Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Russian mining company}} {{Infobox company |name = OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel |logo = Nornickel logo.svg |image = Nornickel's Bystrinsky Mine and Concentrator.jpg |image_caption = Nornickel's Bystrinsky Mine and concentrator in October 2017 |type = [[Public company|Public]] |traded_as = {{ubl|{{MCX|GMKN}}|{{lse|MNOD}}}} |fate = |predecessor = |successor = |foundation = {{Start date and age|1993}} |founder = |defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> |location_city = [[Moscow]] |location_country = Russia |locations = |area_served = |key_people = [[Vladimir Potanin]] (President - Chairman of the Management Board) |industry = [[Mining]], [[Metals]] |products = {{ubl|[[Nickel]]|[[Palladium]]|[[Copper]]|[[Platinum]]|[[Gold]]|[[Cobalt]]|[[Selenium]]|[[Tellurium]]|[[Rhodium]]|[[Silver]]|[[Iridium]]|[[Ruthenium]]|[[Coal]]}} |services = |revenue = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|num}}{{wikidata revenue|revenue|ref}} |revenue_year = {{wikidata revenue|revenue|year}} |operating_income = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|num}}{{wikidata revenue|operating_income|ref}} |income_year = {{wikidata revenue|operating_income|year}} |net_income = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|num}}{{wikidata revenue|net_income|ref}} |net_income_year = {{wikidata revenue|net_income|year}} |assets = {{wikidata revenue|assets|num}}{{wikidata revenue|assets|ref}} |assets_year = {{wikidata revenue|assets|year}} |equity = {{wikidata revenue|equity|num}}{{wikidata revenue|equity|ref}} |equity_year = {{wikidata revenue|equity|year}} |owner = {{ubl|[[Vladimir Potanin]] (34.59%)|[[Rusal]] (27.82%)|<ref name=SHARES />}} |num_employees = |parent = |divisions = |subsid = |homepage = {{URL|www.nornik.ru}} |footnotes = |intl = }} '''Norilsk Nickel''' ({{lang-ru|ГМК «Норильский никель»}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2016 |title="Норильский никель" изменил название и логотип |url=https://ria.ru/economy/20160714/1466086626.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041254/https://ria.ru/economy/20160714/1466086626.html |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>), or '''Nornickel''',<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-08|title=Russia's Nornickel disputes $2 billion Arctic spill damages claim|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-pollution-nornickel-idINKBN2491D2|access-date=2021-03-05}}</ref> is a Russian [[nickel]] and [[palladium]] [[mining]] and [[smelting]] company. Its largest operations are located in the [[Norilsk|Norilsk–Talnakh]] area near the [[Yenisei River]] in the north of [[Siberia]]. It also has holdings in [[Nikel]], [[Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast|Zapolyarny]], and [[Monchegorsk]] on the [[Kola Peninsula]], in [[Harjavalta]] in western Finland, and in South Africa.<ref name=gfp/> Headquartered in [[Moscow]], Norilsk Nickel is the world's largest producer of refined nickel and the 11th largest copper producer.<ref name=gfp>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://gpf.global/about-us/#founder |website=Global Palladium Fund |publisher=Norilsk Nickel |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2020 |title=Profiling the world's top five nickel-producing companies |work=NS Energy |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/top-nickel-producing-companies/ |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref> The company is listed on [[MICEX-RTS]]. As of March 2021, its key shareholders were [[Vladimir Potanin]]'s [[Interros|Olderfrey Holdings Ltd]] (34.59%) and [[Oleg Deripaska]]'s [[Rusal]] (27.82%).<ref name=SHARES>{{cite web |title=Shares and ADRs - Shareholders - Nornickel|url=https://www.nornickel.com/investors/shareholders/listing/ |website=www.nornickel.com |publisher=Norilsk Nickel |access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> In December 2010, Norilsk Nickel made a [[share buyback]] offer for Rusal's 25% share in the company for $12 billion, but the offer was declined.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-18 |title=Mining Journal - Rusal rejects Norilsk's buy-back offer |url=http://www.mining-journal.com/finance/rusal-rejects-norilsks-buy-back-offer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219222841/http://www.mining-journal.com/finance/rusal-rejects-norilsks-buy-back-offer |archive-date=2010-12-19 |access-date=2010-12-18}}</ref> In 2012, Potanin's Interros holding, Rusal, and [[Roman Abramovich]] signed a shareholder agreement on the size of dividend payouts to end a conflict over the matter, as well as issues around the company's broader strategy and management. The agreement expires on June 1, 2023, and the prospects of its extension or suspension are unclear.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-10 |title=Russia's Nornickel co-owner: shareholder agreement is a relic of the past |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-norilsknickel-idUSL8N2FC143 |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref> In March 2019, Abramovich sold a 1.7% stake in the company for [[$]]551 million, predominantly to British-based and Russian investors. Potanin and Deripaska's [[Rusal]] were blocked from purchasing any shares.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-13 |title=Abramovich trims Nornickel stake in $551 million share sale |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nornickel-idUSKBN1QU22G |access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref> In 2021, the company's revenue amounted to 856 billion rubles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ПАО "ГМК "Норильский Никель" |url=https://www.rusprofile.ru/id/3249328 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.rusprofile.ru |language=ru}}</ref> ==History== Mining began in the [[Norilsk]] area in the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Сто лет в изысканиях|url=https://gazetazp.ru/news/gorod/11141-sto-let-v-izyiskaniyah.html|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Сайт про Норильск «Заполярная правда»|language=ru}}</ref> The Soviet government established the Norilsk Combine in 1935 and passed control to the [[NKVD]]. In 1943, Norilsk produced 4,000 tonnes of refined nickel and in 1945 hit the target figure of 10,000 tonnes. The mining and metal production originally used forced labour from the [[Gulag]] system. In 1993, after the fall of the Soviet Union, a [[joint-stock company]] called RAO Norilsk Nickel was created. Two years later, control over the deeply indebted company, which was bleeding cash at a rate of about $2 million a day against the background of falling nickel prices, was sold to a private company, [[Interros]]. By the end of privatization in 1997, the company had moved into the black, and workers were being paid. The current average pay exceeds $1,000 per month<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-30 |title=Russia's Norilsk Nickel Faces Battle to Protect Workforce From Rising Food Prices |language=en |work=[[The Moscow Times]]|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/russias-norilsk-nickel-faces-battle-to-protect-workforce-from-rising-food-prices |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref> with an annual paid leave of two to three months. Nevertheless, the working and living conditions in Norilsk remain harsh, although they are improving as the company shuts down old factories that are the source of excessive pollution.