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Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation' |
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Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'revert last 2 edits; unexplained removal of sourced content' |
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '[[File:Queen's Own Highlanders searching for enemies during a patrol.jpg|thumb|right|Troops from the 1st Battalion, [[Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)|Queen's Own Highlandbers]], conduct a patrol to search for enemies position in the jungle of Brunei, September 1963.]]
In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo as part of the wider [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation.
== Combat operations in 1963 ==
== Ambush At Tebedu ==
In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation. On 12 April 1963, one infiltration force attacked and seized the police station at [[Tebedu]] in the 1st Division of Sarawak, about 40 miles from Kuching and 2 miles from the border with Kalimantan.{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=153}}
an Marine Corps|(Korps Komando Operasi – KKO)]] were responsible for the east.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}
== Ambush At Sabah ==
The KKO were opposite Tawau on the Indonesian half of Sebatik Island. This force consisted of five companies as well as a training camp for volunteers.{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=176}} On 17 October, five KKO and one TNKU dressed in civilian clothes crossed into Sabah and burnt down a village; the KKO officer was killed.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}
One of 3 RMR's positions was at Kalabakan west of Tawau. There was a fortified police station, and 400 yards away in 2 unfortified huts (with some adjacent fighting trenches) were some 50 RMR soldiers with their company commander. In late December, a force of 35 KKO regulars and 128 volunteers (Pocock) or 11 and 36 (Conboy) crossed into Sabah and remained in the swampland undetected for 8 days. The mission was to capture Kalabakan and then move on Tawau with Indonesian expatriates rising to join them. At 11:00 pm on 29 December, the RMR position had been taken by surprise, with 8 killed, including the commander, and 19 wounded. An attack shortly after on the police station failed. The attackers moved north instead of east to liberate Tawau. Gurkhas were flown in, and the fighting was over after a month. Two-thirds of the KKO participants were killed or captured and admitted that they had expected the population to rise and greet them as liberators.{{sfn|Pocock|1973|pp=177–179}}
TAG became properly established based on an infantry company, marines and a Naval Gunfire Observation Party from a battery in Hong Kong. They dominated the area, and included a raft-mounted mortar. One of their 'posts' was a boat permanently positioned close to the international border across Wallace Bay. A minesweeper was usually part of TAG because there were no other naval patrol boats suitable for coastal use. In the West, the RPKAD Battalion 2 sent two companies, one parachuted into Nangabadan while the other dropped further west to Senaning. Their task was to patrol the border, not cross it. Cross-border operations were assigned to 328 Raider Battalion, who arrived in October, working with TNKU remnants and disguising themselves as TNKU. In November, they started shallow raids, but these were barely noticed; another company from RPKAD Battalion 2 was sent, to be disguised as TNKU. In late December, the company embarked on an attack on Kuching; however, most balked at the border and only 20 men crossed it on 1 January 1964. They soon met up with a Royal Marine patrol, suffering 2 killed. They also killed a marine, took his ID card, and booby-trapped his abandoned body. Nevertheless, the company was withdrawn to Java in some disgrace, having failed to match the KKO's success at Kalabakan.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}} Cpl. Marriot RM's body was recovered the next day and flown to Kuching from Bau by helicopter.
== See alsoNotes ==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Conboy|first=Ken|year=2003|title=Kompassus – Inside Indonesia's Special Forces|location=Jakarta | publisher = Equinox Publishing}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dennis|first1=Peter|year=2008|last2=Grey|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Morris|first3=Ewan|last4=Prior|first4=Robin|first5=Jean|last5=Bou|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|edition=Second|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=South Melbourne|isbn=978-0-19-551784-2|ref=CITEREFDennis_et_al.2008 }}
* {{cite book|last=Pocock|first=Tom|year=1973|title=Fighting General – The Public and Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker|edition=First|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=978-0-00-211295-6}}
* {{cite web|last=Rees|first=Simon|title=The Gurkha battle in Borneo|publisher=Historical Eye.com|url=http://www.historicaleye.com/sukarno.html|accessdate = 1 June 2009}}
{{Refend}}
[[Category:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|*]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '[[File:Queen's Own Highlanders searching for enemies during a patrol.jpg|thumb|right|Troops from the 1st Battalion, [[Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)|Queen's Own Highlanders]], conduct a patrol to search for enemies position in the jungle of Brunei, September 1963.]]
In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo as part of the wider [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation.
== Combat operations in 1963 ==
== Ambush At Tebedu ==
In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation. On 12 April 1963, one infiltration force attacked and seized the police station at [[Tebedu]] in the 1st Division of Sarawak, about 40 miles from Kuching and 2 miles from the border with Kalimantan.{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=153}}
== Battle of Gumbang ==
The other group attacked the village of Gumbang, South West of Kuching, later in the month. Only about half returned.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} Confrontation could be said to have started from a military perspective with the Tebedu attack.{{sfn|Dennis et al.|2008|p=152}}
For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.
For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.
