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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Pliocene|recent}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitch |first1=J.E |title=Teleost fish otoliths from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina (Yorktown Formation: Pliocene) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |date=1983 |volume=53 |pages=509–529 |doi=10.5479/si.00810266.53.509 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/267478#page/519/mode/1up}}</ref>
| name = Atlantic cod
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN2.3
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 1996">{{cite iucn |author=Sobel, J. |date=1996 |title=''Gadus morhua'' |volume=1996 |page=e.T8784A12931575 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = Atlantic Cod, Atlantischer Kabeljau (Gadus morhua).jpg
| image2 = Atlantic cod.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| taxon = Gadus morhua
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| range_map = Gadus morhua-Atlantic cod.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of Atlantic cod
| synonyms = *''Asellus major''
*''Gadus callarias'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
*''Gadus vertagus'' <small>[[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792</small>
*''Gadus heteroglossus'' <small>Walbaum, 1792</small>
*''Gadus ruber'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1803</small>
*''Gadus arenosus'' <small>[[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1815</small>
*''Gadus rupestris'' <small>Mitchill, 1815</small>
*''Morhua vulgaris'' <small>[[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828</small>
*''Morhua punctatus'' <small>Fleming, 1828</small>
*''Gadus nanus'' <small>Faber, 1829</small>
*''Morrhua americana'' <small>[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer]], 1839</small>
}}
The '''Atlantic cod''' ({{plural form}}: cod; '''''Gadus morhua''''') is a [[fish]] of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as ''[[cod]]'' or ''codling''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used numerous forms such as ''mulvel'', ''milvel'', ''melvel'', and ''milwell'' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and ''morhwell'' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the ''common cod'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume= III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pages=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |page=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the ''Scotch cod'',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume= II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |page=816 }}.</ref> and as the ''green fish'' or ''greenfish''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted [[stockfish]],<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref> and as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] [[salt cod]] or [[clipfish]].{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include ''cured cod'',<ref name=greencod/> ''ling'',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and ''haberdine''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as ''green cod'', ''white cod'', ''corefish'',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> ''coursfish'',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].
Atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-07 |title=Verdensrekordtorsken blir fransk middag |work=NRK |url=https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/verdensrekordtorsken-blir-fransk-middag-1.13994150 |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Bergey náði 50 kílóa þorski |work=MBL |url=https://www.mbl.is/200milur/frettir/2022/03/29/bergey_nadi_50_kiloa_thorski/ |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621326 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8211}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=. Northwestern Working Group (NWWG) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621020 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8186}}</ref>
Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its [[lateral line]] (used to detect vibrations)<ref name="Bleckmann 13–25">{{Cite journal|last1=Bleckmann|first1=Horst|last2=Zelick|first2=Randy|date=2009-03-01|title=Lateral line system of fish|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x|issn=1749-4877|pmid=21392273|doi-access=free}}</ref> is clearly visible. Its [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] ranges from the coastal shoreline down to {{convert|300|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} along the [[continental shelf]].
Atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. Atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north European fishers who followed it across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America. It supported the US and Canada fishing economy until 1992, when the Canadian Government implemented [[Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery|a ban on fishing cod]].
Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (decline of more than 95% of maximum historical [[biomass]]) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing.<ref name="Frank" /> This absence of the [[apex predator]] has led to a [[trophic cascade]] in many areas.<ref name="Frank" /> Many other cod stocks remain at risk. The Atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]], per a 1996 assessment that the IUCN notes needs updating.<ref name="iucn status 1996" /> A 2013 assessment covering only Europe shows the Atlantic cod has rebounded in Europe, and it has been relabelled least concern.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Gadus morhua'' |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8784/45097319#assessment-information}}</ref>
The Bacalao cod fish (pl.: cod; Gadus morhua) is a fish of the family Gadidae, widely consumed by humans. It is also commercially known as cod or codling.[3][n 1] Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted stockfish,[4][10] and as cured salt cod or clipfish.[n 2]
In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,Norwey and around both coasts of Greenland and the Labrador Sea; it is found from the Bay of Biscay north to the Arctic Ocean, including the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, Sea of the Hebrides,[14] areas around Iceland.
Atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.[15][16] They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.[17][18]
Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the dorsal side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its lateral line (used to detect vibrations)[19] is clearly visible. Its habitat ranges from the coastal shoreline down to 300 m (1,000 ft) along the continental shelf.
Atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. Atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north European fishers who followed it across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America.
Population tracking
Bacalao populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. Bacalao or Cod fish living in coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea with usually in the sea water with temperature of the 0 degrees or up to 8 degrees, maximum 13 degrees are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland.
==Behaviour==
[[File:Atlantic cod under a shipwreck.jpg|thumb|left|Atlantic cod are [[demersal fish]]—they prefer sea bottoms with coarse sediments.<ref>[http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/cod/species_pages/atlantic_cod.htm Atlantic cod] ''NOAA FishWatch''. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref>]][[File:Jonge kabeljauwen oftewel gul rondom een wrak met andere vissen-4885742.webm|left|upright=1.35|thumb|Young Atlantic cod avoid larger cod and pouting (''[[Trisopterus luscus]]'') and crabs on a wreck in the southern [[North Sea]]]]
===Shoaling===
[[File:Kabeljauwen houden zich op bij een wrak en bevrijden zichzelf-4885741.webm|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Shoaling and schooling|Shoaling]] Atlantic cod on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]]]
Atlantic cod are a [[Shoaling and schooling|shoaling]] species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] [[Fish migration|migrations]] inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.<ref name=Pitcher>{{cite book|last=Pitcher|first=TJ, Parrish JK|title=Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts|year=1993|publisher=Chapman and Hall|pages=363–427}}</ref> However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.<ref name=DeBlois>{{cite journal|last=DeBlois|first=Elisabeth M.|author2=Rose, George A.|title=Cross-shoal variability in the feeding habits of migrating Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)|journal=Oecologia|date=1 January 1996|volume=108|issue=1|pages=192–196|doi=10.1007/BF00333231|pmid=28307750|bibcode=1996Oecol.108..192D|s2cid=1592090}}</ref>
===Predation===
Atlantic cod are apex predators in the Baltic and adults are generally free from the concerns of [[predation]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Steneck|first=R. S.|title=Apex predators and trophic cascades in large marine ecosystems: Learning from serendipity|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=14 May 2012|volume=109|issue=21|pages=7953–7954|doi=10.1073/pnas.1205591109|pmid=22586126|pmc=3361373|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.7953S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Juvenile cod, however, may serve as prey for adult cod, which sometimes practice [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. Juvenile cod make substrate decisions based on risk of predation. Substrates refer to different feeding and swimming environments. Without apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod demonstrated a preference for finer-grained substrates such as sand and gravel-pebble. However, in the presence of a predator, they preferred to seek safety in the space available between stones of a cobble substrate. Selection of cobble significantly reduces the risk of predation. Without access to cobble, the juvenile cod simply tries to escape a predator by fleeing.
Additionally, juvenile Atlantic cod vary their behaviour according to the foraging behaviour of predators. In the vicinity of a passive predator, cod behaviour changes very little. The juveniles prefer finer-grained substrates and otherwise avoid the safer kelp, steering clear of the predator. In contrast, in the presence of an actively foraging predator, juveniles are highly avoidant and hide in cobble or in kelp if cobble is unavailable.<ref name=Gotceitas>{{cite journal|last=Gotceitas|first=V|author2=S. Fraser |author3=J.A. Brown|title=Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator|journal=Marine Biology|year=1995|volume=123 | issue = 3|pages=421–430|doi=10.1007/bf00349220|bibcode=1995MarBi.123..421G|s2cid=84470358}}</ref>
Heavy fishing of cod in the 1990s and the collapse of American and [[Canadian cod]] stocks resulted in [[trophic cascade]]s. As cod are [[apex predator]]s, [[overfishing]] them removed a significant predatory pressure on other Atlantic fish and crustacean species. Population-limiting effects on several species including [[American lobster]]s, [[crab]]s, and [[shrimp]] from cod predation have decreased significantly, and the abundance of these species and their increasing range serve as evidence of the Atlantic cod's role as a major predator rather than prey.<ref name=":0" />
===Swimming===
Atlantic cod have been recorded to swim at speeds of a minimum of {{cvt|2|-|5|cm/s|kn}} and a maximum of {{cvt|21|-|54|cm/s|kn}} with a mean swimming speed of {{cvt|9|-|17|cm/s|kn}}. In one hour, cod have been recorded to cover a mean range of {{cvt|99|to|226|m}}. Swimming speed was higher during the day than at night. This is reflected in the fact that cod more actively search for food during the day. Cod likely modify their activity pattern according to the length of daylight, thus activity varies with time of year.<ref name=Lokkeborg>{{cite journal|last=LØKKEBORG|first=SVEIN|s2cid=25607249|title=Feeding behaviour of cod, Gadus morhua: activity rhythm and chemically mediated food search|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1 August 1998|volume=56|issue=2|pages=371–378|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.0772|pmid=9787028}}</ref>
===Response to changing temperatures===
Swimming and physiological behaviours change in response to fluctuations in water temperature. [[Respirometry]] experiments show that heart rates of Atlantic cod change drastically with changes in temperature of only a few degrees. A rise in water temperature causes marked increases in cod swimming activity. Cod typically avoid new temperature conditions, and the temperatures can dictate where they are distributed in water. They prefer to be deeper, in colder water layers during the day, and in shallower, warmer water layers at night. These fine-tuned behavioural changes to water temperature are driven by an effort to maintain homeostasis to preserve energy. This is demonstrated by the fact that a decrease of only {{convert|2.5|C-change|0}} caused a highly costly increase in metabolic rate of 15 to 30%.<ref name=Claireaux>{{cite journal|last=Claireaux|first=G|title=Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating temperature conditions|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|year=1995|volume=198 | issue = 1|pages=49–60|doi=10.1242/jeb.198.1.49|pmid=9317317|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/1/49.short|access-date=27 October 2013|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Feeding and diet==
The diet of the Atlantic cod consists of fish such as [[Clupea|herring]], [[capelin]] (in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean), and [[sand eel]]s, as well as [[Mollusca|mollusks]], [[tunicate]]s, [[Ctenophora|comb jellies]], [[crustacean]]s, [[echinoderm]]s and [[Marine worm|sea worms]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gadus_morhua/ | title=Gadus morhua (Cod) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> Stomach sampling studies have discovered that small Atlantic cod feed primarily on crustaceans, while large Atlantic cod feed primarily on fish.<ref name=Daan>{{cite journal|last=Daan|first=N.|title=A quantitative analysis of the food intake of North Sea cod, Gadus Morhua|journal=Netherlands Journal of Sea Research|date=1 December 1973|volume=6|issue=4|pages=479–517|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(73)90002-1|bibcode=1973NJSR....6..479D}}</ref> In certain regions, the main food source is [[decapods]] with fish as a complementary food item in the diet.<ref name=Klemetsen>{{cite journal|last=Klemetsen|first=A.|title=Food and feeding habits of cod from the Balsfjord, northern Norway during a one-year period|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|date=1 May 1982|volume=40|issue=2|pages=101–111|doi=10.1093/icesjms/40.2.101}}</ref> Wild Atlantic cod throughout the [[North Sea]] depend, to a large extent, on commercial fish species also used in fisheries, such as [[Atlantic mackerel]], [[haddock]], [[Merlangius|whiting]], [[Atlantic herring]], [[European plaice]], and [[common sole]], making fishery manipulation of cod significantly easier.<ref name=Daan /> Ultimately, food selection by cod is affected by the food item size relative to their own size. However, providing for size, cod do exhibit food preference and are not simply driven by availability.<ref name=Daan />
Atlantic cod practice some [[cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. In the southern North Sea, 1–2% (by weight) of stomach contents for cod larger than {{cvt|10|cm|in|0}} consisted of juvenile cod. In the northern North Sea, cannibalism was higher, at 10%.<ref name=Daan /> Other reports of cannibalism have estimated as high as 56% of the diet consists of juvenile cod.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354">{{cite journal|last=Ponomarenko|first=I. Ja|title=Comparative characteristics of some biological indices of the bottom stages of 0-group cod belonging to the 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 year-classes|journal=Spec. Publ. Int. Comm. Northw. Atlant. Fish|year=1965|pages=349–354}}</ref>
When hatched, cod larvae are [[Precociality and altriciality|altricial]], entirely dependent on a yolk sac for sustenance until mouth opening at ~24 degree days.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Perez-Casanova |first1=J.C. |last2=Murray |first2=H.M. |last3=Gallant |first3=J.W. |last4=Ross |first4=N.W. |last5=Douglas |first5=S.E. |last6=Johnson |first6=S.C. |date=February 2006 |title=Development of the digestive capacity in larvae of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848605003789 |journal=Aquaculture |language=en |volume=251 |issue=2–4 |pages=377–401 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.007|bibcode=2006Aquac.251..377P }}</ref> The stomach generally develops at around 240 degree days.<ref name=":4" /> Before this point the intestine is the main point of food digestion using pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin.<ref name=":4" />
==Reproduction==
[[File:Gadus morhua (High Arctic, Canada).png|thumb|Atlantic cod in a High Arctic Lake in Canada. These cod resemble those of past Atlantic catches. Measuring {{cvt|47|-|53|in|cm|order=flip}} long and weighing between {{cvt|44|and|57|lb|kg|order=flip}}, it is easy to see that today's {{cvt|16|-|20|in|cm|order=flip}} commercially caught cod are less than half this size. A cod 2.7 times as long would weigh 20 times as much.]]