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-19 |title=Arctic's Biggest Air Polluter Nornickel Shuts Down Smelter at Infamous Factory |language=en |work=The Moscow Times|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/11/19/arctics-biggest-air-polluter-nornickel-shuts-down-smelter-a68223 |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref> In July 2000, Norilsk Nickel joined forces with the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute|St. Petersburg Research Institute of the Arctic and Antarctic]] ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт|Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт]]}}), to investigate the potential use of decommissioned [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear powered submarines]], both from the United States and Russia, to transport materials along the [[Northern Sea Route]] ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Северный морской путь|Северный морской путь (Севморпуть)]]}}).<ref name="Vedomosti2000-07-26">{{Cite news |last=Максимов |first=Владислав (Maximov, Vladislav) |date=2000-07-26 |script-title=ru:"Норильский никель" испытал подлодку |language=ru |trans-title=Norilsk Nickel has tested the submarine |work=[[Vedomosti]] |url=http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2000/07/26/norilskij-nikel-ispytal-podlodku |access-date=2018-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214115/http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2000/07/26/norilskij-nikel-ispytal-podlodku |archive-date=2017-02-02}}</ref> Overhaul and refit costs came to $72–80 million per submarine, which included modifying its [[Icebreaker|ice-breaking bow]] to cut through ice up to 215&nbsp;cm (85&nbsp;in) thick in seawater and up to 150&nbsp;cm (59&nbsp;in) in the freshwater mouth of the Yenisei. Decommissioned [[Typhoon-class submarine|Typhoon submarines]] were expected to transport up to 12,000 tonnes of supplies and nickel between [[Dudinka]] and either [[Murmansk]] or [[Arkhangelsk]].<ref name=Vedomosti2000-07-26/> In 2000, the [[Murmansk Shipping Company]] (MMP or MSCO) ({{lang-ru|Мурманское морское пароходство}}) provided icebreaker services at a charge of $11.35 per tonne of cargo.<ref name="Vedomosti2000-07-26" /> Three submarines - the project feasibility threshold - were scheduled for refit and overhaul between 2000 and 2003.<ref name="Vedomosti2000-07-26" /> However, the stakeholders failed to reach an agreement as to who would conduct and cover the refit and overhaul of the submarines. Furthermore, money was not the only issue. Under the existing international agreements, decommissioned nuclear-powered submarines from the two countries’ navies had to be dismantled. Should this obstacle be addressed, subsequent ownership of the refitted submarines also remained unclear: whether they would remain the assets of the Ministry of Defense or would be transferred to another governmental agency. One of the options suggested by Nornickel was to establish a joint transportation company that would lease the vessels.<ref name="Vedomosti2000-07-26" /> In 2002, Nornickel accounted for the most of MMP's shipping along the Northern Sea Route.<ref name="Regnum2002-12-17">{{Cite news |date=2002-12-17 |script-title=ru:Мурманская область. Более 2 млн. т грузов будет перевезено по Севморпути в 2003 году |language=ru |trans-title=Murmansk region. More than 2,000,000 tonnes of cargo will be transported by the Northern Sea Route in 2003 |agency=[[REGNUM News Agency|Regnum]] |url=https://regnum.ru/news/economy/75227.html |access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref> In 2008, Aker Yards signed a contract with Norilsk Nickel for the delivery of four container/cargo ships for Arctic operations, with an option for a fifth.<ref>{{Cite news |title=MS Norilskiy Nickel – Specialised Container/Cargo Vessel|language=en |work=www.ship-technology.com/|url=https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/ms-norilskiy/|access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/> In 2002, MMC Norilsk Nickel began purchasing gold mining assets, which were spun off in 2005 as [[Polyus Gold]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In 2003, the company took control of [[Stillwater Mining Company]], the only palladium producer in the U.S. Stillwater operates a [[platinum group metals]] (PGM) facility in [[Stillwater igneous complex|Stillwater, Montana]]. In November 2010, Norilsk Nickel announced the sale of Stillwater.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining Journal - Norilsk selling Stillwater |date=29 November 2010 |url=http://www.mining-journal.com/finance/norilsk-selling-stillwater |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720214340/http://www.mining-journal.com/finance/norilsk-selling-stillwater |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2010-11-30}}</ref> Throughout 2007, Norilsk acquired a host of mining and metallurgical assets abroad, transforming into a multinational company with operations in Australia, Botswana, Finland, Russia, South Africa, and the United States. Norilsk Nickel signed its key deal on June 28, 2007, acquiring about 90 percent of Canada's LionOre Mining International Ltd, the world's tenth-largest nickel producer at the time. This takeover, valued at $6.4 billion, was the biggest foreign acquisition by a Russian company at the time, making Norilsk Nickel the world's largest nickel producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurent |first=Lionel |date=10 October 2007 |title=Norilsk Nickel Profits From Power |website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/10/10/norilsk-nickel-energy-markets-equity-cx_ll_1010markets23.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404051342/https://www.forbes.com/2007/10/10/norilsk-nickel-energy-markets-equity-cx_ll_1010markets23.html |archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Norilsk tops Xstrata's LionOre offer| date=23 May 2007 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norilsk-russia-idUSL238459720070523|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> On February 27, 2008, Norilsk Nickel diversified into the coal mining industry through North Star LLC by obtaining mining rights to the amount of 33.6 million rubles for the estimated 5.7 billion tonnes of coal at the Syradasai Field near the [[:ru:Порт Диксон|port of]] [[:ru:Диксон (городское поселение)|Dikson]] ({{lang-ru|Диксон}}) in the [[Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District]] ({{lang-ru|Таймыр}}).