the Persian [[Aryandes]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=61}}
However Cambyses died shortly after under disputed circumstances. By most accounts, while Cambyses was on his way through [[Syria (region)|Syria]] ([[Eber-Nari]]), he received a wound to the thigh, which soon became [[gangrene|gangrenous]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=61}} Cambyses died three weeks later (in July) at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of [[Hama]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} He died childless,{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} and was succeeded by his younger brother [[Bardiya]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=102}}
According to Darius, who was Cambyses' lance-bearer at the time, Bardiya decided that he could not succeed as King of Kings and died by his own hand in 522 BC. Herodotus and Ctesias ascribe his death to an accident. Ctesias writes that Cambyses, despondent from the loss of family members, stabbed himself in the thigh while working with a piece of wood, and died eleven days later from the wound. Herodotus' story is that while mounting his horse, the tip of Cambyses' scabbard broke and his sword pierced his thigh. Some modern historians suspect that Cambyses was assassinated, either by Darius as the first step to usurping the empire for himself, or by supporters of Bardiya.{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2003|p=336}}
Cambyses was buried in [[Neyriz]] in southeastern Persis. As reported in the [[Persepolis Administrative Archives]], sacrifices were offered in his name.{{sfn|Jacobs|Rollinger|2021|p=490}} At the time of Cambyses' death, the Achaemenid Empire was stronger than ever, reaching from Cyrenaica to the [[Hindu Kush]], and from the [[Syr Darya]] to the [[Persian Gulf]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=62}}
==See also==
* [[Cambysene]]
* ''[[Cambyses Romance]]''
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
* {{cite book | title = From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire | year = 2002 | publisher = Eisenbrauns | last = Briant | first = Pierre | author-link = Pierre Briant | isbn = 978-1575060316 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&q=false }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia | last = Brosius | first = Maria | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol | location = London et al. | year = 2000 | title = <!-- nope --> | access-date = 2019-09-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200313213156/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i | archive-date = 2020-03-13 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Achaemenid taxation | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad A. | author-link = Muhammad Dandamayev | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-taxation | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2000 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad A. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iiI | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 | pages = 516–521 | year = 1993 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Cambyses II | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad A. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 | pages = 726–729 | year = 1990 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jacobs|first1=Bruno|last2=Rollinger|first2=Robert|title=A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire |date=2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZA7EAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1119174288}}
* {{cite book |first=Lloyd|last=Llewellyn-Jones|editor1-last=Daryaee |editor1-first=Touraj |title=King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE) |date=2017 |publisher=UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies |chapter=The Achaemenid Empire|pages=1–236|isbn=9780692864401|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schwab |first1=Andreas |last2=Schütze |first2=Alexander |title=Herodotean soundings: the Cambyses "logos" |date=2023 |publisher=Narr Francke Attempto |location=Tübingen |isbn=9783823383291}}
* {{cite book |last=Van De Mieroop |first=Marc |author-link=Marc Van de Mieroop |title=A History of the Ancient Near East |series=Blackwell History of the Ancient World |date=2003 |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-631-22552-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvSiQgAACAAJ |jstor=25608373}}
* Strassler, Robert B. ''The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories''. Anchor Books, 2009.
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Achaemenid dynasty]]||||522 BC}}
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Cyrus the Great]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Persia|King of Kings of Persia]]|years=530–522 BC}}
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|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Psamtik III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]|years=525–522 BC|dynasty=[[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|XXVII Dynasty]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Median and Achaemenid kings}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Achaemenid rulers}}
{{Babylonian kings}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cambyses 02}}
[[Category:Cambyses II| ]]
[[Category:522 BC deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Pharaohs]]
[[Category:Kings of the Achaemenid Empire]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Deaths from gangrene]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Kings of the Lands]]
[[Category:Teispids]]
[[Category:Fratricides]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{ PINGAS
== Etymology ==
The origins of the name of "Cambyses" ({{lang-peo|𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹|translit=Kaᵐbūjiya}}) is disputed in scholarship; according to some scholars, the name is of [[Elamite language|Elamite]] origin, whilst others associate it with [[Kambojas]], an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian people]] who inhabited northwestern [[Indian subcontinent|India]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} The name of Cambyses is known in other languages as: Elamite ''Kanbuziya''; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''Kambuziya''; [[Aramaic]] ''Kanbūzī''.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
== Background ==
Cambyses was the eldest son of [[Cyrus the Great]] ({{reign|550|530|era=BC}}) and [[Cassandane]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{efn|According to 5th-century BC [[Greeks|Greek]] historian [[Ctesias]], the mother of Cambyses II was [[Amytis of Media|Amytis]], a daughter of the last [[Medes|Median]] king [[Astyages]] ({{reign|585|550|era=BC}}). However, according to the [[Russia]]n [[Iranologist]] [[Muhammad Dandamayev]], this statement is not trustworthy.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}}} Cambyses had a younger brother named [[Bardiya]], and three sisters named [[Artystone]], [[Atossa]] and Roxanne.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1993|pp=516–521}} Cambyses' paternal grandfather was his namesake [[Cambyses I]], the king of [[Persis]] from 600 to 559 BC.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} The family was descended from a line of rulers of [[Persians|Persian]] tribes, who starting with Cyrus in [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]], expanded their reach over Persis, subjugating the [[Medes|Median Empire]], the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], [[Lydia]] and [[Central Asia]], thus establishing the [[Achaemenid Empire]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1993|pp=516–521}}
== Early life ==
[[Image:Babylon city Iraq.jpg|270px|thumb|Overview of the ruins of [[Babylon]]]]
In April 538 BC, Cambyses was appointed by his father as the governor of the northern part of [[Babylonia]], including its city [[Babylon]], whilst the central and southern part continued to be directly supervised by Cyrus and his bureaucrats. Before his appointment, Cambyses had taken part in a ritual at the regular [[Nowruz|New Year festival]] on 27 March 538 BC, where he received the royal [[sceptre]] in [[Esagila]], a temple dedicated to the god [[Marduk]]. His governorship, however, lasted only nine months; Cyrus dismissed him from the post in December 538 BC for unknown reasons. After his dismissal, Cambyses continued to mostly reside in the Babylonian cities of Babylon and [[Sippar]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
According to Babylonian records, both Cambyses and Cyrus carried the title of "King of Babylon, King of the Lands" in 538/7 BC, which indicates that Cyrus had appointed him as co-ruler some years before his campaign against the [[Massagetae]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=519}} Cyrus' younger son, Bardiya, was given his own realm in Central Asia, which was exempted from paying tribute.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=50}} Cambyses reportedly took part in the expedition against the Massagetae, but, due to his being the heir to the throne, he was sent back to Persia, before Cyrus fell to the Massagetae.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} Cambyses had his father's body carried to [[Pasargadae]] in Persis, where he was buried in a [[Tomb of Cyrus|tomb]] that had been prepared for him earlier.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=50}}
== Military campaigns ==
===Preparations against Egypt and the conquest of Cyprus===
[[Image:Achaemenid Empire under different kings (flat map).svg|thumb|300px|Evolution of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].]]
