Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | name = Mega Mega Mega Bigeye tuna yes yes yes | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite journal | author1 = Collette, B. | author2 = Acero, A. | author3 = Amorim, A.F. | author4 = Boustany, A. | author5 = Canales Ramirez, C. | author6 = Cardenas, G. | author7 = Carpenter, K.E. | author8 = Chang, S.-K. | author9 = Chiang, W. | author10 = de Oliveira Leite Jr., N. | author11 = Di Natale, A. | author12 = Die, D. | author13 = Fox, W. | author14 = Fredou, F.L. | author15 = Graves, J. | author16 = Viera Hazin, F.H. | author17 = Hinton, M. | author18 = Juan Jorda, M. | author19 = Minte Vera, C. | author20 = Miyabe, N. | author21 = Montano Cruz, R. | author22 = Nelson, R. | author23 = Oxenford, H. | author24 = Restrepo, V. | author25 = Schaefer, K. | author26 = Schratwieser, J. | author27 = Serra, R. | author28 = Sun, C. | author29 = Teixeira Lessa, R.P. | author30 = Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E. | author31 = Uozumi, Y. | author32 = Yanez, E. | display-authors = 3 | year = 2011 | title = ''Thunnus obesus'' | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21859/46912402 | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2011 | page = e.T21859A9329255 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21859A9329255.en | doi-access = free }}</ref> | image = Thunnus_obesus_(bigeye_tuna).jpg | parent = Thunnus (Thunnus) | taxon = Thunnus obesus | authority = ([[Richard Thomas Lowe|Lowe]], 1839) | range_map= | range_map_caption= | synonyms = *''Thunnus obesus'' <small>(Lowe, 1839)</small> *''Thynnus obesus'' <small>Lowe, 1839</small> *''Germogus obesus'' <small>(Lowe, 1839)</small> *''Neothunnus obesus'' <small>(Lowe, 1839)</small> *''Parathunnus obesus'' <small>(Lowe, 1839)</small> *''Thynnus sibi'' <small>[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1844</small> *''Germo sibi'' <small>(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)</small> *''Orcynus sibi'' <small>(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)</small> *''Parathunnus sibi'' <small>(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)</small> *''Thunnus sibi'' <small>(Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)</small> *''Thunnus mebachi'' <small>[[Kishinouye]], 1915</small> *''Parathunnus mebachi'' <small>(Kishinouye, 1915)</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ITIS |id=172428 |taxon=''Thunnus obesus'' |access-date=9 December 2012}}</ref><ref name = FishBase>{{FishBase|Thunnus|obesus|month=February|year=2018}}</ref> }} The '''bigeye tuna''' ('''''Thunnus obesus''''') is a species of true [[tuna]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Thunnus]]'', belonging to the wider [[mackerel]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Scombridae]]. In [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], it is one of two species known as '''{{okina}}ahi''', the other being the [[yellowfin tuna]].<ref>[http://www.hawaii-seafood.org/yellowfin.html?ref=Hawaii] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331171539/http://www.hawaii-seafood.org/yellowfin.html?ref=Hawaii|date=March 31, 2009}}</ref> Bigeye tuna are found in the open waters of all tropical and temperate [[ocean]]s, but not in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. ==Description== Bigeye tuna can grow up to {{cvt|2.5|m|in ft}} in length. Maximum weight of individuals probably exceeds {{convert|180|kg|abbr=on}}, with the all-tackle angling record standing at {{convert|178|kg|abbr=on}}. They are large, deep-bodied, streamlined fish with large heads and eyes. The [[pectoral fin]]s are very long, reaching back beyond the start of the second [[dorsal fin]] in juveniles and the space between the first and second dorsal fin in adults. They have 13 or 14 [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] spines. ==Physiology== Bigeye tuna have a unique physiology which allows them to forage in deeper colder waters and tolerate [[oxygen]]-poor waters. Bigeye tuna are reported to tolerate ambient oxygen levels of 1.0 mL/L and routinely reach depths where ambient oxygen content is below 1.5 mL/L,<ref name="iccat.int">{{cite web |url=https://www.iccat.int/Documents/CVSP/CV057_2005/no_2/CV057020142.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605043338/http://www.iccat.int/Documents/CVSP/CV057_2005/no_2/CV057020142.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-05 }}</ref> largely due to the presence of blood with a high oxygen affinity.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Blood oxygen-binding characteristics of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), a high-energy-demand teleost that is tolerant of low ambient oxygen | doi=10.1007/s002270000255 | volume=136|issue = 6|journal=Marine Biology|pages=1087–1098 | last1 = Lowe | first1 = T. E.