<ref name="NorthStarTaimyrVedomosti">{{Cite news |last=Федоринова |first=Юлия |date=2009-10-19 |script-title=ru:«Норникель» будет добывать уголь на Таймыре: «Норникель» не отказался от планов разработки угольного месторождения на Таймыре. С 2015 г. компания хочет добывать там 8 млн т коксующегося угля в год |language=ru |trans-title=Norilsk Nickel will produce coal in Taimyr: Norilsk Nickel has not abandoned plans to develop a coal field in Taimyr. By 2015, the company wants to mine 8 million tons of coking coal per year |work=Vedomosti |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2009/10/19/nornikel-budet-dobyvat-ugol-na-tajmyre |access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref><ref name="SyradasaiField">{{Cite news |date=2008-02-27 |script-title=ru:"Северная звезда" выиграла права на месторождение угля на Таймыре |language=ru |trans-title="North Star" won the rights to the coal deposit in Taimyr |work=taiga.info website |url=https://tayga.info/77354 |access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref><ref name="TASS180412">{{Cite news |date=2018-04-12 |script-title=ru:Компания "Северная звезда" начнет освоение угольного месторождения на Таймыре в 2019: Предприятие планирует создать угольный разрез мощностью 10 млн тонн в год |language=ru |trans-title=The company "North Star" will begin development of the coal field in Taimyr in 2019: the firm plans to mine at a capacity of 10 million tonnes per year |agency=TASS |url=http://tass.ru/ekonomika/5116794 |access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref> In the coal mining industry, it competed with [[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto]] and [[BHP|BHP Billiton]].<ref name=NorthStarTaimyrVedomosti/> By the estimates of North Star LLC ({{lang-ru|ООО «Северная звезда»}}), a firm affiliated with Nornickel, developing the field would require an investment of $1.5 billion, which including the necessary expansion of the port of Dikson, another Nornickel asset.<ref name=NorthStarTaimyrVedomosti/> The only competitor for the rights to the Syradasai Field was Golevskaya Mining Company LLC ({{lang-ru|ООО «Голевская горнорудная компания»}}).<ref name=SyradasaiField/> The Syradasai Field is 105 to 120&nbsp;km southeast of Dikson in the Taimyr-Turukhansk support zone ({{lang-ru|Таймыро-Туруханской опорной зоны}}).<ref name=TASS180412/><ref name="Gazetazr170911">{{Cite news |date=2017-09-11 |script-title=ru:Программу социально-экономического развития Арктической зоны, в которую входит и Норильск, правительство России продлило до 2025 года. |language=ru |trans-title=The Russian government extended the program of social and economic development of the Arctic zone, which includes Norilsk, until 2025. |work=Gazeta ZR |url=http://gazetazp.ru/lenta/32838 |access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref> A 120-kilometer road and railway was expected to connect the deep-sea port on Cape Chaika to the massive coal deposit by 2019.<ref name=TASS180412/> CC VostokUgol ({{lang-ru|УК «ВостокУголь»}}) or ''Vostok Coal'' planned to export up to 10 million tonnes of coal annually from the open-pit mine to Western Europe and the Asia-Pacific regions.<ref name=Gazetazr170911/><ref name="VostokUgol">{{Cite web |script-title=ru:УК «ВостокУголь» |url=http://vostokcoal.ru/ |access-date=2018-07-06 |website=CC VostokUgol website |language=ru}}</ref> In 2018, North Star LLC changed owners to become part of businessman Roman Trotsenko's AEON Group. Neither Nornickel nor AEON disclosed the transfer of ownership terms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-12 |title=AEON's Northern Star to develop coal deposit on Taimyr|work=TASS |url=https://tass.com/economy/999437 |access-date=2021-09-16}}</ref> In 2016 Nornickel ranked below 65 other oil, gas and mining companies in a list of 92 involved in onshore resource extraction above the Arctic Circle, in terms of handling indigenous rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Overland |first=Indra |title=Ranking Oil, Gas and Mining Companies on Indigenous Rights in the Arctic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313474088 |access-date=2 August 2018|date=December 2016 |website=ResearchGate |publisher=Arran lulesamisk senter}}</ref> In the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI), Norilsk Nickel is ranked No. 38 out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle.<ref>Overland, I., Bourmistrov, A., Dale, B., Irlbacher‐Fox, S., Juraev, J., Podgaiskii, E., Stammler, F., Tsani, S., Vakulchuk, R. and Wilson, E.C. 2021. The Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index: A method to rank heterogenous extractive industry companies for governance purposes. ''Business Strategy and the Environment''. 30, 1623–1643. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2698</ref> ==Operations== [[File:Norilsk Nickel in Nikel.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Norilsk Nickel plant in Norilsk (May, 1991)]] Nornickel is Russia's largest non-ferrous metallurgy company<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4538660|title=Крупнейшие компании России по отраслям промышленности|website=www.kommersant.ru|date=2020-10-20|access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref> and one of the 10 largest private enterprises in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.forbes.ru/rating/409143-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2020-reyting-forbes|title=200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2020. Рейтинг Forbes|website=Forbes.ru|access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref> In 2019, the company produced 229,000 tonnes of nickel, 499,000 tonnes of copper, 2.9 million ounces of palladium, and 0.7 million ounces of platinum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nornickel.ru:443/news-and-media/press-releases-and-news/nornikel-obyavlyaet-itogi-proizvodstvennoy-deyatelnosti-za-2019-god-i-podtverzhdaet-prognoz-proizvodstva-na-2020-god/?type=releases|title=«Норникель» объявляет итоги производственной деятельности за 2019 год|website=nornickel.ru}}</ref> Globally, Nornickel ranks: * First in nickel production (accounting for 14% of global and 96% of Russian production). Bloomberg hails Nornickel as the world's most efficient nickel producer<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2017/01/23/674386-nornikelyu-proizvodstvo-nikelya|title="Норникелю" ничего не стоит производство никеля|website=Ведомости|date=22 January 2017 |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref> * First in palladium production with a share of 41%<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/news/2013/05/13/nornikel_zhdet_rosta_deficita_palladiya_na_25_v_2013_g|title="Норникель" ждет роста дефицита палладия на 25% в 2013 г.|website=Ведомости|date=13 May 2013 |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref> * Third in platinum production with a share of 10%<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2020/03/24/826109-metallov-sokratitsya|title=Производство меди и металлов платиновой группы сократится из-за коронавируса|website=Ведомости|date=25 March 2020 |access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref> Nornickel also produces [[rhodium]], [[cobalt]], [[copper]], [[silver]], [[gold]], [[iridium]], [[ruthenium]], [[selenium]], [[tellurium]], and [[sulfur]]. Proven and possible reserves:<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.nornickel.ru:443/business/business-model/|title=Бизнес-модель|website=nornickel.ru|access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref> * 6.5 million tonnes of nickel * 11.6 million tonnes of copper * 118 million troy ounces of platinum-group metals The company's revenue in 2020 reached $15.5 billion, with net profits of $3.