== Battle of Long Jawai ==
The [[Battle of Long Jawai]] was the first major incursion for the centre of the 3rd Division, directed by an RPKAD Lieutenant Mulyono Soerjowardojo, who had been sent to Nangabadan earlier in the year. Up to 200 guerillas with 300 porters and longboats moved to Long Jawi, some 50 miles from the border and with a population of about 500. It was a junction for river and track communications. The British outpost in the village was in the process of establishing a new position on a nearby hill, but their communications remained in the village school. The total British force was 6 Gurkhas, 3 Police Field Force and 21 Border Scouts, with a handful in the school and the remainder in the new position.
The lost communications meant that it took two days for news to reach the HQ [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|1/2 Gurkhas]], but reaction was swift and the entire Royal Navy Wessex helicopter force was made available. Helicopters enabled the Gurkhas to deploy ambush parties to likely withdrawal routes in orchestrated action that lasted until the end of October. The tortured bodies of 7 Border Scouts were found. In the ensuing confrontations, 33 Indonesians are known to have been killed, 26 in a boat ambush on 1 October.
The failure of the Border Scouts to detect the incursion, particularly since the Indonesians were in Long Jawi for two days before the attack, led to a change of role. Instead of being paramilitary, they concentrated on gathering intelligence. The situation also emphasised the need for the "hearts and minds" campaign. However, the Indonesians had lost the trust of the local population, who had witnessed the plundering of the village and the executions of the Border Scout Prisoners. The locals had also been impressed with the quick Gurkha reactions. For the rest of the war, civilians would inform British forces of Indonesian troop movements they saw.{{sfn|Rees}}{{sfn|Pocock|1973|pp=173–174}}
== Raid On Kalabakan ==
Rebani decided to attack Kalabakan at night at 21.00. In order to study the enemy's defenses in more detail, it took two days to strengthen the position by hiding in the forest adjacent to the military post.
These troops even went up to the house which was used as an enemy command post and witnessed with their own eyes the results of the attack which killed eight enemy personnel including their company commander with the rank of major.{{sfn|Peristiwa Berdarah Kalabakan 29 Desember 1963}}
The issue of casualties was honestly acknowledged by the Malaysian side. In the monument commemorating the battle in Kalabakan, the eight names are recorded, including the company commander named Major Zainol Abidin Yaakob. In addition to the casualties, 38 Sabah Rangers were injured in the raid. They also had to lose one standard NATO BAG rifle, seven FN light automatic rifles (SOR), ten sten-guns and one pistol.{{sfn|Rimba Siglayan: Konfrontasi dengan Malaysia.}}However, the question of the loss of weapons was rejected by the Malaysian side.The attacker himself lost one of his members, namely Prako Gabriel, who died in the attack, said Citrawijaya, who was also a former member of the Navy's KKO and had fought in the Kalimantan palace during Operation Dwikorawrote Supoduto Citrawijaya in Company X in the Siglayan Jungle: Confrontation with Malaysia
'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Darah Tertumpah di Kalabakan|url=https://historia.id/militer/articles/darah-tertumpah-di-kalabakan-PNLzj|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-03-21}}</ref>
== Battle of Kampung Pareh ==
The Battle of Kampung Pareh was a battle between Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) troops against Special Air Service (SAS) and Royal Malay Regiment troops on October 4 1963, precisely during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation.
On October 4 1963, 41 Kostrad troops landed from a plane in a village in Malaysia called Kampung Pareh. They were surprised to find that Kampung Pareh was guarded by the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS. Remembering their duties, Battalion 328 immediately made plans for a lightning attack on Pareh Village. Serma M Darto then led 40 Yon 328 personnel to fight the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS..{{sfn|intisari, Sintong Panjaitan : Perjalanan Seorang Prajurit Para Komando}}
This attack was successful, although Kostrad had to lose 2 personnel, but Kostrad managed to kill at least more than 20 Malaysian and British troops.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duel Antar Pasukan Elite, Saat Kostrad TNI AD Jadikan Pasukan Khusus SAS Inggris Sasaran Empuk|url=https://sosok.grid.id/read/411879515/duel-antar-pasukan-elite-saat-kostrad-tni-ad-jadikan-pasukan-khusus-sas-inggris-sasaran-empuk|website=Sosok|language=id|access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref>
== Changes in Commonwealth deployments ==
The creation of Malaysia meant that Malaysian Army units deployed to Borneo (now East Malaysia). 3rd Battalion [[Royal Malay Regiment]] (RMR) went to Tawau in Sabah, and the 5th to the 1st Division of Sarawak. The Tawau area also had a company of the [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]]. Brigadier Glennie, who was directly responsible for the East Brigade area, had recognised the risks in the area. The RN guardship made a seaborne attack unlikely, but the myriad creeks and rivers around Tawau, Cowie Harbour and Wallace Bay were a challenge. He organised an ad hoc waterborne force that became the Tawau Assault Group (TAG).{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=176}} Formation of Malaysia led to increased Indonesian action. Elite military units were ordered to the border; the army was in West Kalimantan, and the [[Indonesian Marine Corps|(Korps Komando Operasi – KKO)]] were responsible for the east.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}
== Ambush At Sabah ==
The KKO were opposite Tawau on the Indonesian half of Sebatik Island. This force consisted of five companies as well as a training camp for volunteers.{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=176}} On 17 October, five KKO and one TNKU dressed in civilian clothes crossed into Sabah and burnt down a village; the KKO officer was killed.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}