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Gravid female cod.jpg|Spawning female in captivity
File:Jonge kabeljauwen of gul nieuwsgierig bij een wrak-4885743.webm|Juveniles on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]
File:Gadus morhua (head).jpg|Atlantic cod juvenile
File:Gadus morhua Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG|Adult
</gallery>
Atlantic cod will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between different populations and has also varied over time with a population.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Their [[gonad]]s take several months to develop and most populations will spawn from January to May.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2005 |title=Spawning and life history information for North Atlantic cod stocks |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18624242 |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.5478}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kjesbu |first1=Olav Sigurd |last2=Righton |first2=David |last3=Krüger-Johnsen |first3=Maria |last4=Thorsen |first4=Anders |last5=Michalsen |first5=Kathrine |last6=Fonn |first6=Merete |last7=Witthames |first7=Peter R. |date=April 2010 |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=C. Tara |title=Thermal dynamics of ovarian maturation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/F10-011 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |language=en |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=605–625 |doi=10.1139/F10-011 |hdl=11250/108908 |issn=0706-652X|hdl-access=free }}</ref> For many populations, the spawning grounds are located in a different area than the feeding grounds so require the fish to migrate in order to spawn. On the spawning area, males and females will form large schools. Based on behavioral observations of cod, the cod mating system has been likened to a [[lekking]] system, which is characterized by males aggregating and establishing dominance hierarchies, at which point females may visit and choose a spawning partner based on status and sexual characteristics.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354" /> Evidence suggests male sound production and other sexually selected characteristics allow female cod to actively choose a spawning partner. Males also exhibit aggressive interactions for access to females.<ref name="Hutchings">{{cite journal |last=Hutchings |first=Jeffrey A |author2=Bishop, Todd D |author3=McGregor-Shaw, Carolyn R |date=1 January 1999 |title=Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod: evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1139/f98-216}}</ref>
Atlantic cod are batch spawners, in which females will spawn approximately 5-20 batches of eggs over a period of time with 2–4 days between the release of each batch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kjesbu |first1=O S |last2=Solemdal |first2=P |last3=Bratland |first3=P |last4=Fonn |first4=M |date=1996-03-01 |title=Variation in annual egg production in individual captive Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/f95-215 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |language=en |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=610–620 |doi=10.1139/f95-215 |hdl=11250/109284 |issn=0706-652X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kjesbu |first=O. S. |date=February 1989 |title=The spawning activity of cod, Gadus morhua L. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x |bibcode=1989JFBio..34..195K |issn=0022-1112}}</ref> Each female will spawn between 2 hundred thousand and 15 million eggs, with larger females spawning more eggs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skjæraasen |first1=Jon Egil |last2=Nilsen |first2=Trygve |last3=Kjesbu |first3=Olav S |date=2006-02-01 |title=Timing and determination of potential fecundity in Atlantic cod (''Gadus morhua'') |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-218 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=310–320 |doi=10.1139/f05-218 |issn=0706-652X}}</ref> Females release gametes in a ventral mount, and males then [[fertilization|fertilize]] the released eggs. The eggs and newly hatched larvae float freely in the water and will drift with the current, with some populations relying upon the current to transport the larvae to nursery areas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The DK Nature Encyclopedia|last=Burnie|first=David|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|year=1998|isbn=0-7894-3411-3|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dknatureencyclop0000unse/page/189 189]|url=https://archive.org/details/dknatureencyclop0000unse/page/189}}</ref>
== Parasites ==
{{See also|Diseases and parasites in cod}}
Atlantic cod act as intermediate, paratenic, or definitive hosts to a large number of parasite species: 107 taxa listed by Hemmingsen and MacKenzie (2001)<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> and seven new records by Perdiguero-Alonso et al. (2008).<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> The predominant groups of cod parasites in the northeast Atlantic were [[trematode]]s (19 species) and [[nematode]]s (13 species), including larval [[anisakid]]s, which comprised 58.2% of the total number of individuals.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> Parasites of Atlantic cod include [[copepod]]s, [[digenean]]s, [[monogenean]]s, [[acanthocephalan]]s, [[cestode]]s, [[nematode]]s, [[myxozoan]]s, and [[protozoan]]s.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/>
== Fisheries ==
{{See also|Cod fisheries}}
[[File:Atlantic cod landings eastern.jpg|thumb|418x418px|Reported landings of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the eastern Atlantic for each of the 16 populations/management units. Data source: ICES.]]
[[File:Atlantic cod landings western Atlantic.jpg|thumb|420x420px|Landings of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the western Atlantic from 1960 to 2019. Data source: NAFO.]]
Atlantic cod has been targeted by humans for food for thousands of years,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ólafsdóttir |first1=Guðbjörg Ásta |last2=Pétursdóttir |first2=Gróa |last3=Bárðarson |first3=Hlynur |last4=Edvardsson |first4=Ragnar |date=2017-10-27 |editor-last=Corriero |editor-first=Aldo |title=A millennium of north-east Atlantic cod juvenile growth trajectories inferred from archaeological otoliths |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=e0187134 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0187134 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5659679 |pmid=29077736|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1287134O |doi-access=free }}</ref> and with the advent of modern fishing technology in the 1950s there was a rapid rise in landings.<ref name=":3" /> Cod is caught using a variety of fishing gears including [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawls]], [[Longline fishing|demersal longlines]], [[Seine fishing|Danish seine]], [[jigging]] and [[Handline fishing|hand lines]]. The quantity of cod landed from fisheries has been recorded by many countries from around the 1950s and attempts have been made to reconstruct historical catches going back hundreds of years.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Schijns |first1=Rebecca |last2=Froese |first2=Rainer |last3=Hutchings |first3=Jeffrey A |last4=Pauly |first4=Daniel |date=2021-10-27 |editor-last=Raicevich |editor-first=Sasa |title=Five centuries of cod catches in Eastern Canada |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/78/8/2675/6359257 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=78 |issue=8 |pages=2675–2683 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsab153 |issn=1054-3139|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/2833698 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]] and [[Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization|NAFO]] collects landings data, alongside other data, which is used to assess the status of the population against management objectives. The landings in the eastern Atlantic frequently exceeds 1 million tonnes annually from across 16 populations/management units with landings from the Northeast Atlantic cod population and Iceland accounting for the majority of the landings, Since 1992, when the cod [[Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery|moratorium]] took effect in Canada, landings in the western Atlantic have been considerably lower than in the eastern Atlantic, generally being less than 50,000 tonnes annually.
===Northwest Atlantic cod===
{{main|Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery}}
The Northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s.
Newfoundland's northern cod fishery can be traced back to the 16th century. On average, about {{cvt|300000|t|ST}} of cod were landed annually until the 1960s, when advances in technology enabled factory trawlers to take larger catches. By 1968, landings for the fish peaked at {{cvt|800000|t|ST}} before a gradual decline set in. With the reopening of the limited cod fisheries in 2006, nearly {{cvt|2700|t|ST}} of cod were hauled in. In 2007, offshore cod stocks were estimated at 1% of what they were in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104111114/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |title=N.L. funds cod fishery research on 15th anniversary of moratorium |date=2 July 2007 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref>
Technologies that contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod include engine-powered vessels and frozen food compartments aboard ships. Engine-powered vessels had larger nets, greater range, and better navigation. The capacity to catch fish became limitless. In addition, sonar technology gave an edge to detecting and catching fish. Sonar was originally developed during World War II to locate enemy submarines, but was later applied to locating schools of fish. These new technologies, as well as bottom trawlers that destroyed entire ecosystems, contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod. They were vastly different from old techniques used, such as hand lines and long lines.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
The fishery has only recently begun to recover, and may never fully recover because of a possibly stable change in the [[food chain]]. Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with [[haddock]], [[flounder]] and [[hake]], feeding upon smaller prey, such as [[herring]], [[capelin]], [[shrimp]], and [[snow crab]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite journal|author=Kenneth T. Frank |author2=Brian Petrie |author3=Jae S. Choi |author4=William C. Leggett|s2cid=45088691 |year=2005|title=Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=308 |pages=1621–1623 |doi=10.1126/science.1113075|pmid=15947186|issue=5728 |bibcode=2005Sci...308.1621F }}</ref> With the large predatory fish removed, their prey have had population explosions and have become the top predators, affecting the survival rates of cod eggs and fry.
In the winter of 2011–2012, the cod fishery succeeded in convincing [[NOAA]] to postpone for one year the planned 82% reduction in catch limits. Instead, the limit was reduced by 22%. The fishery brought in $15.8 million in 2010, coming second behind Georges Bank haddock among the region's 20 regulated bottom-dwelling [[groundfish]]. Data released in 2011 indicated that even closing the fishery would not allow populations to rebound by 2014 to levels required under federal law. Restrictions on cod effectively limit fishing on other groundfish species with which the cod swim, such as [[flounder]] and haddock.<ref name="Press">{{cite news |author=The Associated Press |title=Cod Fishermen's Alarm Outlasts Reprieve on Catch Limits |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/us/cod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html}}</ref>
===Northeast Atlantic cod===
[[File:NEAcodBiomass.png|thumb|Estimated biomass of the Northeast Arctic cod stock for the period 1946–2012, in million tons: Light blue bars represent the immature fraction of the stock, while the darker blue bars represent the spawning biomass.<ref>Arctic Fisheries Working Group of [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], published in the ICES Report AFWG CM 2013, ACOM:05. The estimation method was standard [[virtual population analysis]].</ref>]]
The Northeast Atlantic has the world's largest population of cod. By far, the largest part of this population is the Northeast Arctic cod, as it is labelled by the [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as ''skrei'', a Norwegian name meaning something like "the wanderer", distinguishing it from coastal cod. The Northeast Arctic cod is found in the [[Barents Sea]] area. This stock spawns in March and April along the Norwegian coast, about 40% around the [[Lofoten]] [[archipelago]]. Newly hatched larvae drift northwards with the coastal current while feeding on larval [[copepod]]s. By summer, the young cod reach the Barents Sea, where they stay for the rest of their lives, until their spawning migration. As the cod grow, they feed on [[krill]] and other small crustaceans and fish. Adult cod primarily feed on fish such as [[capelin]] and [[Atlantic herring|herring]]. The northeast Arctic cod also show [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalistic]] behaviour. Estimated stock size was {{cvt|2260000|t|ST}} in 2008.
The North Sea cod stock is primarily fished by [[European Union]] member states, the United Kingdom and Norway. In 1999, the catch was divided among Denmark (31%), Scotland (25%), the rest of the United Kingdom (12%), the Netherlands (10%), Belgium, Germany and Norway (17%). In the 1970s, the annual catch rose to between {{cvt|200000|and|300000|t|ST}}. Due to concerns about [[overfishing]], catch quotas were repeatedly reduced in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2003, ICES stated a high risk existed of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004. However, agriculture and fisheries ministers from the [[Council of the European Union]] endorsed the EU/Norway Agreement and set the total allowable catch <!-- (TAC) --> at {{cvt|27300|t|ST}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portunusgroup.com/products/atlantic-cod/|title=Our Products: Atlantic Cod|work=portunusgroup.com|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> [[Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification#Guides and advisory lists|Seafood sustainability guides]], such as the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]'s [[Seafood Watch]], often recommend environmentally conscious customers not purchase Atlantic cod.
The stock of Northeast Arctic cod was more than four million tons following [[World War II]], but declined to a historic minimum of {{cvt|740000|t|ST}} in 1983. The catch reached a historic maximum of {{cvt|1343000|t|ST}} in 1956, and bottomed out at {{cvt|212000|t|ST}} in 1990. Since 2000, the spawning stock has increased quite quickly, helped by low fishing pressure. The total catch in 2012 was {{cvt|754131|t|ST}}, the major fishers being Norway and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325115725/http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|title=ICES Stock Database Disclaimer|access-date=25 March 2014|archive-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>
=== Baltic cod ===
Decades of overfishing in combination with environmental problems, namely little water exchange, low salinity and oxygen-depletion at the sea bottom, caused major threats to the Baltic cod stocks.
There are at least two populations of cod in the [[Baltic Sea]]: One large population that spawns east of [[Bornholm]] and one population spawning west of Bornholm. Eastern Baltic cod is genetically distinct and adapted to the brackish environment. Adaptations include differences in hemoglobin type, osmoregulatory capacity, egg buoyancy, sperm swimming characteristics and spawning season. The adaptive responses to the environmental conditions in the Baltic Sea may contribute to an effective reproductive barrier, and thus, eastern Baltic cod can be viewed as an example of ongoing speciation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berg|first1=Paul R.|last2=Jentoft|first2=Sissel|last3=Star|first3=Bastiaan|last4=Ring|first4=Kristoffer H.|last5=Knutsen|first5=Halvor|last6=Lien|first6=Sigbjørn|last7=Jakobsen|first7=Kjetill S.|last8=André|first8=Carl|date=2015-05-20|title=Adaptation to Low Salinity Promotes Genomic Divergence in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=6|pages=1644–1663|doi=10.1093/gbe/evv093|issn=1759-6653|pmc=4494048|pmid=25994933}}</ref> Due to drastically low cod population sizes, commercial fishing of eastern Baltic cod is prohibited since 2019. However, unfavourable environmental conditions in the eastern Baltic Sea, i.e., low salinity and increasing oxygen-depletion at the sea bottom, led to presently only the Bornholm Basin (Southern Baltic Sea) having sufficient conditions for successful reproduction of eastern Baltic cod.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MacKenzie|first1=BR|last2=Hinrichsen|first2=HH|last3=Plikshs|first3=M|last4=Wieland|first4=K|last5=Zezera|first5=AS|date=2000|title=Quantifying environmental heterogeneity:habitat size necessary for successful development of cod Gadus morhua eggs in the Baltic Sea|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=193|pages=143–156|doi=10.3354/meps193143|bibcode=2000MEPS..193..143M |s2cid=3548719 |issn=0171-8630|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The western Baltic cod consists of one or several small subpopulations that are genetically more similar to the North Sea cod. In the Arkona basin (located off [[Cape Arkona]], [[Rügen]]), spawning and migrating cod from both the eastern and western stocks intermingle in proportions that vary seasonally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hemmer-Hansen|first1=Jakob|last2=Hüssy|first2=Karin|last3=Baktoft|first3=Henrik|last4=Huwer|first4=Bastian|last5=Bekkevold|first5=Dorte|last6=Haslob|first6=Holger|last7=Herrmann|first7=Jens-Peter|last8=Hinrichsen|first8=Hans-Harald|last9=Krumme|first9=Uwe|last10=Mosegaard|first10=Henrik|last11=Nielsen|first11=Einar Eg|date=2019|title=Genetic analyses reveal complex dynamics within a marine fish management area|journal=Evolutionary Applications|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=830–844|doi=10.1111/eva.12760|issn=1752-4571|pmc=6439499|pmid=30976313|bibcode=2019EvApp..12..830H }}</ref> The immigration of eastern cod into the western Baltic management unit may mask a poor state of the populations in the western management unit.
==See also==
*[[Cod War]]
*''[[Sacred Cod]]''
*[[Cod as food]]
*[[Scrod]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
This article incorporates CC BY-2.0 text from the reference.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Perdiguero-Alonso | first1 = D. | last2 = Montero | first2 = F. E. | last3 = Raga | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Kostadinova | first4 = A. | year = 2008 | title = Composition and structure of the parasite faunas of cod, ''Gadus morhua'' L. (Teleostei: Gadidae), in the North East Atlantic | journal = [[Parasites & Vectors]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1| page = 23 | doi = 10.1186/1756-3305-1-23 | pmid = 18638387 | pmc = 2503959 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
<!--<nowiki>
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below.
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{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Gadus morhua}}
{{Commons category|Gadus morhua|Atlantic cod}}
* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=morhua FishBase]
* [http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codbio.htm Codtrace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040405134957/http://www.cefas.co.uk/fishinfo/gadus_morhua.htm The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science]
* [http://www.cdli.ca/cod/home1.htm The history of the northern cod fishery in Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033246/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/oct/cod-347d.pdf ICES recommendation for the North Sea Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033243/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/may/cod-arct.pdf ICES recommendation for the North East Arctic Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605190719/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports-eng.htm Reports on the status of Canadian fishing stocks, including cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182003/http://www.fisheries.no/marine_stocks/fish_stocks/cod/north_east_arctic_cod.htm Governmental Norwegian fact sheet on North-East Arctic Cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123943/http://www.fisherieswiki.org/species/show/1 Atlantic cod-Gadus morhua fishery profiles] Status of Atlantic cod fisheries, summarised in FisheriesWiki
* {{eol|206692}}
* View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Gadus_morhua/Info/Index/ Atlantic cod genome] in [[Ensembl]]
* [http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/sea-maritimes-eng.htm Government of Canada Seafisheries Landings]
* {{UCSC genomes|gadMor1}}
* {{sealifephotos|126436}}
Pauly, Daniel, and Ashley McCrea Stru. “Atlantic Cod: Past and Present.” Sea Around Us, 21 May 2015, www.seaaroundus.org/atlantic-cod-past-and-present/.