|year = 2000| s2cid=84769358 }}</ref> Vascular counter-current heat exchangers maintain body temperatures above ambient water temperature. These heat exchangers are engaged to conserve heat in deeper colder waters and are disengaged to allow rapid warming as the tuna ascend from cold water into warmer surface waters, providing short-latency, physiological thermoregulation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Physiological and behavioural thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) | volume=358 |issue=6385 | doi=10.1038/358410a0|pmid = 1641023|journal=Nature|pages=410–412 | last1 = Holland | first1 = Kim N.|year=1992 | bibcode=1992Natur.358..410H | s2cid=4344226 }}</ref> The eyes of bigeye tuna are well developed and with a large spherical lens allowing their vision to function well in low light conditions.<ref name="iccat.int"/> ==Life history== Conventional tagging data and counts of growth increments in otoliths (ear bones) of bigeye tuna have recorded a maximum age of 16 years.<ref name="publish.csiro.au">{{cite journal|title=CSIRO PUBLISHING - Marine & Freshwater Research|volume=57|issue=7|pages=713–724|journal=Csiro.au|doi=10.1071/MF05255|year=2006|last1=Farley|first1=Jessica H.|last2=Clear|first2=Naomi P.|last3=Leroy|first3=Bruno|last4=Davis|first4=Tim L. O.|last5=McPherson|first5=Geoff}}</ref> Recorded lengths at which sexual maturity is attained varies geographically with a length at which 50% of fishes sampled are mature of 135&nbsp;cm in the eastern Pacific Ocean and 102–105&nbsp;cm in the western Pacific Ocean.<ref name="publish.csiro.au"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Bulletins/Bulletin-Vol.-23-No-1-ENG.pdf|title=Reproductive Biology of Bigeye Tuna ''(Thunnus Obesus)'' in the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean|last1=Schaefer|first1=Kurt M.|last2=Fuller|first2=Daniel W.|last3=Miyabe|first3=Naozumi|pages=7–8|type=Bulletin|volume=23|issue=1|date=2005|location=La Jolla, California|publisher=Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission|access-date=2014-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143617/https://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Bulletins/Bulletin-Vol.-23-No-1-ENG.pdf|archive-date=2015-12-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> This translates to an age of maturity of 2 – 4 years. Differences in methods of studies may contribute to this variability. [[Spawning]] takes place across most months of the year in tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, becoming seasonal at higher latitudes when [[sea surface temperature]]s are above 24&nbsp;°C. In the northwestern tropical Atlantic spawning occurs in June and July, and in January and February in the [[Gulf of Guinea]], which is the only known Atlantic nursery area. ==Behavior== ===Vertical movement=== Bigeye tuna undertake a distinct [[Diel vertical migration|diel shift in vertical behaviour]], generally descending at dawn to deeper, cooler waters and returning to shallower, warmer waters at dusk. During the day they can undertake vertical movements into waters of 300–500 m depth that can be as much as 20&nbsp;°C cooler than surface waters.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{cite journal|title=Vertical movements, behavior, and habitat of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, ascertained from archival tag data | doi=10.1007/s00227-010-1524-3 | volume=157|issue = 12|journal=Marine Biology|pages=2625–2642 | last1 = Schaefer | first1 = Kurt M.|year = 2010| s2cid=85941049 }}</ref><ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{cite journal|title=Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) vertical movements in the Azores Islands determined with pop-up satellite archival tags | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2419.2008.00464.x | volume=17|issue = 2|journal=Fisheries Oceanography|pages=74–83 | last1 = Arrizabalaga | first1 = H.|year = 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.013 | volume=86 | issue=1–2 | title=Spatiotemporal variability in bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) dive behavior in the central North Pacific Ocean | journal=Progress in Oceanography | pages=81–93 | last1 = Howell | first1 = Evan A.| year=2010 | bibcode=2010PrOce..86...81H }}</ref> Individuals undertake thermoregulatory behaviour whilst at depth, periodically returning from deeper, cooler waters to shallower, warmer waters to re-warm.