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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Other uses|Equestrian (disambiguation){{!}}Equestrian|Horse riding (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Horseback|the back of a horse|Back (horse)}}
{{Redirect|Horsewoman|the painting|Horsewoman (painting)}}
[[File:Horse riding in coca cola arena - melbourne show 2005.jpg|thumb|A young rider at a [[horse show]] in Australia]]
[[File:Queluz Palace horses approach (9180978620).jpg|thumb|right|[[Lusitano]] riders of the [[Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]], one of the "Big Four" most prestigious [[:Category:Equestrian educational establishments|riding academies]] in the world, alongside the [[Cadre Noir]], the [[Spanish Riding School]], and the [[Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art|Royal Andalusian School]].<ref>[https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-portuguese-school-of-equestrian-art-523504 Horse & Hound - 7 Things You Need to Know about the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]</ref>]]
[[File:10 Iceland tourism - Icelandic horses ride in Iceland, horseback riding tourists.jpg|thumb|Equestrian tour on traditional local breed, [[Icelandic horse]]s in [[Skaftafell]] mountains of [[Iceland]]]]
'''Equestrianism''' (from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|equester}}, {{lang|la|equestr-}}, {{lang|la|equus}}, 'horseman', 'horse'),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/equestrian |title=equestrian – definition of equestrian by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> commonly known as '''horse riding''' ([[Commonwealth English]]) or '''horseback riding''' ([[American English]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=equitaci%C3%B3n |title=equitación – Diccionario Inglés-Español |publisher=Wordreference.com |access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> includes the disciplines of riding, [[Driving (horse)|driving]], and [[Equestrian vaulting|vaulting]]. This broad description includes the use of [[horse]]s for practical [[working animal|working]] purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, and [[animals in sport|competitive sport]].
==Overview of equestrian activities==
[[File:Gansu Museum 2007 308.jpg|thumb|Musicians riding horses, [[Tang dynasty]]]]
Horses are [[horse training|trained]] and ridden for practical working purposes, such as in [[Mounted police|police work]] or for controlling herd animals on a [[ranch]]. They are also used in [[Horse#Sport|competitive sports]] including [[dressage]], [[endurance riding]], [[eventing]], [[reining]], [[show jumping]], [[tent pegging]], [[equestrian vaulting|vaulting]], [[polo]], [[horse racing]], [[driving (horse)|driving]], and [[rodeo]] (see additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples). Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at [[horse show]]s where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. Horses (and other [[equid]]s such as [[mule]]s) are used for non-competitive recreational riding, such as [[fox hunting]], [[trail riding]], or [[Pleasure riding|hacking]]. There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, [[ranch]]es, and public [[stable]]s offer both guided and independent riding. Horses are also used for [[therapeutic horseback riding|therapeutic]] purposes both in specialized para-equestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development.
[[Horses]] are also [[driving (horse)|driven]] in [[harness racing]], at [[horse show]]s, and in other types of exhibition such as [[historical reenactment]] or ceremony, often pulling [[carriage]]s. In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as [[farm]]ing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nkn-CgAAQBAJ&q=25%2C000|title=Horse-Powered Farming for the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Equipment, Methods, and Management for Organic Growers|date=2015|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-60358-613-9|language=en}}</ref>
Horses continue to be used in public service, in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), [[police horse|police]] and volunteer mounted patrols and for [[mounted search and rescue]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
[[Riding hall]]s enable training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
==History of horse use==
{{Main|Domestication of the horse|Horses in warfare}}
[[File:Cave painting in Doushe cave, Lorstan, Iran, 8th millennium BC.JPG|thumb|Prehistoric cave painting, depicting a horse and rider]]
Though there is controversy over the exact date horses were [[domestication|domesticated]] and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. There is some evidence that about 3,000 BC, near the [[Dnieper River]] and the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]], people were using [[Bit (horse)|bits]] on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit.<ref name=Chamberlin69>Chamberlin, J. Edward ''Horse: How the Horse has Shaped Civilization'' New York:BlueBridge 2006 {{ISBN|0-9742405-9-1}}</ref> However, the most unequivocal early [[archeology|archaeological]] evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. [[Chariot]] burials about 2500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses used as [[working animal]]s. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of [[horses in warfare|war horses]] as light and heavy [[cavalry]]. The horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as [[transportation]], [[trade]] and [[agriculture]]. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]]. Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] in 1493.<ref>Bennett, Deb (1998) 'Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.'' Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition. {{ISBN|0-9658533-0-6}}, p. 151</ref> Equestrianism was introduced in the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] as an Olympic sport with jumping events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Paris 1900 Olympic Games {{!}} Second of the Modern Olympic Games, France {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Paris-1900-Olympic-Games |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
==Horse racing==
{{Main|Horse racing|Harness racing|Parimutuel gambling}}
Humans appear to have long expressed a desire to know which horse or horses were the fastest, and [[horse racing]] has ancient roots. [[Gambling]] on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a long history as well. [[Thoroughbred]]s have the pre-eminent reputation as a racing breed, but other breeds also race.
===Types of horse racing===
Under saddle:
* [[Thoroughbred horse racing]] is the most popular form worldwide. In the UK, it is known as [[flat racing]] and is governed by the [[Jockey Club]] in the United Kingdom. In the US, horse racing is governed by the [[Jockey Club (United States)|Jockey Club]]. other light breeds are also raced worldwide.
* [[Steeplechase (horse racing)|Steeplechasing]] involves racing on a track where the horses also jump over obstacles. It is most common in the UK, where it is also called [[National Hunt]] racing.
In harness:
* Both light and heavy breeds as well as ponies are raced in harness with a [[sulky]] or racing bike. The [[Standardbred]] dominates the sport in both [[trot (horse gait)|trotting]] and [[Pacing (horse gait)|pacing]] varieties.
* The United States Trotting Association organizes [[harness racing]] in the United States.
* Harness racing is also found throughout Europe, New Zealand and Australia.
Distance racing:
* [[Endurance riding]], takes place over a given, measured distance and the horses have an even start. Top level races are usually {{convert|50|to|100|mi|km}}, over mountainous or other natural terrain, with scheduled stops to take the horses' vital signs, check soundness and verify that the horse is fit to continue. The first horse to finish and be confirmed by the veterinarian as fit to continue is the winner. Limited distance rides of about {{convert|25|-|20|mi}} are offered to newcomers. Variants include [[Ride and Tie]] and various forms of [[long riding]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nagy|first1=Annamaria|last2=Dyson|first2=Sue|last3=Murray|first3=Jane|date=18 June 2012|title=A veterinary review of endurance riding as an international competitive sport.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229435826|journal=The Veterinary Journal|language=en|volume=194|issue=3|pages=288–293|doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.022|pmid=22819800|via=Elsevier}}</ref>
==International and Olympic disciplines==
{{Main|Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics|International Federation for Equestrian Sports}}
Equestrian events were first included in the modern [[Olympic Games]] in 1900. By 1912, all three Olympic disciplines still seen today were part of the games. The following forms of competition are recognized worldwide and are a part of the [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian events]] at the Olympics. They are governed by the rules of the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]] (FEI).
* [[Dressage]] ("training" in [[French language|French]]) involves the progressive training of the horse to a high level of [[impulsion]], [[collection (horse)|collection]] and obedience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dressage-academy.com/training/dressage/|title=What is Dressage? – Dressage Academy Training|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308141052/https://www.dressage-academy.com/training/dressage/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Competitive dressage has the goal of showing the horse carrying out, on request, the natural movements that it performs without thinking while running loose.
* [[Show jumping]] comprises a timed event judged on the ability of the horse and rider to jump over a series of obstacles, in a given order and with the fewest refusals or knockdowns of portions of the obstacles. Show jumping is also one of the five events in the [[modern pentathlon]].
* [[Eventing]], also called ''combined training'', ''horse trials'', the ''three-day event'', ''the Military'' or ''the complete test'', puts together the obedience of dressage with the athletic ability of show jumping, the fitness demands the [[cross-country equestrianism|cross-country jumping]] phase. In the last-named, the horses jump over fixed obstacles, such as logs, stone walls, [[bank (obstacle)|banks]], [[ditch (obstacle)|ditches]] and [[water (obstacle)|water]], trying to finish the course under the "optimum time." There was also the 'Steeple Chase' Phase, which is now excluded from most major competitions to bring them in line with the Olympic standard.
The additional internationally sanctioned but non-Olympic disciplines governed by the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports|FEI]] are: [[combined driving]]; [[endurance riding|endurance]]; [[reining]]; and [[equestrian vaulting|vaulting]]. These disciplines are part of the [[FEI World Equestrian Games]] every four years and may hold their own individual World Championships in other years. The FEI also recognizes [[horseball]] and [[tent pegging]] as its two regional disciplines.
===Para-equestrian disciplines===
[[Para-equestrian]] competition at the international level, including the [[Equestrian at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], are also governed by the FEI and offer the following competition events:
* Para-Equestrian Dressage is conducted under the same rules as conventional Dressage, but with riders divided into different competition grades based on their functional abilities.<ref>[http://www.fei.org/disciplines/dressage/about-para-equestrian-dressage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508135709/http://www.fei.org/disciplines/dressage/about-para-equestrian-dressage|date=May 8, 2013}}</ref>
* Para-Equestrian Driving places competitors in grades based on their skill.<ref>[http://www.fei.org/disciplines/driving/about-para-equestrian-driving] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195554/http://www.fei.org/disciplines/driving/about-para-equestrian-driving|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref>
==Haute École==
{{Main|Classical dressage|Equestrianism in France}}
The ''haute école'' ([[French language|F.]] "high school"), an advanced component of [[Classical dressage]], is a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition but often seen in demonstration performances.
The world's leading Classical dressage programs include:
* The [[Cadre Noir]] in [[Saumur]], [[France]].
* The [[Spanish Riding School]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].
* The [[Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]] at [[Queluz National Palace]], [[Portugal]].
* The [[Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art]] in [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Spain]].
Other major classical teams include the [[South African Lipizzaners]] and the [[Hollandsche Manege]] of the [[Netherlands]].
==Horse shows==
{{Main|Horse show}}
[[Horse show]]s are held throughout the world with a tremendous variety of possible events, equipment, attire, and judging standards used. However, most forms of horse show competition can be broken into the following broad categories:
* [[Equitation]], sometimes called ''seat and hands'' or ''horsemanship'', refers to events where the rider is judged on form, style and ability.
* ''Pleasure, flat'' or ''under saddle'' classes feature horses who are ridden on the flat (not jumped) and judged on manners, performance, movement, style and quality.
* ''Halter, in-hand breeding'' or ''conformation'' classes, where the horse is led by a handler on the ground and judged on conformation and suitability as a breeding animal.
* ''Harness'' classes, where the horse is [[Driving (horse)|driven]] rather than ridden, but still judged on manners, performance and quality.
* ''Jumping'' or ''Over Fences'' refers broadly to both [[show jumping]] and [[show hunter]], where horses and riders must jump obstacles.
==English riding==
[[File:WEG 2010 - Dressage Qualifying.jpg|thumb|A dressage rider]]
{{Main|English riding}}
In addition to the classical Olympic events, the following forms of competition are seen. In North America they are referred to as "[[English riding]]" in contrast with western riding; elsewhere in the world, if a distinction is necessary, they are usually described as "classic riding": There is no horn.
* [[Hunt seat]] or [[Show hunter|Hunter]] classes judge the movement and the form of horses suitable for work over fences. A typical [[show hunter]] division would include classes over fences as well as "Hunter under Saddle" or "flat" classes (sometimes called "hack" classes), in which the horse is judged on its performance, manners and movement without having to jump. Hunters have a long, flat-kneed trot, sometimes called "daisy cutter" movement, a phrase suggesting a good hunter could slice daisies in a field when it reaches its stride out. The over fences classes in [[show hunter]] competition are judged on the form of the horse, its manners and the smoothness of the course. A horse with good jumping form snaps its knees up and jumps with a good [[bascule (horse)|bascule]]. It should also be able to canter or gallop with control while having a stride long enough to make a proper number of strides over a given distance between fences. Hunter classes differ from jumper classes, in which they are not timed, and equitation classes, in which the rider's performance is the focus. Hunter style is based on fox hunting, so jumps in the hunter division are usually more natural colors than the jumps in a jumper division.
* [[Eventing]], [[show jumping]] and [[dressage]], described under "Olympic disciplines", above are all "English" riding disciplines that in North America sometimes are loosely classified within the "hunt seat" category.
* [[Saddle seat]], is a primarily American discipline, though has recently become somewhat popular in [[South Africa]], was created to show to best advantage the animated movement of high-stepping and gaited breeds such as the [[American Saddlebred]] and the [[Tennessee Walking Horse|Tennessee Walker]]. [[Arabian horse|Arabians]] and [[Morgan horse|Morgans]] may also be shown saddle seat in the United States. There are usually three basic divisions. ''Park'' divisions are for the horses with the highest action. ''Pleasure'' divisions still emphasis animated action, but to a lesser degree, with manners ranking over animation. ''Plantation'' or ''Country'' divisions have the least amount of animation (in some breeds, the horses are flat-shod) and the greatest emphasis on manners.
* [[Show hack]] is a competition seen primarily in the United Kingdom, Australia and other nations influenced by British traditions, featuring horses of elegant appearance, with excellent way of going and self-carriage. A related event is [[Riding horse (horse show)|riding horse]].
==Western riding==
{{Main|Western riding}}
[[File:Quarter Horse trotting.jpg | thumb |Western horsemanship attire and style of riding]]
[[File:Apartacao.jpg | thumb | [[Cutting horse]] competition.]]
[[Western riding]] evolved from the cattle-working and warfare traditions brought to the Americas by the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[settlers]], and both equipment and riding style evolved to meet the working needs of the [[cowboy]] on [[ranch]]es in the [[American West]].
The most noticeable feature of western style riding is the [[western saddle]], which has a substantial [[saddle tree]] that provides support to horse and rider when working long hours in the saddle. The western saddle features a prominent pommel topped by a horn (a knob used for dallying a [[Lasso|lariat]] after roping an animal), wide [[stirrup]]s, and in some cases, both front and back cinches. The depth of the seat may depend on the activity, a deeper seat used for [[barrel racing]] or [[Cutting (sport)|cutting cows]] or a more shallow seat for general ranch riding or [[Steer wrestling]].
Finished western horses are asked to perform with a loose rein controlled by one hand. The headstall of a western bridle may utilize either a [[Snaffle bit]] or [[curb bit]]. Bitless headstalls are also seen, such as a [[bosal]]-style [[hackamore]] on youger horses, or various styles of [[mechanical hackamore]]. In [[Vaquero|Vaquero style training]], a combination of a bosal and bit, called a "two-rein", is used at some stages of training. The standard western bridle lacks a [[noseband]] and usually consists of a single set of reins attached to a [[curb bit]] that has somewhat longer [[bit shank|shanks]] than the curb of an English [[double bridle|Weymouth]] bridle or a [[pelham bit]]. Western bridles have either a [[Bridle#Parts|browband]] or else a "one ear" loop (sometimes two) that crosses in front of the horse's ear. Two styles of Western [[rein]]s developed: The long split reins of the Texas tradition, which are completely separated, or the "[[Romal]]" reins of the California tradition, which are closed reins with a long single attachment (the romal) that can be used as a [[quirt]]. Modern [[rodeo]] competitors in timed events sometimes use a closed rein without a ''romal''.