Cambyses' accession to the Achaemenid throne was relatively smooth.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=50}} Ruling over a vast but young empire, Cambyses preserved his authority over the subjugated lands, but also expanded his dominion over Egypt, the last prominent power in the [[Near East]]. According to the [[France|French]] [[Iranologist]] [[Pierre Briant]], "this must not be seen as a more or less irrational and uncontrollable desire to take over the entire inhabited world".{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}} On the contrary, Cambyses' action had already been planned by his father, who wanted to unify Babylonia with the lands of the Trans-Euphrates (an area that stretched from [[Ras al-Bassit|Posideium]] to Egypt).{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=49, 51}} This would eventually require conquering the lands situated between the Euphrates and [[Nile river|Nile]] rivers, and therefore necessitated conflict with Egypt, which had previously and more recently shown interest in the area.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}}
The incumbent [[pharaoh]] of Egypt was [[Amasis II]], who had been ruling since 570.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}} His ally, [[Polycrates]], a Greek ruler of [[Samos]], posed a considerable threat to the Achaemenids, launching several raids that jeopardised Achaemenid authority.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=52}} However, Polycrates eventually forsook his Egyptian allies, and reached out to Cambyses, whose plans he was well acquainted with.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}} His sudden change of alliances was undoubtedly due to his uneasy position, with the [[Spartan]]s raising a force against him, and the rising hostility of some of the Samian aristocrats, who preferred partnership with Egypt. Another former ally of Amasis II, the [[Caria]]n military leader [[Phanes of Halicarnassus]], had also joined Cambyses after escaping assassins sent by the pharaoh.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=53}} Cambyses, before starting his expedition into Egypt, had seized [[Cyprus]] from Amasis II, which was reportedly a heavy blow to the latter.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=51}}
===Conquest of Egypt and its surroundings===
{{Main|First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt}}
[[Image:Meeting Between Cambyses II and Psammetichus III.jpg|thumb|300px|Imaginary 19th-century illustration of Cambyses II meeting [[Psamtik III]].]]
By 526 BC, Amasis II had died, and his son [[Psamtik III]] had succeeded him, thus weakening Egypt's position.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=52}} In the meantime, Cambyses had made substantial preparations for his army. He had essentially laid the foundations for the Persian navy, which was crucial to his ambitions to conquer Egypt. The navy was created using men and equipment from [[History of ancient Lebanon|Phoenicia]] and [[ Asia Minor]]. During his march to Egypt, Cambyses made a treaty with the [[Arabs]], who controlled the desert area between [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and the Egyptian frontier. This treaty granted Cambyses sufficient water for his forces to reach the Nile.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=53}} This also paved the way for Cambyses to extend his authority over the unsubdued lands between Egypt and Persia, including Gaza, a prominent commercial region, which equalled that of [[Sardis]] in [[Lydia]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=53–54}} The region served as the headquarters for the Persian expedition into Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}}
In 525 BC, Cambyses finally invaded Egypt. In the spring of that year, the Persian and Egyptian forces [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|clashed at Pelusium]], where the Persians emerged victorious.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} According to one author, Cambyses was able to defeat the Egyptians by putting cats, sheep, dogs and other animals that the Egyptians considered sacred in the front lines. This led the Egyptians to cease using their war engines for fear of killing an animal and angering the gods.<ref>Forster, E. S. (1941). Dogs in Ancient Warfare. Greece & Rome, 10(30), 114–117. http://www.jstor.org/stable/641375</ref> The forces of Cambyses then laid siege to [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], where Psamtik III and his men had fortified themselves. Despite the considerable resistance by the pharaoh's forces, Cambyses captured Memphis and established a Persian-Egyptian garrison there. The length of the siege is not specified by the 5th-century BC Greek historian [[Herodotus]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}} Regardless, by summer, [[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|all of Egypt was under Persian suzerainty]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} Cambyses now adopted the aspirations of the last pharaohs in seeking to control the neighbouring lands towards the west ([[Ancient Libya|Libya]] and [[Cyrenaica]]) and south ([[Nubia]]).{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}}
===Further conquests===
The Libyans, and soon the Greeks of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] and [[Barca (ancient city)|Barca]], willingly acknowledged the authority of Cambyses, and as proof of their submission, sent offerings to Cambyses.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}}{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} As a demonstration of his generosity, Cambyses had Amasis II's Greek widow, [[Ladice (Cyrenaean princess)|Ladice]], returned to Cyrene.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}} Cambyses originally intended to make an expedition against the Phoenician state of [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]], but it was ultimately called off due to his Phoenician subjects' reluctance to make war against their own people.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=54}} In the south, Cambyses, followed the same policy of the last pharaohs to keep the [[Kingdom of Kush]] in check, and had a garrison established at [[Elephantine]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=54-55}}
According to Herodotus, Cambyses' campaigns against Ammon in the [[Siwa Oasis]] and [[Ethiopia]] ended catastrophically.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} He states that the reason behind this defeat was the "madness" of Cambyses, who "at once began his march against Ethiopia, without any orders for the provision of supplies, and without for a moment considering the fact that he was to take his men to the ends of the earth".{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} This is called the [[Lost Army of Cambyses]].
However, according to Briant, "the deliberate bias against Cambyses raises doubts about the accuracy of Herodotus's version."{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} Herodotus' statement is contradicted by other sources that do not suggest a catastrophe for his forces, even though the obstacles of the campaign possibly compelled Cambyses to withdraw.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}} Archaeological proof indicates that the Achaemenids made use of the stronghold of Dorginarti (south of [[Buhen]]) during the time they controlled Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=55}}
==Policies in Egypt==
[[Image:Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg|thumb|Statue of an [[Apis (deity)|Apis]].]]
In accordance with the traditional Egyptian royal custom, Cambyses took the titles of "king of Upper and Lower Egypt" and "descendant of (the gods) [[Ra]], [[Horus]], [[Osiris]]," used by the previous Egyptian pharaohs. Cambyses used propaganda to show his Egyptian conquest as a legitimate unification with the native Egyptians, and that he was himself of Egyptian descent, claiming to be the son of Princess Nitetis, a daughter of the pharaoh [[Apries]]. At [[Sais, Egypt|Sais]], Cambyses had himself crowned in the temple of the goddess [[Neith]] as part of a religious ritual, during which he made sacrifices to the Egyptian gods.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
According to ancient historians, Cambyses' rule of Egypt was marked by brutality, looting temples, ridiculing the local gods, and defilement of the royal tombs.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} Historians such as Herodotus put an emphasis on Cambyses' supposed killing of the Egyptian [[sacred bull]] [[Apis (deity)|Apis]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}} However, no looting of temples has been reported by contemporary Egyptian sources.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} In addition, Cambyses is said to have ordered the burial of an Apis in a [[sarcophagus]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=69}} The successor of the Apis died in 518 BC, four years after Cambyses had already died.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
The [[epitaph]] of the Apis buried in 524 BC, states:
{{quote|[Year] 6, third month of the season Shemou, day 10 (?), under the Majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt [...] endowed with eternal life, the god was brought in [peace toward the good West and laid to rest in the necropolis in] his [place] which is the place which his Majesty had made for him, [after] all [the ceremonies had been done for him] in the embalming hall [...] It was done according to everything his Majesty had said [...]{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}}}}
A legend on the sarcophagus also says:
{{quote|(Cambyses], the king of Upper and Lower Egypt [...] made as his monument to his father Apis-Osiris a large sarcophagus of granite, dedicated by the king [...], endowed with all life, with all perpetuity and prosperity (?), with all health, with all joy, appearing eternally as king of Upper and Lower Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}}}}
This thus debunks Cambyses' supposed killing of the Apis, and according to Briant, proves that Herodotus documented bogus reports.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}} Rather, Cambyses took part in the preservation and burial ceremony of an Apis.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=57}} Other similar sources also make mention of Cambyses' careful treatment towards Egyptian culture and religion.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=69}} According to the Egyptian [[Demotic Chronicle]], Cambyses decreased the immense income that the Egyptian temples received from the Egyptian pharaohs. Only the three main temples were given permission to maintain all their entitlements.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} In response to this action, Egyptian priests who had lost their entitlements circulated spurious stories about Cambyses.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=68}} The issue with the temples dated back to the earlier pharaohs, who had also tried to reduce the economic power of the temples.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=60}} This issue would continue until the demise of ancient Egypt.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=60}} Like Cyrus in Babylon, Cambyses allowed the Egyptian nobility to maintain their jurisdictions.{{sfn|Llewellyn-Jones|2017|p=69}}
== Administration ==
[[Image:KINGS of LYDIA. Time of Cyrus to Darios I. Circa 545-520 BC.jpg|thumb|Achaemenid [[Achaemenid coinage|coin]] minted at [[Sardis]], possibly under Cambyses II.]]