One of 3 RMR's positions was at Kalabakan west of Tawau. There was a fortified police station, and 400 yards away in 2 unfortified huts (with some adjacent fighting trenches) were some 50 RMR soldiers with their company commander. In late December, a force of 35 KKO regulars and 128 volunteers (Pocock) or 11 and 36 (Conboy) crossed into Sabah and remained in the swampland undetected for 8 days. The mission was to capture Kalabakan and then move on Tawau with Indonesian expatriates rising to join them. At 11:00 pm on 29 December, the RMR position had been taken by surprise, with 8 killed, including the commander, and 19 wounded. An attack shortly after on the police station failed. The attackers moved north instead of east to liberate Tawau. Gurkhas were flown in, and the fighting was over after a month. Two-thirds of the KKO participants were killed or captured and admitted that they had expected the population to rise and greet them as liberators.{{sfn|Pocock|1973|pp=177–179}}
TAG became properly established based on an infantry company, marines and a Naval Gunfire Observation Party from a battery in Hong Kong. They dominated the area, and included a raft-mounted mortar. One of their 'posts' was a boat permanently positioned close to the international border across Wallace Bay. A minesweeper was usually part of TAG because there were no other naval patrol boats suitable for coastal use. In the West, the RPKAD Battalion 2 sent two companies, one parachuted into Nangabadan while the other dropped further west to Senaning. Their task was to patrol the border, not cross it. Cross-border operations were assigned to 328 Raider Battalion, who arrived in October, working with TNKU remnants and disguising themselves as TNKU. In November, they started shallow raids, but these were barely noticed; another company from RPKAD Battalion 2 was sent, to be disguised as TNKU. In late December, the company embarked on an attack on Kuching; however, most balked at the border and only 20 men crossed it on 1 January 1964. They soon met up with a Royal Marine patrol, suffering 2 killed. They also killed a marine, took his ID card, and booby-trapped his abandoned body. Nevertheless, the company was withdrawn to Java in some disgrace, having failed to match the KKO's success at Kalabakan.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}} Cpl. Marriot RM's body was recovered the next day and flown to Kuching from Bau by helicopter.
== See alsoNotes ==
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Conboy|first=Ken|year=2003|title=Kompassus – Inside Indonesia's Special Forces|location=Jakarta | publisher = Equinox Publishing}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dennis|first1=Peter|year=2008|last2=Grey|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Morris|first3=Ewan|last4=Prior|first4=Robin|first5=Jean|last5=Bou|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History|edition=Second|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=South Melbourne|isbn=978-0-19-551784-2|ref=CITEREFDennis_et_al.2008 }}
* {{cite book|last=Pocock|first=Tom|year=1973|title=Fighting General – The Public and Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker|edition=First|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=978-0-00-211295-6}}
* {{cite web|last=Rees|first=Simon|title=The Gurkha battle in Borneo|publisher=Historical Eye.com|url=http://www.historicaleye.com/sukarno.html|accessdate = 1 June 2009}}
{{Refend}}
[[Category:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|*]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-[[File:Queen's Own Highlanders searching for enemies during a patrol.jpg|thumb|right|Troops from the 1st Battalion, [[Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)|Queen's Own Highlandbers]], conduct a patrol to search for enemies position in the jungle of Brunei, September 1963.]]
+[[File:Queen's Own Highlanders searching for enemies during a patrol.jpg|thumb|right|Troops from the 1st Battalion, [[Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)|Queen's Own Highlanders]], conduct a patrol to search for enemies position in the jungle of Brunei, September 1963.]]
In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo as part of the wider [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation.
@@ -7,5 +7,29 @@
== Ambush At Tebedu ==
In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation. On 12 April 1963, one infiltration force attacked and seized the police station at [[Tebedu]] in the 1st Division of Sarawak, about 40 miles from Kuching and 2 miles from the border with Kalimantan.{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=153}}
-an Marine Corps|(Korps Komando Operasi – KKO)]] were responsible for the east.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}
+== Battle of Gumbang ==
+ The other group attacked the village of Gumbang, South West of Kuching, later in the month. Only about half returned.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} Confrontation could be said to have started from a military perspective with the Tebedu attack.{{sfn|Dennis et al.|2008|p=152}}
+For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.
+
+For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.
+
+== Battle of Long Jawai ==
+The [[Battle of Long Jawai]] was the first major incursion for the centre of the 3rd Division, directed by an RPKAD Lieutenant Mulyono Soerjowardojo, who had been sent to Nangabadan earlier in the year. Up to 200 guerillas with 300 porters and longboats moved to Long Jawi, some 50 miles from the border and with a population of about 500. It was a junction for river and track communications. The British outpost in the village was in the process of establishing a new position on a nearby hill, but their communications remained in the village school. The total British force was 6 Gurkhas, 3 Police Field Force and 21 Border Scouts, with a handful in the school and the remainder in the new position.