Western riders wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants or jeans, [[cowboy boots]], and a wide-brimmed [[cowboy hat]]. A rider may wear protective leather leggings called [[chaps]]. Riders may wear brighter colors or finer fabrics in competition than for work. In particular, horse show events such as [[Western pleasure]] may much flashier equipment. Saddles, bits and bridles are ornamented with substantial amounts of silver, rider clothing may have vivid colors and even rhinestones or sequins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hobbyhorseinc.com/|title=Horse Show Apparel, Attire, Accessories|website=Hobby Horse Clothing Company, Inc.|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>
==Harness==
[[File:Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg|thumb|A Welsh pony in fine harness competition]]
{{Main|Driving (horse)}}
Horses, [[ponies]], [[mule]]s and [[donkey]]s are driven in [[Horse harness|harness]] in many different ways. For working purposes, they can pull a [[plow]] or other [[farm]] equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull [[wagon]]s for basic hauling and transportation. They may draw [[carriage]]s at ceremonies, in parades or for tourist rides.
As noted in "horse racing" ''above'', horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight cart known as a [[sulky]]. At the other end of the spectrum, some [[draft horse]]s compete in [[horse pulling]] competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance.
In [[horse show]] competition, the following general categories of competition are seen:
* [[Combined driving]], an internationally recognized competition where horses perform an arena-based "dressage" class where precision and control are emphasized, a cross-country "marathon" section that emphasizes fitness and endurance, and a "stadium" or "cones" obstacle course.
* [[Draft horse showing]]: Most [[draft horse]] performance competition is done in harness.
* [[Pleasure driving]]: Horses and ponies are usually hitched to a light cart shown at a walk and two speeds of trot, with an emphasis on manners.
* [[Fine harness]]: Also called "Formal driving," Horses are hitched to a light four-wheeled cart and shown in a manner that emphasizes flashy action and dramatic performance.
* [[Roadster (horse)|Roadster]]: A horse show competition where exhibitors wear [[racing silks]] and ride in a sulky in a style akin to [[harness racing]], only without actually racing, but rather focusing on manners and performance.
* [[Carriage]] driving, using somewhat larger two or four wheeled carriages, often restored [[antique]]s, judged on the turnout/neatness or suitability of horse and carriage.
==Rodeo==
{{main|Rodeo}}
Rodeo events include the following forms of competition:
===Timed events===
* [[Barrel racing]] and [[pole bending]] – the timed speed and agility events seen in [[rodeo]] as well as [[Gymkhana (Equestrian)|gymkhana]] or [[Gymkhana (Equestrian)|O-Mok-See]] competition. Both men and women compete in speed events at gymkhanas or O-Mok-Sees; however, at most professional, sanctioned rodeos, barrel racing is an exclusively women's sport. In a barrel race, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over. In pole bending, horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, then return to the start.
* [[Steer wrestling]] – Also known as "Bulldogging," this is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns. This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer or of having the thrown steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.
* [[Goat tying]] – usually an event for women or pre-teen girls and boys, a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat, dismounts, grabs the goat, throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf. This event was designed to teach smaller or younger riders the basics of calf roping without the more complex need to also lasso the animal.
===Roping===
Roping includes a number of timed events that are based on the real-life tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult [[cattle]] for [[livestock branding|branding]], medical treatment and other purposes. A lasso or [[Lasso|lariat]] is thrown over the head of a [[calf (animal)|calf]] or the horns of adult cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age.
* [[Calf roping]], also called "tie-down roping," is an event where a calf is roped around the neck by a [[Lasso|lariat]], the horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and ties three feet together. (If the horse throws the calf, the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work. The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope) This activity is still practiced on modern working ranches for [[brand]]ing, medical treatment, and so on.
* [[Team roping]], also called "heading and heeling," is the only rodeo event where men and women riders may compete together. Two people capture and restrain a full-grown steer. One horse and rider, the "header," lassos a running steer's horns, while the other horse and rider, the "heeler," lassos the steer's two hind legs. Once the animal is captured, the riders face each other and lightly pull the steer between them, so that it loses its balance, thus in the real world allowing restraint for treatment.
* [[Breakaway roping]] – an easier form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used, tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag. When the calf is roped, the horse stops, allowing the calf to run on, flagging the end of time when the string and flag breaks from the saddle. In the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12, while in some nations where traditional calf roping is frowned upon, riders of both genders compete.
==="Rough Stock" competition===
[[File:Horses abreast IMG 5342.jpg|thumb|Small herd of rough stock in Texas]]
In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} or horses bred specifically as bucking stock.
* Bronc riding – there are two divisions in rodeo, [[bareback bronc]] riding, where the rider rides a bucking horse holding onto a leather [[surcingle]] or rigging with only one hand, and [[saddle bronc]] riding, where the rider rides a modified western saddle without a horn (for safety) while holding onto a braided lead rope attached to the horse's halter.
* Bull Riding – though technically not an equestrian event, as the cowboys ride full-grown bulls instead of horses, skills similar to bareback bronc riding are required.
===International rodeo===
* [[Australian rodeo]]
* [[Chilean rodeo]]
* [[Charreada]]
==Other equestrian activities==
[[File:PoloGirlsHorses.jpg|thumb|Girls and their horses preparing for a [[polo]] game]]
There are many other forms of equestrian activity and sports seen worldwide. There are both competitive events and [[pleasure riding]] disciplines available.
===Arena sports===
* Arena [[polo]] and [[Cowboy polo]]
* [[Pato]] (Argentina's national sport)
* [[Equestrian vaulting]]: In vaulting, a [[surcingle]] with two hoops at the top is attached around a horse's [[horse anatomy|barrel]]. The horse also wears a [[bridle]] with [[side reins]]. The vaulter is [[longeing|longed]] on the horse, and performs [[gymnastics|gymnastic]] movements while the horse walks, trots, and canters.
* [[Gymkhana (Equestrian)|Gymkhana]], competition of timed pattern games, also known as ''O-Mok-See'' in the western United States.
===Horse sports that use cattle===
* [[Bullfighting]] (''[[rejoneador|rejoneo]]'')
**[[Portuguese-style bullfighting]]
**[[Spanish-style bullfighting]]
* [[Campdrafting]], a type of cattle-working competition popular in [[Australia]]
* [[Cutting (sport)|Cutting]]
* [[Team penning]]
* [[Working cow horse]]
===Defined area sports===
* [[Buzkashi]], a sport originating on the [[steppes]] of central [[Asia]], now the national sport of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]].
* [[Cowboy mounted shooting]]
* [[Horseball]]
* [[Jousting]] and [[Skill at Arms]], events involving use of lances, swords and completion of obstacles. There are stand-alone competitions and also are often seen at [[historical reenactment]]s, [[Renaissance Fair]]s and [[Society for Creative Anachronism]] events.
* [[Mounted archery]]
** [[Yabusame]]
* [[Mounted Games]], a sport where games are played in a relay-style with two to five members per team at very high speed
* [[Polo]], a team game played on horses, involves riders using a long-handled [[mallet]] to drive a ball on the ground into the opposing team's [[goal (sport)|goal]] while the opposing team defends their goal
* [[Polocrosse]]
* [[Tent pegging]]
===Cross-country sports===
* [[Competitive Mounted Orienteering]], a form of orienteering on horses (but unrelated to [[orienteering]]) – consists of three stages: following a precise route marked on a map, negotiation of obstacles and control of paces.
* [[Techniques de Randonnée Équestre de Compétition|Le Trec]], which comprises three phases – trail riding, with jumping and correct basic flatwork. Le Trec, which is very popular in Europe, tests the partnership's ability to cope with an all-day ride across varied terrain, route finding, negotiating natural obstacles and hazards, while considering the welfare of the horse, respecting the countryside and enjoying all it has to offer.
* [[Competitive trail riding]], a [[pace race]] held across terrain similar to [[endurance riding]], but shorter in length (25 – {{convert|35|mi|km}}, depending on class). Being a form of [[pace race]], the objective is not to finish in the least time. Instead, as in other forms of [[judged trail ride|judged trail riding]], each competitor is graded on everything including physical condition, campsite and horse management. Horsemanship also is considered, including how the rider handles the trail and how horse is handled and presented to the judge and vet throughout the ride. The horse is graded on performance, manners, etc. "Pulse and respiration" stops check the horse's recovery ability. The judges also set up obstacles along the trail and the horse and rider are graded on how well they perform as a team. The whole point is the partnership between the horse and rider.
* [[Cross Country Jumping]], a jumping course that contains logs and natural obstacles mostly. The common clothes worn are usually brighter colors and less conservative.
* [[Endurance riding]], a competition usually of 50 to {{convert|100|mi|km}} or more, over mountainous or other natural terrain, with scheduled stops to take the horses' vital signs, check soundness and verify that the horse is fit to continue. The first horse to finish and be confirmed by the veterinarian as fit to continue is the winner. Additional awards are usually given to the best-conditioned horses who finish in the top 10.
* [[Fox hunting]]
* Hacking, or [[pleasure riding]].
* [[Hunter Pacing]] is a sport where a horse and rider team travel a trail at speeds based the ideal conditions for the horse, with competitors seeking to ride closest to that perfect time. Hunter paces are usually held in a series. Hunter paces are usually a few miles long and covered mostly at a canter or gallop. The horsemanship and management skills of the rider are also considered in the scoring, and periodic stops are required for veterinarians to check the vital signs and overall soundness of the horses.
* [[Ride and Tie]] is a form of [[endurance riding]] in which teams of 3 (two humans and one horse) alternate running and riding.
* [[steeplechase (horse racing)|Steeplechase]], a distance horse race with diverse fence and ditch obstacles.
* [[Trail Riding]], pleasure riding any breed horse, any style across the land.
==Health issues==
Handling, riding and driving horses have inherent risks. Horses are large prey animals with a well-developed [[flight or fight instinct]] able to move quickly and unexpectedly. When mounted, the rider's head may be up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the ground, and the horse may travel at a speed of up to {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = J R Silver
| title = Spinal injuries resulting from horse riding accidents
| journal = Spinal Cord
| volume = 40
| pages = 264–71
| date = June 2002
| doi= 10.1038/sj.sc.3101280
| pmid = 12037707
| issue = 6| doi-access = free
}}</ref> The injuries observed range from very minor injuries to fatalities.
A study in [[Germany]] reported that the [[relative risk]] of injury from riding a horse, compared to riding a bicycle, was 9 times higher for [[adolescent]]s and 5.6 times higher for younger [[child]]ren, but that riding a horse was less risky than riding a [[moped]].<ref name="pmid17426559">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Schneiders W, Rollow A, Rammelt S, Grass R, Holch M, Serra A, Richter S, Gruner EM, Schlag B, Roesner D, Zwipp H | title = Risk-inducing activities leading to injuries in a child and adolescent population of Germany
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 62
| issue = 4
| pages = 996–1003
|date=April 2007
| pmid = 17426559
| doi = 10.1097/01.ta.0000222584.48001.a0
}}</ref> In [[Victoria, Australia]], a search of state records found that equestrian sports had the third highest incidence of serious injury, after [[motor sport]]s and [[power boat]]ing.<ref name="pmid16046347">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Cameron PA, Williamson OD | title = Incidence of serious injury and death during sport and recreation activities in Victoria, Australia
| journal = [[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]
| volume = 39
| issue = 8
| pages = 573–77
|date=August 2005
| pmid = 16046347
| pmc = 1725286
| doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2004.015750
}}</ref> In [[Greece]], an analysis of a national registry estimated the incidence of equestrian injury to be 21 per 100,000 person-years for farming and equestrian sports combined, and 160 times higher for [[horse racing]] personnel. Other findings noted that helmets likely prevent traumatic brain injuries.<ref name="pmid15128138">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Petridou E, Kedikoglou S, Belechri M, Ntouvelis E, Dessypris N, Trichopoulos D | title = The mosaic of equestrian-related injuries in Greece
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 56
| issue = 3
| pages = 643–47
| date=March 2004
| pmid = 15128138
| doi = 10.1097/01.TA.0000053470.38129.F4
}}</ref>
In the [[United States]] each year an estimated 30 million people ride horses, resulting in 50,000 [[emergency department]] visits (1 visit per 600 riders per year).<ref name="pmid17461318">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Carrillo EH, Varnagy D, Bragg SM, Levy J, Riordan K | s2cid = 27349609
| title = Traumatic injuries associated with horseback riding
| journal = [[Scandinavian Journal of Surgery]]
| volume = 96
| issue = 1
| pages = 79–82
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17461318
| doi = 10.1177/145749690709600115
}}</ref> A survey of 679 equestrians in Oregon, Washington and Idaho estimated that at some time in their equestrian career one in five will be seriously injured, resulting in hospitalization, surgery or long-term disability.<ref name="pmid17414356">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Mayberry JC, Pearson TE, Wiger KJ, Diggs BS, Mullins RJ | title = Equestrian injury prevention efforts need more attention to novice riders
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 62
| issue = 3
| pages = 735–39
|date=March 2007
| pmid = 17414356
| doi = 10.1097/ta.0b013e318031b5d4
}}</ref> Among survey respondents, novice equestrians had an incidence of any injury that was threefold over intermediates, fivefold over advanced equestrians, and nearly eightfold over professionals. Approximately 100 hours of experience are required to achieve a substantial decline in the risk of injury. The survey authors conclude that efforts to prevent equestrian injury should focus on novice equestrians.
===Mechanisms of injury===
The most common injury is falling from the horse, followed by being kicked, trampled and bitten. About 3 out of 4 injuries are due to falling, broadly defined.<ref name="ReferenceB">"Most injuries result from falls (80%)", ''Horse riding during pregnancy'', MS Rogers.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=March 1987|title=Riding and other equestrian injuries: Considerable severity|journal=[[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=22–24|doi=10.1136/bjsm.21.1.22|pmc=1478604|pmid=3580722|author=R. G. Lloyd}}</ref> A broad definition of falling often includes being crushed and being thrown from the horse, but when reported separately each of these mechanisms may be more common than being kicked.<ref name="pmid18695484">{{cite journal
| author = Loder RT
| title = The demographics of equestrian-related injuries in the United States: injury patterns, orthopedic specific injuries, and avenues for injury prevention
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 65
| issue = 2
| pages = 447–60
|date=August 2008
| pmid = 18695484
| doi = 10.1097/TA.0b013e31817dac43
}}</ref><ref name="pmid18424291">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Clarke CN, Tsuei BJ, Butler KL | title = Equine-related injury: a retrospective analysis of outcomes over a 10-year period
| journal = [[American Journal of Surgery]]
| volume = 195
| issue = 5
| pages = 702–04
|date=May 2008
| pmid = 18424291
| doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.007
}}</ref>
===Types and severity of injury===
In [[Canada]], a 10-year study of trauma center patients injured while riding reported that although 48% had suffered head injuries, only 9% of these riders had been wearing helmets at the time of their accident. Other injuries involved the chest (54%), abdomen (22%) and extremities (17%).<ref name="ball-2007">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Ball CG, Ball JE, Kirkpatrick AW, Mulloy RH | title = Equestrian injuries: incidence, injury patterns, and risk factors for 10 years of major traumatic injuries
| journal = [[American Journal of Surgery]]
| volume = 193
| issue = 5
| pages = 636–40
|date=May 2007
| pmid = 17434372
| doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.01.016
}}</ref> A German study reported that injuries in horse riding are rare compared to other sports, but when they occur they are severe. Specifically, they found that 40% of horse riding injuries were fractures, and only 15% were sprains. Furthermore, the study noted that in Germany, one quarter of all sport related fatalities are caused by horse riding.<ref name="pmid1793946">{{Cite journal|author=Dittmer H|year=1991|title=The injury pattern in horseback riding|journal=Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie. Supplement. Kongressband. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie. Kongress|pages=466–69|pmid=1793946}}<!--| access-date = 2009-01-14--></ref>
Most horse related injuries are a result of falling from a horse, which is the cause of 60–80% of all such reported injuries.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{cite journal
| author = R. G. Lloyd
| title = Riding and other equestrian injuries: Considerable severity
| journal = [[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]
| volume = 21
| pages = 22–24
|date=March 1987
| pmid = 3580722
| doi = 10.1136/bjsm.21.1.22
| issue = 1
| pmc = 1478604
}}</ref> Another common cause of injury is being kicked by a horse, which may cause skull fractures or severe trauma to the [[internal organs]]. <!--Maybe move this pregnancy bit down to Perineum paragraph and shorten Perineum section, will flow better--> Some possible injuries resulting from horse riding, with the percent indicating the amounts in relation to all injuries as reported by a [[New Zealand]] study,<ref name="pmid14581953">{{cite journal
| author = Northey G
| title = Equestrian injuries in New Zealand, 1993–2001: knowledge and experience
| journal = N. Z. Med. J.