Although a tax system existed during the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses, it was not a systematic one, and thus the subjects of the king were either obligated to give gifts, or pay taxes.{{sfn|Dandamayev|2000}} As was the case during his father's reign, Cambyses' [[satrap]]s were all of Persian stock: Gubaru in Babylonia-Trans-Euphrates: [[Aryandes]] in Egypt: [[Oroetes]] in Sardis, [[Mitrobates]] in [[Dascylium]], [[Dadarsi]] in [[Bactria]], and Vivana in [[Arachosia]]. Likewise, the imperial treasurer in Babylon, Mithradata, was also from a Persian family. Indeed, the senior officials and officers accompanying Cambyses in Egypt were composed solely of Persians.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=82}} The most notable of these Persians were relatives of the king, such as his cousin [[Darius the Great|Darius]], who occupied high offices under Cyrus and Cambyses, and serving as a spear-bearer under the latter.{{sfn|Briant|2002|pp=82, 771}} Darius' father, Hystaspes, served as the governor of [[Parthia]] and [[Hyrcania]], or at least held a prominent role there. Important offices centred around the king was also occupied by the Persians, as in the case of [[Prexaspes]], who served as the "message-bearer" of Cambyses, and [[Sisamnes]], who was the royal judge but later executed by Cambyses.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=82}}
== Personality ==
According to Herodotus, Cambyses was labelled a "[[Despotism|despot]]" by the Persians due to his being "half-mad, cruel, and insolent". However, this would seem to be part of later Persian and Egyptian propaganda critical of Cambyses. Indeed, due to Cambyses' willingness to consolidate authority to himself, the Persian tribal nobility were increasingly antagonistic towards him.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}
==Marriages==
In Achaemenid Persia, marriages between family members, such as half-siblings, nieces and cousins took place but were not seen as incestuous. However, Greek sources state that brother-sister and father-daughter marriages allegedly took place inside the royal family, yet it remains problematic to determine the reliability of these accounts.{{sfn|Brosius|2000}} According to Herodotus, Cambyses supposedly married two of his sisters, [[Atossa]] and Roxane.{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}}{{sfn|Brosius|2000}} This would have been regarded as illegal. However, Herodotus also states that Cambyses married [[Otanes]]' daughter [[Phaedymia|Phaidyme]], whilst his contemporary [[Ctesias]] names Roxane as Cambyses' wife, but she is not referred to as his sister.{{sfn|Brosius|2000}}
The accusations against Cambyses of committing incest are mentioned as part of his "blasphemous actions", which were designed to illustrate his "madness and vanity". These reports all derive from the same Egyptian source that was antagonistic towards Cambyses, and some of these allegations of "crimes", such as the killing of the [[Apis bull]], have been confirmed as false, which means that the report of Cambyses' supposed incestuous acts is questionable.{{sfn|Brosius|2000}}
==Death and succession==
In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia.{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=61}} Before he left the country, he made Egypt into a satrapy under the governorship of the Persian [[Aryandes]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=61}}
However Cambyses died shortly after under disputed circumstances. By most accounts, while Cambyses was on his way through [[Syria (region)|Syria]] ([[Eber-Nari]]), he received a wound to the thigh, which soon became [[gangrene|gangrenous]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=61}} Cambyses died three weeks later (in July) at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of [[Hama]].{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} He died childless,{{sfn|Dandamayev|1990|pp=726–729}} and was succeeded by his younger brother [[Bardiya]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=102}}
According to Darius, who was Cambyses' lance-bearer at the time, Bardiya decided that he could not succeed as King of Kings and died by his own hand in 522 BC. Herodotus and Ctesias ascribe his death to an accident. Ctesias writes that Cambyses, despondent from the loss of family members, stabbed himself in the thigh while working with a piece of wood, and died eleven days later from the wound. Herodotus' story is that while mounting his horse, the tip of Cambyses' scabbard broke and his sword pierced his thigh. Some modern historians suspect that Cambyses was assassinated, either by Darius as the first step to usurping the empire for himself, or by supporters of Bardiya.{{sfn|Van De Mieroop|2003|p=336}}
Cambyses was buried in [[Neyriz]] in southeastern Persis. As reported in the [[Persepolis Administrative Archives]], sacrifices were offered in his name.{{sfn|Jacobs|Rollinger|2021|p=490}} At the time of Cambyses' death, the Achaemenid Empire was stronger than ever, reaching from Cyrenaica to the [[Hindu Kush]], and from the [[Syr Darya]] to the [[Persian Gulf]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=62}}
==See also==
* [[Cambysene]]
* ''[[Cambyses Romance]]''
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Sources ==
* {{cite book | title = From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire | year = 2002 | publisher = Eisenbrauns | last = Briant | first = Pierre | author-link = Pierre Briant | isbn = 978-1575060316 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&q=false }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia | last = Brosius | first = Maria | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol | location = London et al. | year = 2000 | title = <!-- nope --> | access-date = 2019-09-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200313213156/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i | archive-date = 2020-03-13 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Achaemenid taxation | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad A. | author-link = Muhammad Dandamayev | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-taxation | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2000 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad A. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iiI | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 | pages = 516–521 | year = 1993 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Cambyses II | last = Dandamayev | first = Muhammad A. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7 | pages = 726–729 | year = 1990 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jacobs|first1=Bruno|last2=Rollinger|first2=Robert|title=A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire |date=2021 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZA7EAAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1119174288}}
* {{cite book |first=Lloyd|last=Llewellyn-Jones|editor1-last=Daryaee |editor1-first=Touraj |title=King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE) |date=2017 |publisher=UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies |chapter=The Achaemenid Empire|pages=1–236|isbn=9780692864401|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schwab |first1=Andreas |last2=Schütze |first2=Alexander |title=Herodotean soundings: the Cambyses "logos" |date=2023 |publisher=Narr Francke Attempto |location=Tübingen |isbn=9783823383291}}
* {{cite book |last=Van De Mieroop |first=Marc |author-link=Marc Van de Mieroop |title=A History of the Ancient Near East |series=Blackwell History of the Ancient World |date=2003 |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-631-22552-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvSiQgAACAAJ |jstor=25608373}}
* Strassler, Robert B. ''The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories''. Anchor Books, 2009.