+
+The lost communications meant that it took two days for news to reach the HQ [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|1/2 Gurkhas]], but reaction was swift and the entire Royal Navy Wessex helicopter force was made available. Helicopters enabled the Gurkhas to deploy ambush parties to likely withdrawal routes in orchestrated action that lasted until the end of October. The tortured bodies of 7 Border Scouts were found. In the ensuing confrontations, 33 Indonesians are known to have been killed, 26 in a boat ambush on 1 October.
+
+The failure of the Border Scouts to detect the incursion, particularly since the Indonesians were in Long Jawi for two days before the attack, led to a change of role. Instead of being paramilitary, they concentrated on gathering intelligence. The situation also emphasised the need for the "hearts and minds" campaign. However, the Indonesians had lost the trust of the local population, who had witnessed the plundering of the village and the executions of the Border Scout Prisoners. The locals had also been impressed with the quick Gurkha reactions. For the rest of the war, civilians would inform British forces of Indonesian troop movements they saw.{{sfn|Rees}}{{sfn|Pocock|1973|pp=173–174}}
+
+== Raid On Kalabakan ==
+
+Rebani decided to attack Kalabakan at night at 21.00. In order to study the enemy's defenses in more detail, it took two days to strengthen the position by hiding in the forest adjacent to the military post.
+These troops even went up to the house which was used as an enemy command post and witnessed with their own eyes the results of the attack which killed eight enemy personnel including their company commander with the rank of major.{{sfn|Peristiwa Berdarah Kalabakan 29 Desember 1963}}
+The issue of casualties was honestly acknowledged by the Malaysian side. In the monument commemorating the battle in Kalabakan, the eight names are recorded, including the company commander named Major Zainol Abidin Yaakob. In addition to the casualties, 38 Sabah Rangers were injured in the raid. They also had to lose one standard NATO BAG rifle, seven FN light automatic rifles (SOR), ten sten-guns and one pistol.{{sfn|Rimba Siglayan: Konfrontasi dengan Malaysia.}}However, the question of the loss of weapons was rejected by the Malaysian side.The attacker himself lost one of his members, namely Prako Gabriel, who died in the attack, said Citrawijaya, who was also a former member of the Navy's KKO and had fought in the Kalimantan palace during Operation Dwikorawrote Supoduto Citrawijaya in Company X in the Siglayan Jungle: Confrontation with Malaysia
+'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Darah Tertumpah di Kalabakan|url=https://historia.id/militer/articles/darah-tertumpah-di-kalabakan-PNLzj|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-03-21}}</ref>
+== Battle of Kampung Pareh ==
+The Battle of Kampung Pareh was a battle between Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) troops against Special Air Service (SAS) and Royal Malay Regiment troops on October 4 1963, precisely during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation.
+On October 4 1963, 41 Kostrad troops landed from a plane in a village in Malaysia called Kampung Pareh. They were surprised to find that Kampung Pareh was guarded by the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS. Remembering their duties, Battalion 328 immediately made plans for a lightning attack on Pareh Village. Serma M Darto then led 40 Yon 328 personnel to fight the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS..{{sfn|intisari, Sintong Panjaitan : Perjalanan Seorang Prajurit Para Komando}}
+This attack was successful, although Kostrad had to lose 2 personnel, but Kostrad managed to kill at least more than 20 Malaysian and British troops.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duel Antar Pasukan Elite, Saat Kostrad TNI AD Jadikan Pasukan Khusus SAS Inggris Sasaran Empuk|url=https://sosok.grid.id/read/411879515/duel-antar-pasukan-elite-saat-kostrad-tni-ad-jadikan-pasukan-khusus-sas-inggris-sasaran-empuk|website=Sosok|language=id|access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref>
+== Changes in Commonwealth deployments ==
+The creation of Malaysia meant that Malaysian Army units deployed to Borneo (now East Malaysia). 3rd Battalion [[Royal Malay Regiment]] (RMR) went to Tawau in Sabah, and the 5th to the 1st Division of Sarawak. The Tawau area also had a company of the [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]]. Brigadier Glennie, who was directly responsible for the East Brigade area, had recognised the risks in the area. The RN guardship made a seaborne attack unlikely, but the myriad creeks and rivers around Tawau, Cowie Harbour and Wallace Bay were a challenge. He organised an ad hoc waterborne force that became the Tawau Assault Group (TAG).{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=176}} Formation of Malaysia led to increased Indonesian action. Elite military units were ordered to the border; the army was in West Kalimantan, and the [[Indonesian Marine Corps|(Korps Komando Operasi – KKO)]] were responsible for the east.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}
== Ambush At Sabah ==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 12180 |
Old page size (old_size) | 4911 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 7269 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:Queen's Own Highlanders searching for enemies during a patrol.jpg|thumb|right|Troops from the 1st Battalion, [[Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)|Queen's Own Highlanders]], conduct a patrol to search for enemies position in the jungle of Brunei, September 1963.]]',
1 => '== Battle of Gumbang ==',
2 => ' The other group attacked the village of Gumbang, South West of Kuching, later in the month. Only about half returned.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} Confrontation could be said to have started from a military perspective with the Tebedu attack.{{sfn|Dennis et al.|2008|p=152}}',
3 => 'For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.',
4 => '',
5 => 'For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,{{sfn|Conboy|2003|p=95}} typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.',
6 => '',
7 => '== Battle of Long Jawai ==',