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/ekonomika/10711843|title=Чистая прибыль "Норникеля" по МСФО в 2020 году снизилась на 39%|website=ТАСС|access-date=2021-09-02}}</ref> Formed 250 million years ago during the eruption of the [[Siberian Traps]] igneous province (STIP), the Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits are the largest nickel-copper-palladium deposits in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|language=en-US|url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/top-nickel-producing-companies/|title=Profiling the world's top five nickel-producing companies|website=www.nsenergybusiness.com|access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Glazunov |first=Mikhail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9xJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |title=Business in Post-Communist Russia: Privatisation and the Limits of Transformation |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135021504 |location=London |page=121 |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> The STIP disgorged over 1 million cubic kilometers of lava, a large portion of it through a series of flat-lying lava conduits below Norilsk and the Talnakh Mountains. The Siberian Traps are considered to be responsible for the late-[[Permian]] [[mass extinction]] event.<ref>{{Cite journal|language=en-US|title=Initial pulse of Siberian Traps sills as the trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction| year=2017 | doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00083-9 | last1=Burgess | first1=S. D. | last2=Muirhead | first2=J. D. | last3=Bowring | first3=S. A. | journal=Nature Communications | volume=8 | issue=1 | page=164 | pmid=28761160 | pmc=5537227 | bibcode=2017NatCo...8..164B }}</ref> The district's first mineral resources were discovered in the 1840s when Alexander von Middendorff's expedition found the local coal deposits. In the 1860s, Friedrich Schmidt described the coal and surface copper ore found in the field that would later be called Norilsk 1.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://kn51.ru/news/company/norilsk_nickel/2015/6/23/norilskomu-nikelyu-80-let.html|title="Норильскому никелю" - 80 лет!|access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref> In the early days of the Soviet Union, Nikolay Urvantsev's expeditions revealed several industrially significant deposits.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://gazetazp.ru/news/gorod/11141-sto-let-v-izyiskaniyah.html|title=Сто лет в изысканиях |access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref> The 1930s saw the construction of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgy Combine, which remains the pillar of local industry to date. The fields are located along the deep Norilsk-Khatanga Fault, and most mining operations employ underground methods. The area is believed to hold around 35% of the world's known nickel reserves, as well as 10% of its copper, 15% of its cobalt, and 40% of its platinum-group metals.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://gazetazp.ru/news/gorod/11676-na-sto-let-hvatit.html|title=На сто лет хватит |access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref> The district's fields are divided into two clusters: the Norilsk Cluster in the southwest and the Talnakh Cluster in the northeast. In 2022 Norilsk Nickel reiterated its output guidance for the year and said that operations remain uninterrupted. In the first update since the invasion of Ukraine, the miner said first-quarter nickel production increased 10% year-on-year to 52,000 tons. Palladium output declined 8% to 706,000 ounces and platinum fell by 12% to 163,000 ounces, but only from a higher-than-normal level a year ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia's Norilsk Nickel Keeps Pumping Out Metal |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-25/russia-s-nickel-and-palladium-giant-keeps-pumping-out-metals|website=www.bloomberg.comm}}</ref> ===Norilsk Ore Cluster=== The cluster is located below Norilsk's city center and to the south of it, in the north-eastern part of the Norilsk Geological Basin. In 2021, Norilsk Nickel estimated the mineral reserves of the cluster at 156.6 million tonnes of ore, 400,000 tonnes of nickel, 600,000 tonnes of copper, and 25.6 million troy ounces of platinum-group metals.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.nornickel.ru/business/assets/taimyr/|title=ТАЙМЫР |access-date=2021-09-17|website=nornickel.ru}}</ref> The rights to some of the cluster's deposits belong to Russian Platinum, but the corporation is unable to start mining because Nornickel, which controls the remote area's infrastructure, is blocking access. The two conflicting parties have a protracted history of negotiating a joint mining enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4693495|title="Арктик Палладий" вернули к переговорам | date=16 February 2021 |access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref> ====Norilsk 1 Field==== The district's first actively developed field is located in the south of Norilsk's city center and to the south of the city. It is 30 to 350 meters thick.<ref name="Том2">Рудные месторождения СССР. Том 2. — Под редакцией [[Смирнов, Владимир Иванович (геолог)|Смирнова В. И.]] — М.: Недра, 1978. — С. 34-45</ref> The northern part of the deposit consists of two branches: the “Coal Stream” and the “Bear Stream”. Extraction has been ongoing since the 1940s at the Zapolyarny Mine through both underground and open-pit mining of the Coal Stream and Bear Stream quarries.<ref>[http://norilsk-zv.ru/articles/dva_ruchya_i_zapolyarnyy.html Два «ручья» и «Заполярный»]. Заполярные вести</ref> The reserves of its northern section have mostly been depleted, and mining in the Coal Stream quarry has ceased. Russian Platinum obtained the mining rights to the southern section in 2012 but has not yet used them because of its conflict with Nornickel.<ref>[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2097815 Минприроды поспешило с аукционом по месторождению Норильск-1]. [[Коммерсантъ]]</ref> ====Norilsk 2 Field==== The field is located near Mount Gudchikha to the east of Norilsk 1. In 1926, Nikolay Urvantsev discovered copper-nickel ore in the area, and mining began in the 1930s. However, the deposit turned out to be minor, and the decision was made to focus on Norilsk 1. Prospecting continued throughout the 1950s, but after the Talnakh Cluster was discovered, Norilsk 2 was abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazetazp.ru/news/gorod/2072300000-norilsk2-poslok-na-gore.html|title=Норильск–2: посёлок на горе|website=Сайт про Норильск «Заполярная правда»}}</ref> ====Maslov Field==== Located to the south of Norilsk 1, this field is believed to be an offshoot of the latter. Prospecting began here in the 1970s. The field stretches for over six kilometers from north to south and includes the northern and southern sections. Two by four kilometers in size, the northern section is up to 300 meters thick, while the southern estate, which is up to 400 meters thick, has an area of three by 1.5 kilometers[8]. The mining rights to the deposit belong to Nornickel, which in 2019 announced plans to launch an underground mining operation by 2029.