{{s-start}}
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{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Cyrus the Great]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of kings of Persia|King of Kings of Persia]]|years=530–522 BC}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Psamtik III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]|years=525–522 BC|dynasty=[[Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|XXVII Dynasty]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Median and Achaemenid kings}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Achaemenid rulers}}
{{Babylonian kings}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cambyses 02}}
[[Category:Cambyses II| ]]
[[Category:522 BC deaths]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Pharaohs]]
[[Category:Kings of the Achaemenid Empire]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Deaths from gangrene]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Kings of the Lands]]
[[Category:Teispids]]
[[Category:Fratricides]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,44 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Ruler of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC}}
-{{Infobox monarch
-| name = Cambyses II<br>𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹
-| title = {{unbulleted list|
-| [[King of Kings]]
-| [[Great King]]
-| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]]
-| [[King of Babylon]]
-| [[Pharaoh of Egypt]]
-| [[King of the Lands|King of Countries]]
-}}
-| image = Stela Cambyses Apis closeup.jpg
-| image_size =
-| caption = Cambyses (left, kneeling) as [[pharaoh]] while worshipping an [[Apis bull]] (524 BC)
-| succession = [[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]
-| reign = 530 – July 522 BC
-| reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-ruler}}
-| regent = [[Cyrus the Great]] (530 BC)
-| predecessor = [[Cyrus the Great]]
-| successor = [[Bardiya]]
-| succession1 = [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]
-| reign1 = 525 – July 522 BC
-| predecessor1 = [[Psamtik III]]
-| successor1 = [[Bardiya]]<br>{{Ancient Egyptian royal titulary case|horus=''smꜢ-tꜢwj''<br>''Sematawy''<br> The one who has united the Two Lands|horus_hiero=<hiero>zmA-N16:N16</hiero>|prenomen=''mswt-rꜤ…''<br>''Mesutre…''<br>The offspring of Ra, lord of the Two Lands<br><hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-N5-ms-s-w-U33->-R8-nfr-t:N17:N17</hiero>|nomen=''kmbyḏt''<br>''Kembydjet''<br>Cambyses|nomen_hiero=<hiero>k-m-D58-i-V13:t</hiero>}}<ref name=posener>{{cite journal |first=Georges |last=Posener |title=La première domination perse en Égypte |journal=Bibliothèque d'Études |location=Cairo |publisher=[[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]] |year=1936 |pages=30–36 |url=https://archive.org/stream/BdE11/BdE%2011%20Posener%2C%20Georges%20-%20La%20Première%20Domination%20perse%20en%20Égypte%20%281936%29%20LR#page/n23/ |editor=Bibliothèque de l'Université Bordeaux Montaigne |issn=0259-3823 |oclc=5042163}}</ref>
-| queen = [[#Marriages|See below]]
-| issue =
-| dynasty = [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]]
-| father = [[Cyrus the Great]]
-| mother = [[Cassandane]]
-| birth_date =
-| birth_place =
-| death_date = July 522 BC
-| death_place = [[Hama|Agbatana]], [[Eber-Nari]]
-| religion = [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] religion <br />{{small|(possibly [[Zoroastrianism]])}}
-}}
-'''Cambyses II''' ({{lang-peo|𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹|translit=Kaᵐbūjiya}}) was the second [[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] from 530 to 522 BC. He was the son and successor of [[Cyrus the Great]] ({{reign|550|530 BC}}) and his mother was [[Cassandane]].
-
-Before his accession, Cambyses had briefly served as the governor of northern [[Babylonia]] under his father from April to December 538 BC. Afterwards, he resided in the Babylonian cities of [[Babylon]] and [[Sippar]], before being appointed by his father as co-ruler in 530 BC. His father then set off on an expedition against the [[Massagetae]] of [[Central Asia]], where he met his end. Cambyses thus became the sole ruler of the vast Achaemenid Empire, facing no reported opposition.
-
-His relatively brief reign was marked by his conquests in [[North Africa]], notably [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], which he conquered after his victory over the Egyptian [[pharaoh]] [[Psamtik III]] ({{reign|526|525|era=BC}}) at the [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|battle of Pelusium]] in 525 BC. After having established himself in Egypt, he expanded the empire's holdings in Africa, including the conquest of [[Cyrenaica]]. In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia.
-
-While en route in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] ([[Eber-Nari]]), he received a wound to the thigh, which was soon affected by [[gangrene]]. Cambyses died three weeks later at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of [[Hama]]. He died childless, and was thus succeeded by his younger brother [[Bardiya]], who ruled for a short period before being overthrown by [[Darius the Great]] ({{reign|522|486|era=BC}}), who went on to increase the power of the Achaemenids even further.
+{ PINGAS
== Etymology ==
' |
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1 => '{{Infobox monarch',
2 => '| name = Cambyses II<br>𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹',
3 => '| title = {{unbulleted list|',
4 => '| [[King of Kings]]',
5 => '| [[Great King]]',
6 => '| [[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]]',
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9 => '| [[King of the Lands|King of Countries]]',
10 => '}}',
11 => '| image = Stela Cambyses Apis closeup.jpg',
12 => '| image_size = ',
13 => '| caption = Cambyses (left, kneeling) as [[pharaoh]] while worshipping an [[Apis bull]] (524 BC)',
14 => '| succession = [[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]',
15 => '| reign = 530 – July 522 BC',
16 => '| reg-type = {{nowrap|Co-ruler}}',
17 => '| regent = [[Cyrus the Great]] (530 BC)',
18 => '| predecessor = [[Cyrus the Great]]',
19 => '| successor = [[Bardiya]]',
20 => '| succession1 = [[List of pharaohs|Pharaoh of Egypt]]',
21 => '| reign1 = 525 – July 522 BC',
22 => '| predecessor1 = [[Psamtik III]]',
23 => '| successor1 = [[Bardiya]]<br>{{Ancient Egyptian royal titulary case|horus=''smꜢ-tꜢwj''<br>''Sematawy''<br> The one who has united the Two Lands|horus_hiero=<hiero>zmA-N16:N16</hiero>|prenomen=''mswt-rꜤ…''<br>''Mesutre…''<br>The offspring of Ra, lord of the Two Lands<br><hiero>M23:t-L2:t-<-N5-ms-s-w-U33->-R8-nfr-t:N17:N17</hiero>|nomen=''kmbyḏt''<br>''Kembydjet''<br>Cambyses|nomen_hiero=<hiero>k-m-D58-i-V13:t</hiero>}}<ref name=posener>{{cite journal |first=Georges |last=Posener |title=La première domination perse en Égypte |journal=Bibliothèque d'Études |location=Cairo |publisher=[[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]] |year=1936 |pages=30–36 |url=https://archive.org/stream/BdE11/BdE%2011%20Posener%2C%20Georges%20-%20La%20Première%20Domination%20perse%20en%20Égypte%20%281936%29%20LR#page/n23/ |editor=Bibliothèque de l'Université Bordeaux Montaigne |issn=0259-3823 |oclc=5042163}}</ref>',
24 => '| queen = [[#Marriages|See below]]',
25 => '| issue =',
26 => '| dynasty = [[Achaemenid dynasty|Achaemenid]]',
27 => '| father = [[Cyrus the Great]]',
28 => '| mother = [[Cassandane]]',
29 => '| birth_date =',
30 => '| birth_place =',
31 => '| death_date = July 522 BC',
32 => '| death_place = [[Hama|Agbatana]], [[Eber-Nari]]',
33 => '| religion = [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] religion <br />{{small|(possibly [[Zoroastrianism]])}}',
34 => '}}',
35 => ''''Cambyses II''' ({{lang-peo|𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹|translit=Kaᵐbūjiya}}) was the second [[King of Kings]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] from 530 to 522 BC. He was the son and successor of [[Cyrus the Great]] ({{reign|550|530 BC}}) and his mother was [[Cassandane]].',
36 => '',
37 => 'Before his accession, Cambyses had briefly served as the governor of northern [[Babylonia]] under his father from April to December 538 BC. Afterwards, he resided in the Babylonian cities of [[Babylon]] and [[Sippar]], before being appointed by his father as co-ruler in 530 BC. His father then set off on an expedition against the [[Massagetae]] of [[Central Asia]], where he met his end. Cambyses thus became the sole ruler of the vast Achaemenid Empire, facing no reported opposition.',
38 => '',
39 => 'His relatively brief reign was marked by his conquests in [[North Africa]], notably [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], which he conquered after his victory over the Egyptian [[pharaoh]] [[Psamtik III]] ({{reign|526|525|era=BC}}) at the [[Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)|battle of Pelusium]] in 525 BC. After having established himself in Egypt, he expanded the empire's holdings in Africa, including the conquest of [[Cyrenaica]]. In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia. ',
40 => '',
41 => 'While en route in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] ([[Eber-Nari]]), he received a wound to the thigh, which was soon affected by [[gangrene]]. Cambyses died three weeks later at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of [[Hama]]. He died childless, and was thus succeeded by his younger brother [[Bardiya]], who ruled for a short period before being overthrown by [[Darius the Great]] ({{reign|522|486|era=BC}}), who went on to increase the power of the Achaemenids even further.'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>{ PINGAS
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Military_campaigns"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Military campaigns</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Preparations_against_Egypt_and_the_conquest_of_Cyprus"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Preparations against Egypt and the conquest of Cyprus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Conquest_of_Egypt_and_its_surroundings"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Conquest of Egypt and its surroundings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_conquests"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Further conquests</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Policies_in_Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Policies in Egypt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Personality"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Personality</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Marriages"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Marriages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Death_and_succession"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Death and succession</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The origins of the name of "Cambyses" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Old Persian-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Kaᵐbūjiya</i></span>) is disputed in scholarship; according to some scholars, the name is of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> origin, whilst others associate it with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a> who inhabited northwestern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> The name of Cambyses is known in other languages as: Elamite <i>Kanbuziya</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>Kambuziya</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <i>Kanbūzī</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Cambyses was the eldest son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 550–530 BC</span>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassandane" title="Cassandane">Cassandane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></sup> Cambyses had a younger brother named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a>, and three sisters named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a> and Roxanne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516–521_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516–521-3">[2]</a></sup> Cambyses' paternal grandfather was his namesake <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a>, the king of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> from 600 to 559 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> The