8 => 'The [[Battle of Long Jawai]] was the first major incursion for the centre of the 3rd Division, directed by an RPKAD Lieutenant Mulyono Soerjowardojo, who had been sent to Nangabadan earlier in the year. Up to 200 guerillas with 300 porters and longboats moved to Long Jawi, some 50 miles from the border and with a population of about 500. It was a junction for river and track communications. The British outpost in the village was in the process of establishing a new position on a nearby hill, but their communications remained in the village school. The total British force was 6 Gurkhas, 3 Police Field Force and 21 Border Scouts, with a handful in the school and the remainder in the new position.',
9 => ' ',
10 => 'The lost communications meant that it took two days for news to reach the HQ [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|1/2 Gurkhas]], but reaction was swift and the entire Royal Navy Wessex helicopter force was made available. Helicopters enabled the Gurkhas to deploy ambush parties to likely withdrawal routes in orchestrated action that lasted until the end of October. The tortured bodies of 7 Border Scouts were found. In the ensuing confrontations, 33 Indonesians are known to have been killed, 26 in a boat ambush on 1 October.',
11 => ' ',
12 => 'The failure of the Border Scouts to detect the incursion, particularly since the Indonesians were in Long Jawi for two days before the attack, led to a change of role. Instead of being paramilitary, they concentrated on gathering intelligence. The situation also emphasised the need for the "hearts and minds" campaign. However, the Indonesians had lost the trust of the local population, who had witnessed the plundering of the village and the executions of the Border Scout Prisoners. The locals had also been impressed with the quick Gurkha reactions. For the rest of the war, civilians would inform British forces of Indonesian troop movements they saw.{{sfn|Rees}}{{sfn|Pocock|1973|pp=173–174}}',
13 => '',
14 => '== Raid On Kalabakan ==',
15 => '',
16 => 'Rebani decided to attack Kalabakan at night at 21.00. In order to study the enemy's defenses in more detail, it took two days to strengthen the position by hiding in the forest adjacent to the military post.',
17 => 'These troops even went up to the house which was used as an enemy command post and witnessed with their own eyes the results of the attack which killed eight enemy personnel including their company commander with the rank of major.{{sfn|Peristiwa Berdarah Kalabakan 29 Desember 1963}}',
18 => 'The issue of casualties was honestly acknowledged by the Malaysian side. In the monument commemorating the battle in Kalabakan, the eight names are recorded, including the company commander named Major Zainol Abidin Yaakob. In addition to the casualties, 38 Sabah Rangers were injured in the raid. They also had to lose one standard NATO BAG rifle, seven FN light automatic rifles (SOR), ten sten-guns and one pistol.{{sfn|Rimba Siglayan: Konfrontasi dengan Malaysia.}}However, the question of the loss of weapons was rejected by the Malaysian side.The attacker himself lost one of his members, namely Prako Gabriel, who died in the attack, said Citrawijaya, who was also a former member of the Navy's KKO and had fought in the Kalimantan palace during Operation Dwikorawrote Supoduto Citrawijaya in Company X in the Siglayan Jungle: Confrontation with Malaysia',
19 => ''''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Darah Tertumpah di Kalabakan|url=https://historia.id/militer/articles/darah-tertumpah-di-kalabakan-PNLzj|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-03-21}}</ref>',
20 => '== Battle of Kampung Pareh ==',
21 => 'The Battle of Kampung Pareh was a battle between Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) troops against Special Air Service (SAS) and Royal Malay Regiment troops on October 4 1963, precisely during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation.',
22 => 'On October 4 1963, 41 Kostrad troops landed from a plane in a village in Malaysia called Kampung Pareh. They were surprised to find that Kampung Pareh was guarded by the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS. Remembering their duties, Battalion 328 immediately made plans for a lightning attack on Pareh Village. Serma M Darto then led 40 Yon 328 personnel to fight the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS..{{sfn|intisari, Sintong Panjaitan : Perjalanan Seorang Prajurit Para Komando}}',
23 => 'This attack was successful, although Kostrad had to lose 2 personnel, but Kostrad managed to kill at least more than 20 Malaysian and British troops.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duel Antar Pasukan Elite, Saat Kostrad TNI AD Jadikan Pasukan Khusus SAS Inggris Sasaran Empuk|url=https://sosok.grid.id/read/411879515/duel-antar-pasukan-elite-saat-kostrad-tni-ad-jadikan-pasukan-khusus-sas-inggris-sasaran-empuk|website=Sosok|language=id|access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref>',
24 => '== Changes in Commonwealth deployments ==',
25 => 'The creation of Malaysia meant that Malaysian Army units deployed to Borneo (now East Malaysia). 3rd Battalion [[Royal Malay Regiment]] (RMR) went to Tawau in Sabah, and the 5th to the 1st Division of Sarawak. The Tawau area also had a company of the [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]]. Brigadier Glennie, who was directly responsible for the East Brigade area, had recognised the risks in the area. The RN guardship made a seaborne attack unlikely, but the myriad creeks and rivers around Tawau, Cowie Harbour and Wallace Bay were a challenge. He organised an ad hoc waterborne force that became the Tawau Assault Group (TAG).{{sfn|Pocock|1973|p=176}} Formation of Malaysia led to increased Indonesian action. Elite military units were ordered to the border; the army was in West Kalimantan, and the [[Indonesian Marine Corps|(Korps Komando Operasi – KKO)]] were responsible for the east.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:Queen's Own Highlanders searching for enemies during a patrol.jpg|thumb|right|Troops from the 1st Battalion, [[Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)|Queen's Own Highlandbers]], conduct a patrol to search for enemies position in the jungle of Brunei, September 1963.]]',