| volume = 116
| issue = 1182
| page = U601
|date=September 2003
| pmid = 14581953
}}</ref> include:
* Arm fracture or dislocation (31%)
* Head injury (21%)
* Leg fracture or dislocation (15%)
* Chest injury (33%)
Among 36 members and employees of the [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]] who were seen in a trauma center during a period of 5 years, 24 fell from horses and 11 were kicked by the horse. Injuries comprised: 18 torso; 11 head, face or neck; and 11 limb.<ref name="pmid17049524">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Yim VW, Yeung JH, Mak PS, Graham CA, Lai PB, Rainer TH | title = Five year analysis of Jockey Club horse-related injuries presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong
| journal = Injury
| volume = 38
| issue = 1
| pages = 98–103
|date=January 2007
| pmid = 17049524
| doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2006.08.026
}}</ref> The authors of this study recommend that helmets, face shields and body protectors be worn when riding or handling horses.<!-- summary per abstract; need to read the article for data re use of these items among the 36 patients -->
In [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], a study of equestrians seen at one hospital over a 6-year period found that 81% were wearing a helmet at the time of injury,<!--all six years? First sentence doesn't flow logically into second sentence--> and that helmet use both increased over time and was correlated with a lower rate of admission.<ref name="pmid12887517">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Lim J, Puttaswamy V, Gizzi M, Christie L, Croker W, Crowe P | title = Pattern of equestrian injuries presenting to a Sydney teaching hospital
| journal = ANZ Journal of Surgery
| volume = 73
| issue = 8
| pages = 567–71
|date=August 2003
| pmid = 12887517
| doi = 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02707.x
| s2cid = 36834081
}}</ref> In the second half of the study period, of the equestrians seen at a hospital, only 14% were admitted. In contrast, a study of child equestrians seen at a hospital emergency department in [[Adelaide]] reported that 60% were admitted.<ref name="pmid18782209">{{cite journal
| author = Craven JA
| title = Paediatric and adolescent horse-related injuries: does the mechanism of injury justify a trauma response?
| journal = Emergency Medicine Australasia
| volume = 20
| issue = 4
| pages = 357–62
|date=August 2008
| pmid = 18782209
| doi = 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01107.x
| s2cid = 963703
}}</ref>
In the United States, an analysis of [[National Electronic Injury Surveillance System]] (NEISS) data performed by the Equestrian Medical Safety Association studied 78,279 horse-related injuries in 2007: "The most common injuries included fractures (28.5%); contusions/abrasions (28.3%); strain/sprain (14.5%); internal injury (8.1%); lacerations (5.7%); concussions (4.6%); dislocations (1.9%); and hematomas (1.2%). Most frequent injury sites are the lower trunk (19.6%); head (15.0%); upper trunk (13.4%); shoulder (8.2%); and wrist (6.8%). Within this study patients were treated and released (86.2%), were hospitalized (8.7%), were transferred (3.6%), left without being treated (0.8%), remained for observation (0.6%) and arrived at the hospital deceased (0.1%)."<ref>{{cite web|title=Human injuries related to horses analyzed|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/23699/human-injuries-related-to-horses-analyzed|website=TheHorse.com|access-date=2017-10-28|date=5 July 2009}}</ref>
===Head injuries===
Horseback riding is one of the most dangerous sports, especially in relation to head injury. Statistics from the United States, for example, indicate that about 30 million people ride horses annually.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Deloitte|first1=C|title=National economic impact of U.S. horse industry|url=http://www.horsecouncil.org/nationaleconomics.php|website=American Horse Council Foundation|date=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203123251/http://www.horsecouncil.org/nationaleconomics.php|archive-date=2010-02-03}}</ref> On average, about 67,000 people are admitted to the hospital each year from injuries sustained while working with horses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loder R | year = 2008 | title = The demographics of equestrian-related injuries in the United States: injury patterns, orthopedic specific injuries, and avenues for injury prevention | journal = The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care | volume = 65 | issue = 2| pages = 447–60 | doi=10.1097/ta.0b013e31817dac43 | pmid=18695484}}</ref> 15,000 of those admittances are from traumatic brain injuries. Of those, about 60 die each year from their brain injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riders4helmets.com/2011/08/traumatic-brain-injury-in-equestrian-sport-dr-chambless-2nd-helmet-safety-symposium/|title=Traumatic Brain Injury in Equestrian Sport – Dr Chambless (2nd Helmet Safety Symposium)|website=Riders4Helmets Campaign News|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529022237/http://www.riders4helmets.com/2011/08/traumatic-brain-injury-in-equestrian-sport-dr-chambless-2nd-helmet-safety-symposium/|archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> Studies have found horseback riding to be more dangerous than several sports, including skiing, auto racing and football.<ref name="ball-2007"/> Horseback riding has a higher hospital admittance rate per hours of riding than motorcycle racing, at 0.49 per thousand hours of riding and 0.14 accidents per thousand hours, respectively.<ref name="ball-2007" />
Head injuries are especially traumatic in horseback riding. About two-thirds of all riders requiring hospitalization after a fall have sustained a traumatic brain injury.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chitnavis JP, Gibbons CL, Hirigoyen M, Parry JL, Simpson AH | year = 1996 | title = Accidents with horses: what has changed in 20 years? | doi =10.1016/0020-1383(95)00176-X | pmid = 8730383 | journal = Injury | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 103–05 }}</ref> Falling from a horse without wearing a helmet is comparable to being struck by a car.<ref name="Nelson, M.A. 1992">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson MA, Goldberg B, Harris SS, Landry GL, Orenstein DM, Risser WL | year = 1992 | title = Horseback riding and head injuries | journal = American Academy of Pediatrics | volume = 89 | issue = 3| page = 512 }}</ref> Most falling deaths are caused by head injury.<ref name="Nelson, M.A. 1992"/>
The use of riding helmets substantially decreases the likelihood and severity of head injuries. When a rider falls with a helmet, he or she is five times less likely to experience a traumatic brain injury than a rider who falls without a helmet.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Helmets work by crushing on impact and extending the length of time it takes the head to stop moving.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke CN, Tsuei BJ, Butler KL | year = 2008 | title = Equine-related injury: a retrospective analysis of outcomes over a ten-year period | journal = The American Journal of Surgery | volume = 195 | issue = 5| pages = 702–04 | doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.007 | pmid=18424291}}</ref> Despite this, helmet usage rates in North America are estimated to be between eight and twenty percent.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Worley GH | year = 2010 | title = Promoting the use of equestrian helmets: another opportunity for injury prevention | journal = Journal of Emergency Nursing | volume = 36 | issue = 3| pages = 263–64 | doi=10.1016/j.jen.2010.01.007| pmid = 20457328 }}</ref>
Once a helmet has sustained an impact from falling, that part of the helmet is structurally weakened, even if no visible damage is present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-exclusives/helmet-replacement-strategy.aspx|title=Helmet Replacement Strategy|date=4 April 2011|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> Helmet manufacturers recommend that a helmet that has undergone impact from a fall be replaced immediately. In addition, helmets should be replaced every three to five years; specific recommendations vary by manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.troxelhelmets.com/service/faq|title=FAQ's|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>
===Rules on helmet use in competition===
Many organizations mandate helmet use in competition or on show grounds, and rules have continually moved in the direction of requiring helmet use. In 2011, the United States Equestrian Federation passed a rule making helmet use mandatory while mounted on competition grounds at U.S. nationally rated eventing competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-news/2011/01/27/eventing-dressage-helmet-rule.aspx|title=New Helmet Rules for Eventing and Dressage Passed at USEF Convention|date=27 January 2011|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> Also in 2011, the United States Dressage Federation made helmet use in competition mandatory for all riders under 18 and all riders who are riding any test at Fourth Level and below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/Changes/2011.aspx|title=2011 Rule Changes|website=United States Equestrian Federation|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> If a rider competing at Prix St. Georges and above is also riding a test at Fourth Level or below, he or she must also wear a helmet at all times while mounted.
===Riding astride===
[[File:Ridderstedt couple on horseback.jpg|thumb|By the 1930s and 1940s most horse riding had become occasional and leisurely or competitive rather than being the common method of transportation it had been for centuries before]]
The idea that riding a horse astride could injure a woman's sex organs is a historic, but sometimes popular even today, misunderstanding or misconception, particularly that riding astride can damage the [[hymen]].<ref name="pmid12346860">{{cite journal
| author = Dhall A
| title = Adolescence: myths and misconceptions
| journal = Health Millions
| volume = 21
| issue = 3
| pages = 35–38
| year = 1995
| pmid = 12346860
}}</ref> Evidence of injury to any female sex organs is scant. In female high-level athletes, trauma to the [[perineum]] is rare and is associated with certain sports (see [[Pelvic floor#Clinical significance]]).<!-- see details w source on other page --> The type of trauma associated with [[equestrian sports]] has been termed "horse riders' perineum".<ref name="pmid17450681">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Crepin G, Biserte J, Cosson M, Duchene F | title = [The female urogenital system and high level sports]
| language = fr
| journal = Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
| volume = 190
| issue = 7
| pages = 1479–91; discussion 1491–93
|date=October 2006
| pmid = 17450681
}}</ref> A [[case series]] of 4 female mountain bike riders and 2 female horse riders found both patient-reported perineal pain and evidence of [[sub-clinical]] changes in the [[clitoris]];<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Battaglia|first1=C|last2=Nappi|first2=RE|last3=Mancini|first3=F|last4=Cianciosi|first4=A|last5=Persico|first5=N|last6=Busacchi|first6=P|title=Ultrasonographic and Doppler findings of subclinical clitoral microtraumatisms in mountain bikers and horseback riders|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|date=February 2009|volume=6|issue=2|pages=464–68|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01124.x|pmid=19138367}}</ref> the relevance of these findings to horse riding is unknown.
In men, sports-related injuries are among the major causes of testicular trauma. In a small [[scientific control|controlled]] but [[Blind experiment|unblinded]] study of 52 men, [[varicocele]] was significantly more common in equestrians than in non-equestrians.<ref name="pmid15972705">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Turgut AT, Kosar U, Kosar P, Karabulut A | title = Scrotal sonographic findings in equestrians
| journal = Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
| volume = 24
| issue = 7
| pages = 911–17; quiz 919
|date=July 2005
| pmid = 15972705
| doi = 10.7863/jum.2005.24.7.911
| s2cid = 44339283
}}</ref> The difference between these two groups was small, however, compared to differences reported between extreme [[mountain bike]] riders and non-riders,<ref name="pmid11323467">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Frauscher F, Klauser A, Stenzl A, Helweg G, Amort B, zur Nedden D | title = US findings in the scrotum of extreme mountain bikers
| journal = Radiology
| volume = 219
| issue = 2
| pages = 427–31
|date=May 2001
| pmid = 11323467
| doi = 10.1148/radiology.219.2.r01ma42427
}}</ref> and also between mountain bike riders and on-road bicycle riders.<ref name="pmid18185039">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Neuwirt H, Colleselli D, Pelzer A, Bartsch G, Strasser H, Gradl J, Pallwein L, Frauscher F | title = Do mountain bikers have a higher risk of scrotal disorders than on-road cyclists?
| journal = Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
| volume = 18
| issue = 1
| pages = 49–54
|date=January 2008
| pmid = 18185039
| doi = 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815c042f
| s2cid = 29581763
}}</ref> Horse-riding injuries to the [[scrotum]] ([[contusion]]s) and [[testes]] ([[blunt trauma]]) were well known to surgeons in the 19th century and early 20th century.<ref name="KeenDaCosta1908">{{cite book
|title=Surgery, Its Principles and Practice
|editor1=William Williams Keen |editor2=John Chalmers Da Costa |publisher=W. B. Saunders Company
|year=1908
|location=Philadelphia and London
|volume=4
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnYwAAAAIAAJ
}} pp. 598, 615</ref> Injuries from collision with the pommel of a saddle are mentioned specifically.<ref name="KeenDaCosta1908"/>
==Criticism of horses in sport==
{{see also|Horse racing|Rodeo}}
Organized welfare groups, such as the [[Humane Society of the United States]], and [[animal rights]] groups such as [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]], have been known to criticise some horse sports with claims of [[animal cruelty]].
[[Horse racing]] is a popular equestrian sport which is practiced in many nations around the world. It is inextricably associated with [[gambling]], where in certain events, stakes can become very high. Despite its illegality in most competitions, these conditions of extreme competitiveness can lead to the use of performing-enhancing drugs and extreme training techniques, which can result in negative side effects for the horses' well-being.
The races themselves have also proved dangerous to the horses – especially [[Steeplechase (horse racing)|steeplechasing]], which requires the horse to jump hurdles whilst galloping at full speed. This can result in injury or death to the horse, as well as the jockey.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/705194.stm | work=BBC News | title=Should steeplechases be banned? | date=2000-04-17}}</ref> A study by animal welfare group [[Animal Aid]] revealed that approximately 375 racehorses die yearly, with 30% of these either during or as a result of injuries from a race.<ref name="animalaid">{{cite web |url=http://www.animalaid.org.uk/h/n/AA/HOME/ALL/1665// |title=Bred To Death: Background Notes |publisher=Animal Aid |access-date=2013-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510144228/http://www.animalaid.org.uk/h/n/AA/HOME/ALL/1665// |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> The report also highlighted the increasing frequency of race-related illnesses, including bleeding lungs (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage) and gastric ulcers.<ref name="animalaid" />
Animal rights groups are also primarily concerned that certain sports or training exercises may cause unnecessary pain or injuries to horse athletes. Some specific training or showing practices are so widely condemned that they have been made illegal at the national level and violations can incur criminal penalties. The most well-known is ''soring,'' a practice of applying a caustic ointment just above the hooves of a [[Tennessee Walking Horse]] to make it pick up its feet higher. However, in spite of a federal law in the United States prohibiting this practice and routine inspections of horse shows by inspectors from the [[United States Department of Agriculture]], soring is still widespread and difficult to eliminate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/lameness/soring_030706/|title=EQUUS Special Report: Why Soring Persists|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909111123/http://www.equisearch.com/article/soring_030706|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Some events themselves are also considered so abusive that they are banned in many countries. Among these are horse-tripping, a sport where riders chase and rope a loose-running horse by its front legs, throwing it to the ground.<ref>[http://www.idausa.org/facts/horsetripping.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315182541/http://www.idausa.org/facts/horsetripping.html|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref>
Secondary effects of racing have also recently been uncovered. A 2006 investigation by [[The Observer]] in the UK found that each year 6,000–10,000 horses are [[horse meat|slaughtered for consumption]] abroad, a significant proportion of which are horses bred for racing.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/01/horseracing.sport | work=The Guardian | first=Antony | last=Barnett | title=The slaughtered horses that shame our racing | date=2006-10-06}}</ref> A boom in the number of foals bred has meant that there is not adequate resources to care for unwanted horses. Demand has increased for this massive breeding programme to be scaled back.<ref name="guardian" /> Despite over 1000 foals being produced annually by the Thoroughbred [[horse industry]], 66% of those bred for such a purpose were never entered into a race, and despite a life expectancy of 30 years, many are killed before their fifth birthday.<ref name="guardian" />
== Horse riding on coinage ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:2003 Greece 10 Euro OS Horse Riding front.jpg|thumb|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2003 coinage|Horse Riding commemorative coin]]]] -->
Horse riding events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2003 coinage|Horse Riding commemorative coin]], minted in 2003 to commemorate the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. On the composition of the obverse of this coin, the modern horseman is pictured as he jumps over an obstacle, while in the background the ancient horseman is inspired by a representation on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.