{{commercial fish topics|state=expanded}}
{{cod topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q199788}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Gadus|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish of the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of Greenland]]
[[Category:Fauna of Atlantic Canada]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Sport fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Atlantic cod]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '
The Bacalao / Cod fish '''Atlantic cod''' ({{plural form}}: cod; '''''Gadus morhua''''') is a [[fish]] of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as ''[[cod]]'' or ''codling''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used numerous forms such as ''mulvel'', ''milvel'', ''melvel'', and ''milwell'' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and ''morhwell'' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the ''common cod'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume= III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pages=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |page=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the ''Scotch cod'',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume= II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |page=816 }}.</ref> and as the ''green fish'' or ''greenfish''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted [[stockfish]],<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref> and as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] [[salt cod]] or [[clipfish]].{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include ''cured cod'',<ref name=greencod/> ''ling'',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and ''haberdine''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as ''green cod'', ''white cod'', ''corefish'',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> ''coursfish'',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
In the western Atlantic Ocean, the Bacalao has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) but living area is most Norway and North cold sea area with temperature of the sea around 0 degrees. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].
The Bacalao can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-07 |title=Verdensrekordtorsken blir fransk middag |work=NRK |url=https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/verdensrekordtorsken-blir-fransk-middag-1.13994150 |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Bergey náði 50 kílóa þorski |work=MBL |url=https://www.mbl.is/200milur/frettir/2022/03/29/bergey_nadi_50_kiloa_thorski/ |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621326 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8211}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=. Northwestern Working Group (NWWG) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621020 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8186}}</ref>
The Bacalao cod fish (pl.: cod; Gadus morhua) is a fish of the family Gadidae, widely consumed by humans. It is also commercially known as cod or codling.[3][n 1] Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted stockfish,[4][10] and as cured salt cod or clipfish.[n 2]
In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,Norwey and around both coasts of Greenland and the Labrador Sea; it is found from the Bay of Biscay north to the Arctic Ocean, including the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, Sea of the Hebrides,[14] areas around Iceland.
Atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.[15][16] They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.[17][18]
Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the dorsal side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its lateral line (used to detect vibrations)[19] is clearly visible. Its habitat ranges from the coastal shoreline down to 300 m (1,000 ft) along the continental shelf.
Atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. Atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north European fishers who followed it across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America.
Population tracking
Bacalao populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. Bacalao or Cod fish living in coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea with usually in the sea water with temperature of the 0 degrees or up to 8 degrees maximum and are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland.
==Behaviour==
[[File:Atlantic cod under a shipwreck.jpg|thumb|left|Atlantic cod are [[demersal fish]]—they prefer sea bottoms with coarse sediments.<ref>[http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/cod/species_pages/atlantic_cod.htm Atlantic cod] ''NOAA FishWatch''. Retrieved 5 November 2012.</ref>]][[File:Jonge kabeljauwen oftewel gul rondom een wrak met andere vissen-4885742.webm|left|upright=1.35|thumb|Young Atlantic cod avoid larger cod and pouting (''[[Trisopterus luscus]]'') and crabs on a wreck in the southern [[North Sea]]]]
===Shoaling===
[[File:Kabeljauwen houden zich op bij een wrak en bevrijden zichzelf-4885741.webm|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Shoaling and schooling|Shoaling]] Atlantic cod on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]]]
Atlantic cod are a [[Shoaling and schooling|shoaling]] species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]] [[Fish migration|migrations]] inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.<ref name=Pitcher>{{cite book|last=Pitcher|first=TJ, Parrish JK|title=Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts|year=1993|publisher=Chapman and Hall|pages=363–427}}</ref> However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.<ref name=DeBlois>{{cite journal|last=DeBlois|first=Elisabeth M.|author2=Rose, George A.|title=Cross-shoal variability in the feeding habits of migrating Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)|journal=Oecologia|date=1 January 1996|volume=108|issue=1|pages=192–196|doi=10.1007/BF00333231|pmid=28307750|bibcode=1996Oecol.108..192D|s2cid=1592090}}</ref>
===Predation===
Atlantic cod are apex predators in the Baltic and adults are generally free from the concerns of [[predation]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Steneck|first=R. S.|title=Apex predators and trophic cascades in large marine ecosystems: Learning from serendipity|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=14 May 2012|volume=109|issue=21|pages=7953–7954|doi=10.1073/pnas.1205591109|pmid=22586126|pmc=3361373|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.7953S|doi-access=free}}</ref> Juvenile cod, however, may serve as prey for adult cod, which sometimes practice [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. Juvenile cod make substrate decisions based on risk of predation. Substrates refer to different feeding and swimming environments. Without apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod demonstrated a preference for finer-grained substrates such as sand and gravel-pebble. However, in the presence of a predator, they preferred to seek safety in the space available between stones of a cobble substrate. Selection of cobble significantly reduces the risk of predation. Without access to cobble, the juvenile cod simply tries to escape a predator by fleeing.
Additionally, juvenile Atlantic cod vary their behaviour according to the foraging behaviour of predators. In the vicinity of a passive predator, cod behaviour changes very little. The juveniles prefer finer-grained substrates and otherwise avoid the safer kelp, steering clear of the predator. In contrast, in the presence of an actively foraging predator, juveniles are highly avoidant and hide in cobble or in kelp if cobble is unavailable.<ref name=Gotceitas>{{cite journal|last=Gotceitas|first=V|author2=S. Fraser |author3=J.A. Brown|title=Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator|journal=Marine Biology|year=1995|volume=123 | issue = 3|pages=421–430|doi=10.1007/bf00349220|bibcode=1995MarBi.123..421G|s2cid=84470358}}</ref>
Heavy fishing of cod in the 1990s and the collapse of American and [[Canadian cod]] stocks resulted in [[trophic cascade]]s. As cod are [[apex predator]]s, [[overfishing]] them removed a significant predatory pressure on other Atlantic fish and crustacean species. Population-limiting effects on several species including [[American lobster]]s, [[crab]]s, and [[shrimp]] from cod predation have decreased significantly, and the abundance of these species and their increasing range serve as evidence of the Atlantic cod's role as a major predator rather than prey.<ref name=":0" />
===Swimming===
Atlantic cod have been recorded to swim at speeds of a minimum of {{cvt|2|-|5|cm/s|kn}} and a maximum of {{cvt|21|-|54|cm/s|kn}} with a mean swimming speed of {{cvt|9|-|17|cm/s|kn}}. In one hour, cod have been recorded to cover a mean range of {{cvt|99|to|226|m}}. Swimming speed was higher during the day than at night. This is reflected in the fact that cod more actively search for food during the day. Cod likely modify their activity pattern according to the length of daylight, thus activity varies with time of year.<ref name=Lokkeborg>{{cite journal|last=LØKKEBORG|first=SVEIN|s2cid=25607249|title=Feeding behaviour of cod, Gadus morhua: activity rhythm and chemically mediated food search|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1 August 1998|volume=56|issue=2|pages=371–378|doi=10.1006/anbe.1998.0772|pmid=9787028}}</ref>
===Response to changing temperatures===
Swimming and physiological behaviours change in response to fluctuations in water temperature. [[Respirometry]] experiments show that heart rates of Atlantic cod change drastically with changes in temperature of only a few degrees. A rise in water temperature causes marked increases in cod swimming activity. Cod typically avoid new temperature conditions, and the temperatures can dictate where they are distributed in water. They prefer to be deeper, in colder water layers during the day, and in shallower, warmer water layers at night. These fine-tuned behavioural changes to water temperature are driven by an effort to maintain homeostasis to preserve energy. This is demonstrated by the fact that a decrease of only {{convert|2.5|C-change|0}} caused a highly costly increase in metabolic rate of 15 to 30%.<ref name=Claireaux>{{cite journal|last=Claireaux|first=G|title=Physiology and behaviour of free-swimming Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing fluctuating temperature conditions|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|year=1995|volume=198 | issue = 1|pages=49–60|doi=10.1242/jeb.198.1.49|pmid=9317317|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/198/1/49.short|access-date=27 October 2013|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==Feeding and diet==
The diet of the Atlantic cod consists of fish such as [[Clupea|herring]], [[capelin]] (in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean), and [[sand eel]]s, as well as [[Mollusca|mollusks]], [[tunicate]]s, [[Ctenophora|comb jellies]], [[crustacean]]s, [[echinoderm]]s and [[Marine worm|sea worms]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gadus_morhua/ | title=Gadus morhua (Cod) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> Stomach sampling studies have discovered that small Atlantic cod feed primarily on crustaceans, while large Atlantic cod feed primarily on fish.<ref name=Daan>{{cite journal|last=Daan|first=N.|title=A quantitative analysis of the food intake of North Sea cod, Gadus Morhua|journal=Netherlands Journal of Sea Research|date=1 December 1973|volume=6|issue=4|pages=479–517|doi=10.1016/0077-7579(73)90002-1|bibcode=1973NJSR....6..479D}}</ref> In certain regions, the main food source is [[decapods]] with fish as a complementary food item in the diet.<ref name=Klemetsen>{{cite journal|last=Klemetsen|first=A.|title=Food and feeding habits of cod from the Balsfjord, northern Norway during a one-year period|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|date=1 May 1982|volume=40|issue=2|pages=101–111|doi=10.1093/icesjms/40.2.101}}</ref> Wild Atlantic cod throughout the [[North Sea]] depend, to a large extent, on commercial fish species also used in fisheries, such as [[Atlantic mackerel]], [[haddock]], [[Merlangius|whiting]], [[Atlantic herring]], [[European plaice]], and [[common sole]], making fishery manipulation of cod significantly easier.<ref name=Daan /> Ultimately, food selection by cod is affected by the food item size relative to their own size. However, providing for size, cod do exhibit food preference and are not simply driven by availability.<ref name=Daan />
Atlantic cod practice some [[cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalism]]. In the southern North Sea, 1–2% (by weight) of stomach contents for cod larger than {{cvt|10|cm|in|0}} consisted of juvenile cod. In the northern North Sea, cannibalism was higher, at 10%.<ref name=Daan /> Other reports of cannibalism have estimated as high as 56% of the diet consists of juvenile cod.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354">{{cite journal|last=Ponomarenko|first=I. Ja|title=Comparative characteristics of some biological indices of the bottom stages of 0-group cod belonging to the 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 year-classes|journal=Spec. Publ. Int. Comm. Northw. Atlant. Fish|year=1965|pages=349–354}}</ref>
When hatched, cod larvae are [[Precociality and altriciality|altricial]], entirely dependent on a yolk sac for sustenance until mouth opening at ~24 degree days.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Perez-Casanova |first1=J.C. |last2=Murray |first2=H.M. |last3=Gallant |first3=J.W. |last4=Ross |first4=N.W. |last5=Douglas |first5=S.E. |last6=Johnson |first6=S.C. |date=February 2006 |title=Development of the digestive capacity in larvae of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848605003789 |journal=Aquaculture |language=en |volume=251 |issue=2–4 |pages=377–401 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.007|bibcode=2006Aquac.251..377P }}</ref> The stomach generally develops at around 240 degree days.<ref name=":4" /> Before this point the intestine is the main point of food digestion using pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin.<ref name=":4" />
==Reproduction==
[[File:Gadus morhua (High Arctic, Canada).png|thumb|Atlantic cod in a High Arctic Lake in Canada. These cod resemble those of past Atlantic catches. Measuring {{cvt|47|-|53|in|cm|order=flip}} long and weighing between {{cvt|44|and|57|lb|kg|order=flip}}, it is easy to see that today's {{cvt|16|-|20|in|cm|order=flip}} commercially caught cod are less than half this size. A cod 2.7 times as long would weigh 20 times as much.]]
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Gravid female cod.jpg|Spawning female in captivity
File:Jonge kabeljauwen of gul nieuwsgierig bij een wrak-4885743.webm|Juveniles on a wreck in the [[North Sea]]
File:Gadus morhua (head).jpg|Atlantic cod juvenile
File:Gadus morhua Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG|Adult
</gallery>
Atlantic cod will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between different populations and has also varied over time with a population.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Their [[gonad]]s take several months to develop and most populations will spawn from January to May.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2005 |title=Spawning and life history information for North Atlantic cod stocks |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18624242 |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.5478}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kjesbu |first1=Olav Sigurd |last2=Righton |first2=David |last3=Krüger-Johnsen |first3=Maria |last4=Thorsen |first4=Anders |last5=Michalsen |first5=Kathrine |last6=Fonn |first6=Merete |last7=Witthames |first7=Peter R. |date=April 2010 |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=C. Tara |title=Thermal dynamics of ovarian maturation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/F10-011 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |language=en |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=605–625 |doi=10.1139/F10-011 |hdl=11250/108908 |issn=0706-652X|hdl-access=free }}</ref> For many populations, the spawning grounds are located in a different area than the feeding grounds so require the fish to migrate in order to spawn. On the spawning area, males and females will form large schools. Based on behavioral observations of cod, the cod mating system has been likened to a [[lekking]] system, which is characterized by males aggregating and establishing dominance hierarchies, at which point females may visit and choose a spawning partner based on status and sexual characteristics.<ref name="Ponomarenko 1965 349–354" /> Evidence suggests male sound production and other sexually selected characteristics allow female cod to actively choose a spawning partner. Males also exhibit aggressive interactions for access to females.<ref name="Hutchings">{{cite journal |last=Hutchings |first=Jeffrey A |author2=Bishop, Todd D |author3=McGregor-Shaw, Carolyn R |date=1 January 1999 |title=Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod: evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1139/f98-216}}</ref>
Atlantic cod are batch spawners, in which females will spawn approximately 5-20 batches of eggs over a period of time with 2–4 days between the release of each batch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kjesbu |first1=O S |last2=Solemdal |first2=P |last3=Bratland |first3=P |last4=Fonn |first4=M |date=1996-03-01 |title=Variation in annual egg production in individual captive Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/f95-215 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |language=en |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=610–620 |doi=10.1139/f95-215 |hdl=11250/109284 |issn=0706-652X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kjesbu |first=O. S. |date=February 1989 |title=The spawning activity of cod, Gadus morhua L. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x |bibcode=1989JFBio..34..195K |issn=0022-1112}}</ref> Each female will spawn between 2 hundred thousand and 15 million eggs, with larger females spawning more eggs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skjæraasen |first1=Jon Egil |last2=Nilsen |first2=Trygve |last3=Kjesbu |first3=Olav S |date=2006-02-01 |title=Timing and determination of potential fecundity in Atlantic cod (''Gadus morhua'') |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-218 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=310–320 |doi=10.1139/f05-218 |issn=0706-652X}}</ref> Females release gametes in a ventral mount, and males then [[fertilization|fertilize]] the released eggs. The eggs and newly hatched larvae float freely in the water and will drift with the current, with some populations relying upon the current to transport the larvae to nursery areas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The DK Nature Encyclopedia|last=Burnie|first=David|publisher=DK Publishing, Inc|year=1998|isbn=0-7894-3411-3|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dknatureencyclop0000unse/page/189 189]|url=https://archive.org/details/dknatureencyclop0000unse/page/189}}</ref>
== Parasites ==
{{See also|Diseases and parasites in cod}}
Atlantic cod act as intermediate, paratenic, or definitive hosts to a large number of parasite species: 107 taxa listed by Hemmingsen and MacKenzie (2001)<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> and seven new records by Perdiguero-Alonso et al. (2008).<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> The predominant groups of cod parasites in the northeast Atlantic were [[trematode]]s (19 species) and [[nematode]]s (13 species), including larval [[anisakid]]s, which comprised 58.2% of the total number of individuals.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/> Parasites of Atlantic cod include [[copepod]]s, [[digenean]]s, [[monogenean]]s, [[acanthocephalan]]s, [[cestode]]s, [[nematode]]s, [[myxozoan]]s, and [[protozoan]]s.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008"/>
== Fisheries ==
{{See also|Cod fisheries}}
[[File:Atlantic cod landings eastern.jpg|thumb|418x418px|Reported landings of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the eastern Atlantic for each of the 16 populations/management units. Data source: ICES.]]