1 => 'an Marine Corps|(Korps Komando Operasi – KKO)]] were responsible for the east.{{sfn|Conboy|2003|pp=95–97}}'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg/220px-Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg/330px-Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg/440px-Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_searching_for_enemies_during_a_patrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Troops from the 1st Battalion, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Highlanders_(Seaforth_and_Camerons)" title="Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)">Queen's Own Highlanders</a>, conduct a patrol to search for enemies position in the jungle of Brunei, September 1963.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo as part of the wider <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a>. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Combat_operations_in_1963"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Combat operations in 1963</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ambush_At_Tebedu"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ambush At Tebedu</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Battle_of_Gumbang"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Gumbang</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Battle_of_Long_Jawai"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Long Jawai</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Raid_On_Kalabakan"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Raid On Kalabakan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Battle_of_Kampung_Pareh"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Kampung Pareh</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Changes_in_Commonwealth_deployments"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Changes in Commonwealth deployments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ambush_At_Sabah"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Ambush At Sabah</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_alsoNotes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See alsoNotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Combat_operations_in_1963">Combat operations in 1963</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Combat operations in 1963"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ambush_At_Tebedu">Ambush At Tebedu</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ambush At Tebedu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In April 1963, the first recorded infiltration and attack occurred in Borneo. An infiltration force training at Nangabadan was split in two and prepared for its first operation. On 12 April 1963, one infiltration force attacked and seized the police station at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tebedu" title="Tebedu">Tebedu</a> in the 1st Division of Sarawak, about 40 miles from Kuching and 2 miles from the border with Kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973153_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973153-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Gumbang">Battle of Gumbang</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Gumbang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<pre>The other group attacked the village of Gumbang, South West of Kuching, later in the month. Only about half returned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395-2">[2]</a></sup> Confrontation could be said to have started from a military perspective with the Tebedu attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152-3">[3]</a></sup>
</pre>
<p>For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395-2">[2]</a></sup> typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.
</p><p>For the next five months, the Chinese guerrillas undertook further raids,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395-2">[2]</a></sup> typically attacks on longhouses. In June, an operation by about 15 was dealt with. In this period, it was a platoon commander's war for the British. Platoons deployed individually in semi-permanent patrol bases, initially in villages but then outside them to reduce the risk to inhabitants in event of an Indonesian attack. Helicopter landing sites were cleared a few kilometres apart all along the border area, and platoons patrolled vigorously. Small parties of Gurkhas, police and Border Scouts were stationed in many remote villages.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Long_Jawai">Battle of Long Jawai</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Long Jawai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Jawai" title="Battle of Long Jawai">Battle of Long Jawai</a> was the first major incursion for the centre of the 3rd Division, directed by an RPKAD Lieutenant Mulyono Soerjowardojo, who had been sent to Nangabadan earlier in the year. Up to 200 guerillas with 300 porters and longboats moved to Long Jawi, some 50 miles from the border and with a population of about 500. It was a junction for river and track communications. The British outpost in the village was in the process of establishing a new position on a nearby hill, but their communications remained in the village school. The total British force was 6 Gurkhas, 3 Police Field Force and 21 Border Scouts, with a handful in the school and the remainder in the new position.
</p><p>The lost communications meant that it took two days for news to reach the HQ <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2nd_King_Edward_VII%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles)" title="2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)">1/2 Gurkhas</a>, but reaction was swift and the entire Royal Navy Wessex helicopter force was made available. Helicopters enabled the Gurkhas to deploy ambush parties to likely withdrawal routes in orchestrated action that lasted until the end of October. The tortured bodies of 7 Border Scouts were found. In the ensuing confrontations, 33 Indonesians are known to have been killed, 26 in a boat ambush on 1 October.
</p><p>The failure of the Border Scouts to detect the incursion, particularly since the Indonesians were in Long Jawi for two days before the attack, led to a change of role. Instead of being paramilitary, they concentrated on gathering intelligence. The situation also emphasised the need for the "hearts and minds" campaign. However, the Indonesians had lost the trust of the local population, who had witnessed the plundering of the village and the executions of the Border Scout Prisoners. The locals had also been impressed with the quick Gurkha reactions. For the rest of the war, civilians would inform British forces of Indonesian troop movements they saw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173–174_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173–174-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Raid_On_Kalabakan">Raid On Kalabakan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Raid On Kalabakan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Rebani decided to attack Kalabakan at night at 21.00. In order to study the enemy's defenses in more detail, it took two days to strengthen the position by hiding in the forest adjacent to the military post.