family was descended from a line of rulers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> tribes, who starting with Cyrus in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>, expanded their reach over Persis, subjugating the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, thus establishing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516–521_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516–521-3">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Babylon_city_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Babylon_city_Iraq.jpg/270px-Babylon_city_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Babylon_city_Iraq.jpg/405px-Babylon_city_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Babylon_city_Iraq.jpg/540px-Babylon_city_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the ruins of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In April 538 BC, Cambyses was appointed by his father as the governor of the northern part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, including its city <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, whilst the central and southern part continued to be directly supervised by Cyrus and his bureaucrats. Before his appointment, Cambyses had taken part in a ritual at the regular <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">New Year festival</a> on 27 March 538 BC, where he received the royal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a>, a temple dedicated to the god <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>. His governorship, however, lasted only nine months; Cyrus dismissed him from the post in December 538 BC for unknown reasons. After his dismissal, Cambyses continued to mostly reside in the Babylonian cities of Babylon and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Babylonian records, both Cambyses and Cyrus carried the title of "King of Babylon, King of the Lands" in 538/7 BC, which indicates that Cyrus had appointed him as co-ruler some years before his campaign against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002519_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002519-4">[3]</a></sup> Cyrus' younger son, Bardiya, was given his own realm in Central Asia, which was exempted from paying tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200250_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200250-5">[4]</a></sup> Cambyses reportedly took part in the expedition against the Massagetae, but, due to his being the heir to the throne, he was sent back to Persia, before Cyrus fell to the Massagetae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> Cambyses had his father's body carried to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> in Persis, where he was buried in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">tomb</a> that had been prepared for him earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200250_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200250-5">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Preparations_against_Egypt_and_the_conquest_of_Cyprus">Preparations against Egypt and the conquest of Cyprus</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparations against Egypt and the conquest of Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_(flat_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg/300px-Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg/450px-Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg/600px-Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Cambyses' accession to the Achaemenid throne was relatively smooth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200250_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200250-5">[4]</a></sup> Ruling over a vast but young empire, Cambyses preserved his authority over the subjugated lands, but also expanded his dominion over Egypt, the last prominent power in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. According to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Pierre Briant</a>, "this must not be seen as a more or less irrational and uncontrollable desire to take over the entire inhabited world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200251-6">[5]</a></sup> On the contrary, Cambyses' action had already been planned by his father, who wanted to unify Babylonia with the lands of the Trans-Euphrates (an area that stretched from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ras_al-Bassit" title="Ras al-Bassit">Posideium</a> to Egypt).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200249,_51_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200249,_51-7">[6]</a></sup> This would eventually require conquering the lands situated between the Euphrates and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile river">Nile</a> rivers, and therefore necessitated conflict with Egypt, which had previously and more recently shown interest in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200251-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>The incumbent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of Egypt was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Amasis II</a>, who had been ruling since 570.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200251-6">[5]</a></sup> His ally, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polycrates" title="Polycrates">Polycrates</a>, a Greek ruler of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, posed a considerable threat to the Achaemenids, launching several raids that jeopardised Achaemenid authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200252_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200252-8">[7]</a></sup> However, Polycrates eventually forsook his Egyptian allies, and reached out to Cambyses, whose plans he was well acquainted with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200251-6">[5]</a></sup> His sudden change of alliances was undoubtedly due to his uneasy position, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spartan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartan">Spartans</a> raising a force against him, and the rising hostility of some of the Samian aristocrats, who preferred partnership with Egypt. Another former ally of Amasis II, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Carian</a> military leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phanes_of_Halicarnassus" title="Phanes of Halicarnassus">Phanes of Halicarnassus</a>, had also joined Cambyses after escaping assassins sent by the pharaoh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200253_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200253-9">[8]</a></sup> Cambyses, before starting his expedition into Egypt, had seized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> from Amasis II, which was reportedly a heavy blow to the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200251-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Conquest_of_Egypt_and_its_surroundings">Conquest of Egypt and its surroundings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest of Egypt and its surroundings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg/300px-Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg/450px-Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg/600px-Meeting_Between_Cambyses_II_and_Psammetichus_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Imaginary 19th-century illustration of Cambyses II meeting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>By 526 BC, Amasis II had died, and his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> had succeeded him, thus weakening Egypt's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200252_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200252-8">[7]</a></sup> In the meantime, Cambyses had made substantial preparations for his army. He had essentially laid the foundations for the Persian navy, which was crucial to his ambitions to conquer Egypt. The navy was created using men and equipment from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. During his march to Egypt, Cambyses made a treaty with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, who controlled the desert area between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> and the Egyptian frontier. This treaty granted Cambyses sufficient water for his forces to reach the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200253_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200253-9">[8]</a></sup> This also paved the way for Cambyses to extend his authority over the unsubdued lands between Egypt and Persia, including Gaza, a prominent commercial region, which equalled that of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200253–54_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200253–54-10">[9]</a></sup> The region served as the headquarters for the Persian expedition into Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 525 BC, Cambyses finally invaded Egypt. In the spring of that year, the Persian and Egyptian forces <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pelusium_(525_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pelusium (525 BC)">clashed at Pelusium</a>, where the Persians emerged victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> According to one author, Cambyses was able to defeat the Egyptians by putting cats, sheep, dogs and other animals that the Egyptians considered sacred in the front lines. This led the Egyptians to cease using their war engines for fear of killing an animal and angering the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> The forces of Cambyses then laid siege to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, where Psamtik III and his men had fortified themselves. Despite the considerable resistance by the pharaoh's forces, Cambyses captured Memphis and established a Persian-Egyptian garrison there. The length of the siege is not specified by the 5th-century BC Greek historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254-11">[10]</a></sup> Regardless, by summer, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">all of Egypt was under Persian suzerainty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> Cambyses now adopted the aspirations of the last pharaohs in seeking to control the neighbouring lands towards the west (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>) and south (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_conquests">Further conquests</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further conquests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Libyans, and soon the Greeks of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a>, willingly acknowledged the authority of Cambyses, and as proof of their submission, sent offerings to Cambyses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> As a demonstration of his generosity, Cambyses had Amasis II's Greek widow, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ladice_(Cyrenaean_princess)" title="Ladice (Cyrenaean princess)">Ladice</a>, returned to Cyrene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254-11">[10]</a></sup> Cambyses originally intended to make an expedition against the Phoenician state of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>, but it was ultimately called off due to his Phoenician subjects' reluctance to make war against their own people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254-11">[10]</a></sup> In the south, Cambyses, followed the same policy of the last pharaohs to keep the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in check, and had a garrison established at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254–55_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254–55-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Herodotus, Cambyses' campaigns against Ammon in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> ended catastrophically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200255-14">[13]</a></sup> He states that the reason behind this defeat was the "madness" of Cambyses, who "at once began his march against Ethiopia, without any orders for the provision of supplies, and without for a moment considering the fact that he was to take his men to the ends of the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200255-14">[13]</a></sup> This is called the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_Army_of_Cambyses" title="Lost Army of Cambyses">Lost Army of Cambyses</a>.