[[File:Atlantic cod landings western Atlantic.jpg|thumb|420x420px|Landings of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the western Atlantic from 1960 to 2019. Data source: NAFO.]]
Atlantic cod has been targeted by humans for food for thousands of years,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ólafsdóttir |first1=Guðbjörg Ásta |last2=Pétursdóttir |first2=Gróa |last3=Bárðarson |first3=Hlynur |last4=Edvardsson |first4=Ragnar |date=2017-10-27 |editor-last=Corriero |editor-first=Aldo |title=A millennium of north-east Atlantic cod juvenile growth trajectories inferred from archaeological otoliths |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=e0187134 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0187134 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5659679 |pmid=29077736|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1287134O |doi-access=free }}</ref> and with the advent of modern fishing technology in the 1950s there was a rapid rise in landings.<ref name=":3" /> Cod is caught using a variety of fishing gears including [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawls]], [[Longline fishing|demersal longlines]], [[Seine fishing|Danish seine]], [[jigging]] and [[Handline fishing|hand lines]]. The quantity of cod landed from fisheries has been recorded by many countries from around the 1950s and attempts have been made to reconstruct historical catches going back hundreds of years.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Schijns |first1=Rebecca |last2=Froese |first2=Rainer |last3=Hutchings |first3=Jeffrey A |last4=Pauly |first4=Daniel |date=2021-10-27 |editor-last=Raicevich |editor-first=Sasa |title=Five centuries of cod catches in Eastern Canada |url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/78/8/2675/6359257 |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |language=en |volume=78 |issue=8 |pages=2675–2683 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsab153 |issn=1054-3139|doi-access=free |hdl=11250/2833698 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]] and [[Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization|NAFO]] collects landings data, alongside other data, which is used to assess the status of the population against management objectives. The landings in the eastern Atlantic frequently exceeds 1 million tonnes annually from across 16 populations/management units with landings from the Northeast Atlantic cod population and Iceland accounting for the majority of the landings, Since 1992, when the cod [[Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery|moratorium]] took effect in Canada, landings in the western Atlantic have been considerably lower than in the eastern Atlantic, generally being less than 50,000 tonnes annually.
===Northwest Atlantic cod===
{{main|Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery}}
The Northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s.
Newfoundland's northern cod fishery can be traced back to the 16th century. On average, about {{cvt|300000|t|ST}} of cod were landed annually until the 1960s, when advances in technology enabled factory trawlers to take larger catches. By 1968, landings for the fish peaked at {{cvt|800000|t|ST}} before a gradual decline set in. With the reopening of the limited cod fisheries in 2006, nearly {{cvt|2700|t|ST}} of cod were hauled in. In 2007, offshore cod stocks were estimated at 1% of what they were in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104111114/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2007/07/02/cod-moratorium.html?ref=rss |title=N.L. funds cod fishery research on 15th anniversary of moratorium |date=2 July 2007 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref>
Technologies that contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod include engine-powered vessels and frozen food compartments aboard ships. Engine-powered vessels had larger nets, greater range, and better navigation. The capacity to catch fish became limitless. In addition, sonar technology gave an edge to detecting and catching fish. Sonar was originally developed during World War II to locate enemy submarines, but was later applied to locating schools of fish. These new technologies, as well as bottom trawlers that destroyed entire ecosystems, contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod. They were vastly different from old techniques used, such as hand lines and long lines.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
The fishery has only recently begun to recover, and may never fully recover because of a possibly stable change in the [[food chain]]. Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with [[haddock]], [[flounder]] and [[hake]], feeding upon smaller prey, such as [[herring]], [[capelin]], [[shrimp]], and [[snow crab]].<ref name=Frank>{{cite journal|author=Kenneth T. Frank |author2=Brian Petrie |author3=Jae S. Choi |author4=William C. Leggett|s2cid=45088691 |year=2005|title=Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=308 |pages=1621–1623 |doi=10.1126/science.1113075|pmid=15947186|issue=5728 |bibcode=2005Sci...308.1621F }}</ref> With the large predatory fish removed, their prey have had population explosions and have become the top predators, affecting the survival rates of cod eggs and fry.
In the winter of 2011–2012, the cod fishery succeeded in convincing [[NOAA]] to postpone for one year the planned 82% reduction in catch limits. Instead, the limit was reduced by 22%. The fishery brought in $15.8 million in 2010, coming second behind Georges Bank haddock among the region's 20 regulated bottom-dwelling [[groundfish]]. Data released in 2011 indicated that even closing the fishery would not allow populations to rebound by 2014 to levels required under federal law. Restrictions on cod effectively limit fishing on other groundfish species with which the cod swim, such as [[flounder]] and haddock.<ref name="Press">{{cite news |author=The Associated Press |title=Cod Fishermen's Alarm Outlasts Reprieve on Catch Limits |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/us/cod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html}}</ref>
===Northeast Atlantic cod===
[[File:NEAcodBiomass.png|thumb|Estimated biomass of the Northeast Arctic cod stock for the period 1946–2012, in million tons: Light blue bars represent the immature fraction of the stock, while the darker blue bars represent the spawning biomass.<ref>Arctic Fisheries Working Group of [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], published in the ICES Report AFWG CM 2013, ACOM:05. The estimation method was standard [[virtual population analysis]].</ref>]]
The Northeast Atlantic has the world's largest population of cod. By far, the largest part of this population is the Northeast Arctic cod, as it is labelled by the [[International Council for the Exploration of the Sea|ICES]], or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as ''skrei'', a Norwegian name meaning something like "the wanderer", distinguishing it from coastal cod. The Northeast Arctic cod is found in the [[Barents Sea]] area. This stock spawns in March and April along the Norwegian coast, about 40% around the [[Lofoten]] [[archipelago]]. Newly hatched larvae drift northwards with the coastal current while feeding on larval [[copepod]]s. By summer, the young cod reach the Barents Sea, where they stay for the rest of their lives, until their spawning migration. As the cod grow, they feed on [[krill]] and other small crustaceans and fish. Adult cod primarily feed on fish such as [[capelin]] and [[Atlantic herring|herring]]. The northeast Arctic cod also show [[Cannibalism (zoology)|cannibalistic]] behaviour. Estimated stock size was {{cvt|2260000|t|ST}} in 2008.
The North Sea cod stock is primarily fished by [[European Union]] member states, the United Kingdom and Norway. In 1999, the catch was divided among Denmark (31%), Scotland (25%), the rest of the United Kingdom (12%), the Netherlands (10%), Belgium, Germany and Norway (17%). In the 1970s, the annual catch rose to between {{cvt|200000|and|300000|t|ST}}. Due to concerns about [[overfishing]], catch quotas were repeatedly reduced in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2003, ICES stated a high risk existed of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004. However, agriculture and fisheries ministers from the [[Council of the European Union]] endorsed the EU/Norway Agreement and set the total allowable catch <!-- (TAC) --> at {{cvt|27300|t|ST}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portunusgroup.com/products/atlantic-cod/|title=Our Products: Atlantic Cod|work=portunusgroup.com|access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> [[Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification#Guides and advisory lists|Seafood sustainability guides]], such as the [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]]'s [[Seafood Watch]], often recommend environmentally conscious customers not purchase Atlantic cod.
The stock of Northeast Arctic cod was more than four million tons following [[World War II]], but declined to a historic minimum of {{cvt|740000|t|ST}} in 1983. The catch reached a historic maximum of {{cvt|1343000|t|ST}} in 1956, and bottomed out at {{cvt|212000|t|ST}} in 1990. Since 2000, the spawning stock has increased quite quickly, helped by low fishing pressure. The total catch in 2012 was {{cvt|754131|t|ST}}, the major fishers being Norway and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325115725/http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515|title=ICES Stock Database Disclaimer|access-date=25 March 2014|archive-date=25 March 2014}}</ref>
=== Baltic cod ===
Decades of overfishing in combination with environmental problems, namely little water exchange, low salinity and oxygen-depletion at the sea bottom, caused major threats to the Baltic cod stocks.
There are at least two populations of cod in the [[Baltic Sea]]: One large population that spawns east of [[Bornholm]] and one population spawning west of Bornholm. Eastern Baltic cod is genetically distinct and adapted to the brackish environment. Adaptations include differences in hemoglobin type, osmoregulatory capacity, egg buoyancy, sperm swimming characteristics and spawning season. The adaptive responses to the environmental conditions in the Baltic Sea may contribute to an effective reproductive barrier, and thus, eastern Baltic cod can be viewed as an example of ongoing speciation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berg|first1=Paul R.|last2=Jentoft|first2=Sissel|last3=Star|first3=Bastiaan|last4=Ring|first4=Kristoffer H.|last5=Knutsen|first5=Halvor|last6=Lien|first6=Sigbjørn|last7=Jakobsen|first7=Kjetill S.|last8=André|first8=Carl|date=2015-05-20|title=Adaptation to Low Salinity Promotes Genomic Divergence in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=6|pages=1644–1663|doi=10.1093/gbe/evv093|issn=1759-6653|pmc=4494048|pmid=25994933}}</ref> Due to drastically low cod population sizes, commercial fishing of eastern Baltic cod is prohibited since 2019. However, unfavourable environmental conditions in the eastern Baltic Sea, i.e., low salinity and increasing oxygen-depletion at the sea bottom, led to presently only the Bornholm Basin (Southern Baltic Sea) having sufficient conditions for successful reproduction of eastern Baltic cod.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MacKenzie|first1=BR|last2=Hinrichsen|first2=HH|last3=Plikshs|first3=M|last4=Wieland|first4=K|last5=Zezera|first5=AS|date=2000|title=Quantifying environmental heterogeneity:habitat size necessary for successful development of cod Gadus morhua eggs in the Baltic Sea|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|volume=193|pages=143–156|doi=10.3354/meps193143|bibcode=2000MEPS..193..143M |s2cid=3548719 |issn=0171-8630|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The western Baltic cod consists of one or several small subpopulations that are genetically more similar to the North Sea cod. In the Arkona basin (located off [[Cape Arkona]], [[Rügen]]), spawning and migrating cod from both the eastern and western stocks intermingle in proportions that vary seasonally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hemmer-Hansen|first1=Jakob|last2=Hüssy|first2=Karin|last3=Baktoft|first3=Henrik|last4=Huwer|first4=Bastian|last5=Bekkevold|first5=Dorte|last6=Haslob|first6=Holger|last7=Herrmann|first7=Jens-Peter|last8=Hinrichsen|first8=Hans-Harald|last9=Krumme|first9=Uwe|last10=Mosegaard|first10=Henrik|last11=Nielsen|first11=Einar Eg|date=2019|title=Genetic analyses reveal complex dynamics within a marine fish management area|journal=Evolutionary Applications|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=830–844|doi=10.1111/eva.12760|issn=1752-4571|pmc=6439499|pmid=30976313|bibcode=2019EvApp..12..830H }}</ref> The immigration of eastern cod into the western Baltic management unit may mask a poor state of the populations in the western management unit.
==See also==
*[[Cod War]]
*''[[Sacred Cod]]''
*[[Cod as food]]
*[[Scrod]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
This article incorporates CC BY-2.0 text from the reference.<ref name="Perdiguero-Alonso 2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Perdiguero-Alonso | first1 = D. | last2 = Montero | first2 = F. E. | last3 = Raga | first3 = J. A. | last4 = Kostadinova | first4 = A. | year = 2008 | title = Composition and structure of the parasite faunas of cod, ''Gadus morhua'' L. (Teleostei: Gadidae), in the North East Atlantic | journal = [[Parasites & Vectors]] | volume = 1 | issue = 1| page = 23 | doi = 10.1186/1756-3305-1-23 | pmid = 18638387 | pmc = 2503959 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Gadus morhua}}
{{Commons category|Gadus morhua|Atlantic cod}}
* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=morhua FishBase]
* [http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codbio.htm Codtrace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040405134957/http://www.cefas.co.uk/fishinfo/gadus_morhua.htm The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science]
* [http://www.cdli.ca/cod/home1.htm The history of the northern cod fishery in Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033246/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/oct/cod-347d.pdf ICES recommendation for the North Sea Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033243/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/may/cod-arct.pdf ICES recommendation for the North East Arctic Cod stock (2007)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605190719/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports-eng.htm Reports on the status of Canadian fishing stocks, including cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182003/http://www.fisheries.no/marine_stocks/fish_stocks/cod/north_east_arctic_cod.htm Governmental Norwegian fact sheet on North-East Arctic Cod]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123943/http://www.fisherieswiki.org/species/show/1 Atlantic cod-Gadus morhua fishery profiles] Status of Atlantic cod fisheries, summarised in FisheriesWiki
* {{eol|206692}}
* View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Gadus_morhua/Info/Index/ Atlantic cod genome] in [[Ensembl]]
* [http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/sea-maritimes-eng.htm Government of Canada Seafisheries Landings]
* {{UCSC genomes|gadMor1}}
* {{sealifephotos|126436}}
Pauly, Daniel, and Ashley McCrea Stru. “Atlantic Cod: Past and Present.” Sea Around Us, 21 May 2015, www.seaaroundus.org/atlantic-cod-past-and-present/.