These troops even went up to the house which was used as an enemy command post and witnessed with their own eyes the results of the attack which killed eight enemy personnel including their company commander with the rank of major.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeristiwa_Berdarah_Kalabakan_29_Desember_1963_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeristiwa_Berdarah_Kalabakan_29_Desember_1963-6">[6]</a></sup>
The issue of casualties was honestly acknowledged by the Malaysian side. In the monument commemorating the battle in Kalabakan, the eight names are recorded, including the company commander named Major Zainol Abidin Yaakob. In addition to the casualties, 38 Sabah Rangers were injured in the raid. They also had to lose one standard NATO BAG rifle, seven FN light automatic rifles (SOR), ten sten-guns and one pistol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimba_Siglayan:_Konfrontasi_dengan_Malaysia._7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERimba_Siglayan:_Konfrontasi_dengan_Malaysia.-7">[7]</a></sup>However, the question of the loss of weapons was rejected by the Malaysian side.The attacker himself lost one of his members, namely Prako Gabriel, who died in the attack, said Citrawijaya, who was also a former member of the Navy's KKO and had fought in the Kalimantan palace during Operation Dwikorawrote Supoduto Citrawijaya in Company X in the Siglayan Jungle: Confrontation with Malaysia
<b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></b>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Kampung_Pareh">Battle of Kampung Pareh</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Kampung Pareh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Battle of Kampung Pareh was a battle between Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) troops against Special Air Service (SAS) and Royal Malay Regiment troops on October 4 1963, precisely during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation.
On October 4 1963, 41 Kostrad troops landed from a plane in a village in Malaysia called Kampung Pareh. They were surprised to find that Kampung Pareh was guarded by the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS. Remembering their duties, Battalion 328 immediately made plans for a lightning attack on Pareh Village. Serma M Darto then led 40 Yon 328 personnel to fight the Royal Malay Regiment and British SAS..<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEintisari,_Sintong_Panjaitan_:_Perjalanan_Seorang_Prajurit_Para_Komando_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEintisari,_Sintong_Panjaitan_:_Perjalanan_Seorang_Prajurit_Para_Komando-9">[9]</a></sup>
This attack was successful, although Kostrad had to lose 2 personnel, but Kostrad managed to kill at least more than 20 Malaysian and British troops.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Changes_in_Commonwealth_deployments">Changes in Commonwealth deployments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Changes in Commonwealth deployments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The creation of Malaysia meant that Malaysian Army units deployed to Borneo (now East Malaysia). 3rd Battalion <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Malay_Regiment" title="Royal Malay Regiment">Royal Malay Regiment</a> (RMR) went to Tawau in Sabah, and the 5th to the 1st Division of Sarawak. The Tawau area also had a company of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Light_Infantry" title="King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry">King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry</a>. Brigadier Glennie, who was directly responsible for the East Brigade area, had recognised the risks in the area. The RN guardship made a seaborne attack unlikely, but the myriad creeks and rivers around Tawau, Cowie Harbour and Wallace Bay were a challenge. He organised an ad hoc waterborne force that became the Tawau Assault Group (TAG).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973176_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973176-11">[11]</a></sup> Formation of Malaysia led to increased Indonesian action. Elite military units were ordered to the border; the army was in West Kalimantan, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Marine_Corps" title="Indonesian Marine Corps">(Korps Komando Operasi – KKO)</a> were responsible for the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ambush_At_Sabah">Ambush At Sabah</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ambush At Sabah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The KKO were opposite Tawau on the Indonesian half of Sebatik Island. This force consisted of five companies as well as a training camp for volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973176_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973176-11">[11]</a></sup> On 17 October, five KKO and one TNKU dressed in civilian clothes crossed into Sabah and burnt down a village; the KKO officer was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>One of 3 RMR's positions was at Kalabakan west of Tawau. There was a fortified police station, and 400 yards away in 2 unfortified huts (with some adjacent fighting trenches) were some 50 RMR soldiers with their company commander. In late December, a force of 35 KKO regulars and 128 volunteers (Pocock) or 11 and 36 (Conboy) crossed into Sabah and remained in the swampland undetected for 8 days. The mission was to capture Kalabakan and then move on Tawau with Indonesian expatriates rising to join them. At 11:00 pm on 29 December, the RMR position had been taken by surprise, with 8 killed, including the commander, and 19 wounded. An attack shortly after on the police station failed. The attackers moved north instead of east to liberate Tawau. Gurkhas were flown in, and the fighting was over after a month. Two-thirds of the KKO participants were killed or captured and admitted that they had expected the population to rise and greet them as liberators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973177–179_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973177–179-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>TAG became properly established based on an infantry company, marines and a Naval Gunfire Observation Party from a battery in Hong Kong. They dominated the area, and included a raft-mounted mortar. One of their 'posts' was a boat permanently positioned close to the international border across Wallace Bay. A minesweeper was usually part of TAG because there were no other naval patrol boats suitable for coastal use. In the West, the RPKAD Battalion 2 sent two companies, one parachuted into Nangabadan while the other dropped further west to Senaning. Their task was to patrol the border, not cross it. Cross-border operations were assigned to 328 Raider Battalion, who arrived in October, working with TNKU remnants and disguising themselves as TNKU. In November, they started shallow raids, but these were barely noticed; another company from RPKAD Battalion 2 was sent, to be disguised as TNKU. In late December, the company embarked on an attack on Kuching; however, most balked at the border and only 20 men crossed it on 1 January 1964. They soon met up with a Royal Marine patrol, suffering 2 killed. They also killed a marine, took his ID card, and booby-trapped his abandoned body. Nevertheless, the company was withdrawn to Java in some disgrace, having failed to match the KKO's success at Kalabakan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97-12">[12]</a></sup> Cpl. Marriot RM's body was recovered the next day and flown to Kuching from Bau by helicopter.