<ref>''Храмов И. В.'' Масловское месторождение Норильского промышленного района: морфология и внутреннее строение расслоенного интрузива // Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 4. Геология: научный журнал. — 2010. — № 2. — С. 73-76.</ref> ====Chernogorskoye Field==== The field is located to the east of the Maslov Field near Mount Chernaya. An intrusion with a mineral composition similar to that of Norilsk 1 is up to 200 meters thick.<ref name="Том2" /> In 2021, Russian Platinum signed a memorandum with VEB.RF and VTB to develop the field. The plans include open-pit mining in the eastern field section with an option for the subsequent underground development of its western part.<ref>[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4839560 «Русская платина», ВЭБ и ВТБ подписали меморандум по Черногорскому месторождению]. [[Коммерсантъ]]</ref> ===Talnakh Ore Cluster=== The cluster is located below the Talnakh District and to its northeast, in the southwest of the Kharayelakh Geological Basin. Following the discovery of its rich reserves of copper-and-nickel ore, the cluster became Norilsk's primary source of mineral resources. Its proven resources include over 100 kinds of ore minerals, many of which were previously unknown to science: talnakhite, godlevskite, shadlunite, taimyrite, sobolevskite, mayakite, and more.<ref name="Том2"/> In 2021, Nornickel assessed the cluster's mineral reserves at 1,5 billion tonnes of ore, 11.2 million tonnes of nickel, 11.2 million tonnes of copper, and 231.7 million troy ounces of platinum-group metals.<ref name="таймыр">[https://www.nornickel.ru/business/assets/taimyr/ Таймыр Норникель]</ref> ====Talnakh Field==== The field stretches from north to south along the Norilsk-Khatanga Fault and includes its graben and the adjacent intrusions from the east.<ref name="Том2"/> The primary development facilities are the Mayak, the Komsomolsky, and the Skalisty mines. ====Oktyabrskoye Field==== The field is located to the west of the Norilsk-Khatanga Fault. The primary development facilities are the Oktyabrsky and the Taimyrsky mines. The Oktyabrsky deposit accounts for about half of Norilsk Nickel's ore production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interfax.ru/business/752349|title="Íîðíèêåëü" ïðèîñòàíîâèë ðàáîòó äâóõ êëþ÷åâûõ ðóäíèêîâ|website=Interfax.ru}}</ref> ==Production divisions== The company currently has five core operational divisions in three countries: *The Polar Division of MMC Norilsk Nickel and ancillary activities, located on the [[Taimyr Peninsula]] *Kola MMC and ancillary activities, located on the [[Kola Peninsula]] (incorporating the Pechenganickel Combine in [[Nikel]] and [[Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast|Zapolyarny]] and the Severonickel Combine in [[Monchegorsk]]). The plant in Nikel closed in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Nornickel reports full year 2020 audited consolidated IFRS financial results |url=https://www.nornickel.com/news-and-media/press-releases-and-news/nornickel-reports-full-year-2020-audited-consolidated-ifrs-financial-results/ |access-date=22 February 2021 |publisher=Norilsk Nickel |location=Moscow}}</ref> *Norilsk Nickel Harjavalta, Finland's only nickel refining plant, purchased from OM Group in 2007 *Norilsk Nickel Africa, which includes stakes in mines in Botswana (85% of Tati Nickel) and in South Africa (50% of Nkomati), both formerly owned by LionOre<ref>{{cite web|author=nornickel.com|url=https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/305/2020_annual_report_of_nornickel.pdf|title=Annual Report of Nornickel 2020}}</ref> ==Environmental problems== Norilsk Nickel is known to be one of Russia's largest industrial polluters, releasing approximately 1.9 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the air annually as of 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2020|url=https://www.nornickel.com/files/en/investors/disclosure/NN_CSO2020_ENG_29.04.pdf |access-date=16 September 2021|website=www.nornickel.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> accounting for 1.9% of global emissions. Ore is smelted on site in Norilsk. The [[smelting]] is directly responsible for severe pollution, including [[acid rain]] and [[smog]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raputa |first1=V.F. |last2=Simonenkov |first2=D.V. |last3=Belan |first3=B.D. |last4=Yaroslavtseva |first4=T.V. |date=18 March 2019 |title=Estimation of SO2 Emission into the Air of the Norilsk Industrial Region |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=650–654 |doi=10.1134/S1024856019060125|s2cid=213924738 }}</ref> The pollution originating from the Kola division of the company was also affecting Norway,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nornickel promises halt in death clouds |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/ecology-industry-and-energy/2019/02/nornickel-promises-halt-death-clouds |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=The Independent Barents Observer |language=en}}</ref> which has been offering financial support to clean up the operation since 1990. In December 2020, Norilsk Nickel shut down its old smelter in the town of Nikel on the Russia-Norway border.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Arctic polluter will shut down harmful smelting works by Christmas Day|url=https://bellona.org/news/industrial-pollution/2020-12-major-arctic-polluter-will-shut-down-harmful-smelting-works-on-christmas-day|access-date=16 September 2021|website=bellona.org | date=22 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2008, [[Rosprirodnadzor]] (the Federal Environmental, Industrial, and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia) demanded that a 4.35-billion ruble ($60-million) fine be imposed on Nornickel for polluting minor rivers with wastewater.<ref name="auto1" /> The environmental problems at Norilsk stretch back for decades. Back in 2004, oligarch [[Mikhail Prokhorov]] claimed that Nornickel would resolve most of the area's environmental issues within 5–6 years. By 2008, this timeline had been moved to 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pollution Problems in Norilsk|work=www.languagesoftheworld.info |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/russia-ukraine-and-the-caucasus/pollution-problems-norilsk.html|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> However, Nornickel claims to be a socially responsible business and invests in modernization.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Corporate Social Responsibility Report|work=nornickel.ru|url=https://www.nornickel.ru/files/en/results/csr_reports/NN_CSO2016_ENG.pdf|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> Norilsk Nickel has been working consistently to reduce emissions of major air pollutants. In 2006, the company reported an investment of more than $5 million in the maintenance and overhaul of its dust-and-gas recovery and removal systems. The company asserts a commitment of nearly $1.4 million for its air pollution prevention plan. However, according to the official statistics, emissions remain extremely high. In 2006, [[Blacksmith Institute]], an international non-profit organization, included Norilsk in its list of the world's 10 most polluted places.