</p><p>However, according to Briant, "the deliberate bias against Cambyses raises doubts about the accuracy of Herodotus's version."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200255-14">[13]</a></sup> Herodotus' statement is contradicted by other sources that do not suggest a catastrophe for his forces, even though the obstacles of the campaign possibly compelled Cambyses to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200255-14">[13]</a></sup> Archaeological proof indicates that the Achaemenids made use of the stronghold of Dorginarti (south of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a>) during the time they controlled Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200255-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Policies_in_Egypt">Policies in Egypt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Policies in Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg/220px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg/330px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg/440px-Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Statue of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In accordance with the traditional Egyptian royal custom, Cambyses took the titles of "king of Upper and Lower Egypt" and "descendant of (the gods) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>," used by the previous Egyptian pharaohs. Cambyses used propaganda to show his Egyptian conquest as a legitimate unification with the native Egyptians, and that he was himself of Egyptian descent, claiming to be the son of Princess Nitetis, a daughter of the pharaoh <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Apries</a>. At <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sais,_Egypt" title="Sais, Egypt">Sais</a>, Cambyses had himself crowned in the temple of the goddess <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a> as part of a religious ritual, during which he made sacrifices to the Egyptian gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to ancient historians, Cambyses' rule of Egypt was marked by brutality, looting temples, ridiculing the local gods, and defilement of the royal tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> Historians such as Herodotus put an emphasis on Cambyses' supposed killing of the Egyptian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_bull" title="Sacred bull">sacred bull</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-15">[14]</a></sup> However, no looting of temples has been reported by contemporary Egyptian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> In addition, Cambyses is said to have ordered the burial of an Apis in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769-16">[15]</a></sup> The successor of the Apis died in 518 BC, four years after Cambyses had already died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> of the Apis buried in 524 BC, states:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Year] 6, third month of the season Shemou, day 10 (?), under the Majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt [...] endowed with eternal life, the god was brought in [peace toward the good West and laid to rest in the necropolis in] his [place] which is the place which his Majesty had made for him, [after] all [the ceremonies had been done for him] in the embalming hall [...] It was done according to everything his Majesty had said [...]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-15">[14]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>A legend on the sarcophagus also says:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(Cambyses], the king of Upper and Lower Egypt [...] made as his monument to his father Apis-Osiris a large sarcophagus of granite, dedicated by the king [...], endowed with all life, with all perpetuity and prosperity (?), with all health, with all joy, appearing eternally as king of Upper and Lower Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-15">[14]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>This thus debunks Cambyses' supposed killing of the Apis, and according to Briant, proves that Herodotus documented bogus reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-15">[14]</a></sup> Rather, Cambyses took part in the preservation and burial ceremony of an Apis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-15">[14]</a></sup> Other similar sources also make mention of Cambyses' careful treatment towards Egyptian culture and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769-16">[15]</a></sup> According to the Egyptian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demotic_Chronicle" title="Demotic Chronicle">Demotic Chronicle</a>, Cambyses decreased the immense income that the Egyptian temples received from the Egyptian pharaohs. Only the three main temples were given permission to maintain all their entitlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> In response to this action, Egyptian priests who had lost their entitlements circulated spurious stories about Cambyses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201768_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201768-17">[16]</a></sup> The issue with the temples dated back to the earlier pharaohs, who had also tried to reduce the economic power of the temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200260_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200260-18">[17]</a></sup> This issue would continue until the demise of ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200260_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200260-18">[17]</a></sup> Like Cyrus in Babylon, Cambyses allowed the Egyptian nobility to maintain their jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769-16">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administration">Administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:KINGS_of_LYDIA._Time_of_Cyrus_to_Darios_I._Circa_545-520_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Time_of_Cyrus_to_Darios_I._Circa_545-520_BC.jpg/220px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Time_of_Cyrus_to_Darios_I._Circa_545-520_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Time_of_Cyrus_to_Darios_I._Circa_545-520_BC.jpg/330px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Time_of_Cyrus_to_Darios_I._Circa_545-520_BC.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/KINGS_of_LYDIA._Time_of_Cyrus_to_Darios_I._Circa_545-520_BC.jpg/440px-KINGS_of_LYDIA._Time_of_Cyrus_to_Darios_I._Circa_545-520_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Achaemenid <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">coin</a> minted at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, possibly under Cambyses II.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Although a tax system existed during the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses, it was not a systematic one, and thus the subjects of the king were either obligated to give gifts, or pay taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev2000-19">[18]</a></sup> As was the case during his father's reign, Cambyses' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> were all of Persian stock: Gubaru in Babylonia-Trans-Euphrates: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aryandes" title="Aryandes">Aryandes</a> in Egypt: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oroetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroetes">Oroetes</a> in Sardis, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitrobates" title="Mitrobates">Mitrobates</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dascylium" title="Dascylium">Dascylium</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dadarsi" title="Dadarsi">Dadarsi</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and Vivana in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a>. Likewise, the imperial treasurer in Babylon, Mithradata, was also from a Persian family. Indeed, the senior officials and officers accompanying Cambyses in Egypt were composed solely of Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200282_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200282-20">[19]</a></sup> The most notable of these Persians were relatives of the king, such as his cousin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a>, who occupied high offices under Cyrus and Cambyses, and serving as a spear-bearer under the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200282,_771_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200282,_771-21">[20]</a></sup> Darius' father, Hystaspes, served as the governor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>, or at least held a prominent role there. Important offices centred around the king was also occupied by the Persians, as in the case of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prexaspes" title="Prexaspes">Prexaspes</a>, who served as the "message-bearer" of Cambyses, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sisamnes" title="Sisamnes">Sisamnes</a>, who was the royal judge but later executed by Cambyses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200282_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200282-20">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personality">Personality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>According to Herodotus, Cambyses was labelled a "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despot</a>" by the Persians due to his being "half-mad, cruel, and insolent". However, this would seem to be part of later Persian and Egyptian propaganda critical of Cambyses. Indeed, due to Cambyses' willingness to consolidate authority to himself, the Persian tribal nobility were increasingly antagonistic towards him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Marriages">Marriages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In Achaemenid Persia, marriages between family members, such as half-siblings, nieces and cousins took place but were not seen as incestuous. However, Greek sources state that brother-sister and father-daughter marriages allegedly took place inside the royal family, yet it remains problematic to determine the reliability of these accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-22">[21]</a></sup> According to Herodotus, Cambyses supposedly married two of his sisters, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a> and Roxane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-22">[21]</a></sup> This would have been regarded as illegal. However, Herodotus also states that Cambyses married <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otanes" title="Otanes">Otanes</a>' daughter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phaedymia" title="Phaedymia">Phaidyme</a>, whilst his contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> names Roxane as Cambyses' wife, but she is not referred to as his sister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>The accusations against Cambyses of committing incest are mentioned as part of his "blasphemous actions", which were designed to illustrate his "madness and vanity". These reports all derive from the same Egyptian source that was antagonistic towards Cambyses, and some of these allegations of "crimes", such as the killing of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apis_bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis bull">Apis bull</a>, have been confirmed as false, which means that the report of Cambyses' supposed incestuous acts is questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200261_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200261-23">[22]</a></sup> Before he left the country, he made Egypt into a satrapy under the governorship of the Persian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aryandes" title="Aryandes">Aryandes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200261_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200261-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>However Cambyses died shortly after under disputed circumstances. By most accounts, while Cambyses was on his way through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a>), he received a wound to the thigh, which soon became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrenous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200261_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200261-23">[22]</a></sup> Cambyses died three weeks later (in July) at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> He died childless,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup> and was succeeded by his younger brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002102_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002102-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Darius, who was Cambyses' lance-bearer at the time, Bardiya decided that he could not succeed as King of Kings and died by his own hand in 522 BC. Herodotus and Ctesias ascribe his death to an accident. Ctesias writes that Cambyses, despondent from the loss of family members, stabbed himself in the thigh while working with a piece of wood, and died eleven days later from the wound. Herodotus' story is that while mounting his horse, the tip of Cambyses' scabbard broke and his sword pierced his thigh. Some modern historians suspect that Cambyses was assassinated, either by Darius as the first step to usurping the empire for himself, or by supporters of Bardiya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2003336_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2003336-25">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cambyses was buried in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neyriz" title="Neyriz">Neyriz</a> in southeastern Persis. As reported in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a>, sacrifices were offered in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021490_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021490-26">[25]</a></sup> At the time of Cambyses' death, the Achaemenid Empire was stronger than ever, reaching from Cyrenaica to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, and from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200262_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200262-27">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambysene" title="Cambysene">Cambysene</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambyses_Romance" title="Cambyses Romance">Cambyses Romance</a></i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to 5th-century BC <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a>, the mother of Cambyses II was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amytis_of_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Media">Amytis</a>, a daughter of the last <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> king <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 585–550 BC</span>). However, according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Muhammad Dandamayev</a>, this statement is not trustworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1">[1]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1990726–729_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1990">Dandamayev 1990</a>, pp. 726–729.