For the 2012 Olympics, the Royal Mint has produced a 50p coin showing a horse jumping a fence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalmint.com/shop/london_2012_50p_sports_collection_equestrian|title=London 2012 50p Sports Collection – Equestrian|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Horses}}
* [[Glossary of equestrian terms]]
* [[List of equestrian sports]]
* [[Sidesaddle]]
* [[Classical dressage]]
* [[Equestrian use of roadways]]
* [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics]]
* [[List of horse accidents]]
* [[United States Equestrian Federation]]
* [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]]
* [[Equestrian helmet]]
* [[Mounting block]]
* [[Cowboy Mounted Shooting]]
* [[Fletcher Street Urban Riding Club]] for a description of urban riding traditions
* [[Riding hall]]
* [[Jinba ittai]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Horse riding}}
{{Commons category|Equestrian sports}}
{{Wikivoyage|Horse riding}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Horsemanship}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160211081332/http://horsesport.org/ International Federation for Equestrian Sports] FEI official homepage
* [[United States Equestrian Federation]] [http://www.usef.org/ USEF Official web site]
* [[Equestrian Federation of Australia]] [http://www.efanational.com/ Equestrian Federation of Australia web site]
* [[Equestrian Federation of Ireland]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070210020616/http://www.horsesport.ie/homel.html – EFI web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060805085033/http://kazequestrian.org/ Equestrian Federation of Kazakhstan] Russian – [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727234118/http://en.kazequestrian.org/ Equestrian Federation of Kazakhstan] English
* [http://www.usdf.org/ United States Dressage Federation]
* [http://www.aerc.org/ American Endurance Ride Conference]
* [http://www.natrc.org/ The North American Trail Ride Conference] – Competitive Trail Riding
* [http://www.sportendurance.co.uk/ UK Endurance Horse Riding]
* [http://www.rideandtie.org/ Ride and Tie Association]
* [http://www.americanvaulting.org/ The American Vaulting Association] – Equestrian Vaulting
* [https://rideforbund.dk/ Danish Riding Federation]
*[http://www.nchacutting.com/ National Cutting Horse Association]
{{Horse topics}}
{{Equestrian Sports}}
{{Mammals in culture}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Short description|Use of horses for sport or work}}
[[Category:Equestrianism| ]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Equestrian sports|*]]
[[Category:Uses of boots]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic sports]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Other uses|Equestrian (disambiguation){{!}}Equestrian|Horse riding (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Horseback|the back of a horse|Back (horse)}}
{{Redirect|Horsewoman|the painting|Horsewoman (painting)}} I am a white horse
[[File:Horse riding in coca cola arena - melbourne show 2005. jpg|thumb|A young rider at a [[horse show]] in Australia]]
[[File:Queluz Palace horses approach (9180978620).jpg|thumb|right|[[Lusitano]] riders of the [[Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]], one of the "Big Four" most prestigious [[:Category:Equestrian educational establishments|riding academies]] in the world, alongside the [[Cadre Noir]], the [[Spanish Riding School]], and the [[Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art|Royal Andalusian School]].<ref>[https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-portuguese-school-of-equestrian-art-523504 Horse & Hound - 7 Things You Need to Know about the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]</ref>]]
[[File:10 Iceland tourism - Icelandic horses ride in Iceland, horseback riding tourists.jpg|thumb|Equestrian tour on traditional local breed, [[Icelandic horse]]s in [[Skaftafell]] mountains of [[Iceland]]]]
'''Equestrianism''' (from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|equester}}, {{lang|la|equestr-}}, {{lang|la|equus}}, 'horseman', 'horse'),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/equestrian |title=equestrian – definition of equestrian by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> commonly known as '''horse riding''' ([[Commonwealth English]]) or '''horseback riding''' ([[American English]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=equitaci%C3%B3n |title=equitación – Diccionario Inglés-Español |publisher=Wordreference.com |access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> includes the disciplines of riding, [[Driving (horse)|driving]], and [[Equestrian vaulting|vaulting]]. This broad description includes the use of [[horse]]s for practical [[working animal|working]] purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, and [[animals in sport|competitive sport]].
==Overview of equestrian activities==
[[File:Gansu Museum 2007 308.jpg|thumb|Musicians riding horses, [[Tang dynasty]]]]
Horses are [[horse training|trained]] and ridden for practical working purposes, such as in [[Mounted police|police work]] or for controlling herd animals on a [[ranch]]. They are also used in [[Horse#Sport|competitive sports]] including [[dressage]], [[endurance riding]], [[eventing]], [[reining]], [[show jumping]], [[tent pegging]], [[equestrian vaulting|vaulting]], [[polo]], [[horse racing]], [[driving (horse)|driving]], and [[rodeo]] (see additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples). Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at [[horse show]]s where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. Horses (and other [[equid]]s such as [[mule]]s) are used for non-competitive recreational riding, such as [[fox hunting]], [[trail riding]], or [[Pleasure riding|hacking]]. There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, [[ranch]]es, and public [[stable]]s offer both guided and independent riding. Horses are also used for [[therapeutic horseback riding|therapeutic]] purposes both in specialized para-equestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development.
[[Horses]] are also [[driving (horse)|driven]] in [[harness racing]], at [[horse show]]s, and in other types of exhibition such as [[historical reenactment]] or ceremony, often pulling [[carriage]]s. In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as [[farm]]ing.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leslie|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nkn-CgAAQBAJ&q=25%2C000|title=Horse-Powered Farming for the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Equipment, Methods, and Management for Organic Growers|date=2015|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|isbn=978-1-60358-613-9|language=en}}</ref>
Horses continue to be used in public service, in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), [[police horse|police]] and volunteer mounted patrols and for [[mounted search and rescue]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
[[Riding hall]]s enable training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
==History of horse use==
{{Main|Domestication of the horse|Horses in warfare}}
[[File:Cave painting in Doushe cave, Lorstan, Iran, 8th millennium BC.JPG|thumb|Prehistoric cave painting, depicting a horse and rider]]
Though there is controversy over the exact date horses were [[domestication|domesticated]] and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. There is some evidence that about 3,000 BC, near the [[Dnieper River]] and the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]], people were using [[Bit (horse)|bits]] on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit.<ref name=Chamberlin69>Chamberlin, J. Edward ''Horse: How the Horse has Shaped Civilization'' New York:BlueBridge 2006 {{ISBN|0-9742405-9-1}}</ref> However, the most unequivocal early [[archeology|archaeological]] evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. [[Chariot]] burials about 2500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses used as [[working animal]]s. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of [[horses in warfare|war horses]] as light and heavy [[cavalry]]. The horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as [[transportation]], [[trade]] and [[agriculture]]. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]]. Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] in 1493.<ref>Bennett, Deb (1998) 'Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.'' Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition. {{ISBN|0-9658533-0-6}}, p. 151</ref> Equestrianism was introduced in the [[1900 Summer Olympics]] as an Olympic sport with jumping events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Paris 1900 Olympic Games {{!}} Second of the Modern Olympic Games, France {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Paris-1900-Olympic-Games |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
==Horse racing==
{{Main|Horse racing|Harness racing|Parimutuel gambling}}
Humans appear to have long expressed a desire to know which horse or horses were the fastest, and [[horse racing]] has ancient roots. [[Gambling]] on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a long history as well. [[Thoroughbred]]s have the pre-eminent reputation as a racing breed, but other breeds also race.
===Types of horse racing===
Under saddle:
* [[Thoroughbred horse racing]] is the most popular form worldwide. In the UK, it is known as [[flat racing]] and is governed by the [[Jockey Club]] in the United Kingdom. In the US, horse racing is governed by the [[Jockey Club (United States)|Jockey Club]]. other light breeds are also raced worldwide.
* [[Steeplechase (horse racing)|Steeplechasing]] involves racing on a track where the horses also jump over obstacles. It is most common in the UK, where it is also called [[National Hunt]] racing.
In harness:
* Both light and heavy breeds as well as ponies are raced in harness with a [[sulky]] or racing bike. The [[Standardbred]] dominates the sport in both [[trot (horse gait)|trotting]] and [[Pacing (horse gait)|pacing]] varieties.
* The United States Trotting Association organizes [[harness racing]] in the United States.
* Harness racing is also found throughout Europe, New Zealand and Australia.
Distance racing:
* [[Endurance riding]], takes place over a given, measured distance and the horses have an even start. Top level races are usually {{convert|50|to|100|mi|km}}, over mountainous or other natural terrain, with scheduled stops to take the horses' vital signs, check soundness and verify that the horse is fit to continue. The first horse to finish and be confirmed by the veterinarian as fit to continue is the winner. Limited distance rides of about {{convert|25|-|20|mi}} are offered to newcomers. Variants include [[Ride and Tie]] and various forms of [[long riding]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nagy|first1=Annamaria|last2=Dyson|first2=Sue|last3=Murray|first3=Jane|date=18 June 2012|title=A veterinary review of endurance riding as an international competitive sport.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229435826|journal=The Veterinary Journal|language=en|volume=194|issue=3|pages=288–293|doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.022|pmid=22819800|via=Elsevier}}</ref>
==International and Olympic disciplines==
{{Main|Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics|International Federation for Equestrian Sports}}
Equestrian events were first included in the modern [[Olympic Games]] in 1900. By 1912, all three Olympic disciplines still seen today were part of the games. The following forms of competition are recognized worldwide and are a part of the [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|equestrian events]] at the Olympics. They are governed by the rules of the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]] (FEI).
* [[Dressage]] ("training" in [[French language|French]]) involves the progressive training of the horse to a high level of [[impulsion]], [[collection (horse)|collection]] and obedience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dressage-academy.com/training/dressage/|title=What is Dressage? – Dressage Academy Training|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308141052/https://www.dressage-academy.com/training/dressage/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Competitive dressage has the goal of showing the horse carrying out, on request, the natural movements that it performs without thinking while running loose.
* [[Show jumping]] comprises a timed event judged on the ability of the horse and rider to jump over a series of obstacles, in a given order and with the fewest refusals or knockdowns of portions of the obstacles. Show jumping is also one of the five events in the [[modern pentathlon]].
* [[Eventing]], also called ''combined training'', ''horse trials'', the ''three-day event'', ''the Military'' or ''the complete test'', puts together the obedience of dressage with the athletic ability of show jumping, the fitness demands the [[cross-country equestrianism|cross-country jumping]] phase. In the last-named, the horses jump over fixed obstacles, such as logs, stone walls, [[bank (obstacle)|banks]], [[ditch (obstacle)|ditches]] and [[water (obstacle)|water]], trying to finish the course under the "optimum time." There was also the 'Steeple Chase' Phase, which is now excluded from most major competitions to bring them in line with the Olympic standard.
The additional internationally sanctioned but non-Olympic disciplines governed by the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports|FEI]] are: [[combined driving]]; [[endurance riding|endurance]]; [[reining]]; and [[equestrian vaulting|vaulting]]. These disciplines are part of the [[FEI World Equestrian Games]] every four years and may hold their own individual World Championships in other years. The FEI also recognizes [[horseball]] and [[tent pegging]] as its two regional disciplines.
===Para-equestrian disciplines===
[[Para-equestrian]] competition at the international level, including the [[Equestrian at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], are also governed by the FEI and offer the following competition events:
* Para-Equestrian Dressage is conducted under the same rules as conventional Dressage, but with riders divided into different competition grades based on their functional abilities.<ref>[http://www.fei.org/disciplines/dressage/about-para-equestrian-dressage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508135709/http://www.fei.org/disciplines/dressage/about-para-equestrian-dressage|date=May 8, 2013}}</ref>
* Para-Equestrian Driving places competitors in grades based on their skill.<ref>[http://www.fei.org/disciplines/driving/about-para-equestrian-driving] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195554/http://www.fei.org/disciplines/driving/about-para-equestrian-driving|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref>
==Haute École==
{{Main|Classical dressage|Equestrianism in France}}
The ''haute école'' ([[French language|F.]] "high school"), an advanced component of [[Classical dressage]], is a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition but often seen in demonstration performances.
The world's leading Classical dressage programs include:
* The [[Cadre Noir]] in [[Saumur]], [[France]].
* The [[Spanish Riding School]] in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].
* The [[Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]] at [[Queluz National Palace]], [[Portugal]].
* The [[Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art]] in [[Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Spain]].
Other major classical teams include the [[South African Lipizzaners]] and the [[Hollandsche Manege]] of the [[Netherlands]].
==Horse shows==
{{Main|Horse show}}
[[Horse show]]s are held throughout the world with a tremendous variety of possible events, equipment, attire, and judging standards used. However, most forms of horse show competition can be broken into the following broad categories:
* [[Equitation]], sometimes called ''seat and hands'' or ''horsemanship'', refers to events where the rider is judged on form, style and ability.
* ''Pleasure, flat'' or ''under saddle'' classes feature horses who are ridden on the flat (not jumped) and judged on manners, performance, movement, style and quality.
* ''Halter, in-hand breeding'' or ''conformation'' classes, where the horse is led by a handler on the ground and judged on conformation and suitability as a breeding animal.
* ''Harness'' classes, where the horse is [[Driving (horse)|driven]] rather than ridden, but still judged on manners, performance and quality.
* ''Jumping'' or ''Over Fences'' refers broadly to both [[show jumping]] and [[show hunter]], where horses and riders must jump obstacles.
==English riding==
[[File:WEG 2010 - Dressage Qualifying.jpg|thumb|A dressage rider]]
{{Main|English riding}}
In addition to the classical Olympic events, the following forms of competition are seen. In North America they are referred to as "[[English riding]]" in contrast with western riding; elsewhere in the world, if a distinction is necessary, they are usually described as "classic riding": There is no horn.
* [[Hunt seat]] or [[Show hunter|Hunter]] classes judge the movement and the form of horses suitable for work over fences. A typical [[show hunter]] division would include classes over fences as well as "Hunter under Saddle" or "flat" classes (sometimes called "hack" classes), in which the horse is judged on its performance, manners and movement without having to jump. Hunters have a long, flat-kneed trot, sometimes called "daisy cutter" movement, a phrase suggesting a good hunter could slice daisies in a field when it reaches its stride out. The over fences classes in [[show hunter]] competition are judged on the form of the horse, its manners and the smoothness of the course. A horse with good jumping form snaps its knees up and jumps with a good [[bascule (horse)|bascule]]. It should also be able to canter or gallop with control while having a stride long enough to make a proper number of strides over a given distance between fences. Hunter classes differ from jumper classes, in which they are not timed, and equitation classes, in which the rider's performance is the focus. Hunter style is based on fox hunting, so jumps in the hunter division are usually more natural colors than the jumps in a jumper division.