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Luhn |first=Alec |date=15 September 2016 |title=Where the river runs red: can Norilsk, Russia's most polluted city, come clean? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/15/norilsk-red-river-russias-most-polluted-city-clean |access-date=27 July 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Nornickel wrote a protest letter but to no avail. According to local environmental experts, in spite of minor reductions in overall pollution levels, the levels of SO2, HS, phenol, formaldehyde, and dust have increased, with the levels of nickel and copper showing 50% growth. The morbidity rate remains stable, though the mortality rate is decreasing.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} In 2010, [[Vladimir Putin]] visited Norilsk and complained about the pollution, threatening a “significant increase in environmental fines” if the company did not modernize its plant. By 2013, owner [[Vladimir Potanin]] had begun to invest in environmental measures. In June 2016, Norilsk shut down one of its factories, which was emitting 380,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide every year, 25% of the total of sulfur emissions in the city, in an effort to clean up its environmental record. It also said it would invest 300 billion rubles to modernize manufacturing by 2020.<ref name="auto1" /> [[File:Norilsk L7 20010809.jpg|thumb|300px|right|False-color satellite image of Norilsk and the surrounding area. The purple color represents zones without vegetation (including the city, industrial estates, and mountainous areas). The green-colored areas are covered with vegetation. The blue color represents water bodies.]] In 2016, Norilsk Nickel admitted that a spillage at one of its facilities had been responsible for a river in the Russian Arctic turning blood-red. The heavy rains on 5 September 2016 caused a filtration dam at the Nadezhda Plant to overflow into the Daldykan River.<ref name="auto1" /> Indigenous groups have accused the company of lax safety standards.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} At the end of 2016, Nornickel signed a contract with Canadian company SNC-Lavalin to introduce sulfur dioxide filtration and storage technologies on its plant in Norilsk<ref>{{Cite web |title=SNC-Lavalin awarded contract by Norilsk Nickel for a sulphur dioxide mitigation project in Russia - SNC-Lavalin |url=http://www.snclavalin.com/en/news/2016/snc-lavalin-awarded-contract-norilsk-nickel-sulphur-dioxide-mitigation-project-russia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326063937/http://www.snclavalin.com/en/news/2016/snc-lavalin-awarded-contract-norilsk-nickel-sulphur-dioxide-mitigation-project-russia |archive-date=26 March 2018 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=www.snclavalin.com}}</ref> in what was lauded as one of the largest environmental projects of its kind. Once the project reached completion in 2020, sulfur emissions dropped by up to 75%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norilsk Nickel, polluting giant, declares new age of eco-transparency|url=https://bellona.org/news/industrial-pollution/2017-10-norilsk-nickel-polluting-giant-declares-new-age-of-eco-transparency|access-date=16 September 2021|website=bellona.org| date=16 October 2017 }}</ref> In April 2018, amid rising pressure from the Russian government and Western investment funds, the company announced its plans to invest in a processing plant worth $1 billion, which would convert sulfur dioxide produced during the metal smelting process into [[gypsum]]. The plant will be finished in 2022, in time for the company to meet its target of reducing harmful emissions by 75% and avoid financial fines 100 times higher than the current ones.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Polluter Norilsk Nickel forced to clean up its act – by Henry Foy (Financial Times – April 30, 2018)|url=https://republicofmining.com/2018/05/01/polluter-norilsk-nickel-forced-to-clean-up-its-act-by-henry-foy-financial-times-april-30-2018/ |website=Financial Times |date=May 2018 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2019, the group's total environmental protection expenditures were reported to have rocketed by 117.9%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining companies spending millions to help boost the "green" economy - Analyses - EBR |url=https://www.europeanbusinessreview.eu/page.asp?pid=3105 |website=www.europeanbusinessreview.eu}}</ref> The cornerstone of Nornickel's environmental program is the $3.5-billion SO2 Project. Aimed at recycling toxic SO2 emissions, the goal of the project is to achieve a 75% cut in SO2 emissions in Nornickel's hometown of Norilsk by 2023, growing to 90% by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nornickel plans to cut dividends to boost investment|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/norilsk-nickel-investor-day-idUSL8N27Y2E0 |website=www.reuters.com|date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> In 2020, Nornickel presented a new environmental strategy with ambitious targets to be reached by 2030 in six environmental protection areas. To honor its commitments, the company shut down Kola MMC's smelting shop in Nikel in 2020, eliminating 100% of sulfur dioxide emissions near the Russia-Norway border, followed by its copper smelter in Monchegorsk in March 2021. Combined with Nornickel's other green initiatives, these steps are expected to ensure an 85% decrease in sulfur dioxide pollution in the Murmansk Region by late 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainability Report 2020 - Norilsk Nickel|url=https://www.nornickel.com/files/en/investors/disclosure/NN_CSO2020_ENG_29.04.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/nornickel-closes-monchegorsk-plant-as-it-ramps-up-environmentally-friendly-transition/|title=Nornickel closes Monchegorsk plant as it ramps up environmentally-friendly transition|first=Marek|last=Grzegorczyk|date=March 24, 2021|website=Emerging Europe}}</ref> In December 2020, Norilsk Nickel reiterated plans to cut group sulfur dioxide emissions in the Norilsk area by 90% by 2025 from 2015 levels and earmarked $5.5 billion for environmental projects, including $3.6 billion for sulfur dioxide capture and processing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mining for the Green Economy Is Still Dirty Work|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-12-03/cleaning-up-metals-mining-is-a-huge-task-norilsk-nickel-has-a-plan|newspaper=Bloomberg.com| date=3 December 2020 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=What Russia's War in Ukraine Means for Efforts to Cut Emissions|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-28/how-russia-s-war-disrupts-industries-emission-cuts|newspaper=Bloomberg.com| date=28 April 2022 }}</ref> ===2020 fuel spill=== {{Main|Norilsk oil spill}} On May 29, 2020, a Soviet-era fuel [[storage tank]] owned by Nornickel subsidiary Norilsk-Taimyr Energy (NTEK) collapsed, flooding the nearby [[Daldykan River]] with some 20,000 tonnes of diesel.