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516–521-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516–521_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev1993516–521_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev1993">Dandamayev 1993</a>, pp. 516–521.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002519-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002519_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 519.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200250-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200250_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200250_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200250_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200251-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200251_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200249,_51-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200249,_51_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 49, 51.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200252-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200252_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200252_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 52.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200253-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200253_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200253_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200253–54-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200253–54_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 53–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forster, E. S. (1941). Dogs in Ancient Warfare. Greece & Rome, 10(30), 114–117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/641375">http://www.jstor.org/stable/641375</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200254–55-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200254–55_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 54–55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200255-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200255_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200257-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200257_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 57.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201769_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2017">Llewellyn-Jones 2017</a>, p. 69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201768-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELlewellyn-Jones201768_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2017">Llewellyn-Jones 2017</a>, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200260-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200260_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200260_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDandamayev2000-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDandamayev2000_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDandamayev2000">Dandamayev 2000</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200282-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200282_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200282_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200282,_771-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200282,_771_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, pp. 82, 771.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrosius2000_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrosius2000">Brosius 2000</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200261-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200261_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200261_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200261_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant2002102-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant2002102_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 102.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2003336-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_De_Mieroop2003336_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2003">Van De Mieroop 2003</a>, p. 336.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021490-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsRollinger2021490_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsRollinger2021">Jacobs & Rollinger 2021</a>, p. 490.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriant200262-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriant200262_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriant2002">Briant 2002</a>, p. 62.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cambyses_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&q=false"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575060316" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575060316"><bdi>978-1575060316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1575060316&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrosius2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313213156/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol</i></a>. London et al. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i">the original</a> on 2020-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+i.+In+Pre-Islamic+Persia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fwomen-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Dandamayev, Muhammad A.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-taxation">"Achaemenid taxation"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achaemenid+taxation&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fachaemenid-taxation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iiI">"Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. 516–521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyrus+iii.+Cyrus+II+The+Great&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=516-521&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcyrus-iiI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cambyses-opers">"Cambyses II"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7</i>. pp. 726–729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cambyses+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+7&rft.pages=726-729&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcambyses-opers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsRollinger2021" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZA7EAAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119174288" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119174288"><bdi>978-1119174288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Achaemenid+Persian+Empire&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1119174288&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Rollinger%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZA7EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLlewellyn-Jones2017" class="citation book cs1">Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unTjswEACAAJ"><i>King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)</i></a>. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692864401" title="Special:BookSources/9780692864401"><bdi>9780692864401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Seven+Climes%3A+A+History+of+the+Ancient+Iranian+World+%283000+BCE+-+651+CE%29&rft.pages=1-236&rft.pub=UCI+Jordan+Center+for+Persian+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780692864401&rft.aulast=Llewellyn-Jones&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunTjswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabSchütze2023" class="citation book cs1">Schwab, Andreas; Schütze, Alexander (2023). <i>Herodotean soundings: the Cambyses "logos"</i>. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783823383291" title="Special:BookSources/9783823383291"><bdi>9783823383291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotean+soundings%3A+the+Cambyses+%22logos%22&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Narr+Francke+Attempto&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783823383291&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtze%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVan_De_Mieroop2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Van_de_Mieroop" title="Marc Van de Mieroop">Van De Mieroop, Marc</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UvSiQgAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Ancient Near East</i></a>. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22552-2"><bdi>978-0-631-22552-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608373">25608373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.series=Blackwell+History+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25608373%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22552-2&rft.aulast=Van+De+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUvSiQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambyses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Strassler, Robert B. <i>The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories</i>. Anchor Books, 2009.</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Cambyses II </div><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 522 BC</span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Kings of Persia</a> </b><br />530–522 BC
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">Pharaoh of Egypt</a> </b><br /><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII Dynasty</a></i><br />525–522 BC
</td></tr></tbody></table>
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Empire">Achaemenid</a> kings</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(728–550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(550–330 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Smerdis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great (Darius I)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes II of Persia">Xerxes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sogdianus_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdianus of Persia">Sogdianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II Nothus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-3150 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hsekiu" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khayu" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thesh" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neheb" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wazner" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mekh" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_(pharaoh_of_lower_egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="A (pharaoh of lower egypt)">A</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(3150–2686 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2686–2181 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2181–2040 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2040–1802 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1802–1550 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1550–664 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span class="nobold">(male</span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1070 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twosret" title="Twosret">Twosret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1069–664 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_Period_and_Hellenistic_Period_(664–30_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Hellenistic Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (664–30 BC)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(664–332 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(332–30 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Roman_Period_(30_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"> (30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Pharaohs
<ul><li>male</li>
<li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mythical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mythical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamus">Thamus (mythical King of Egypt)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li>
<li>2<sup>nd</sup></li>