* [[Eventing]], [[show jumping]] and [[dressage]], described under "Olympic disciplines", above are all "English" riding disciplines that in North America sometimes are loosely classified within the "hunt seat" category.
* [[Saddle seat]], is a primarily American discipline, though has recently become somewhat popular in [[South Africa]], was created to show to best advantage the animated movement of high-stepping and gaited breeds such as the [[American Saddlebred]] and the [[Tennessee Walking Horse|Tennessee Walker]]. [[Arabian horse|Arabians]] and [[Morgan horse|Morgans]] may also be shown saddle seat in the United States. There are usually three basic divisions. ''Park'' divisions are for the horses with the highest action. ''Pleasure'' divisions still emphasis animated action, but to a lesser degree, with manners ranking over animation. ''Plantation'' or ''Country'' divisions have the least amount of animation (in some breeds, the horses are flat-shod) and the greatest emphasis on manners.
* [[Show hack]] is a competition seen primarily in the United Kingdom, Australia and other nations influenced by British traditions, featuring horses of elegant appearance, with excellent way of going and self-carriage. A related event is [[Riding horse (horse show)|riding horse]].
==Western riding==
{{Main|Western riding}}
[[File:Quarter Horse trotting.jpg | thumb |Western horsemanship attire and style of riding]]
[[File:Apartacao.jpg | thumb | [[Cutting horse]] competition.]]
[[Western riding]] evolved from the cattle-working and warfare traditions brought to the Americas by the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[settlers]], and both equipment and riding style evolved to meet the working needs of the [[cowboy]] on [[ranch]]es in the [[American West]].
The most noticeable feature of western style riding is the [[western saddle]], which has a substantial [[saddle tree]] that provides support to horse and rider when working long hours in the saddle. The western saddle features a prominent pommel topped by a horn (a knob used for dallying a [[Lasso|lariat]] after roping an animal), wide [[stirrup]]s, and in some cases, both front and back cinches. The depth of the seat may depend on the activity, a deeper seat used for [[barrel racing]] or [[Cutting (sport)|cutting cows]] or a more shallow seat for general ranch riding or [[Steer wrestling]].
Finished western horses are asked to perform with a loose rein controlled by one hand. The headstall of a western bridle may utilize either a [[Snaffle bit]] or [[curb bit]]. Bitless headstalls are also seen, such as a [[bosal]]-style [[hackamore]] on youger horses, or various styles of [[mechanical hackamore]]. In [[Vaquero|Vaquero style training]], a combination of a bosal and bit, called a "two-rein", is used at some stages of training. The standard western bridle lacks a [[noseband]] and usually consists of a single set of reins attached to a [[curb bit]] that has somewhat longer [[bit shank|shanks]] than the curb of an English [[double bridle|Weymouth]] bridle or a [[pelham bit]]. Western bridles have either a [[Bridle#Parts|browband]] or else a "one ear" loop (sometimes two) that crosses in front of the horse's ear. Two styles of Western [[rein]]s developed: The long split reins of the Texas tradition, which are completely separated, or the "[[Romal]]" reins of the California tradition, which are closed reins with a long single attachment (the romal) that can be used as a [[quirt]]. Modern [[rodeo]] competitors in timed events sometimes use a closed rein without a ''romal''.
Western riders wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants or jeans, [[cowboy boots]], and a wide-brimmed [[cowboy hat]]. A rider may wear protective leather leggings called [[chaps]]. Riders may wear brighter colors or finer fabrics in competition than for work. In particular, horse show events such as [[Western pleasure]] may much flashier equipment. Saddles, bits and bridles are ornamented with substantial amounts of silver, rider clothing may have vivid colors and even rhinestones or sequins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hobbyhorseinc.com/|title=Horse Show Apparel, Attire, Accessories|website=Hobby Horse Clothing Company, Inc.|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>
==Harness==
[[File:Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg|thumb|A Welsh pony in fine harness competition]]
{{Main|Driving (horse)}}
Horses, [[ponies]], [[mule]]s and [[donkey]]s are driven in [[Horse harness|harness]] in many different ways. For working purposes, they can pull a [[plow]] or other [[farm]] equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull [[wagon]]s for basic hauling and transportation. They may draw [[carriage]]s at ceremonies, in parades or for tourist rides.
As noted in "horse racing" ''above'', horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight cart known as a [[sulky]]. At the other end of the spectrum, some [[draft horse]]s compete in [[horse pulling]] competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance.
In [[horse show]] competition, the following general categories of competition are seen:
* [[Combined driving]], an internationally recognized competition where horses perform an arena-based "dressage" class where precision and control are emphasized, a cross-country "marathon" section that emphasizes fitness and endurance, and a "stadium" or "cones" obstacle course.
* [[Draft horse showing]]: Most [[draft horse]] performance competition is done in harness.
* [[Pleasure driving]]: Horses and ponies are usually hitched to a light cart shown at a walk and two speeds of trot, with an emphasis on manners.
* [[Fine harness]]: Also called "Formal driving," Horses are hitched to a light four-wheeled cart and shown in a manner that emphasizes flashy action and dramatic performance.
* [[Roadster (horse)|Roadster]]: A horse show competition where exhibitors wear [[racing silks]] and ride in a sulky in a style akin to [[harness racing]], only without actually racing, but rather focusing on manners and performance.
* [[Carriage]] driving, using somewhat larger two or four wheeled carriages, often restored [[antique]]s, judged on the turnout/neatness or suitability of horse and carriage.
==Rodeo==
{{main|Rodeo}}
Rodeo events include the following forms of competition:
===Timed events===
* [[Barrel racing]] and [[pole bending]] – the timed speed and agility events seen in [[rodeo]] as well as [[Gymkhana (Equestrian)|gymkhana]] or [[Gymkhana (Equestrian)|O-Mok-See]] competition. Both men and women compete in speed events at gymkhanas or O-Mok-Sees; however, at most professional, sanctioned rodeos, barrel racing is an exclusively women's sport. In a barrel race, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over. In pole bending, horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, then return to the start.
* [[Steer wrestling]] – Also known as "Bulldogging," this is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns. This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer or of having the thrown steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.
* [[Goat tying]] – usually an event for women or pre-teen girls and boys, a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat, dismounts, grabs the goat, throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf. This event was designed to teach smaller or younger riders the basics of calf roping without the more complex need to also lasso the animal.
===Roping===
Roping includes a number of timed events that are based on the real-life tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult [[cattle]] for [[livestock branding|branding]], medical treatment and other purposes. A lasso or [[Lasso|lariat]] is thrown over the head of a [[calf (animal)|calf]] or the horns of adult cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age.
* [[Calf roping]], also called "tie-down roping," is an event where a calf is roped around the neck by a [[Lasso|lariat]], the horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and ties three feet together. (If the horse throws the calf, the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work. The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope) This activity is still practiced on modern working ranches for [[brand]]ing, medical treatment, and so on.
* [[Team roping]], also called "heading and heeling," is the only rodeo event where men and women riders may compete together. Two people capture and restrain a full-grown steer. One horse and rider, the "header," lassos a running steer's horns, while the other horse and rider, the "heeler," lassos the steer's two hind legs. Once the animal is captured, the riders face each other and lightly pull the steer between them, so that it loses its balance, thus in the real world allowing restraint for treatment.
* [[Breakaway roping]] – an easier form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used, tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag. When the calf is roped, the horse stops, allowing the calf to run on, flagging the end of time when the string and flag breaks from the saddle. In the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12, while in some nations where traditional calf roping is frowned upon, riders of both genders compete.
==="Rough Stock" competition===
[[File:Horses abreast IMG 5342.jpg|thumb|Small herd of rough stock in Texas]]
In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} or horses bred specifically as bucking stock.
* Bronc riding – there are two divisions in rodeo, [[bareback bronc]] riding, where the rider rides a bucking horse holding onto a leather [[surcingle]] or rigging with only one hand, and [[saddle bronc]] riding, where the rider rides a modified western saddle without a horn (for safety) while holding onto a braided lead rope attached to the horse's halter.
* Bull Riding – though technically not an equestrian event, as the cowboys ride full-grown bulls instead of horses, skills similar to bareback bronc riding are required.
===International rodeo===
* [[Australian rodeo]]
* [[Chilean rodeo]]
* [[Charreada]]
==Other equestrian activities==
[[File:PoloGirlsHorses.jpg|thumb|Girls and their horses preparing for a [[polo]] game]]
There are many other forms of equestrian activity and sports seen worldwide. There are both competitive events and [[pleasure riding]] disciplines available.
===Arena sports===
* Arena [[polo]] and [[Cowboy polo]]
* [[Pato]] (Argentina's national sport)
* [[Equestrian vaulting]]: In vaulting, a [[surcingle]] with two hoops at the top is attached around a horse's [[horse anatomy|barrel]]. The horse also wears a [[bridle]] with [[side reins]]. The vaulter is [[longeing|longed]] on the horse, and performs [[gymnastics|gymnastic]] movements while the horse walks, trots, and canters.
* [[Gymkhana (Equestrian)|Gymkhana]], competition of timed pattern games, also known as ''O-Mok-See'' in the western United States.
===Horse sports that use cattle===
* [[Bullfighting]] (''[[rejoneador|rejoneo]]'')
**[[Portuguese-style bullfighting]]
**[[Spanish-style bullfighting]]
* [[Campdrafting]], a type of cattle-working competition popular in [[Australia]]
* [[Cutting (sport)|Cutting]]
* [[Team penning]]
* [[Working cow horse]]
===Defined area sports===
* [[Buzkashi]], a sport originating on the [[steppes]] of central [[Asia]], now the national sport of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]].
* [[Cowboy mounted shooting]]
* [[Horseball]]
* [[Jousting]] and [[Skill at Arms]], events involving use of lances, swords and completion of obstacles. There are stand-alone competitions and also are often seen at [[historical reenactment]]s, [[Renaissance Fair]]s and [[Society for Creative Anachronism]] events.
* [[Mounted archery]]
** [[Yabusame]]
* [[Mounted Games]], a sport where games are played in a relay-style with two to five members per team at very high speed
* [[Polo]], a team game played on horses, involves riders using a long-handled [[mallet]] to drive a ball on the ground into the opposing team's [[goal (sport)|goal]] while the opposing team defends their goal
* [[Polocrosse]]
* [[Tent pegging]]
===Cross-country sports===
* [[Competitive Mounted Orienteering]], a form of orienteering on horses (but unrelated to [[orienteering]]) – consists of three stages: following a precise route marked on a map, negotiation of obstacles and control of paces.
* [[Techniques de Randonnée Équestre de Compétition|Le Trec]], which comprises three phases – trail riding, with jumping and correct basic flatwork. Le Trec, which is very popular in Europe, tests the partnership's ability to cope with an all-day ride across varied terrain, route finding, negotiating natural obstacles and hazards, while considering the welfare of the horse, respecting the countryside and enjoying all it has to offer.
* [[Competitive trail riding]], a [[pace race]] held across terrain similar to [[endurance riding]], but shorter in length (25 – {{convert|35|mi|km}}, depending on class). Being a form of [[pace race]], the objective is not to finish in the least time. Instead, as in other forms of [[judged trail ride|judged trail riding]], each competitor is graded on everything including physical condition, campsite and horse management. Horsemanship also is considered, including how the rider handles the trail and how horse is handled and presented to the judge and vet throughout the ride. The horse is graded on performance, manners, etc. "Pulse and respiration" stops check the horse's recovery ability. The judges also set up obstacles along the trail and the horse and rider are graded on how well they perform as a team. The whole point is the partnership between the horse and rider.
* [[Cross Country Jumping]], a jumping course that contains logs and natural obstacles mostly. The common clothes worn are usually brighter colors and less conservative.
* [[Endurance riding]], a competition usually of 50 to {{convert|100|mi|km}} or more, over mountainous or other natural terrain, with scheduled stops to take the horses' vital signs, check soundness and verify that the horse is fit to continue. The first horse to finish and be confirmed by the veterinarian as fit to continue is the winner. Additional awards are usually given to the best-conditioned horses who finish in the top 10.
* [[Fox hunting]]
* Hacking, or [[pleasure riding]].
* [[Hunter Pacing]] is a sport where a horse and rider team travel a trail at speeds based the ideal conditions for the horse, with competitors seeking to ride closest to that perfect time. Hunter paces are usually held in a series. Hunter paces are usually a few miles long and covered mostly at a canter or gallop. The horsemanship and management skills of the rider are also considered in the scoring, and periodic stops are required for veterinarians to check the vital signs and overall soundness of the horses.
* [[Ride and Tie]] is a form of [[endurance riding]] in which teams of 3 (two humans and one horse) alternate running and riding.
* [[steeplechase (horse racing)|Steeplechase]], a distance horse race with diverse fence and ditch obstacles.
* [[Trail Riding]], pleasure riding any breed horse, any style across the land.
==Health issues==
Handling, riding and driving horses have inherent risks. Horses are large prey animals with a well-developed [[flight or fight instinct]] able to move quickly and unexpectedly. When mounted, the rider's head may be up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the ground, and the horse may travel at a speed of up to {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = J R Silver
| title = Spinal injuries resulting from horse riding accidents
| journal = Spinal Cord
| volume = 40
| pages = 264–71
| date = June 2002
| doi= 10.1038/sj.sc.3101280
| pmid = 12037707
| issue = 6| doi-access = free
}}</ref> The injuries observed range from very minor injuries to fatalities.
A study in [[Germany]] reported that the [[relative risk]] of injury from riding a horse, compared to riding a bicycle, was 9 times higher for [[adolescent]]s and 5.6 times higher for younger [[child]]ren, but that riding a horse was less risky than riding a [[moped]].<ref name="pmid17426559">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Schneiders W, Rollow A, Rammelt S, Grass R, Holch M, Serra A, Richter S, Gruner EM, Schlag B, Roesner D, Zwipp H | title = Risk-inducing activities leading to injuries in a child and adolescent population of Germany
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 62
| issue = 4
| pages = 996–1003
|date=April 2007
| pmid = 17426559
| doi = 10.1097/01.ta.0000222584.48001.a0
}}</ref> In [[Victoria, Australia]], a search of state records found that equestrian sports had the third highest incidence of serious injury, after [[motor sport]]s and [[power boat]]ing.<ref name="pmid16046347">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Cameron PA, Williamson OD | title = Incidence of serious injury and death during sport and recreation activities in Victoria, Australia
| journal = [[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]
| volume = 39
| issue = 8
| pages = 573–77
|date=August 2005
| pmid = 16046347
| pmc = 1725286
| doi = 10.1136/bjsm.2004.015750
}}</ref> In [[Greece]], an analysis of a national registry estimated the incidence of equestrian injury to be 21 per 100,000 person-years for farming and equestrian sports combined, and 160 times higher for [[horse racing]] personnel. Other findings noted that helmets likely prevent traumatic brain injuries.<ref name="pmid15128138">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Petridou E, Kedikoglou S, Belechri M, Ntouvelis E, Dessypris N, Trichopoulos D | title = The mosaic of equestrian-related injuries in Greece
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 56
| issue = 3
| pages = 643–47
| date=March 2004
| pmid = 15128138
| doi = 10.1097/01.TA.0000053470.38129.F4
}}</ref>
In the [[United States]] each year an estimated 30 million people ride horses, resulting in 50,000 [[emergency department]] visits (1 visit per 600 riders per year).<ref name="pmid17461318">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Carrillo EH, Varnagy D, Bragg SM, Levy J, Riordan K | s2cid = 27349609
| title = Traumatic injuries associated with horseback riding
| journal = [[Scandinavian Journal of Surgery]]
| volume = 96
| issue = 1
| pages = 79–82
| year = 2007
| pmid = 17461318
| doi = 10.1177/145749690709600115
}}</ref> A survey of 679 equestrians in Oregon, Washington and Idaho estimated that at some time in their equestrian career one in five will be seriously injured, resulting in hospitalization, surgery or long-term disability.<ref name="pmid17414356">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Mayberry JC, Pearson TE, Wiger KJ, Diggs BS, Mullins RJ | title = Equestrian injury prevention efforts need more attention to novice riders
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 62
| issue = 3
| pages = 735–39
|date=March 2007
| pmid = 17414356
| doi = 10.1097/ta.0b013e318031b5d4
}}</ref> Among survey respondents, novice equestrians had an incidence of any injury that was threefold over intermediates, fivefold over advanced equestrians, and nearly eightfold over professionals. Approximately 100 hours of experience are required to achieve a substantial decline in the risk of injury. The survey authors conclude that efforts to prevent equestrian injury should focus on novice equestrians.