<ref name="link.springer.com"/><ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com"/> Across the Pacific Ocean the depths at which bigeye tuna spend the majority of their time during the day vary: in the eastern Pacific the majority of time is spent at 200–350 m; around Hawaii the majority of time is spent at 300–400 m and in the Coral Sea the majority of time is spent at 300–500 m. These suggest that bigeye tuna (or their prey) are tracking an optimum temperature (10-15&nbsp;°C) which is shallower in the eastern Pacific Ocean than in the western Pacific Ocean.<ref name="nrcresearchpress.com">{{cite journal|title=Behaviour and habitat preferences of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and their influence on longline fishery catches in the western Coral Sea| doi=10.1139/F08-148|volume=65|issue = 11|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|pages=2427–2443 | last1 = Evans | first1 = Karen|year = 2008}}</ref> The diel shift in the vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna has been suggested to be associated with the diel migration of their prey.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Movement patterns of large bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the open ocean, determined using ultrasonic telemetry | doi=10.1007/s002270050694 | volume=136|issue = 2|journal=Marine Biology|pages=361–371 | last1 = Dagorn | first1 = L.|year = 2000| s2cid=84674342 }}</ref> This is supported by the identification of a number of diurnally migrating species from the stomachs of bigeye tuna <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|title=Feeding ecology and niche segregation in oceanic top predators off eastern Australia| doi=10.1007/s00227-010-1500-y|volume=157|issue = 11|journal=Marine Biology|pages=2347–2368 | last1 = Young | first1 = Jock W.|year = 2010| s2cid=85067043}}</ref> and observations of close associations between bigeye tuna and the [[sound scattering layer]] both during the day and at night.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Simultaneous observations of tuna movements and their prey by sonic tracking and acoustic surveys| doi=10.1023/A:1017065709190|volume=371/372|journal=Hydrobiologia|pages=61–69 | last1 = Josse | first1 = Erwan|year = 1998| s2cid=42568333}}</ref> Typical vertical behaviour of bigeye tuna shifts when fish associate with seamounts, buoys and fish aggregating devices, with individuals remaining in surface waters. Association with objects has been observed to occur over periods of approximately 10–30 days.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00229.x | volume=12|issue = 3|journal=Fisheries Oceanography|pages=152–169 | last1 = Musyl | first1 = Michael K.|year = 2003}}</ref> This associative behaviour of bigeye tuna (and also other species of tuna) is taken advantage of by fisheries with approximately 27% of all catches of tunas by purse seine vessels in the western and central Pacific Ocean derived from fish aggregating devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alr-journal.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8897387 |title=Cambridge Journals Online - Aquatic Living Resources - Abstract - A critique of the ecosystem impacts of drifting and anchored FADs use by purse-seine tuna fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean |access-date=2013-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010101221/http://www.alr-journal.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8897387 |archive-date=2014-10-10 }}</ref> ===Migration=== Results from tagging studies show that bigeye tuna are capable of traversing ocean basins, but can also show a high degree of site fidelity to some regions.<ref name="nrcresearchpress.com"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Horizontal movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) near Hawaii determined by Kalman filter analysis of archival tagging data | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00228.x | volume=12|issue = 3|journal=Fisheries Oceanography|pages=141–151 | last1 = Sibert | first1 = John R.|year = 2003|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=CSIRO PUBLISHING - Marine & Freshwater Research|volume=49|issue=6|pages=475–489|journal=Csiro.au|doi=10.1071/mf97210|year=1998|last1=Hampton|first1=John|last2=Gunn|first2=John}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iccat.es/Documents/CVSP/CV057_2005/no_2/CV057020085.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033743/http://iccat.es/Documents/CVSP/CV057_2005/no_2/CV057020085.