{{commercial fish topics|state=expanded}}
{{cod topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q199788}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Gadus|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Commercial fish]]
[[Category:Fish of the Arctic Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of the North Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Fish of Greenland]]
[[Category:Fauna of Atlantic Canada]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Sport fish]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|Atlantic cod]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|Atlantic cod]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,39 +1,10 @@
-{{Short description|Species of fish}}
-{{Speciesbox
-| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Pliocene|recent}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitch |first1=J.E |title=Teleost fish otoliths from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina (Yorktown Formation: Pliocene) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |date=1983 |volume=53 |pages=509–529 |doi=10.5479/si.00810266.53.509 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/267478#page/519/mode/1up}}</ref>
-| name = Atlantic cod
-| status = VU
-| status_system = IUCN2.3
-| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 1996">{{cite iucn |author=Sobel, J. |date=1996 |title=''Gadus morhua'' |volume=1996 |page=e.T8784A12931575 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
-| image = Atlantic Cod, Atlantischer Kabeljau (Gadus morhua).jpg
-| image2 = Atlantic cod.jpg
-| image_upright = 1.1
-| taxon = Gadus morhua
-| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
-| range_map = Gadus morhua-Atlantic cod.png
-| range_map_caption = Distribution of Atlantic cod
-| synonyms = *''Asellus major''
-*''Gadus callarias'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
-*''Gadus vertagus'' <small>[[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792</small>
-*''Gadus heteroglossus'' <small>Walbaum, 1792</small>
-*''Gadus ruber'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1803</small>
-*''Gadus arenosus'' <small>[[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1815</small>
-*''Gadus rupestris'' <small>Mitchill, 1815</small>
-*''Morhua vulgaris'' <small>[[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828</small>
-*''Morhua punctatus'' <small>Fleming, 1828</small>
-*''Gadus nanus'' <small>Faber, 1829</small>
-*''Morrhua americana'' <small>[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer]], 1839</small>
-}}
-The '''Atlantic cod''' ({{plural form}}: cod; '''''Gadus morhua''''') is a [[fish]] of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as ''[[cod]]'' or ''codling''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used numerous forms such as ''mulvel'', ''milvel'', ''melvel'', and ''milwell'' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and ''morhwell'' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the ''common cod'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume= III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pages=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |page=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the ''Scotch cod'',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume= II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |page=816 }}.</ref> and as the ''green fish'' or ''greenfish''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted [[stockfish]],<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref> and as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] [[salt cod]] or [[clipfish]].{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include ''cured cod'',<ref name=greencod/> ''ling'',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and ''haberdine''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as ''green cod'', ''white cod'', ''corefish'',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> ''coursfish'',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
-In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].
+The Bacalao / Cod fish '''Atlantic cod''' ({{plural form}}: cod; '''''Gadus morhua''''') is a [[fish]] of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as ''[[cod]]'' or ''codling''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used numerous forms such as ''mulvel'', ''milvel'', ''melvel'', and ''milwell'' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and ''morhwell'' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the ''common cod'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume= III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pages=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |page=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the ''Scotch cod'',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume= II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |page=816 }}.</ref> and as the ''green fish'' or ''greenfish''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted [[stockfish]],<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref> and as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] [[salt cod]] or [[clipfish]].{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include ''cured cod'',<ref name=greencod/> ''ling'',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and ''haberdine''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as ''green cod'', ''white cod'', ''corefish'',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> ''coursfish'',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}
-Atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-07 |title=Verdensrekordtorsken blir fransk middag |work=NRK |url=https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/verdensrekordtorsken-blir-fransk-middag-1.13994150 |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Bergey náði 50 kílóa þorski |work=MBL |url=https://www.mbl.is/200milur/frettir/2022/03/29/bergey_nadi_50_kiloa_thorski/ |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621326 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8211}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=. Northwestern Working Group (NWWG) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621020 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8186}}</ref>
+In the western Atlantic Ocean, the Bacalao has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) but living area is most Norway and North cold sea area with temperature of the sea around 0 degrees. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].
-Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its [[lateral line]] (used to detect vibrations)<ref name="Bleckmann 13–25">{{Cite journal|last1=Bleckmann|first1=Horst|last2=Zelick|first2=Randy|date=2009-03-01|title=Lateral line system of fish|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x|issn=1749-4877|pmid=21392273|doi-access=free}}</ref> is clearly visible. Its [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] ranges from the coastal shoreline down to {{convert|300|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} along the [[continental shelf]].
+The Bacalao can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-07 |title=Verdensrekordtorsken blir fransk middag |work=NRK |url=https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/verdensrekordtorsken-blir-fransk-middag-1.13994150 |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Bergey náði 50 kílóa þorski |work=MBL |url=https://www.mbl.is/200milur/frettir/2022/03/29/bergey_nadi_50_kiloa_thorski/ |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621326 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8211}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=. Northwestern Working Group (NWWG) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621020 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8186}}</ref>
-Atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. Atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north European fishers who followed it across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America. It supported the US and Canada fishing economy until 1992, when the Canadian Government implemented [[Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery|a ban on fishing cod]].
-Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (decline of more than 95% of maximum historical [[biomass]]) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing.<ref name="Frank" /> This absence of the [[apex predator]] has led to a [[trophic cascade]] in many areas.<ref name="Frank" /> Many other cod stocks remain at risk. The Atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]], per a 1996 assessment that the IUCN notes needs updating.<ref name="iucn status 1996" /> A 2013 assessment covering only Europe shows the Atlantic cod has rebounded in Europe, and it has been relabelled least concern.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Gadus morhua'' |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8784/45097319#assessment-information}}</ref>
The Bacalao cod fish (pl.: cod; Gadus morhua) is a fish of the family Gadidae, widely consumed by humans. It is also commercially known as cod or codling.[3][n 1] Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted stockfish,[4][10] and as cured salt cod or clipfish.[n 2]
@@ -49,5 +20,5 @@
Population tracking
-Bacalao populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. Bacalao or Cod fish living in coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea with usually in the sea water with temperature of the 0 degrees or up to 8 degrees, maximum 13 degrees are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland.
+Bacalao populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. Bacalao or Cod fish living in coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea with usually in the sea water with temperature of the 0 degrees or up to 8 degrees maximum and are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland.
==Behaviour==
' |
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0 => 'The Bacalao / Cod fish '''Atlantic cod''' ({{plural form}}: cod; '''''Gadus morhua''''') is a [[fish]] of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as ''[[cod]]'' or ''codling''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used numerous forms such as ''mulvel'', ''milvel'', ''melvel'', and ''milwell'' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and ''morhwell'' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the ''common cod'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume= III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pages=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |page=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the ''Scotch cod'',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume= II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |page=816 }}.</ref> and as the ''green fish'' or ''greenfish''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted [[stockfish]],<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref> and as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] [[salt cod]] or [[clipfish]].{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include ''cured cod'',<ref name=greencod/> ''ling'',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and ''haberdine''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as ''green cod'', ''white cod'', ''corefish'',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> ''coursfish'',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}',
1 => 'In the western Atlantic Ocean, the Bacalao has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) but living area is most Norway and North cold sea area with temperature of the sea around 0 degrees. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].',
2 => 'The Bacalao can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-07 |title=Verdensrekordtorsken blir fransk middag |work=NRK |url=https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/verdensrekordtorsken-blir-fransk-middag-1.13994150 |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Bergey náði 50 kílóa þorski |work=MBL |url=https://www.mbl.is/200milur/frettir/2022/03/29/bergey_nadi_50_kiloa_thorski/ |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621326 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8211}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=. Northwestern Working Group (NWWG) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621020 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8186}}</ref>',
3 => 'Bacalao populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. Bacalao or Cod fish living in coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea with usually in the sea water with temperature of the 0 degrees or up to 8 degrees maximum and are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '{{Short description|Species of fish}}',
1 => '{{Speciesbox',
2 => '| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Pliocene|recent}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitch |first1=J.E |title=Teleost fish otoliths from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina (Yorktown Formation: Pliocene) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |date=1983 |volume=53 |pages=509–529 |doi=10.5479/si.00810266.53.509 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/267478#page/519/mode/1up}}</ref>',
3 => '| name = Atlantic cod',
4 => '| status = VU',
5 => '| status_system = IUCN2.3',
6 => '| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 1996">{{cite iucn |author=Sobel, J. |date=1996 |title=''Gadus morhua'' |volume=1996 |page=e.T8784A12931575 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>',
7 => '| image = Atlantic Cod, Atlantischer Kabeljau (Gadus morhua).jpg',
8 => '| image2 = Atlantic cod.jpg',
9 => '| image_upright = 1.1',
10 => '| taxon = Gadus morhua',
11 => '| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]',
12 => '| range_map = Gadus morhua-Atlantic cod.png',
13 => '| range_map_caption = Distribution of Atlantic cod',
14 => '| synonyms = *''Asellus major'' ',
15 => '*''Gadus callarias'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> ',
16 => '*''Gadus vertagus'' <small>[[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792</small> ',
17 => '*''Gadus heteroglossus'' <small>Walbaum, 1792</small> ',
18 => '*''Gadus ruber'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacepède]], 1803</small> ',
19 => '*''Gadus arenosus'' <small>[[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1815</small> ',
20 => '*''Gadus rupestris'' <small>Mitchill, 1815</small> ',
21 => '*''Morhua vulgaris'' <small>[[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828</small> ',
22 => '*''Morhua punctatus'' <small>Fleming, 1828</small> ',
23 => '*''Gadus nanus'' <small>Faber, 1829</small> ',
24 => '*''Morrhua americana'' <small>[[David Humphreys Storer|Storer]], 1839</small>',
25 => '}}',
26 => 'The '''Atlantic cod''' ({{plural form}}: cod; '''''Gadus morhua''''') is a [[fish]] of the family [[Gadidae]], widely [[seafood|consumed]] by humans. It is also [[Commercial fishing|commercially]] known as ''[[cod]]'' or ''codling''.<ref name=seaport>[http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod ''Atlantic Cod''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod |date=2009-12-25 }}. Seafood Portal.</ref>{{Refn|group=n|During the Middle Ages, [[Middle English]] used numerous forms such as ''mulvel'', ''milvel'', ''melvel'', and ''milwell'' to refer to fresh, large cod<ref name=milwell/> and ''morhwell'' to refer to smaller ones.<ref name=morwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "morhwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref> Fresh cod was also known as the ''common cod'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=John |title=Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. |volume= III: The Fish |contribution=93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) ''Common Cod-fish'' |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242 |pages=242–245 |location=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |date=1836 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Francis William |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland |volume=XI |contribution=Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |page=12 |date=1836 |location=Edinburgh |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons }}.</ref> the ''Scotch cod'',<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Riley |editor-first=Henry Thomas |title=Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn |volume= II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II. |date=1860 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office |contribution=Glossary of Mediæval Latin |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816 |page=816 }}.</ref> and as the ''green fish'' or ''greenfish''.<ref name=greenfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green fish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to [[Greenfish (disambiguation)|other fish]]. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various [[morids]].}} Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted [[stockfish]],<ref name=milwell>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "milwell, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</ref><ref name=stockfish>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</ref> and as [[curing (food preservation)|cured]] [[salt cod]] or [[clipfish]].{{Refn|group=n|Former names for salted cod include ''cured cod'',<ref name=greencod/> ''ling'',<ref name=greencod/><ref name=ling>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "ling, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</ref><ref name=haberdine/> and ''haberdine''.<ref name=seaport/><ref name=haberdine>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st ed. "† haberdine, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</ref> Freshly-salted cod was known as ''green cod'', ''white cod'', ''corefish'',<ref name=greencod>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 3rd ed. "green cod, ''n.¹''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</ref> ''coursfish'',<ref name=stockfish/> and green fish or greenfish.<ref name=greenfish/> "Green cod" may also refer to the [[saithe]] (''Pollachius virens''), [[Pollachius pollachius|pollack]] (''P. pollachius''), or uncommonly to the [[lingcod]] (''O. elongatus'').<ref name=greenfish/> "Ling" now more often refers to [[Ling (disambiguation)|other fish]], particularly the [[common ling]] (''Molva molva'').<ref name=ling/>}}',
27 => 'In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], and around both coasts of [[Greenland]] and the [[Labrador Sea]]; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the [[Bay of Biscay]] north to the [[Arctic Ocean]], including the [[Baltic Sea]], the [[North Sea]], [[Sea of the Hebrides]],<ref>C.Michael Hogan, (2011) [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 ''Sea of the Hebrides''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523 |date=May 24, 2013 }}. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</ref> areas around [[Iceland]] and the [[Barents Sea]].',
28 => 'Atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-07 |title=Verdensrekordtorsken blir fransk middag |work=NRK |url=https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/verdensrekordtorsken-blir-fransk-middag-1.13994150 |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Bergey náði 50 kílóa þorski |work=MBL |url=https://www.mbl.is/200milur/frettir/2022/03/29/bergey_nadi_50_kiloa_thorski/ |access-date=2022-04-04}}</ref> They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak (WGNSSK) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621326 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8211}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=ICES |date=2021 |title=. Northwestern Working Group (NWWG) |url=https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18621020 |journal=ICES Scientific Reports |doi=10.17895/ICES.PUB.8186}}</ref>',
29 => 'Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its [[lateral line]] (used to detect vibrations)<ref name="Bleckmann 13–25">{{Cite journal|last1=Bleckmann|first1=Horst|last2=Zelick|first2=Randy|date=2009-03-01|title=Lateral line system of fish|journal=Integrative Zoology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x|issn=1749-4877|pmid=21392273|doi-access=free}}</ref> is clearly visible. Its [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] ranges from the coastal shoreline down to {{convert|300|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} along the [[continental shelf]].',
30 => 'Atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. Atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north European fishers who followed it across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America. It supported the US and Canada fishing economy until 1992, when the Canadian Government implemented [[Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery|a ban on fishing cod]].',
31 => 'Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (decline of more than 95% of maximum historical [[biomass]]) and have failed to fully recover even with the cessation of fishing.<ref name="Frank" /> This absence of the [[apex predator]] has led to a [[trophic cascade]] in many areas.<ref name="Frank" /> Many other cod stocks remain at risk. The Atlantic cod is labelled vulnerable on the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]], per a 1996 assessment that the IUCN notes needs updating.<ref name="iucn status 1996" /> A 2013 assessment covering only Europe shows the Atlantic cod has rebounded in Europe, and it has been relabelled least concern.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Gadus morhua'' |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8784/45097319#assessment-information}}</ref>',
32 => 'Bacalao populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. Bacalao or Cod fish living in coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea with usually in the sea water with temperature of the 0 degrees or up to 8 degrees, maximum 13 degrees are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8784/12931575',
1 => 'https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8784/45097319#assessment-information',
2 => 'https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/267478#page/519/mode/1up',
3 => 'https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en',
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] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><br />
The Bacalao / Cod fish <b>Atlantic cod</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: cod; <i><b>Gadus morhua</b></i>) is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> of the family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gadidae" title="Gadidae">Gadidae</a>, widely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">consumed</a> by humans. It is also <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">commercially</a> known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></i> or <i>codling</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-seaport_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seaport-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[n 1]</a></sup> Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">stockfish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-milwell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milwell-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stockfish_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockfish-9">[8]</a></sup> and as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">cured</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt cod">salt cod</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clipfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipfish">clipfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[n 2]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the western Atlantic Ocean, the Bacalao has a distribution north of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and around both coasts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a>; in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> north to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></sup> areas around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>.
</p><p>The Bacalao can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a></sup> They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
The Bacalao cod fish (pl.: cod; Gadus morhua) is a fish of the family Gadidae, widely consumed by humans. It is also commercially known as cod or codling.[3][n 1] Dry cod may be prepared as unsalted stockfish,[4][10] and as cured salt cod or clipfish.[n 2]
</p><p>In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,Norwey and around both coasts of Greenland and the Labrador Sea; it is found from the Bay of Biscay north to the Arctic Ocean, including the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, Sea of the Hebrides,[14] areas around Iceland.