===Mechanisms of injury===
The most common injury is falling from the horse, followed by being kicked, trampled and bitten. About 3 out of 4 injuries are due to falling, broadly defined.<ref name="ReferenceB">"Most injuries result from falls (80%)", ''Horse riding during pregnancy'', MS Rogers.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=March 1987|title=Riding and other equestrian injuries: Considerable severity|journal=[[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=22–24|doi=10.1136/bjsm.21.1.22|pmc=1478604|pmid=3580722|author=R. G. Lloyd}}</ref> A broad definition of falling often includes being crushed and being thrown from the horse, but when reported separately each of these mechanisms may be more common than being kicked.<ref name="pmid18695484">{{cite journal
| author = Loder RT
| title = The demographics of equestrian-related injuries in the United States: injury patterns, orthopedic specific injuries, and avenues for injury prevention
| journal = [[Journal of Trauma]]
| volume = 65
| issue = 2
| pages = 447–60
|date=August 2008
| pmid = 18695484
| doi = 10.1097/TA.0b013e31817dac43
}}</ref><ref name="pmid18424291">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Clarke CN, Tsuei BJ, Butler KL | title = Equine-related injury: a retrospective analysis of outcomes over a 10-year period
| journal = [[American Journal of Surgery]]
| volume = 195
| issue = 5
| pages = 702–04
|date=May 2008
| pmid = 18424291
| doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.007
}}</ref>
===Types and severity of injury===
In [[Canada]], a 10-year study of trauma center patients injured while riding reported that although 48% had suffered head injuries, only 9% of these riders had been wearing helmets at the time of their accident. Other injuries involved the chest (54%), abdomen (22%) and extremities (17%).<ref name="ball-2007">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Ball CG, Ball JE, Kirkpatrick AW, Mulloy RH | title = Equestrian injuries: incidence, injury patterns, and risk factors for 10 years of major traumatic injuries
| journal = [[American Journal of Surgery]]
| volume = 193
| issue = 5
| pages = 636–40
|date=May 2007
| pmid = 17434372
| doi = 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.01.016
}}</ref> A German study reported that injuries in horse riding are rare compared to other sports, but when they occur they are severe. Specifically, they found that 40% of horse riding injuries were fractures, and only 15% were sprains. Furthermore, the study noted that in Germany, one quarter of all sport related fatalities are caused by horse riding.<ref name="pmid1793946">{{Cite journal|author=Dittmer H|year=1991|title=The injury pattern in horseback riding|journal=Langenbecks Archiv für Chirurgie. Supplement. Kongressband. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie. Kongress|pages=466–69|pmid=1793946}}<!--| access-date = 2009-01-14--></ref>
Most horse related injuries are a result of falling from a horse, which is the cause of 60–80% of all such reported injuries.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>{{cite journal
| author = R. G. Lloyd
| title = Riding and other equestrian injuries: Considerable severity
| journal = [[British Journal of Sports Medicine]]
| volume = 21
| pages = 22–24
|date=March 1987
| pmid = 3580722
| doi = 10.1136/bjsm.21.1.22
| issue = 1
| pmc = 1478604
}}</ref> Another common cause of injury is being kicked by a horse, which may cause skull fractures or severe trauma to the [[internal organs]]. <!--Maybe move this pregnancy bit down to Perineum paragraph and shorten Perineum section, will flow better--> Some possible injuries resulting from horse riding, with the percent indicating the amounts in relation to all injuries as reported by a [[New Zealand]] study,<ref name="pmid14581953">{{cite journal
| author = Northey G
| title = Equestrian injuries in New Zealand, 1993–2001: knowledge and experience
| journal = N. Z. Med. J.
| volume = 116
| issue = 1182
| page = U601
|date=September 2003
| pmid = 14581953
}}</ref> include:
* Arm fracture or dislocation (31%)
* Head injury (21%)
* Leg fracture or dislocation (15%)
* Chest injury (33%)
Among 36 members and employees of the [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]] who were seen in a trauma center during a period of 5 years, 24 fell from horses and 11 were kicked by the horse. Injuries comprised: 18 torso; 11 head, face or neck; and 11 limb.<ref name="pmid17049524">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Yim VW, Yeung JH, Mak PS, Graham CA, Lai PB, Rainer TH | title = Five year analysis of Jockey Club horse-related injuries presenting to a trauma centre in Hong Kong
| journal = Injury
| volume = 38
| issue = 1
| pages = 98–103
|date=January 2007
| pmid = 17049524
| doi = 10.1016/j.injury.2006.08.026
}}</ref> The authors of this study recommend that helmets, face shields and body protectors be worn when riding or handling horses.<!-- summary per abstract; need to read the article for data re use of these items among the 36 patients -->
In [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]], a study of equestrians seen at one hospital over a 6-year period found that 81% were wearing a helmet at the time of injury,<!--all six years? First sentence doesn't flow logically into second sentence--> and that helmet use both increased over time and was correlated with a lower rate of admission.<ref name="pmid12887517">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Lim J, Puttaswamy V, Gizzi M, Christie L, Croker W, Crowe P | title = Pattern of equestrian injuries presenting to a Sydney teaching hospital
| journal = ANZ Journal of Surgery
| volume = 73
| issue = 8
| pages = 567–71
|date=August 2003
| pmid = 12887517
| doi = 10.1046/j.1445-2197.2003.02707.x
| s2cid = 36834081
}}</ref> In the second half of the study period, of the equestrians seen at a hospital, only 14% were admitted. In contrast, a study of child equestrians seen at a hospital emergency department in [[Adelaide]] reported that 60% were admitted.<ref name="pmid18782209">{{cite journal
| author = Craven JA
| title = Paediatric and adolescent horse-related injuries: does the mechanism of injury justify a trauma response?
| journal = Emergency Medicine Australasia
| volume = 20
| issue = 4
| pages = 357–62
|date=August 2008
| pmid = 18782209
| doi = 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01107.x
| s2cid = 963703
}}</ref>
In the United States, an analysis of [[National Electronic Injury Surveillance System]] (NEISS) data performed by the Equestrian Medical Safety Association studied 78,279 horse-related injuries in 2007: "The most common injuries included fractures (28.5%); contusions/abrasions (28.3%); strain/sprain (14.5%); internal injury (8.1%); lacerations (5.7%); concussions (4.6%); dislocations (1.9%); and hematomas (1.2%). Most frequent injury sites are the lower trunk (19.6%); head (15.0%); upper trunk (13.4%); shoulder (8.2%); and wrist (6.8%). Within this study patients were treated and released (86.2%), were hospitalized (8.7%), were transferred (3.6%), left without being treated (0.8%), remained for observation (0.6%) and arrived at the hospital deceased (0.1%)."<ref>{{cite web|title=Human injuries related to horses analyzed|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/23699/human-injuries-related-to-horses-analyzed|website=TheHorse.com|access-date=2017-10-28|date=5 July 2009}}</ref>
===Head injuries===
Horseback riding is one of the most dangerous sports, especially in relation to head injury. Statistics from the United States, for example, indicate that about 30 million people ride horses annually.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Deloitte|first1=C|title=National economic impact of U.S. horse industry|url=http://www.horsecouncil.org/nationaleconomics.php|website=American Horse Council Foundation|date=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203123251/http://www.horsecouncil.org/nationaleconomics.php|archive-date=2010-02-03}}</ref> On average, about 67,000 people are admitted to the hospital each year from injuries sustained while working with horses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Loder R | year = 2008 | title = The demographics of equestrian-related injuries in the United States: injury patterns, orthopedic specific injuries, and avenues for injury prevention | journal = The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care | volume = 65 | issue = 2| pages = 447–60 | doi=10.1097/ta.0b013e31817dac43 | pmid=18695484}}</ref> 15,000 of those admittances are from traumatic brain injuries. Of those, about 60 die each year from their brain injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riders4helmets.com/2011/08/traumatic-brain-injury-in-equestrian-sport-dr-chambless-2nd-helmet-safety-symposium/|title=Traumatic Brain Injury in Equestrian Sport – Dr Chambless (2nd Helmet Safety Symposium)|website=Riders4Helmets Campaign News|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529022237/http://www.riders4helmets.com/2011/08/traumatic-brain-injury-in-equestrian-sport-dr-chambless-2nd-helmet-safety-symposium/|archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> Studies have found horseback riding to be more dangerous than several sports, including skiing, auto racing and football.<ref name="ball-2007"/> Horseback riding has a higher hospital admittance rate per hours of riding than motorcycle racing, at 0.49 per thousand hours of riding and 0.14 accidents per thousand hours, respectively.<ref name="ball-2007" />
Head injuries are especially traumatic in horseback riding. About two-thirds of all riders requiring hospitalization after a fall have sustained a traumatic brain injury.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chitnavis JP, Gibbons CL, Hirigoyen M, Parry JL, Simpson AH | year = 1996 | title = Accidents with horses: what has changed in 20 years? | doi =10.1016/0020-1383(95)00176-X | pmid = 8730383 | journal = Injury | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 103–05 }}</ref> Falling from a horse without wearing a helmet is comparable to being struck by a car.<ref name="Nelson, M.A. 1992">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson MA, Goldberg B, Harris SS, Landry GL, Orenstein DM, Risser WL | year = 1992 | title = Horseback riding and head injuries | journal = American Academy of Pediatrics | volume = 89 | issue = 3| page = 512 }}</ref> Most falling deaths are caused by head injury.<ref name="Nelson, M.A. 1992"/>
The use of riding helmets substantially decreases the likelihood and severity of head injuries. When a rider falls with a helmet, he or she is five times less likely to experience a traumatic brain injury than a rider who falls without a helmet.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Helmets work by crushing on impact and extending the length of time it takes the head to stop moving.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke CN, Tsuei BJ, Butler KL | year = 2008 | title = Equine-related injury: a retrospective analysis of outcomes over a ten-year period | journal = The American Journal of Surgery | volume = 195 | issue = 5| pages = 702–04 | doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.11.007 | pmid=18424291}}</ref> Despite this, helmet usage rates in North America are estimated to be between eight and twenty percent.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Worley GH | year = 2010 | title = Promoting the use of equestrian helmets: another opportunity for injury prevention | journal = Journal of Emergency Nursing | volume = 36 | issue = 3| pages = 263–64 | doi=10.1016/j.jen.2010.01.007| pmid = 20457328 }}</ref>
Once a helmet has sustained an impact from falling, that part of the helmet is structurally weakened, even if no visible damage is present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-exclusives/helmet-replacement-strategy.aspx|title=Helmet Replacement Strategy|date=4 April 2011|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> Helmet manufacturers recommend that a helmet that has undergone impact from a fall be replaced immediately. In addition, helmets should be replaced every three to five years; specific recommendations vary by manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.troxelhelmets.com/service/faq|title=FAQ's|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>
===Rules on helmet use in competition===
Many organizations mandate helmet use in competition or on show grounds, and rules have continually moved in the direction of requiring helmet use. In 2011, the United States Equestrian Federation passed a rule making helmet use mandatory while mounted on competition grounds at U.S. nationally rated eventing competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-news/2011/01/27/eventing-dressage-helmet-rule.aspx|title=New Helmet Rules for Eventing and Dressage Passed at USEF Convention|date=27 January 2011|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> Also in 2011, the United States Dressage Federation made helmet use in competition mandatory for all riders under 18 and all riders who are riding any test at Fourth Level and below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/Changes/2011.aspx|title=2011 Rule Changes|website=United States Equestrian Federation|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> If a rider competing at Prix St. Georges and above is also riding a test at Fourth Level or below, he or she must also wear a helmet at all times while mounted.
===Riding astride===
[[File:Ridderstedt couple on horseback.jpg|thumb|By the 1930s and 1940s most horse riding had become occasional and leisurely or competitive rather than being the common method of transportation it had been for centuries before]]
The idea that riding a horse astride could injure a woman's sex organs is a historic, but sometimes popular even today, misunderstanding or misconception, particularly that riding astride can damage the [[hymen]].<ref name="pmid12346860">{{cite journal
| author = Dhall A
| title = Adolescence: myths and misconceptions
| journal = Health Millions
| volume = 21
| issue = 3
| pages = 35–38
| year = 1995
| pmid = 12346860
}}</ref> Evidence of injury to any female sex organs is scant. In female high-level athletes, trauma to the [[perineum]] is rare and is associated with certain sports (see [[Pelvic floor#Clinical significance]]).<!-- see details w source on other page --> The type of trauma associated with [[equestrian sports]] has been termed "horse riders' perineum".<ref name="pmid17450681">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Crepin G, Biserte J, Cosson M, Duchene F | title = [The female urogenital system and high level sports]
| language = fr
| journal = Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.
| volume = 190
| issue = 7
| pages = 1479–91; discussion 1491–93
|date=October 2006
| pmid = 17450681
}}</ref> A [[case series]] of 4 female mountain bike riders and 2 female horse riders found both patient-reported perineal pain and evidence of [[sub-clinical]] changes in the [[clitoris]];<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Battaglia|first1=C|last2=Nappi|first2=RE|last3=Mancini|first3=F|last4=Cianciosi|first4=A|last5=Persico|first5=N|last6=Busacchi|first6=P|title=Ultrasonographic and Doppler findings of subclinical clitoral microtraumatisms in mountain bikers and horseback riders|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|date=February 2009|volume=6|issue=2|pages=464–68|doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01124.x|pmid=19138367}}</ref> the relevance of these findings to horse riding is unknown.