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_alsoNotes">See alsoNotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See alsoNotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973153-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973153_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, p. 153.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConboy2003">Conboy 2003</a>, p. 95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennis_et_al.2008152_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennis_et_al.2008">Dennis et al. 2008</a>, p. 152.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRees">Rees</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173–174-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973173–174_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, pp. 173–174.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeristiwa_Berdarah_Kalabakan_29_Desember_1963-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeristiwa_Berdarah_Kalabakan_29_Desember_1963_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeristiwa_Berdarah_Kalabakan_29_Desember_1963">Peristiwa Berdarah Kalabakan 29 Desember 1963</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeristiwa_Berdarah_Kalabakan_29_Desember_1963 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERimba_Siglayan:_Konfrontasi_dengan_Malaysia.-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERimba_Siglayan:_Konfrontasi_dengan_Malaysia._7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRimba_Siglayan:_Konfrontasi_dengan_Malaysia.">Rimba Siglayan: Konfrontasi dengan Malaysia</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRimba_Siglayan:_Konfrontasi_dengan_Malaysia. (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.id/militer/articles/darah-tertumpah-di-kalabakan-PNLzj">"Darah Tertumpah di Kalabakan"</a>. <i>Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia</i> (in Indonesian). 2021-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia+-+Majalah+Sejarah+Populer+Pertama+di+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Darah+Tertumpah+di+Kalabakan&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.id%2Fmiliter%2Farticles%2Fdarah-tertumpah-di-kalabakan-PNLzj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombat+operations+in+1963+during+the+Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEintisari,_Sintong_Panjaitan_:_Perjalanan_Seorang_Prajurit_Para_Komando-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEintisari,_Sintong_Panjaitan_:_Perjalanan_Seorang_Prajurit_Para_Komando_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFintisari,_Sintong_Panjaitan_:_Perjalanan_Seorang_Prajurit_Para_Komando">intisari, Sintong Panjaitan : Perjalanan Seorang Prajurit Para Komando</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFintisari,_Sintong_Panjaitan_:_Perjalanan_Seorang_Prajurit_Para_Komando (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sosok.grid.id/read/411879515/duel-antar-pasukan-elite-saat-kostrad-tni-ad-jadikan-pasukan-khusus-sas-inggris-sasaran-empuk">"Duel Antar Pasukan Elite, Saat Kostrad TNI AD Jadikan Pasukan Khusus SAS Inggris Sasaran Empuk"</a>. <i>Sosok</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sosok&rft.atitle=Duel+Antar+Pasukan+Elite%2C+Saat+Kostrad+TNI+AD+Jadikan+Pasukan+Khusus+SAS+Inggris+Sasaran+Empuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsosok.grid.id%2Fread%2F411879515%2Fduel-antar-pasukan-elite-saat-kostrad-tni-ad-jadikan-pasukan-khusus-sas-inggris-sasaran-empuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombat+operations+in+1963+during+the+Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973176-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973176_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973176_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, p. 176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConboy200395–97_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConboy2003">Conboy 2003</a>, pp. 95–97.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock1973177–179-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock1973177–179_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1973">Pocock 1973</a>, pp. 177–179.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Combat_operations_in_1963_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFConboy2003" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Ken (2003). <i>Kompassus – Inside Indonesia's Special Forces</i>. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kompassus+%E2%80%93+Inside+Indonesia%27s+Special+Forces&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombat+operations+in+1963+during+the+Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_et_al.2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> (Second ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=South+Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rft.au=Bou%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombat+operations+in+1963+during+the+Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1973" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Tom (1973). <i>Fighting General – The Public and Private Campaigns of General Sir Walter Walker</i> (First ed.). London: Collins. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-211295-6"><bdi>978-0-00-211295-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+General+%E2%80%93+The+Public+and+Private+Campaigns+of+General+Sir+Walter+Walker&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-00-211295-6&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombat+operations+in+1963+during+the+Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRees" class="citation web cs1">Rees, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicaleye.com/sukarno.html">"The Gurkha battle in Borneo"</a>. Historical Eye.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gurkha+battle+in+Borneo&rft.pub=Historical+Eye.com&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicaleye.com%2Fsukarno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombat+operations+in+1963+during+the+Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia+confrontation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1710861612' |