<li>3<sup>rd</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Template talk:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_in_the_Achaemenid_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a> - Achaemenid Kingdom</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of Kings<br />of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenes" title="Achaemenes">Achaemenes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariaramnes" title="Ariaramnes">Ariaramnes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsames" title="Arsames">Arsames</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teispes" title="Teispes">Teispes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_I" title="Cyrus I">Cyrus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambyses II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sogdianus_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdianus of Persia">Sogdianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes II Mnemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III Ochus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV Arses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III Codomannus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Artaxerxes V Bessus</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/120px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/180px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/240px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="3136" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lydia_(satrapy)" title="Lydia (satrapy)">Lydia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabalus" title="Tabalus">Tabalus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazares" title="Mazares">Mazares</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harpagus" title="Harpagus">Harpagus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oroetus" title="Oroetus">Oroetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagaeus" title="Bagaeus">Bagaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otanes_(son_of_Sisamnes)" title="Otanes (son of Sisamnes)">Otanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaphernes" title="Artaphernes">Artaphernes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaphernes_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Artaphernes (nephew of Darius I)">Artaphernes II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pissuthnes" title="Pissuthnes">Pissuthnes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tissaphernes" title="Tissaphernes">Tissaphernes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tithraustes" title="Tithraustes">Tithraustes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiribazus" title="Tiribazus">Tiribazus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Struthas" title="Struthas">Struthas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autophradates" title="Autophradates">Autophradates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spithridates" title="Spithridates">Spithridates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hellespontine_Phrygia" title="Hellespontine Phrygia">Hellespontine Phrygia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitrobates" title="Mitrobates">Mitrobates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megabazus" title="Megabazus">Megabazus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megabates" title="Megabates">Megabates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oebares_II" title="Oebares II">Oebares II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artabazos_I_of_Phrygia" title="Artabazos I of Phrygia">Artabazus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharnabazus_I" title="Pharnabazus I">Pharnabazus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Phrygia" title="Pharnaces II of Phrygia">Pharnaces II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharnabazus_II" title="Pharnabazus II">Pharnabazus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Phrygia" title="Ariobarzanes of Phrygia">Ariobarzanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artabazos_II" title="Artabazos II">Artabazus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharnabazus_III" title="Pharnabazus III">Pharnabazus III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsites" title="Arsites">Arsites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariamnes" title="Ariamnes">Ariamnes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mithrobuzanes" title="Mithrobuzanes">Mithrobuzanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Greek Governors of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miltiades" title="Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gongylos" title="Gongylos">Gongylos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurysthenes_(Pergamon)" title="Eurysthenes (Pergamon)">Eurysthenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prokles_(Pergamon)" title="Prokles (Pergamon)">Prokles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Histiaeus" title="Histiaeus">Histiaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristagoras" title="Aristagoras">Aristagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archeptolis" title="Archeptolis">Archeptolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aridolis" title="Aridolis">Aridolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amyntas_II_(son_of_Bubares)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas II (son of Bubares)">Amyntas II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philiscus_of_Abydos" title="Philiscus of Abydos">Philiscus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Dynasts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Kheziga</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kybernis" title="Kybernis">Kybernis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuprlli" title="Kuprlli">Kuprlli</a></li>
<li>Harpagus</li>
<li>Teththiweibi</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kheriga" title="Kheriga">Kheriga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kherei" title="Kherei">Kherei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arbinas" title="Arbinas">Arbinas</a></li>
<li>Artembares</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artumpara" title="Artumpara">Artumpara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mithrapata" title="Mithrapata">Mithrapata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pericles,_Dynast_of_Lycia" title="Pericles, Dynast of Lycia">Perikle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Dynasts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lygdamis_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygdamis of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pisindelis" title="Pisindelis">Pisindelis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lygdamis_II_of_Halicarnassus" title="Lygdamis II of Halicarnassus">Lygdamis II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adusius" title="Adusius">Adusius</a> (satrap)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hecatomnus" title="Hecatomnus">Hecatomnus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mausolus" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artemisia_II_of_Caria" title="Artemisia II of Caria">Artemisia II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idrieus" title="Idrieus">Idrieus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ada_of_Caria" title="Ada of Caria">Ada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pixodarus" title="Pixodarus">Pixodarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orontobates" title="Orontobates">Orontobates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Kings of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I of Macedon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Mattan IV</li>
<li>Boulomenus</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdemon" title="Abdemon">Abdemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evagoras_I" title="Evagoras I">Evagoras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azemilcus" title="Azemilcus">Azemilcus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eshmunazar_I" title="Eshmunazar I">Eshmunazar I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabnit" title="Tabnit">Tabnit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amoashtart" title="Amoashtart">Queen Amoashtart (regent)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eshmunazar_II" title="Eshmunazar II">Eshmunazar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bodashtart" title="Bodashtart">Bodashtart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yatonmilk" title="Yatonmilk">Yatonmilk</a></li>
<li>Anysos</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetramnestos" title="Tetramnestos">Tetramnestos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baalshillem_I" title="Baalshillem I">Baalshillem I</a></li>
<li>Baana</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baalshillem_II" title="Baalshillem II">Baalshillem II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdashtart_I" title="Abdashtart I">Abdashtart I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennes" title="Tennes">Tennes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evagoras_II" title="Evagoras II">Evagoras II</a></li>
<li>Abdashtart II</li>
<li>Abdashtart III</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artasyrus" title="Artasyrus">Artasyrus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orontes_I" title="Orontes I">Orontes I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orontes_II" title="Orontes II">Orontes II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aryandes" title="Aryandes">Aryandes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pherendates" title="Pherendates">Pherendates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)" title="Achaemenes (satrap)">Achaemenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Egypt)" title="Arsames (satrap of Egypt)">Arsames</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pherendates_II" title="Pherendates II">Pherendates II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabaces" title="Sabaces">Sabaces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazaces" title="Mazaces">Mazaces</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dadarsi" title="Dadarsi">Dadarsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masistes" title="Masistes">Masistes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bessus" title="Bessus">Bessus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydarnes" title="Hydarnes">Hydarnes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydarnes_the_Younger" title="Hydarnes the Younger">Hydarnes the Younger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atropates" title="Atropates">Atropates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Satraps of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syennesis_(5th_century)" title="Syennesis (5th century)">Syennesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camisares" title="Camisares">Camisares</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Cilicia)" title="Arsames (satrap of Cilicia)">Arsames</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Other known satraps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megabyzus" title="Megabyzus">Megabyzus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abrocomas" title="Abrocomas">Abrocomas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belesys" class="mw-redirect" title="Belesys">Belesys</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Ochus</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satibarzanes" title="Satibarzanes">Satibarzanes</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atizyes" title="Atizyes">Atizyes</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Phrygia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Phrygia">Greater Phrygia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phrataphernes" title="Phrataphernes">Phrataphernes</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Persis" title="Ariobarzanes of Persis">Ariobarzanes</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abulites" title="Abulites">Abulites</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template:Hellenistic rulers">Hellenistic rulers</a> from around 330 BC</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  <span class="nobold">(<i>foreign ruler</i></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><u>vassal king</u></span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1595 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li>
<li>Unknown king (?)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li>
<li><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1729–1157 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li>
<li>Unknown king</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li>
<li>Unknown king</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li>
<li>Kadashman-Sah</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–732 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(732–626 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li>
<li><u><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></u></li>
<li><u><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></i></u></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li>
<li><u><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></i></u></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li>
<li><u><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></u></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(626–539 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(539–331 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cambyses II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(331–141 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></i></li>
<li><i>Seleucus</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(141 BC – AD 224)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li>
<li><i>Ubulna</i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></i></li>
<li><i>Asi'abatar</i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></i></li>
<li><i>Ispubarza</i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></i></li>
<li><i>Piriustana</i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i>Teleuniqe</i><sup>♀</sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182483#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1811064/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000023407859">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54149294488180522886">VIAF</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1313154380971230291392">2</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30148207929800342652">3</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/663159234760003372766">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2030055">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118800582">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274677005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83124464">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs689h7d23rhgwl">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040130015&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p14381186X">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572430205606">Poland</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118800582.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/123252385">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1707953960' |