In men, sports-related injuries are among the major causes of testicular trauma. In a small [[scientific control|controlled]] but [[Blind experiment|unblinded]] study of 52 men, [[varicocele]] was significantly more common in equestrians than in non-equestrians.<ref name="pmid15972705">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Turgut AT, Kosar U, Kosar P, Karabulut A | title = Scrotal sonographic findings in equestrians
| journal = Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
| volume = 24
| issue = 7
| pages = 911–17; quiz 919
|date=July 2005
| pmid = 15972705
| doi = 10.7863/jum.2005.24.7.911
| s2cid = 44339283
}}</ref> The difference between these two groups was small, however, compared to differences reported between extreme [[mountain bike]] riders and non-riders,<ref name="pmid11323467">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Frauscher F, Klauser A, Stenzl A, Helweg G, Amort B, zur Nedden D | title = US findings in the scrotum of extreme mountain bikers
| journal = Radiology
| volume = 219
| issue = 2
| pages = 427–31
|date=May 2001
| pmid = 11323467
| doi = 10.1148/radiology.219.2.r01ma42427
}}</ref> and also between mountain bike riders and on-road bicycle riders.<ref name="pmid18185039">{{cite journal
|vauthors=Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Neuwirt H, Colleselli D, Pelzer A, Bartsch G, Strasser H, Gradl J, Pallwein L, Frauscher F | title = Do mountain bikers have a higher risk of scrotal disorders than on-road cyclists?
| journal = Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
| volume = 18
| issue = 1
| pages = 49–54
|date=January 2008
| pmid = 18185039
| doi = 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815c042f
| s2cid = 29581763
}}</ref> Horse-riding injuries to the [[scrotum]] ([[contusion]]s) and [[testes]] ([[blunt trauma]]) were well known to surgeons in the 19th century and early 20th century.<ref name="KeenDaCosta1908">{{cite book
|title=Surgery, Its Principles and Practice
|editor1=William Williams Keen |editor2=John Chalmers Da Costa |publisher=W. B. Saunders Company
|year=1908
|location=Philadelphia and London
|volume=4
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnYwAAAAIAAJ
}} pp. 598, 615</ref> Injuries from collision with the pommel of a saddle are mentioned specifically.<ref name="KeenDaCosta1908"/>
==Criticism of horses in sport==
{{see also|Horse racing|Rodeo}}
Organized welfare groups, such as the [[Humane Society of the United States]], and [[animal rights]] groups such as [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]], have been known to criticise some horse sports with claims of [[animal cruelty]].
[[Horse racing]] is a popular equestrian sport which is practiced in many nations around the world. It is inextricably associated with [[gambling]], where in certain events, stakes can become very high. Despite its illegality in most competitions, these conditions of extreme competitiveness can lead to the use of performing-enhancing drugs and extreme training techniques, which can result in negative side effects for the horses' well-being.
The races themselves have also proved dangerous to the horses – especially [[Steeplechase (horse racing)|steeplechasing]], which requires the horse to jump hurdles whilst galloping at full speed. This can result in injury or death to the horse, as well as the jockey.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/705194.stm | work=BBC News | title=Should steeplechases be banned? | date=2000-04-17}}</ref> A study by animal welfare group [[Animal Aid]] revealed that approximately 375 racehorses die yearly, with 30% of these either during or as a result of injuries from a race.<ref name="animalaid">{{cite web |url=http://www.animalaid.org.uk/h/n/AA/HOME/ALL/1665// |title=Bred To Death: Background Notes |publisher=Animal Aid |access-date=2013-07-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510144228/http://www.animalaid.org.uk/h/n/AA/HOME/ALL/1665// |archive-date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> The report also highlighted the increasing frequency of race-related illnesses, including bleeding lungs (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage) and gastric ulcers.<ref name="animalaid" />
Animal rights groups are also primarily concerned that certain sports or training exercises may cause unnecessary pain or injuries to horse athletes. Some specific training or showing practices are so widely condemned that they have been made illegal at the national level and violations can incur criminal penalties. The most well-known is ''soring,'' a practice of applying a caustic ointment just above the hooves of a [[Tennessee Walking Horse]] to make it pick up its feet higher. However, in spite of a federal law in the United States prohibiting this practice and routine inspections of horse shows by inspectors from the [[United States Department of Agriculture]], soring is still widespread and difficult to eliminate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/lameness/soring_030706/|title=EQUUS Special Report: Why Soring Persists|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909111123/http://www.equisearch.com/article/soring_030706|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Some events themselves are also considered so abusive that they are banned in many countries. Among these are horse-tripping, a sport where riders chase and rope a loose-running horse by its front legs, throwing it to the ground.<ref>[http://www.idausa.org/facts/horsetripping.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315182541/http://www.idausa.org/facts/horsetripping.html|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref>
Secondary effects of racing have also recently been uncovered. A 2006 investigation by [[The Observer]] in the UK found that each year 6,000–10,000 horses are [[horse meat|slaughtered for consumption]] abroad, a significant proportion of which are horses bred for racing.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/01/horseracing.sport | work=The Guardian | first=Antony | last=Barnett | title=The slaughtered horses that shame our racing | date=2006-10-06}}</ref> A boom in the number of foals bred has meant that there is not adequate resources to care for unwanted horses. Demand has increased for this massive breeding programme to be scaled back.<ref name="guardian" /> Despite over 1000 foals being produced annually by the Thoroughbred [[horse industry]], 66% of those bred for such a purpose were never entered into a race, and despite a life expectancy of 30 years, many are killed before their fifth birthday.<ref name="guardian" />
== Horse riding on coinage ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:2003 Greece 10 Euro OS Horse Riding front.jpg|thumb|[[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2003 coinage|Horse Riding commemorative coin]]]] -->
Horse riding events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek [[Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)#2003 coinage|Horse Riding commemorative coin]], minted in 2003 to commemorate the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. On the composition of the obverse of this coin, the modern horseman is pictured as he jumps over an obstacle, while in the background the ancient horseman is inspired by a representation on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.
For the 2012 Olympics, the Royal Mint has produced a 50p coin showing a horse jumping a fence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalmint.com/shop/london_2012_50p_sports_collection_equestrian|title=London 2012 50p Sports Collection – Equestrian|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Horses}}
* [[Glossary of equestrian terms]]
* [[List of equestrian sports]]
* [[Sidesaddle]]
* [[Classical dressage]]
* [[Equestrian use of roadways]]
* [[Equestrian at the Summer Olympics]]
* [[List of horse accidents]]
* [[United States Equestrian Federation]]
* [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports]]
* [[Equestrian helmet]]
* [[Mounting block]]
* [[Cowboy Mounted Shooting]]
* [[Fletcher Street Urban Riding Club]] for a description of urban riding traditions
* [[Riding hall]]
* [[Jinba ittai]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Horse riding}}
{{Commons category|Equestrian sports}}
{{Wikivoyage|Horse riding}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Horsemanship}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160211081332/http://horsesport.org/ International Federation for Equestrian Sports] FEI official homepage
* [[United States Equestrian Federation]] [http://www.usef.org/ USEF Official web site]
* [[Equestrian Federation of Australia]] [http://www.efanational.com/ Equestrian Federation of Australia web site]
* [[Equestrian Federation of Ireland]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070210020616/http://www.horsesport.ie/homel.html – EFI web site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060805085033/http://kazequestrian.org/ Equestrian Federation of Kazakhstan] Russian – [https://web.archive.org/web/20090727234118/http://en.kazequestrian.org/ Equestrian Federation of Kazakhstan] English
* [http://www.usdf.org/ United States Dressage Federation]
* [http://www.aerc.org/ American Endurance Ride Conference]
* [http://www.natrc.org/ The North American Trail Ride Conference] – Competitive Trail Riding
* [http://www.sportendurance.co.uk/ UK Endurance Horse Riding]
* [http://www.rideandtie.org/ Ride and Tie Association]
* [http://www.americanvaulting.org/ The American Vaulting Association] – Equestrian Vaulting
* [https://rideforbund.dk/ Danish Riding Federation]
*[http://www.nchacutting.com/ National Cutting Horse Association]
{{Horse topics}}
{{Equestrian Sports}}
{{Mammals in culture}}
{{Summer Olympic sports}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Short description|Use of horses for sport or work}}
[[Category:Equestrianism| ]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Equestrian sports|*]]
[[Category:Uses of boots]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic sports]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
{{Other uses|Equestrian (disambiguation){{!}}Equestrian|Horse riding (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Horseback|the back of a horse|Back (horse)}}
-{{Redirect|Horsewoman|the painting|Horsewoman (painting)}}
-[[File:Horse riding in coca cola arena - melbourne show 2005.jpg|thumb|A young rider at a [[horse show]] in Australia]]
+{{Redirect|Horsewoman|the painting|Horsewoman (painting)}} I am a white horse
+[[File:Horse riding in coca cola arena - melbourne show 2005. jpg|thumb|A young rider at a [[horse show]] in Australia]]
[[File:Queluz Palace horses approach (9180978620).jpg|thumb|right|[[Lusitano]] riders of the [[Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]], one of the "Big Four" most prestigious [[:Category:Equestrian educational establishments|riding academies]] in the world, alongside the [[Cadre Noir]], the [[Spanish Riding School]], and the [[Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art|Royal Andalusian School]].<ref>[https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-portuguese-school-of-equestrian-art-523504 Horse & Hound - 7 Things You Need to Know about the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art]</ref>]]
[[File:10 Iceland tourism - Icelandic horses ride in Iceland, horseback riding tourists.jpg|thumb|Equestrian tour on traditional local breed, [[Icelandic horse]]s in [[Skaftafell]] mountains of [[Iceland]]]]
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91 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20457328',
92 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12346860',
93 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17450681',
94 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2008.01124.x',
95 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138367',
96 => 'https://doi.org/10.7863%2Fjum.2005.24.7.911',
97 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15972705',
98 => 'https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiology.219.2.r01ma42427',
99 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11323467',
100 => 'https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJSM.0b013e31815c042f',
101 => 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18185039',
102 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062144',
103 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Nkn-CgAAQBAJ&q=25,000',
104 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565296805171',
105 => 'https://www.britannica.com/event/Paris-1900-Olympic-Games',
106 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210308141052/https://www.dressage-academy.com/training/dressage/'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Equestrian (disambiguation)">Equestrian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_riding_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Horse riding (disambiguation)">Horse riding (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Horseback" redirects here. For the back of a horse, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Back_(horse)" title="Back (horse)">Back (horse)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Horsewoman" redirects here. For the painting, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horsewoman_(painting)" title="Horsewoman (painting)">Horsewoman (painting)</a>.</div><p> I am a white horse
</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Horse_riding_in_coca_cola_arena_-_melbourne_show_2005._jpg" class="new" title="File:Horse riding in coca cola arena - melbourne show 2005. jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="180">File:Horse riding in coca cola arena - melbourne show 2005. jpg</span></a><figcaption>A young rider at a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse show</a> in Australia</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Queluz_Palace_horses_approach_(9180978620).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Queluz_Palace_horses_approach_%289180978620%29.jpg/220px-Queluz_Palace_horses_approach_%289180978620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Queluz_Palace_horses_approach_%289180978620%29.jpg/330px-Queluz_Palace_horses_approach_%289180978620%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Queluz_Palace_horses_approach_%289180978620%29.jpg/440px-Queluz_Palace_horses_approach_%289180978620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lusitano" title="Lusitano">Lusitano</a> riders of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_School_of_Equestrian_Art" title="Portuguese School of Equestrian Art">Portuguese School of Equestrian Art</a>, one of the "Big Four" most prestigious <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Equestrian_educational_establishments" title="Category:Equestrian educational establishments">riding academies</a> in the world, alongside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cadre_Noir" title="Cadre Noir">Cadre Noir</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Riding_School" title="Spanish Riding School">Spanish Riding School</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Andalusian_School_of_Equestrian_Art" title="Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art">Royal Andalusian School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:10_Iceland_tourism_-_Icelandic_horses_ride_in_Iceland,_horseback_riding_tourists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/10_Iceland_tourism_-_Icelandic_horses_ride_in_Iceland%2C_horseback_riding_tourists.jpg/220px-10_Iceland_tourism_-_Icelandic_horses_ride_in_Iceland%2C_horseback_riding_tourists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/10_Iceland_tourism_-_Icelandic_horses_ride_in_Iceland%2C_horseback_riding_tourists.jpg/330px-10_Iceland_tourism_-_Icelandic_horses_ride_in_Iceland%2C_horseback_riding_tourists.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/10_Iceland_tourism_-_Icelandic_horses_ride_in_Iceland%2C_horseback_riding_tourists.jpg/440px-10_Iceland_tourism_-_Icelandic_horses_ride_in_Iceland%2C_horseback_riding_tourists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian tour on traditional local breed, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icelandic_horse" title="Icelandic horse">Icelandic horses</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skaftafell" title="Skaftafell">Skaftafell</a> mountains of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Equestrianism</b> (from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">equester</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">equestr-</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">equus</i></span>, 'horseman', 'horse'),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> commonly known as <b>horse riding</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>) or <b>horseback riding</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> includes the disciplines of riding, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driving</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">vaulting</a>. This broad description includes the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> for practical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working</a> purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">competitive sport</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview_of_equestrian_activities"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview of equestrian activities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History_of_horse_use"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History of horse use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Horse_racing"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Horse racing</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Types_of_horse_racing"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of horse racing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#International_and_Olympic_disciplines"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">International and Olympic disciplines</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Para-equestrian_disciplines"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Para-equestrian disciplines</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Haute_École"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Haute École</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Horse_shows"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Horse shows</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#English_riding"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">English riding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Western_riding"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Western riding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Harness"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Harness</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Rodeo"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Rodeo</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Timed_events"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Timed events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Roping"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Roping</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#"Rough_Stock"_competition"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">"Rough Stock" competition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#International_rodeo"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">International rodeo</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Other_equestrian_activities"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Other equestrian activities</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Arena_sports"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arena sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Horse_sports_that_use_cattle"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Horse sports that use cattle</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Defined_area_sports"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Defined area sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cross-country_sports"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cross-country sports</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Health_issues"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Health issues</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Mechanisms_of_injury"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mechanisms of injury</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Types_and_severity_of_injury"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Types and severity of injury</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Head_injuries"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Head injuries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Rules_on_helmet_use_in_competition"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rules on helmet use in competition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Riding_astride"><span class="tocnumber">12.5</span> <span class="toctext">Riding astride</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Criticism_of_horses_in_sport"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism of horses in sport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Horse_riding_on_coinage"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Horse riding on coinage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview_of_equestrian_activities">Overview of equestrian activities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of equestrian activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gansu_Museum_2007_308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gansu_Museum_2007_308.jpg/220px-Gansu_Museum_2007_308.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gansu_Museum_2007_308.jpg/330px-Gansu_Museum_2007_308.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Gansu_Museum_2007_308.jpg/440px-Gansu_Museum_2007_308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Musicians riding horses, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Horses are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">trained</a> and ridden for practical working purposes, such as in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">police work</a> or for controlling herd animals on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranch</a>. They are also used in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse#Sport" title="Horse">competitive sports</a> including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reining" title="Reining">reining</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tent_pegging" title="Tent pegging">tent pegging</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">vaulting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driving</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a> (see additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples). Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse shows</a> where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. Horses (and other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equid" class="mw-redirect" title="Equid">equids</a> such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a>) are used for non-competitive recreational riding, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trail_riding" title="Trail riding">trail riding</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasure_riding" title="Pleasure riding">hacking</a>. There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a>, and public <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stables</a> offer both guided and independent riding. Horses are also used for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Therapeutic_horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic horseback riding">therapeutic</a> purposes both in specialized para-equestrian competition as well as non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">Horses</a> are also <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driven</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a>, at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse shows</a>, and in other types of exhibition such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactment</a> or ceremony, often pulling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriages</a>. In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Horses continue to be used in public service, in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Police horse">police</a> and volunteer mounted patrols and for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounted_search_and_rescue" title="Mounted search and rescue">mounted search and rescue</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riding_hall" title="Riding hall">Riding halls</a> enable training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_horse_use">History of horse use</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of horse use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cave_painting_in_Doushe_cave,_Lorstan,_Iran,_8th_millennium_BC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cave_painting_in_Doushe_cave%2C_Lorstan%2C_Iran%2C_8th_millennium_BC.JPG/220px-Cave_painting_in_Doushe_cave%2C_Lorstan%2C_Iran%2C_8th_millennium_BC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cave_painting_in_Doushe_cave%2C_Lorstan%2C_Iran%2C_8th_millennium_BC.JPG/330px-Cave_painting_in_Doushe_cave%2C_Lorstan%2C_Iran%2C_8th_millennium_BC.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cave_painting_in_Doushe_cave%2C_Lorstan%2C_Iran%2C_8th_millennium_BC.JPG/440px-Cave_painting_in_Doushe_cave%2C_Lorstan%2C_Iran%2C_8th_millennium_BC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Prehistoric cave painting, depicting a horse and rider</figcaption></figure>
<p>Though there is controversy over the exact date horses were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. There is some evidence that about 3,000 BC, near the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a>, people were using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">bits</a> on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlin69_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlin69-5">[5]</a></sup> However, the most unequivocal early <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archaeological</a> evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a> burials about 2500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of horses used as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a>. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">war horses</a> as light and heavy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>. The horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a>. Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a> in 1493.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Equestrianism was introduced in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Summer Olympics</a> as an Olympic sport with jumping events.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Horse_racing">Horse racing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Horse racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">Harness racing</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parimutuel_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Parimutuel gambling">Parimutuel gambling</a></div>
<p>Humans appear to have long expressed a desire to know which horse or horses were the fastest, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> has ancient roots. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a> on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a long history as well. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbreds</a> have the pre-eminent reputation as a racing breed, but other breeds also race.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_horse_racing">Types of horse racing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of horse racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Under saddle:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughbred horse racing">Thoroughbred horse racing</a> is the most popular form worldwide. In the UK, it is known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">flat racing</a> and is governed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jockey_Club" title="Jockey Club">Jockey Club</a> in the United Kingdom. In the US, horse racing is governed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jockey_Club_(United_States)" title="Jockey Club (United States)">Jockey Club</a>. other light breeds are also raced worldwide.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">Steeplechasing</a> involves racing on a track where the horses also jump over obstacles. It is most common in the UK, where it is also called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hunt">National Hunt</a> racing.</li></ul>
<p>In harness:
</p>
<ul><li>Both light and heavy breeds as well as ponies are raced in harness with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">sulky</a> or racing bike. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standardbred" title="Standardbred">Standardbred</a> dominates the sport in both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trot_(horse_gait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trot (horse gait)">trotting</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacing_(horse_gait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacing (horse gait)">pacing</a> varieties.</li>
<li>The United States Trotting Association organizes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a> in the United States.</li>
<li>Harness racing is also found throughout Europe, New Zealand and Australia.</li></ul>
<p>Distance racing:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">Endurance riding</a>, takes place over a given, measured distance and the horses have an even start. Top level races are usually 50 to 100 miles (80 to 161 km), over mountainous or other natural terrain, with scheduled stops to take the horses' vital signs, check soundness and verify that the horse is fit to continue. The first horse to finish and be confirmed by the veterinarian as fit to continue is the winner. Limited distance rides of about 25–20 miles (40–32 km) are offered to newcomers. Variants include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ride_and_Tie" title="Ride and Tie">Ride and Tie</a> and various forms of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Long_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long riding (page does not exist)">long riding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_and_Olympic_disciplines">International and Olympic disciplines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International and Olympic disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">International Federation for Equestrian Sports</a></div>
<p>Equestrian events were first included in the modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in 1900. By 1912, all three Olympic disciplines still seen today were part of the games. The following forms of competition are recognized worldwide and are a part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">equestrian events</a> at the Olympics. They are governed by the rules of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">International Federation for Equestrian Sports</a> (FEI).