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.fishres.2014.08.018 | volume=161 | title=Movements, dispersion, and mixing of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) tagged and released in the equatorial Central Pacific Ocean, with conventional and archival tags | journal=Fisheries Research | pages=336–355 | last1 = Schaefer | first1 = Kurt| year=2015 | url=http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/Reports/Schaefer_14_Movements_bigeye.pdf }}</ref> One study suggested an annual migration influenced by water temperature, specifically that near the surface. Central Pacific bigeye migrate from subtropical waters in September to tropical waters in March. The fish also briefly travel outside these thermal ranges. Other data indicate similar Pacific-wide variations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/PFRP/soest_jimar_rpts/hyder_bet_migration.pdf|title=Migration and Abundance of Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus), and Other Pelagic Species, Inferred from Catch Rates and Their Relation to Variations in the Ocean Environment|last1=Hyder|first1=Patrick|first2=Keith |last2=Bigelow |first3=Russell |last3=Brainard |first4=Michael |last4=Seki |first5=June |last5=Firing |first6=Pierre |last6=Flament|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> ===Diet=== Bigeye tuna primarily feed on epipelagic and mesopelagic fish, [[crustaceans]] and [[cephalopods]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="food">{{cite journal|last=Potier|first=M. |author2=F. Marsac |author3=V. Lucas |author4=R. Sabatie |author5=J-P Hallier |author6=F. Menard |title=Feeding partitioning among tuna taken in surface and mid--water layers: the case of yellowfin and bigeye in the western tropical indian ocean|journal=Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci.|year=2004|volume=3|issue=1|pages=51–62}}</ref> ==Commercial fishery== [[File:Thunnus obesus.jpg|thumb|Bigeye tuna caught with three-pole one-line rig]] Globally, approximately 450,500 metric tonnes of bigeye tuna were caught by commercial vessels in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3740t/index.html|title=FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. FAO yearbook. Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. 2012/FAO annuaire. Statistiques des pêches et de l'aquaculture. 2012/FAO anuario. Estadísticas de pesca y acuicultura. 2012|work=fao.org|access-date=2014-10-07|archive-date=2017-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027113332/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3740t/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Commercial fisheries for bigeye tuna are regionally managed within the Pacific Ocean by the [[Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission]] (WCPFC) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcpfc.int/|title=Home - WCPFC|work=wcpfc.int}}</ref> and the [[Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission]] (IATTC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iattc.org/|title=Inter-American-Tropical-Tuna-Commission|work=iattc.org}}</ref> In the Indian Ocean catches are managed by the [[Indian Ocean Tuna Commission]] (IOTC) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iotc.org/node|title=IOTC - Indian Ocean Tuna Commission / Commission des Thons de l'Océan Indien|work=iotc.org}}</ref> and in the Atlantic Ocean by the [[International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas]] (ICCAT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccat.int/en/|title=ICCAT|work=iccat.int}}</ref> Regular stock assessments are carried out for bigeye tuna by each of the regional fisheries management organisations with bigeye tuna currently regarded as [[Overfishing|overfished]] in the western and central Pacific Ocean <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcpfc.int/node/18975|title=Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean Rev 1 (25 July 2014).|work=wcpfc.int}}</ref> and eastern Pacific Ocean,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iattc.org/Meetings/Meetings2014/MAYSAC/PDFs/SAC-05-May-2014-Meeting-report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014113645/https://www.iattc.org/Meetings/Meetings2014/MAYSAC/PDFs/SAC-05-May-2014-Meeting-report.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-14 }}</ref> close to or being overfished in the Atlantic Ocean <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/ExecSum/BET_EN.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727003740/http://www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/ExecSum/BET_EN.