</p><p>Atlantic cod can live for up to 25 years and typically grow up to 100–140 cm (39.4-55.1 in), but individuals in excess of 180 cm (70.9 in) and 50 kg (110.2 lbs) have been caught.[15][16] They will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between populations and has varied over time.[17][18]
</p><p>Colouring is brown or green, with spots on the dorsal side, shading to silver ventrally. A stripe along its lateral line (used to detect vibrations)[19] is clearly visible. Its habitat ranges from the coastal shoreline down to 300 m (1,000 ft) along the continental shelf.
</p><p>Atlantic cod is one of the most heavily fished species. Atlantic cod was fished for a thousand years by north European fishers who followed it across the North Atlantic Ocean to North America.
</p><p>Population tracking
</p><p>Bacalao populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. Bacalao or Cod fish living in coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea with usually in the sea water with temperature of the 0 degrees or up to 8 degrees maximum and are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Behaviour"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Behaviour</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Shoaling"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Shoaling</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Predation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Predation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Swimming"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Swimming</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Response_to_changing_temperatures"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Response to changing temperatures</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Feeding_and_diet"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Feeding and diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Reproduction"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Parasites"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Parasites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Fisheries"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Fisheries</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Northwest_Atlantic_cod"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Northwest Atlantic cod</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Northeast_Atlantic_cod"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Northeast Atlantic cod</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Baltic_cod"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Baltic cod</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Behaviour">Behaviour</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg/220px-Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg/330px-Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg/440px-Atlantic_cod_under_a_shipwreck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Atlantic cod are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</a>—they prefer sea bottoms with coarse sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a></sup></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/300px--Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="165" data-durationhint="222" data-mwtitle="Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="470" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1047" data-height="576" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_oftewel_gul_rondom_een_wrak_met_andere_vissen-4885742.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /></video></span><figcaption>Young Atlantic cod avoid larger cod and pouting (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trisopterus_luscus" title="Trisopterus luscus">Trisopterus luscus</a></i>) and crabs on a wreck in the southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Shoaling">Shoaling</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shoaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/300px--Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="165" data-durationhint="548" data-mwtitle="Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="470" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1047" data-height="576" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm/Kabeljauwen_houden_zich_op_bij_een_wrak_en_bevrijden_zichzelf-4885741.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling</a> Atlantic cod on a wreck in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Atlantic cod are a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">shoaling</a> species and move in large, size-structured aggregations. Larger fish act as scouts and lead the shoal's direction, particularly during post <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migrations</a> inshore for feeding. Cod actively feed during migration and changes in shoal structure occur when food is encountered. Shoals are generally thought to be relatively leaderless, with all fish having equal status and an equal distribution of resources and benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher-20">[18]</a></sup> However, some studies suggest that leading fish gain certain feeding benefits. One study of a migrating Atlantic cod shoal showed significant variability in feeding habits based on size and position in the shoal. Larger scouts consumed a more variable, higher quantity of food, while trailing fish had less variable diets and consumed less food. Fish distribution throughout the shoal seems to be dictated by fish size, and ultimately, the smaller lagging fish likely benefit from shoaling because they are more successful in feeding in the shoal than they would be if migrating individually, due to social facilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-DeBlois_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeBlois-21">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Predation">Predation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Atlantic cod are apex predators in the Baltic and adults are generally free from the concerns of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[20]</a></sup> Juvenile cod, however, may serve as prey for adult cod, which sometimes practice <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalism</a>. Juvenile cod make substrate decisions based on risk of predation. Substrates refer to different feeding and swimming environments. Without apparent risk of predation, juvenile cod demonstrated a preference for finer-grained substrates such as sand and gravel-pebble. However, in the presence of a predator, they preferred to seek safety in the space available between stones of a cobble substrate. Selection of cobble significantly reduces the risk of predation. Without access to cobble, the juvenile cod simply tries to escape a predator by fleeing.
</p><p>Additionally, juvenile Atlantic cod vary their behaviour according to the foraging behaviour of predators. In the vicinity of a passive predator, cod behaviour changes very little. The juveniles prefer finer-grained substrates and otherwise avoid the safer kelp, steering clear of the predator. In contrast, in the presence of an actively foraging predator, juveniles are highly avoidant and hide in cobble or in kelp if cobble is unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-Gotceitas_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gotceitas-23">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Heavy fishing of cod in the 1990s and the collapse of American and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian cod">Canadian cod</a> stocks resulted in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">trophic cascades</a>. As cod are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> them removed a significant predatory pressure on other Atlantic fish and crustacean species. Population-limiting effects on several species including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_lobster" title="American lobster">American lobsters</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> from cod predation have decreased significantly, and the abundance of these species and their increasing range serve as evidence of the Atlantic cod's role as a major predator rather than prey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[20]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Swimming">Swimming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Swimming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Atlantic cod have been recorded to swim at speeds of a minimum of 2–5 cm/s (0.039–0.097 kn) and a maximum of 21–54 cm/s (0.41–1.05 kn) with a mean swimming speed of 9–17 cm/s (0.17–0.33 kn). In one hour, cod have been recorded to cover a mean range of 99 to 226 m (325 to 741 ft). Swimming speed was higher during the day than at night. This is reflected in the fact that cod more actively search for food during the day. Cod likely modify their activity pattern according to the length of daylight, thus activity varies with time of year.<sup id="cite_ref-Lokkeborg_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lokkeborg-24">[22]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Response_to_changing_temperatures">Response to changing temperatures</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Response to changing temperatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Swimming and physiological behaviours change in response to fluctuations in water temperature. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Respirometry" title="Respirometry">Respirometry</a> experiments show that heart rates of Atlantic cod change drastically with changes in temperature of only a few degrees. A rise in water temperature causes marked increases in cod swimming activity. Cod typically avoid new temperature conditions, and the temperatures can dictate where they are distributed in water. They prefer to be deeper, in colder water layers during the day, and in shallower, warmer water layers at night. These fine-tuned behavioural changes to water temperature are driven by an effort to maintain homeostasis to preserve energy. This is demonstrated by the fact that a decrease of only 2.5 °C (5 °F) caused a highly costly increase in metabolic rate of 15 to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-Claireaux_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claireaux-25">[23]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Feeding_and_diet">Feeding and diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feeding and diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The diet of the Atlantic cod consists of fish such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clupea" title="Clupea">herring</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a> (in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sand_eel" title="Sand eel">sand eels</a>, as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicates</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">comb jellies</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_worm" title="Marine worm">sea worms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> Stomach sampling studies have discovered that small Atlantic cod feed primarily on crustaceans, while large Atlantic cod feed primarily on fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-27">[25]</a></sup> In certain regions, the main food source is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapods">decapods</a> with fish as a complementary food item in the diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Klemetsen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klemetsen-28">[26]</a></sup> Wild Atlantic cod throughout the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> depend, to a large extent, on commercial fish species also used in fisheries, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merlangius" title="Merlangius">whiting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">Atlantic herring</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_plaice" title="European plaice">European plaice</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_sole" title="Common sole">common sole</a>, making fishery manipulation of cod significantly easier.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-27">[25]</a></sup> Ultimately, food selection by cod is affected by the food item size relative to their own size. However, providing for size, cod do exhibit food preference and are not simply driven by availability.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-27">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Atlantic cod practice some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalism</a>. In the southern North Sea, 1–2% (by weight) of stomach contents for cod larger than 10 cm (4 in) consisted of juvenile cod. In the northern North Sea, cannibalism was higher, at 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-Daan_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daan-27">[25]</a></sup> Other reports of cannibalism have estimated as high as 56% of the diet consists of juvenile cod.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354-29">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>When hatched, cod larvae are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precociality_and_altriciality" title="Precociality and altriciality">altricial</a>, entirely dependent on a yolk sac for sustenance until mouth opening at ~24 degree days.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[28]</a></sup> The stomach generally develops at around 240 degree days.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[28]</a></sup> Before this point the intestine is the main point of food digestion using pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-30">[28]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_(High_Arctic,_Canada).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png/220px-Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png/330px-Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png/440px-Gadus_morhua_%28High_Arctic%2C_Canada%29.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Atlantic cod in a High Arctic Lake in Canada. These cod resemble those of past Atlantic catches. Measuring 120–130 cm (47–53 in) long and weighing between 20 and 26 kg (44 and 57 lb), it is easy to see that today's 41–51 cm (16–20 in) commercially caught cod are less than half this size. A cod 2.7 times as long would weigh 20 times as much.</figcaption></figure>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gravid_female_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spawning female in captivity"><img alt="Spawning female in captivity" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gravid_female_cod.jpg/240px-Gravid_female_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gravid_female_cod.jpg/360px-Gravid_female_cod.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gravid_female_cod.jpg/480px-Gravid_female_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Spawning female in captivity</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm/328px--Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="219" height="120" data-durationhint="237" data-mwtitle="Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="470" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1047" data-height="576" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm/Jonge_kabeljauwen_of_gul_nieuwsgierig_bij_een_wrak-4885743.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /></video></span></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Juveniles on a wreck in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod juvenile"><img alt="Atlantic cod juvenile" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg/240px-Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg/360px-Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg/480px-Gadus_morhua_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4112" data-file-height="3084" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Atlantic cod juvenile</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adult"><img alt="Adult" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG/329px-Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG/493px-Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG/658px-Gadus_morhua_Cod-2b-Atlanterhavsparken-Norway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Adult</div>
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</ul>
<p>Atlantic cod will attain sexual maturity between ages two and eight with this varying between different populations and has also varied over time with a population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[16]</a></sup> Their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> take several months to develop and most populations will spawn from January to May.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup> For many populations, the spawning grounds are located in a different area than the feeding grounds so require the fish to migrate in order to spawn. On the spawning area, males and females will form large schools. Based on behavioral observations of cod, the cod mating system has been likened to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lekking" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekking">lekking</a> system, which is characterized by males aggregating and establishing dominance hierarchies, at which point females may visit and choose a spawning partner based on status and sexual characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354-29">[27]</a></sup> Evidence suggests male sound production and other sexually selected characteristics allow female cod to actively choose a spawning partner. Males also exhibit aggressive interactions for access to females.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchings_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchings-33">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Atlantic cod are batch spawners, in which females will spawn approximately 5-20 batches of eggs over a period of time with 2–4 days between the release of each batch.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup> Each female will spawn between 2 hundred thousand and 15 million eggs, with larger females spawning more eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup> Females release gametes in a ventral mount, and males then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilize</a> the released eggs. The eggs and newly hatched larvae float freely in the water and will drift with the current, with some populations relying upon the current to transport the larvae to nursery areas.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Parasites">Parasites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases and parasites in cod">Diseases and parasites in cod</a></div>
<p>Atlantic cod act as intermediate, paratenic, or definitive hosts to a large number of parasite species: 107 taxa listed by Hemmingsen and MacKenzie (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-38">[36]</a></sup> and seven new records by Perdiguero-Alonso et al. (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-38">[36]</a></sup> The predominant groups of cod parasites in the northeast Atlantic were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematodes</a> (19 species) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> (13 species), including larval <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anisakid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakid">anisakids</a>, which comprised 58.2% of the total number of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-38">[36]</a></sup> Parasites of Atlantic cod include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digenean" class="mw-redirect" title="Digenean">digeneans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monogenean" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogenean">monogeneans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acanthocephalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthocephalan">acanthocephalans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cestode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestode">cestodes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myxozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxozoan">myxozoans</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoan">protozoans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-38">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fisheries">Fisheries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod_landings_eastern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Atlantic_cod_landings_eastern.jpg/418px-Atlantic_cod_landings_eastern.jpg" decoding="async" width="418" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Atlantic_cod_landings_eastern.jpg/627px-Atlantic_cod_landings_eastern.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Atlantic_cod_landings_eastern.jpg/836px-Atlantic_cod_landings_eastern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Reported landings of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the eastern Atlantic for each of the 16 populations/management units. Data source: ICES.</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod_landings_western_Atlantic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Atlantic_cod_landings_western_Atlantic.jpg/420px-Atlantic_cod_landings_western_Atlantic.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Atlantic_cod_landings_western_Atlantic.jpg/630px-Atlantic_cod_landings_western_Atlantic.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Atlantic_cod_landings_western_Atlantic.jpg/840px-Atlantic_cod_landings_western_Atlantic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Landings of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the western Atlantic from 1960 to 2019. Data source: NAFO.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Atlantic cod has been targeted by humans for food for thousands of years,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup> and with the advent of modern fishing technology in the 1950s there was a rapid rise in landings.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[38]</a></sup> Cod is caught using a variety of fishing gears including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawls</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">demersal longlines</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Danish seine</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jigging" title="Jigging">jigging</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">hand lines</a>. The quantity of cod landed from fisheries has been recorded by many countries from around the 1950s and attempts have been made to reconstruct historical catches going back hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40">[38]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">ICES</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Atlantic_Fisheries_Organization" title="Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization">NAFO</a> collects landings data, alongside other data, which is used to assess the status of the population against management objectives. The landings in the eastern Atlantic frequently exceeds 1 million tonnes annually from across 16 populations/management units with landings from the Northeast Atlantic cod population and Iceland accounting for the majority of the landings, Since 1992, when the cod <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">moratorium</a> took effect in Canada, landings in the western Atlantic have been considerably lower than in the eastern Atlantic, generally being less than 50,000 tonnes annually.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Northwest_Atlantic_cod">Northwest Atlantic cod</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northwest Atlantic cod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></div>
<p>The Northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s.
</p><p>Newfoundland's northern cod fishery can be traced back to the 16th century. On average, about 300,000 t (330,000 short tons) of cod were landed annually until the 1960s, when advances in technology enabled factory trawlers to take larger catches. By 1968, landings for the fish peaked at 800,000 t (880,000 short tons) before a gradual decline set in. With the reopening of the limited cod fisheries in 2006, nearly 2,700 t (3,000 short tons) of cod were hauled in. In 2007, offshore cod stocks were estimated at 1% of what they were in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Technologies that contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod include engine-powered vessels and frozen food compartments aboard ships. Engine-powered vessels had larger nets, greater range, and better navigation. The capacity to catch fish became limitless. In addition, sonar technology gave an edge to detecting and catching fish. Sonar was originally developed during World War II to locate enemy submarines, but was later applied to locating schools of fish. These new technologies, as well as bottom trawlers that destroyed entire ecosystems, contributed to the collapse of Atlantic cod. They were vastly different from old techniques used, such as hand lines and long lines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The fishery has only recently begun to recover, and may never fully recover because of a possibly stable change in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a>, feeding upon smaller prey, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow crab">snow crab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-42">[40]</a></sup> With the large predatory fish removed, their prey have had population explosions and have become the top predators, affecting the survival rates of cod eggs and fry.