<ref name="MT">{{Cite news |date=10 March 2021 |title=Russian Miner Nornickel Pays Record $2Bln Fine for Arctic Oil Spill|work=The Moscow Times|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/10/russian-miner-nornickel-pays-record-2bln-fine-for-arctic-oil-spill-a73198|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] declared a state of emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2020 |title=Putin orders state of emergency after huge fuel spill inside Arctic Circle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/03/vladimir-putin-orders-state-of-emergency-huge-fuel-spill-siberia-power-plant-kerch |access-date=June 4, 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> The diesel oil was intended for the NTEK coal-fired combined heat and power plant as backup fuel.<ref>{{Citation |last=Skarbo |first=Svetlana |title=State of emergency in Norilsk after 20,000 tons of diesel leaks into Arctic river system |date=2 June 2020 |url=http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/state-of-emergency-in-norilsk-after-20000-tons-of-diesel-leaks-into-arctic-river-system/ |work=The Siberian Times}}</ref> The fuel storage tank failed when the underlying [[permafrost]] began to soften.<ref name="Weise">{{Cite news |last1=Weise |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Zaiets |first2=Karina |last3=Gelles |first3=Karl |date=6 June 2020 |title=Russia declares state of emergency over Arctic Circle oil spill caused by melting permafrost |work=[[USA TODAY]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/06/05/oil-spill-red-river-permafrost-tied-russian-arctic-circle-emergency-diesel/3143679001/ |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> An area of up to 350 square kilometers (135 square miles) was contaminated. The cleanup efforts were complicated by a lack of roads and the river being too shallow for boats or barges to pass. Former deputy head of Rosprirodnadzor [[Oleg Mitvol]] estimated the clean-up cost at about 100 billion rubles ($1.5 billion) and set a timeline of five to 10 years.<ref name="BBC">{{Citation |title=Russia's Putin declares state of emergency after Arctic Circle oil spill |date=4 June 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-52915807 |work=BBC}}</ref> In September 2020, the company reported having collected more than 90% of the leaked fuel.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nornickel says it collected more than 90% of fuel leaked by Arctic spill to rivers|date=11 September 2020|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-pollution-nornickel/nornickel-says-it-collected-more-than-90-of-fuel-leaked-by-arctic-spill-to-rivers-idUKKBN26223V|work=REUTERS}}</ref> [[File:Warming in Russia.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Growth in average annual temperature in Russia for 1976-2021 according to Rosgidromet]] [[ERM (consultancy)|Environmental Resources Management]], the international company which provides Norilsk Nickel with consulting services on environmental issues, identified the cause of the accident as subsidence resulting from the gradual melting of the permafrost on which the piles supporting the fuel storage tank stood.<ref>[https://www.nornickel.ru/files/ru/media-library/presentation/erm-1a-report-for-nornickel-ett-public-issued-25-11-20-rus.pdf Report] nornickel.ru</ref> According to the results of the official investigation, some of the piles were shorter than the designed length and rested on the permafrost rather than being sunk into the bedrock. According to specialists, the average annual temperature in Russia is growing more than 2.5–2.8 times faster than the global average.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rg.ru/2020/01/13/pochemu-klimat-v-rossii-tepleet-v-dva-raza-bystree-chem-v-mire.html | title=Почему климат в России теплеет в два раза быстрее, чем в мире }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4929471 | title=Путин назвал пожары и паводки в России проявлением глобального потепления | date=5 August 2021 }}</ref> Russia's [[Far North (Russia)|Far North]], including the Taymyr Peninsula,<ref>[https://www.meteorf.gov.ru/upload/pdf_download/doklad_klimat2020.pdf Report 2020] meteorf.gov.ru (in Russian)</ref> is heating up faster than anywhere else in the country, melting the permafrost on which many structures stand. However, Zhanna Petukhova, director of the Arctic Permafrost Research Center, says that the tanks do in fact stand on piles driven into the bedrock, rather than the permafrost. She believes the accident is more likely to have been due to the poor condition of equipment dating back to the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2020/06/17/85878-russia-explained-39 | title=Russia, Explained #39 }}</ref> In February 2021, the Krasnoyarsk Arbitration Court ordered Nornickel to pay 146 billion rubles ($2 billion) in compensation for the spill damage to support environmental projects in [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|the Krasnoyarsk Territory]]. Nornickel had claimed the damages should be calculated at 21 billion rubles ($280 million).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Nornickel ordered to pay $2.6b fine for Arctic fuel spill |url=https://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/nornickel-ordered-to-pay-2-6b-fine-for-arctic-fuel-spill-20210206-p5704f |website=[[Australian Financial Review]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-19 |title="Норникель" пообещал выплатить ущерб от разлива топлива в ₽146 млрд |url=https://www.rbc.ru/business/19/02/2021/602f74039a7947db2de57fd4 |publisher=[[RBK Group|RBC]] |language=ru}}</ref> === Finland === Norilsk Nickel's nickel-cobalt refinery at [[Harjavalta]], western Finland, released 66 tonnes of [[nickel]] as nickel sulphate into the local [[Kokemäenjoki]] (Kokemäki River) on 5–6 July 2014. Refinery coolant water recirculated from the river was accidentally contaminated by process water over a 30-hour period through an equipment failure. Nickel concentrations were 400 times normal levels, with the accident becoming the largest known leak in Finnish history. Elevated nickel values in river waters were recorded for ~20 days before declining to normal levels.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Toivonen |first1=Janne |last2=Teivainen |first2=Aleksi |title=ELY Centre: Norilsk Nickel violated permit provisions |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7346300 |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=Helsinki Times |date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leppänen |first1=Jaakko Johannes |last2=Leinikki |first2=Jouni |last3=Väisänen |first3=Anna |title=NiSO4 spill inflicts varying mortality between four freshwater mussel species (including protected Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788) in a western Finnish river |journal=Environmental Pollution |date=16 October 2019 |volume=256 |issue=113402 |page=113402 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113402 |pmid=31672360 |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi//bitstream/handle/10138/325383/mortality.pdf|hdl=10138/325383 |s2cid=207815395 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>[http://yle.fi/uutiset/environmental_authority_nickel_leak_threatening_southwest_river/7344603 Environmental authority: Nickel leak threatening southwest river] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712122007/http://yle.fi/uutiset/environmental_authority_nickel_leak_threatening_southwest_river/7344603 |date=2014-07-12 }} yle 8.7.2014</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Meritähti |first1=Päivi |title=Harjavallan nikkelipäästö Suomen historian suurin |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-7346300 |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=ELY |date=18 February 2015 |location=Helsinki |language=fi}}</ref> In December 2020, the company reported, citing a research paper, that the population of mussels in Kokemäenjoki had been recovering, purporting that the water protection measures had been successful and the burden on the river had been reduced.