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-27 }}</ref> and not overfished in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iotc.org/documents/stock-assessment-bigeye-tuna-indian-ocean-2012|title=Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the Indian Ocean for 2012|work=iotc.org}}</ref> The majority of commercial catches across the Pacific Ocean is by [[Seine fishing#Purse seine|purse seine]] fleets, while catches are dominated by [[Longline fishing|longline]] fleets in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Various conservation measures have been introduced by the regional fisheries management organisations which apply to particular sized vessels and fleets and include measures such as spatial and temporal closures, trip duration limits, observer requirements and limits on catches <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Resolutions/C-13-01-Tuna-conservation-in-the-EPO-2014-2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014113641/https://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Resolutions/C-13-01-Tuna-conservation-in-the-EPO-2014-2016.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccat.es/Documents%5CRecs%5Ccompendiopdf-e%5C2010-01-e.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715051922/http://iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2010-01-e.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iotc.org/cmms|title=Conservation and Management Measures (CMMs)|work=iotc.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcpfc.int/doc/cmm-2013-01/placeholder|title=Conservation and Management Measure for bigeye, yellowfin and skipjack tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean|work=wcpfc.int}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery widths="180"> File:Fishermen with bigeye tuna.jpg| {{center|Landed by rod and reel}} File:Bigeye tuna on ice.jpg| {{center|On ice}} </gallery> ==Threats== The bigeye tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the [[ocean warming]] adding further stress to the fish species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Roxy|first1=Mathew Koll|last2=Modi|first2=Aditi|last3=Murtugudde|first3=Raghu|last4=Valsala|first4=Vinu|last5=Panickal|first5=Swapna|last6=Prasanna Kumar|first6=S.|last7=Ravichandran|first7=M.|last8=Vichi|first8=Marcello|last9=Lévy|first9=Marina|date=2016-01-28|title=A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=43|issue=2|pages=2015GL066979|doi=10.1002/2015GL066979|bibcode=2016GeoRL..43..826R|issn=1944-8007|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01259414/file/Roxy_2016_A_reduction_in.pdf|doi-access=free}}</ref> Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the tuna in the Indian Ocean, where rapid warming of the ocean has resulted in a reduction of marine [[phytoplankton]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Conservation== Most [[Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification#Guides and advisory lists|seafood sustainability guides]] encourage consumption of other types of tuna. In 2010, Greenpeace International added bigeye tuna to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species Greenpeace International Seafood Red list] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205030730/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/seafood/red-list-of-species |date=February 5, 2010 }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|33em}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Thunnus obesus}} {{Wikispecies|Thunnus obesus}} {{Refbegin}} *[http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/habitatprotection/profile/hms/atlantic_bigeye_tunahome.htm National Marine Fisheries Service, 'Atlantic Bigeye Tuna'] *[http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/tuna/species_pages/atl_bigeye_tuna.htm Atlantic bigeye tuna] ''NOAA FishWatch'' *[http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/tuna/species_pages/pacific_bigeye_tuna.htm Pacific bigeye tuna] ''NOAA FishWatch'' *[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071126144222.htm ScienceDaily (Dec. 3, 2007), 'Turning A Blind Eye To Bigeye Tuna'] * {{FishBase | genus = Thunnus |species = obesus | month = January | year = 2006}} * Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, ''Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand'', (William Collins Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982) {{ISBN|0-00-216987-8}} * Clover, Charles. 2004. ''The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat''. Ebury Press, London. {{ISBN|0-09-189780-7}} *[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/pfrp/reprints/iccat_bigeye.pdf Richard W. Brill1, Keith A. Bigelow, Michael K. Musyl, Kerstin A. Fritsches, Eric J. Warrant, 'BIGEYE TUNA (THUNNUS OBESUS) BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO STOCK ASSESSMENTS AND FISHERY BIOLOGY'. ICCAT, 2005] {{Refend}} {{Tuna|state=expanded}} {{Commercial fish topics}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1122241}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fish described in 1839]] [[Category:Commercial fish]] [[Category:Fish of Hawaii]] [[Category:Fish of Thailand]] [[Category:Thunnus]]'