</p><p>In the winter of 2011–2012, the cod fishery succeeded in convincing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> to postpone for one year the planned 82% reduction in catch limits. Instead, the limit was reduced by 22%. The fishery brought in $15.8 million in 2010, coming second behind Georges Bank haddock among the region's 20 regulated bottom-dwelling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">groundfish</a>. Data released in 2011 indicated that even closing the fishery would not allow populations to rebound by 2014 to levels required under federal law. Restrictions on cod effectively limit fishing on other groundfish species with which the cod swim, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a> and haddock.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-43">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Northeast_Atlantic_cod">Northeast Atlantic cod</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Northeast Atlantic cod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:NEAcodBiomass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NEAcodBiomass.png/220px-NEAcodBiomass.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NEAcodBiomass.png/330px-NEAcodBiomass.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NEAcodBiomass.png/440px-NEAcodBiomass.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Estimated biomass of the Northeast Arctic cod stock for the period 1946–2012, in million tons: Light blue bars represent the immature fraction of the stock, while the darker blue bars represent the spawning biomass.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Northeast Atlantic has the world's largest population of cod. By far, the largest part of this population is the Northeast Arctic cod, as it is labelled by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">ICES</a>, or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as <i>skrei</i>, a Norwegian name meaning something like "the wanderer", distinguishing it from coastal cod. The Northeast Arctic cod is found in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> area. This stock spawns in March and April along the Norwegian coast, about 40% around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>. Newly hatched larvae drift northwards with the coastal current while feeding on larval <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>. By summer, the young cod reach the Barents Sea, where they stay for the rest of their lives, until their spawning migration. As the cod grow, they feed on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> and other small crustaceans and fish. Adult cod primarily feed on fish such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">herring</a>. The northeast Arctic cod also show <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibalism_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibalism (zoology)">cannibalistic</a> behaviour. Estimated stock size was 2,260,000 t (2,490,000 short tons) in 2008.
</p><p>The North Sea cod stock is primarily fished by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states, the United Kingdom and Norway. In 1999, the catch was divided among Denmark (31%), Scotland (25%), the rest of the United Kingdom (12%), the Netherlands (10%), Belgium, Germany and Norway (17%). In the 1970s, the annual catch rose to between 200,000 and 300,000 t (220,000 and 330,000 short tons). Due to concerns about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, catch quotas were repeatedly reduced in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2003, ICES stated a high risk existed of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004. However, agriculture and fisheries ministers from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> endorsed the EU/Norway Agreement and set the total allowable catch at 27,300 t (30,100 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification#Guides_and_advisory_lists" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Seafood sustainability guides</a>, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a>, often recommend environmentally conscious customers not purchase Atlantic cod.
</p><p>The stock of Northeast Arctic cod was more than four million tons following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but declined to a historic minimum of 740,000 t (820,000 short tons) in 1983. The catch reached a historic maximum of 1,343,000 t (1,480,000 short tons) in 1956, and bottomed out at 212,000 t (234,000 short tons) in 1990. Since 2000, the spawning stock has increased quite quickly, helped by low fishing pressure. The total catch in 2012 was 754,131 t (831,287 short tons), the major fishers being Norway and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Baltic_cod">Baltic cod</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baltic cod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Decades of overfishing in combination with environmental problems, namely little water exchange, low salinity and oxygen-depletion at the sea bottom, caused major threats to the Baltic cod stocks.
</p><p>There are at least two populations of cod in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>: One large population that spawns east of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a> and one population spawning west of Bornholm. Eastern Baltic cod is genetically distinct and adapted to the brackish environment. Adaptations include differences in hemoglobin type, osmoregulatory capacity, egg buoyancy, sperm swimming characteristics and spawning season. The adaptive responses to the environmental conditions in the Baltic Sea may contribute to an effective reproductive barrier, and thus, eastern Baltic cod can be viewed as an example of ongoing speciation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup> Due to drastically low cod population sizes, commercial fishing of eastern Baltic cod is prohibited since 2019. However, unfavourable environmental conditions in the eastern Baltic Sea, i.e., low salinity and increasing oxygen-depletion at the sea bottom, led to presently only the Bornholm Basin (Southern Baltic Sea) having sufficient conditions for successful reproduction of eastern Baltic cod.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>The western Baltic cod consists of one or several small subpopulations that are genetically more similar to the North Sea cod. In the Arkona basin (located off <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Cape Arkona</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>), spawning and migrating cod from both the eastern and western stocks intermingle in proportions that vary seasonally.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup> The immigration of eastern cod into the western Baltic management unit may mask a poor state of the populations in the western management unit.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod War">Cod War</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Cod" title="Sacred Cod">Sacred Cod</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod as food</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scrod" title="Scrod">Scrod</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the Middle Ages, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> used numerous forms such as <i>mulvel</i>, <i>milvel</i>, <i>melvel</i>, and <i>milwell</i> to refer to fresh, large cod<sup id="cite_ref-milwell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milwell-2">[2]</a></sup> and <i>morhwell</i> to refer to smaller ones.<sup id="cite_ref-morwell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morwell-3">[3]</a></sup> Fresh cod was also known as the <i>common cod</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> the <i>Scotch cod</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> and as the <i>green fish</i> or <i>greenfish</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenfish_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfish-7">[7]</a></sup> "Greenfish", however, now more often refers to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenfish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greenfish (disambiguation)">other fish</a>. Similarly, "codling" may refer to various <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morids" class="mw-redirect" title="Morids">morids</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Former names for salted cod include <i>cured cod</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-greencod_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greencod-10">[9]</a></sup> <i>ling</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-greencod_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greencod-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ling_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haberdine_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haberdine-12">[11]</a></sup> and <i>haberdine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-seaport_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seaport-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haberdine_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haberdine-12">[11]</a></sup> Freshly-salted cod was known as <i>green cod</i>, <i>white cod</i>, <i>corefish</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-greencod_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greencod-10">[9]</a></sup> <i>coursfish</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-stockfish_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stockfish-9">[8]</a></sup> and green fish or greenfish.<sup id="cite_ref-greenfish_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfish-7">[7]</a></sup> "Green cod" may also refer to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saithe" class="mw-redirect" title="Saithe">saithe</a> (<i>Pollachius virens</i>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollachius_pollachius" title="Pollachius pollachius">pollack</a> (<i>P. pollachius</i>), or uncommonly to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingcod" title="Lingcod">lingcod</a> (<i>O. elongatus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-greenfish_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfish-7">[7]</a></sup> "Ling" now more often refers to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ling_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ling (disambiguation)">other fish</a>, particularly the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_ling" title="Common ling">common ling</a> (<i>Molva molva</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ling_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-11">[10]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>This article incorporates CC BY-2.0 text from the reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-38">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-seaport-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seaport_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seaport_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua:Atlantic_cod"><i>Atlantic Cod</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225151638/http://www.seafood-portal.com/Fish_Products/Gadus_morhua%3AAtlantic_cod">Archived</a> 2009-12-25 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Seafood Portal.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-milwell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-milwell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milwell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "milwell, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-morwell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morwell_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "morhwell, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1836" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Richardson, John (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc5cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA242">"93. Gadus Morrhua. (Auct.) <i>Common Cod-fish</i>"</a>, <i>Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.</i>, vol. III: The Fish, London: Richard Bentley, pp. 242–245</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=93.+Gadus+Morrhua.+%28Auct.%29+Common+Cod-fish&rft.btitle=Fauna+Boreali-Americana%3B+or+the+Zoology+of+the+Northern+Parts+of+British+America%3A+Containing+Descriptions+of+the+Objects+of+Natural+History+Collected+on+the+Late+Northern+Land+Expeditions+under+Command+of+Captain+Sir+John+Franklin%2C+R.N.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=242-245&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRc5cAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1836" class="citation cs2">Grant, Francis William (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5DVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12">"Parish of Banff (Presbytery of Fordyce, Synod of Aberdeen.)"</a>, <i>The New Statistical Account of Scotland</i>, vol. XI, Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, p. 12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parish+of+Banff+%28Presbytery+of+Fordyce%2C+Synod+of+Aberdeen.%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Statistical+Account+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=William+Blackwood+%26+Sons&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Francis+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5DVAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1860" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Riley, Henry Thomas, ed. (1860), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA816">"Glossary of Mediæval Latin"</a>, <i>Munimenta Gildallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn</i>, vol. II, Part II., containing Liber Custumarum, with extracts from the Cottonian MS Claudius, D. II., London: Eyre & Spottiswoode for Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 816</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Medi%C3%A6val+Latin&rft.btitle=Munimenta+Gildall%C3%A6+Londoniensis%3A+Liber+Albus%2C+Liber+Custumarum%2C+et+Liber+Horn&rft.place=London&rft.pages=816&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode+for+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMMKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-greenfish-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenfish_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfish_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfish_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "green fish, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stockfish-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stockfish_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stockfish_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "stock-fish| 'stockfish, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1917.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-greencod-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greencod_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greencod_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greencod_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed. "green cod, <i>n.¹</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ling-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ling_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "ling, <i>n.¹</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1903.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-haberdine-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haberdine_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haberdine_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 1st ed. "† haberdine, <i>n.</i>" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1898.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.Michael Hogan, (2011) but living area is most Norway and North cold sea area with temperature of the sea around 0 degrees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523"><i>Sea of the Hebrides</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524005430/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Sea_of_Hebrides?topic=49523">Archived</a> May 24, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Klemetsen-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klemetsen_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKlemetsen1982" class="citation journal cs1">Klemetsen, A. (1 May 1982). "Food and feeding habits of cod from the Balsfjord, northern Norway during a one-year period". <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 101–111. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F40.2.101">10.1093/icesjms/40.2.101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Food+and+feeding+habits+of+cod+from+the+Balsfjord%2C+northern+Norway+during+a+one-year+period&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-111&rft.date=1982-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficesjms%2F40.2.101&rft.aulast=Klemetsen&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ponomarenko_1965_349–354_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPonomarenko1965" class="citation journal cs1">Ponomarenko, I. Ja (1965). "Comparative characteristics of some biological indices of the bottom stages of 0-group cod belonging to the 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 year-classes". <i>Spec. Publ. Int. Comm. Northw. Atlant. Fish</i>: 349–354.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spec.+Publ.+Int.+Comm.+Northw.+Atlant.+Fish&rft.atitle=Comparative+characteristics+of+some+biological+indices+of+the+bottom+stages+of+0-group+cod+belonging+to+the+1956%2C+1958%2C+1959%2C+1960+and+1961+year-classes&rft.pages=349-354&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ponomarenko&rft.aufirst=I.+Ja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerez-CasanovaMurrayGallantRoss2006" class="citation journal cs1">Perez-Casanova, J.C.; Murray, H.M.; Gallant, J.W.; Ross, N.W.; Douglas, S.E.; Johnson, S.C. (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848605003789">"Development of the digestive capacity in larvae of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)"</a>. <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>251</b> (2–4): 377–401. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Aquac.251..377P">2006Aquac.251..377P</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2005.06.007">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.06.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+digestive+capacity+in+larvae+of+haddock+%28Melanogrammus+aeglefinus%29+and+Atlantic+cod+%28Gadus+morhua%29&rft.volume=251&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=377-401&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2005.06.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Aquac.251..377P&rft.aulast=Perez-Casanova&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft.au=Murray%2C+H.M.&rft.au=Gallant%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Ross%2C+N.W.&rft.au=Douglas%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0044848605003789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFICES2005" class="citation journal cs1">ICES (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ices-library.figshare.com/articles/_/18624242">"Spawning and life history information for North Atlantic cod stocks"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17895%2FICES.PUB.5478">10.17895/ICES.PUB.5478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spawning+and+life+history+information+for+North+Atlantic+cod+stocks&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17895%2FICES.PUB.5478&rft.au=ICES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fices-library.figshare.com%2Farticles%2F_%2F18624242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKjesbuRightonKrüger-JohnsenThorsen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kjesbu, Olav Sigurd; Righton, David; Krüger-Johnsen, Maria; Thorsen, Anders; Michalsen, Kathrine; Fonn, Merete; Witthames, Peter R. (April 2010). Marshall, C. Tara (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/F10-011">"Thermal dynamics of ovarian maturation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 605–625. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2FF10-011">10.1139/F10-011</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F108908">11250/108908</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0706-652X">0706-652X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Thermal+dynamics+of+ovarian+maturation+in+Atlantic+cod+%28Gadus+morhua%29&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=605-625&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F108908&rft.issn=0706-652X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FF10-011&rft.aulast=Kjesbu&rft.aufirst=Olav+Sigurd&rft.au=Righton%2C+David&rft.au=Kr%C3%BCger-Johnsen%2C+Maria&rft.au=Thorsen%2C+Anders&rft.au=Michalsen%2C+Kathrine&rft.au=Fonn%2C+Merete&rft.au=Witthames%2C+Peter+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcresearchpress.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1139%2FF10-011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hutchings-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hutchings_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHutchingsBishop,_Todd_DMcGregor-Shaw,_Carolyn_R1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchings, Jeffrey A; Bishop, Todd D; McGregor-Shaw, Carolyn R (1 January 1999). "Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod: evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner". <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 97–104. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff98-216">10.1139/f98-216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Spawning+behaviour+of+Atlantic+cod%3A+evidence+of+mate+competition+and+mate+choice+in+a+broadcast+spawner&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-104&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Ff98-216&rft.aulast=Hutchings&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+A&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Todd+D&rft.au=McGregor-Shaw%2C+Carolyn+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKjesbuSolemdalBratlandFonn1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kjesbu, O S; Solemdal, P; Bratland, P; Fonn, M (1996-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/f95-215">"Variation in annual egg production in individual captive Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua )"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 610–620. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff95-215">10.1139/f95-215</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F109284">11250/109284</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0706-652X">0706-652X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Variation+in+annual+egg+production+in+individual+captive+Atlantic+cod+%28+Gadus+morhua+%29&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=610-620&rft.date=1996-03-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F109284&rft.issn=0706-652X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Ff95-215&rft.aulast=Kjesbu&rft.aufirst=O+S&rft.au=Solemdal%2C+P&rft.au=Bratland%2C+P&rft.au=Fonn%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcresearchpress.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1139%2Ff95-215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKjesbu1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kjesbu, O. S. (February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x">"The spawning activity of cod, Gadus morhua L."</a> <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 195–206. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JFBio..34..195K">1989JFBio..34..195K</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x">10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1112">0022-1112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fish+Biology&rft.atitle=The+spawning+activity+of+cod%2C+Gadus+morhua+L.&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-206&rft.date=1989-02&rft.issn=0022-1112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989JFBio..34..195K&rft.aulast=Kjesbu&rft.aufirst=O.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.1989.tb03302.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSkjæraasenNilsenKjesbu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Skjæraasen, Jon Egil; Nilsen, Trygve; Kjesbu, Olav S (2006-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-218">"Timing and determination of potential fecundity in Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>)"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 310–320. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Ff05-218">10.1139/f05-218</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0706-652X">0706-652X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Fisheries+and+Aquatic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Timing+and+determination+of+potential+fecundity+in+Atlantic+cod+%28Gadus+morhua%29&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=310-320&rft.date=2006-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Ff05-218&rft.issn=0706-652X&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%A6raasen&rft.aufirst=Jon+Egil&rft.au=Nilsen%2C+Trygve&rft.au=Kjesbu%2C+Olav+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1139%2Ff05-218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBurnie1998" class="citation book cs1">Burnie, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dknatureencyclop0000unse/page/189"><i>The DK Nature Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dknatureencyclop0000unse/page/189">189</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-3411-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-3411-3"><bdi>0-7894-3411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+DK+Nature+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=DK+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7894-3411-3&rft.aulast=Burnie&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdknatureencyclop0000unse%2Fpage%2F189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perdiguero-Alonso_2008_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPerdiguero-AlonsoMonteroRagaKostadinova2008" class="citation journal cs1">Perdiguero-Alonso, D.; Montero, F. E.; Raga, J. A.; Kostadinova, A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503959">"Composition and structure of the parasite faunas of cod, <i>Gadus morhua</i> L. (Teleostei: Gadidae), in the North East Atlantic"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parasites_%26_Vectors" title="Parasites & Vectors">Parasites & Vectors</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 23. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1756-3305-1-23">10.1186/1756-3305-1-23</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503959">2503959</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18638387">18638387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasites+%26+Vectors&rft.atitle=Composition+and+structure+of+the+parasite+faunas+of+cod%2C+Gadus+morhua+L.+%28Teleostei%3A+Gadidae%29%2C+in+the+North+East+Atlantic&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2503959%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18638387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1756-3305-1-23&rft.aulast=Perdiguero-Alonso&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Montero%2C+F.+E.&rft.au=Raga%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Kostadinova%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2503959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFÓlafsdóttirPétursdóttirBárðarsonEdvardsson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ólafsdóttir, Guðbjörg Ásta; Pétursdóttir, Gróa; Bárðarson, Hlynur; Edvardsson, Ragnar (2017-10-27). Corriero, Aldo (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659679">"A millennium of north-east Atlantic cod juvenile growth trajectories inferred from archaeological otoliths"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>12</b> (10): e0187134. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1287134O">2017PLoSO..1287134O</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0187134">10.1371/journal.pone.0187134</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5659679">5659679</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29077736">29077736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+millennium+of+north-east+Atlantic+cod+juvenile+growth+trajectories+inferred+from+archaeological+otoliths&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0187134&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5659679%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1287134O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29077736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0187134&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=%C3%93lafsd%C3%B3ttir&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0bj%C3%B6rg+%C3%81sta&rft.au=P%C3%A9tursd%C3%B3ttir%2C+Gr%C3%B3a&rft.au=B%C3%A1r%C3%B0arson%2C+Hlynur&rft.au=Edvardsson%2C+Ragnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5659679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchijnsFroeseHutchingsPauly2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schijns, Rebecca; Froese, Rainer; Hutchings, Jeffrey A; Pauly, Daniel (2021-10-27). Raicevich, Sasa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/78/8/2675/6359257">"Five centuries of cod catches in Eastern Canada"</a>. <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>78</b> (8): 2675–2683. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsab153">10.1093/icesjms/fsab153</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2833698">11250/2833698</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1054-3139">1054-3139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Five+centuries+of+cod+catches+in+Eastern+Canada&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2675-2683&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2833698&rft.issn=1054-3139&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficesjms%2Ffsab153&rft.aulast=Schijns&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Froese%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Hutchings%2C+Jeffrey+A&rft.au=Pauly%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ficesjms%2Farticle%2F78%2F8%2F2675%2F6359257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Frank-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_T._FrankBrian_PetrieJae_S._ChoiWilliam_C._Leggett2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kenneth T. Frank; Brian Petrie; Jae S. Choi; William C. Leggett (2005). "Trophic Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>308</b> (5728): 1621–1623. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1621F">2005Sci...308.1621F</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1113075">10.1126/science.1113075</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15947186">15947186</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45088691">45088691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Trophic+Cascades+in+a+Formerly+Cod-Dominated+Ecosystem&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=5728&rft.pages=1621-1623&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1113075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45088691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15947186&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...308.1621F&rft.au=Kenneth+T.+Frank&rft.au=Brian+Petrie&rft.au=Jae+S.+Choi&rft.au=William+C.+Leggett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Press-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2012" class="citation news cs1">The Associated Press (12 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/us/cod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html">"Cod Fishermen's Alarm Outlasts Reprieve on Catch Limits"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cod+Fishermen%27s+Alarm+Outlasts+Reprieve+on+Catch+Limits&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F12%2Fus%2Fcod-fishermens-alarm-outlasts-reprieve-on-catch-limits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arctic Fisheries Working Group of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Council_for_the_Exploration_of_the_Sea" title="International Council for the Exploration of the Sea">ICES</a>, published in the ICES Report AFWG CM 2013, ACOM:05. The estimation method was standard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virtual_population_analysis" title="Virtual population analysis">virtual population analysis</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portunusgroup.com/products/atlantic-cod/">"Our Products: Atlantic Cod"</a>. <i>portunusgroup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portunusgroup.com&rft.atitle=Our+Products%3A+Atlantic+Cod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportunusgroup.com%2Fproducts%2Fatlantic-cod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325115725/http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515">"ICES Stock Database Disclaimer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standardgraphs.ices.dk/download/HandlerDownload.ashx?year=2013&EcoRegion=137491&Species=44515">the original</a> on 25 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICES+Stock+Database+Disclaimer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandardgraphs.ices.dk%2Fdownload%2FHandlerDownload.ashx%3Fyear%3D2013%26EcoRegion%3D137491%26Species%3D44515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBergJentoftStarRing2015" class="citation journal cs1">Berg, Paul R.; Jentoft, Sissel; Star, Bastiaan; Ring, Kristoffer H.; Knutsen, Halvor; Lien, Sigbjørn; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; André, Carl (2015-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494048">"Adaptation to Low Salinity Promotes Genomic Divergence in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)"</a>. <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>7</b> (6): 1644–1663. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv093">10.1093/gbe/evv093</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1759-6653">1759-6653</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4494048">4494048</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25994933">25994933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Adaptation+to+Low+Salinity+Promotes+Genomic+Divergence+in+Atlantic+Cod+%28Gadus+morhua+L.%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1644-1663&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4494048%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1759-6653&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25994933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv093&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Jentoft%2C+Sissel&rft.au=Star%2C+Bastiaan&rft.au=Ring%2C+Kristoffer+H.&rft.au=Knutsen%2C+Halvor&rft.au=Lien%2C+Sigbj%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Jakobsen%2C+Kjetill+S.&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4494048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzieHinrichsenPlikshsWieland2000" class="citation journal cs1">MacKenzie, BR; Hinrichsen, HH; Plikshs, M; Wieland, K; Zezera, AS (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps193143">"Quantifying environmental heterogeneity:habitat size necessary for successful development of cod Gadus morhua eggs in the Baltic Sea"</a>. <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>. <b>193</b>: 143–156. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MEPS..193..143M">2000MEPS..193..143M</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps193143">10.3354/meps193143</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0171-8630">0171-8630</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3548719">3548719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Ecology+Progress+Series&rft.atitle=Quantifying+environmental+heterogeneity%3Ahabitat+size+necessary+for+successful+development+of+cod+Gadus+morhua+eggs+in+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.volume=193&rft.pages=143-156&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3354%2Fmeps193143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3548719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0171-8630&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000MEPS..193..143M&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=BR&rft.au=Hinrichsen%2C+HH&rft.au=Plikshs%2C+M&rft.au=Wieland%2C+K&rft.au=Zezera%2C+AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3354%252Fmeps193143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHemmer-HansenHüssyBaktoftHuwer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hemmer-Hansen, Jakob; Hüssy, Karin; Baktoft, Henrik; Huwer, Bastian; Bekkevold, Dorte; Haslob, Holger; Herrmann, Jens-Peter; Hinrichsen, Hans-Harald; Krumme, Uwe; Mosegaard, Henrik; Nielsen, Einar Eg (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439499">"Genetic analyses reveal complex dynamics within a marine fish management area"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Applications</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 830–844. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EvApp..12..830H">2019EvApp..12..830H</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feva.12760">10.1111/eva.12760</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1752-4571">1752-4571</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439499">6439499</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30976313">30976313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Applications&rft.atitle=Genetic+analyses+reveal+complex+dynamics+within+a+marine+fish+management+area&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=830-844&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6439499%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EvApp..12..830H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30976313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Feva.12760&rft.issn=1752-4571&rft.aulast=Hemmer-Hansen&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft.au=H%C3%BCssy%2C+Karin&rft.au=Baktoft%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Huwer%2C+Bastian&rft.au=Bekkevold%2C+Dorte&rft.au=Haslob%2C+Holger&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Jens-Peter&rft.au=Hinrichsen%2C+Hans-Harald&rft.au=Krumme%2C+Uwe&rft.au=Mosegaard%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Einar+Eg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6439499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+cod" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_cod&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gadus_morhua" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gadus morhua">Gadus morhua</a></b></i>.</div></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gadus_morhua" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gadus morhua">Atlantic cod</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?genusname=Gadus&speciesname=morhua">FishBase</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codbio.htm">Codtrace</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040405134957/http://www.cefas.co.uk/fishinfo/gadus_morhua.htm">The Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdli.ca/cod/home1.htm">The history of the northern cod fishery in Canada</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033246/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/oct/cod-347d.pdf">ICES recommendation for the North Sea Cod stock (2007)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620033243/http://www.ices.dk/committe/acfm/comwork/report/2006/may/cod-arct.pdf">ICES recommendation for the North East Arctic Cod stock (2007)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605190719/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports-eng.htm">Reports on the status of Canadian fishing stocks, including cod</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305182003/http://www.fisheries.no/marine_stocks/fish_stocks/cod/north_east_arctic_cod.htm">Governmental Norwegian fact sheet on North-East Arctic Cod</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123943/http://www.fisherieswiki.org/species/show/1">Atlantic cod-Gadus morhua fishery profiles</a> Status of Atlantic cod fisheries, summarised in FisheriesWiki</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eol.org/pages/206692">"Atlantic cod"</a> at the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i></li>
<li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Gadus_morhua/Info/Index/">Atlantic cod genome</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/stats/commercial/sea-maritimes-eng.htm">Government of Canada Seafisheries Landings</a></li>
<li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=gadMor1"><i>gadMor1</i></a> genome assembly in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li>
<li>Photos of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sealifecollection.org/taxon/126436">Atlantic cod</a> on Sealife Collection</li></ul>
<p>Pauly, Daniel, and Ashley McCrea Stru. “Atlantic Cod: Past and Present.” Sea Around Us, 21 May 2015, www.seaaroundus.org/atlantic-cod-past-and-present/.
</p>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Common carp">common</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cod,_haddock_and_pollock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cod_topics" title="Template:Cod topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Cod_topics" title="Template talk:Cod topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cod_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cod topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cod,_haddock_and_pollock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod#True_cod" title="Cod">True cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gadus" title="Gadus">Gadus</a></i></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenland_cod" title="Greenland cod">Greenland cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway_pollock" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway pollock">Norway pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="File:Atlantic cod"><img alt="File:Atlantic cod" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod#Related_species" title="Cod">Cod-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arctogadus" title="Arctogadus">Arctic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Siberian_cod" title="East Siberian cod">East Siberian cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucla_cod" title="Eucla cod">Eucla cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_ling" title="Blue ling">Blue ling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_ling" title="Common ling">Common ling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagic_cod" title="Pelagic cod">Pelagic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boreogadus_saida" title="Boreogadus saida">Polar cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poor_cod" title="Poor cod">Poor cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_cod" title="Rock cod">Rock cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saffron_cod" title="Saffron cod">Saffron cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small-headed_cod" title="Small-headed cod">Small-headed cod</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod#Other_species" title="Cod">Other cod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_cod" title="Blue cod">Blue cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_freshwater_cod" title="Eastern freshwater cod">Eastern freshwater cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_River_cod" title="Mary River cod">Mary River cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potato_grouper" title="Potato grouper">Potato cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sleepy_cod" title="Sleepy cod">Sleepy cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trout_cod" title="Trout cod">Trout cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antarctic_toothfish" title="Antarctic toothfish">Antarctic cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Notothenia_microlepidota" title="Notothenia microlepidota">Black cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maori_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori cod">Maori cod</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock#True_cod" title="Pollock">True pollock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollachius</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollachius_pollachius" title="Pollachius pollachius">Atlantic pollock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pollachius_virens" title="Pollachius virens">Saithe (pollock)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Cod boat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_fishing_in_Newfoundland" title="Cod fishing in Newfoundland">Cod fishing in Newfoundland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishing_stage" title="Fishing stage">Fishing stage</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Cod_Fisheries:_The_History_of_an_International_Economy" title="The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy">The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod as food</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish" title="Ackee and saltfish">Ackee and saltfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arbroath_smokie" title="Arbroath smokie">Arbroath smokie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacala%C3%ADto" title="Bacalaíto">Bacalaíto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boknafisk" title="Boknafisk">Boknafisk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabbie_claw" title="Cabbie claw">Cabbie claw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crappit_heid" title="Crappit heid">Crappit heid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cullen_skink" title="Cullen skink">Cullen skink</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dried_and_salted_cod" title="Dried and salted cod">Dried and salted cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finnan_haddie" title="Finnan haddie">Finnan haddie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_and_brewis" title="Fish and brewis">Fish and brewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_ball" title="Fish ball">Fish ball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishcake" title="Fishcake">Fishcake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_finger" title="Fish finger">Fish finger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_fry" title="Fish fry">Fish fry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pescado_frito" title="Pescado frito">Pescado frito</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scrod" title="Scrod">Scrod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taramasalata" title="Taramasalata">Taramasalata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Grimsby_smoked_fish" title="Traditional Grimsby smoked fish">Traditional Grimsby smoked fish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banks_dory" title="Banks dory">Banks dory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n_de_rumba" title="Cajón de rumba">Cajón de rumba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lernaeocera_branchialis" title="Lernaeocera branchialis">Cod worm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fish_flake" title="Fish flake">Fish flake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isinglass" title="Isinglass">Isinglass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Cod" title="Sacred Cod">Sacred Cod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whiting_(fish)" title="Whiting (fish)">Whiting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gadus morhua</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199788" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q199788">Q199788</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gadus_morhua" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Gadus morhua">Gadus morhua</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gadus_morhua/">Gadus_morhua</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=26136">26136</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6K72F">6K72F</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46564415">46564415</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GADUMO">GADUMO</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/69">69</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8084280">8084280</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/63740">63740</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11195684">11195684</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164712">164712</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/enwiki/api/v3/taxonredirect/8784">8784</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101905/">2.101905</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000175392">NBNSYS0000175392</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8049">8049</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">NOAA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-cod">atlantic-cod</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/2133/">2133</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/126436">126436</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=114170">114170</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=7142">7142</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=126436">126436</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/389BE401-2718-4CF2-BBAE-2E13A97A5E7B">389BE401-2718-4CF2-BBAE-2E13A97A5E7B</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199788#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Morue"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098976z">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Morue"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12098976z">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129641-2">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295057005171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Atlantic cod"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009191">United States</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000336275&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1710743219' |