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020 |title=Kokemäenjoen simpukkakannat toipuvat |url=https://www.nornickel.fi/b/kokemaenjoen-simpukkakannat-toipuvat |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=www.nornickel.fi}}</ref> ==Carbon footprint== Norilsk Nickel reported Total [[carbon footprint|CO2e emissions]] (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 9,699<ref name ="Norilsk Nickel Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4">{{Cite web |title=Norilsk Nickel's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707123028/https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/cc3/NN_CSO2020_ENG_23.06.pdf |url=https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/cc3/NN_CSO2020_ENG_23.06.pdf|archive-date=July 7, 2021 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Norilsk%20Nickel/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2020Q4 Alt URL]</ref> Kt (-253 /-2.5% y-o-y). There is little evidence of a consistent declining trend as yet. {| class="wikitable" |+ Norilsk Nickel's Total [[carbon footprint|CO2e emissions]] (Direct + Indirect) (in kilotonnes) |- ! Dec 2018 !! Dec 2019 !! Dec 2020 |- | 9,938<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norilsk Nickel's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707123028/https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/cc3/NN_CSO2020_ENG_23.06.pdf |url=https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/cc3/NN_CSO2020_ENG_23.06.pdf|archive-date=July 7, 2021 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Norilsk%20Nickel/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2018Q4 Alt URL]</ref> || 9,952<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norilsk Nickel's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707123028/https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/cc3/NN_CSO2020_ENG_23.06.pdf |url=https://www.nornickel.com/upload/iblock/cc3/NN_CSO2020_ENG_23.06.pdf|archive-date=July 7, 2021 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Norilsk%20Nickel/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2019Q4 Alt URL]</ref> || 9,699<ref name="Norilsk Nickel Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4"/> |} ==Related organizations== The {{Ill|Gipronickel Institute|ru|Гипроникель}} in [[St Petersburg]] is in charge of the design and construction of Nornickel's facilities. Gipronickel does research in every field of metallurgy, including extraction, patenting, design and more.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021 |title=ИНСТИТУТУ ГИПРОНИКЕЛЬ – 80 ЛЕТ!|url=https://www.nornickel.ru/news-and-media/press-releases-and-news/institutu-gipronikel-80-let/ |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=www.nornickel.ru}}</ref> Norilsk Nickel uses the [[Yenisei River]] port of [[Dudinka]] to load its finished product on ships for export. The Moscow-based [[Interros]] Holding Company is the controlling shareholder of Nornickel. Nornickel also attempted to operate Nakety/Bogota, a nickel mine on the island of New Caledonia in the South Pacific, in partnership with Argosy Minerals of Australia but has withdrawn from this project.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} In 2016, Nornickel established the Global Palladium Fund to promote industrial demand for palladium and to reduce volatility in the palladium market. The fund's objective is to act as a platform to facilitate cooperation between major palladium holders.<ref name=gfp1>{{Cite web |date=2 Feb 2016 |title=Norilsk Nickel creates palladium fund to develop relations with holders of existing metal stockpiles |url=https://www.nornickel.com/news-and-media/press-releases-and-news/norilsk-nickel-creates-palladium-fund-to-develop-relations-with-holders-of-existing-metal-stockpiles-/?sphrase_id=3369095%0D%0Ahttps://gpf.global |access-date=13 April 2021 |publisher=Norilsk Nickel |location=Moscow}}</ref> ==Competition== Nornickel's chief competitors in the production of nickel and of palladium are [[Vale S.A.|Vale]], [[BHP]] and [[Anglo American Platinum]]. ==Fleet== The company's fleet provides sea transportation of cargo and concentrates from Norilsk to ports with rail connections. In 2008, Norilsk Nickel commissioned the construction of five [[ice-breaking cargo freighter]]s.<ref name="LATimes20080310">{{Cite news |last=Hugo Miller |date=March 10, 2008 |title=Ships intrude on Arctic's warming waters |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-ft-ships10mar10,1,1109447.story?ctrack=2&cset=true |access-date=2008-03-10 |quote=The company ordered five reinforced cargo vessels that can plow through the waters north of Siberia as new sea routes open. Moscow-based Norilsk, the world's biggest producer of nickel, is spending at least $467 million to buy reinforced vessels rather than rent both freighters and icebreaker escorts.}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Companies|Russia}} *[[Nickel#Extraction and purification|Nickel mining and extraction]] *[[Copper extraction|Copper mining and extraction]] *[[Emily Ann and Maggie Hays nickel mines]] *[[London Platinum and Palladium Market]] *[[London Metal Exchange]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516134122/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-55036518.html The Moscow Times: Norilsk Nickel withdraws from Nakety Bogota project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061211064347/http://www.mbendi.co.za/orgs/cnyb.htm MBendi's MMC Norilsk Nickel information page] *[http://www.applet-magic.com/norilsk.htm The Metallurgical Complex at Norilsk in Siberia] *[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/JSC-MMC-Norilsk-Nickel-Company-History.html JSC MMC Norilsk Nickel Company History] *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/12/russian-metals-firm-admits-spillage-turned-river-blood-red Russian metals firm admits spillage turned river blood red] The Guardian, 2016. {{Major mining companies}} {{Moscow Exchange Index}} {{Privatization in Russia}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Norilsk Nickel, MMC}} [[Category:Mining companies of Russia]] [[Category:Nickel mining companies]] [[Category:Copper mining companies of Russia]] [[Category:Palladium mining companies]] [[Category:Platinum mining companies]] [[Category:Companies based in Moscow]] [[Category:Krasnoyarsk Krai]] [[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1993]] [[Category:1993 establishments in Russia]] [[Category:Companies listed on the Moscow Exchange]] [[Category:Companies in the MOEX]] [[Category:Norilsk]] [[Category:Vladimir Potanin]]'