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a> ("training" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) involves the progressive training of the horse to a high level of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impulsion" title="Impulsion">impulsion</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collection_(horse)" title="Collection (horse)">collection</a> and obedience.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Competitive dressage has the goal of showing the horse carrying out, on request, the natural movements that it performs without thinking while running loose.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a> comprises a timed event judged on the ability of the horse and rider to jump over a series of obstacles, in a given order and with the fewest refusals or knockdowns of portions of the obstacles. Show jumping is also one of the five events in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">modern pentathlon</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a>, also called <i>combined training</i>, <i>horse trials</i>, the <i>three-day event</i>, <i>the Military</i> or <i>the complete test</i>, puts together the obedience of dressage with the athletic ability of show jumping, the fitness demands the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross-country_equestrianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-country equestrianism">cross-country jumping</a> phase. In the last-named, the horses jump over fixed obstacles, such as logs, stone walls, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bank_(obstacle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank (obstacle)">banks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ditch_(obstacle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ditch (obstacle)">ditches</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_(obstacle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (obstacle)">water</a>, trying to finish the course under the "optimum time." There was also the 'Steeple Chase' Phase, which is now excluded from most major competitions to bring them in line with the Olympic standard.</li></ul>
<p>The additional internationally sanctioned but non-Olympic disciplines governed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">FEI</a> are: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combined_driving" title="Combined driving">combined driving</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reining" title="Reining">reining</a>; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">vaulting</a>. These disciplines are part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FEI_World_Equestrian_Games" title="FEI World Equestrian Games">FEI World Equestrian Games</a> every four years and may hold their own individual World Championships in other years. The FEI also recognizes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horseball" title="Horseball">horseball</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tent_pegging" title="Tent pegging">tent pegging</a> as its two regional disciplines.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Para-equestrian_disciplines">Para-equestrian disciplines</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Para-equestrian disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Para-equestrian" title="Para-equestrian">Para-equestrian</a> competition at the international level, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a>, are also governed by the FEI and offer the following competition events:
</p>
<ul><li>Para-Equestrian Dressage is conducted under the same rules as conventional Dressage, but with riders divided into different competition grades based on their functional abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li>Para-Equestrian Driving places competitors in grades based on their skill.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span id="Haute_.C3.89cole"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Haute_École">Haute École</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Haute École"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_dressage" title="Classical dressage">Classical dressage</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrianism_in_France" title="Equestrianism in France">Equestrianism in France</a></div>
<p>The <i>haute école</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">F.</a> "high school"), an advanced component of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_dressage" title="Classical dressage">Classical dressage</a>, is a highly refined set of skills seldom used in competition but often seen in demonstration performances.
</p><p>The world's leading Classical dressage programs include:
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cadre_Noir" title="Cadre Noir">Cadre Noir</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_Riding_School" title="Spanish Riding School">Spanish Riding School</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_School_of_Equestrian_Art" title="Portuguese School of Equestrian Art">Portuguese School of Equestrian Art</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queluz_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queluz National Palace">Queluz National Palace</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Andalusian_School_of_Equestrian_Art" title="Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art">Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Other major classical teams include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Lipizzaners" title="South African Lipizzaners">South African Lipizzaners</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hollandsche_Manege" title="Hollandsche Manege">Hollandsche Manege</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Horse_shows">Horse shows</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Horse shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse shows</a> are held throughout the world with a tremendous variety of possible events, equipment, attire, and judging standards used. However, most forms of horse show competition can be broken into the following broad categories:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a>, sometimes called <i>seat and hands</i> or <i>horsemanship</i>, refers to events where the rider is judged on form, style and ability.</li>
<li><i>Pleasure, flat</i> or <i>under saddle</i> classes feature horses who are ridden on the flat (not jumped) and judged on manners, performance, movement, style and quality.</li>
<li><i>Halter, in-hand breeding</i> or <i>conformation</i> classes, where the horse is led by a handler on the ground and judged on conformation and suitability as a breeding animal.</li>
<li><i>Harness</i> classes, where the horse is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driven</a> rather than ridden, but still judged on manners, performance and quality.</li>
<li><i>Jumping</i> or <i>Over Fences</i> refers broadly to both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">show hunter</a>, where horses and riders must jump obstacles.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="English_riding">English riding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English riding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WEG_2010_-_Dressage_Qualifying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WEG_2010_-_Dressage_Qualifying.jpg/220px-WEG_2010_-_Dressage_Qualifying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WEG_2010_-_Dressage_Qualifying.jpg/330px-WEG_2010_-_Dressage_Qualifying.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WEG_2010_-_Dressage_Qualifying.jpg/440px-WEG_2010_-_Dressage_Qualifying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>A dressage rider</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></div>
<p>In addition to the classical Olympic events, the following forms of competition are seen. In North America they are referred to as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a>" in contrast with western riding; elsewhere in the world, if a distinction is necessary, they are usually described as "classic riding": There is no horn.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunt_seat" title="Hunt seat">Hunt seat</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">Hunter</a> classes judge the movement and the form of horses suitable for work over fences. A typical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">show hunter</a> division would include classes over fences as well as "Hunter under Saddle" or "flat" classes (sometimes called "hack" classes), in which the horse is judged on its performance, manners and movement without having to jump. Hunters have a long, flat-kneed trot, sometimes called "daisy cutter" movement, a phrase suggesting a good hunter could slice daisies in a field when it reaches its stride out. The over fences classes in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">show hunter</a> competition are judged on the form of the horse, its manners and the smoothness of the course. A horse with good jumping form snaps its knees up and jumps with a good <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bascule_(horse)" title="Bascule (horse)">bascule</a>. It should also be able to canter or gallop with control while having a stride long enough to make a proper number of strides over a given distance between fences. Hunter classes differ from jumper classes, in which they are not timed, and equitation classes, in which the rider's performance is the focus. Hunter style is based on fox hunting, so jumps in the hunter division are usually more natural colors than the jumps in a jumper division.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, described under "Olympic disciplines", above are all "English" riding disciplines that in North America sometimes are loosely classified within the "hunt seat" category.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddle_seat" title="Saddle seat">Saddle seat</a>, is a primarily American discipline, though has recently become somewhat popular in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, was created to show to best advantage the animated movement of high-stepping and gaited breeds such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Saddlebred" title="American Saddlebred">American Saddlebred</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_Walking_Horse" title="Tennessee Walking Horse">Tennessee Walker</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabians</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgans</a> may also be shown saddle seat in the United States. There are usually three basic divisions. <i>Park</i> divisions are for the horses with the highest action. <i>Pleasure</i> divisions still emphasis animated action, but to a lesser degree, with manners ranking over animation. <i>Plantation</i> or <i>Country</i> divisions have the least amount of animation (in some breeds, the horses are flat-shod) and the greatest emphasis on manners.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hack" title="Show hack">Show hack</a> is a competition seen primarily in the United Kingdom, Australia and other nations influenced by British traditions, featuring horses of elegant appearance, with excellent way of going and self-carriage. A related event is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riding_horse_(horse_show)" title="Riding horse (horse show)">riding horse</a>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_riding">Western riding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western riding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Quarter_Horse_trotting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Quarter_Horse_trotting.jpg/220px-Quarter_Horse_trotting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Quarter_Horse_trotting.jpg/330px-Quarter_Horse_trotting.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Quarter_Horse_trotting.jpg/440px-Quarter_Horse_trotting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="3299" /></a><figcaption>Western horsemanship attire and style of riding</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Apartacao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Apartacao.jpg/220px-Apartacao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Apartacao.jpg/330px-Apartacao.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Apartacao.jpg/440px-Apartacao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cutting_horse" title="Cutting horse">Cutting horse</a> competition.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a> evolved from the cattle-working and warfare traditions brought to the Americas by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</a>, and both equipment and riding style evolved to meet the working needs of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American West">American West</a>.
</p><p>The most noticeable feature of western style riding is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_saddle" title="Western saddle">western saddle</a>, which has a substantial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddle_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddle tree">saddle tree</a> that provides support to horse and rider when working long hours in the saddle. The western saddle features a prominent pommel topped by a horn (a knob used for dallying a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">lariat</a> after roping an animal), wide <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a>, and in some cases, both front and back cinches. The depth of the seat may depend on the activity, a deeper seat used for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrel_racing" title="Barrel racing">barrel racing</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cutting_(sport)" title="Cutting (sport)">cutting cows</a> or a more shallow seat for general ranch riding or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steer_wrestling" title="Steer wrestling">Steer wrestling</a>.
</p><p>Finished western horses are asked to perform with a loose rein controlled by one hand. The headstall of a western bridle may utilize either a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snaffle_bit" title="Snaffle bit">Snaffle bit</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curb_bit" title="Curb bit">curb bit</a>. Bitless headstalls are also seen, such as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosal" title="Bosal">bosal</a>-style <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hackamore" title="Hackamore">hackamore</a> on youger horses, or various styles of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanical_hackamore" title="Mechanical hackamore">mechanical hackamore</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">Vaquero style training</a>, a combination of a bosal and bit, called a "two-rein", is used at some stages of training. The standard western bridle lacks a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noseband" title="Noseband">noseband</a> and usually consists of a single set of reins attached to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curb_bit" title="Curb bit">curb bit</a> that has somewhat longer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bit_shank" title="Bit shank">shanks</a> than the curb of an English <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_bridle" title="Double bridle">Weymouth</a> bridle or a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelham_bit" title="Pelham bit">pelham bit</a>. Western bridles have either a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridle#Parts" title="Bridle">browband</a> or else a "one ear" loop (sometimes two) that crosses in front of the horse's ear. Two styles of Western <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rein" title="Rein">reins</a> developed: The long split reins of the Texas tradition, which are completely separated, or the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romal" title="Romal">Romal</a>" reins of the California tradition, which are closed reins with a long single attachment (the romal) that can be used as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quirt" title="Quirt">quirt</a>. Modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a> competitors in timed events sometimes use a closed rein without a <i>romal</i>.
</p><p>Western riders wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants or jeans, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboy boots">cowboy boots</a>, and a wide-brimmed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">cowboy hat</a>. A rider may wear protective leather leggings called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">chaps</a>. Riders may wear brighter colors or finer fabrics in competition than for work. In particular, horse show events such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_pleasure" title="Western pleasure">Western pleasure</a> may much flashier equipment. Saddles, bits and bridles are ornamented with substantial amounts of silver, rider clothing may have vivid colors and even rhinestones or sequins.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Harness">Harness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Harness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg/220px-Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg/330px-Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg/440px-Welsh-A-Buggy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption>A Welsh pony in fine harness competition</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving (horse)</a></div>
<p>Horses, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponies">ponies</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a> are driven in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harness</a> in many different ways. For working purposes, they can pull a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plow</a> or other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> equipment designed to be pulled by animals. In many parts of the world they still pull <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagons</a> for basic hauling and transportation. They may draw <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriages</a> at ceremonies, in parades or for tourist rides.
</p><p>As noted in "horse racing" <i>above</i>, horses can race in harness, pulling a very lightweight cart known as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">sulky</a>. At the other end of the spectrum, some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> compete in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_pulling" title="Horse pulling">horse pulling</a> competitions, where single or teams of horses and their drivers vie to determine who can pull the most weight for a short distance.
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse show</a> competition, the following general categories of competition are seen:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combined_driving" title="Combined driving">Combined driving</a>, an internationally recognized competition where horses perform an arena-based "dressage" class where precision and control are emphasized, a cross-country "marathon" section that emphasizes fitness and endurance, and a "stadium" or "cones" obstacle course.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_horse_showing" title="Draft horse showing">Draft horse showing</a>: Most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a> performance competition is done in harness.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasure_driving" title="Pleasure driving">Pleasure driving</a>: Horses and ponies are usually hitched to a light cart shown at a walk and two speeds of trot, with an emphasis on manners.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fine_harness" title="Fine harness">Fine harness</a>: Also called "Formal driving," Horses are hitched to a light four-wheeled cart and shown in a manner that emphasizes flashy action and dramatic performance.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roadster_(horse)" title="Roadster (horse)">Roadster</a>: A horse show competition where exhibitors wear <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racing_silks" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing silks">racing silks</a> and ride in a sulky in a style akin to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a>, only without actually racing, but rather focusing on manners and performance.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">Carriage</a> driving, using somewhat larger two or four wheeled carriages, often restored <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antiques</a>, judged on the turnout/neatness or suitability of horse and carriage.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rodeo">Rodeo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rodeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></div>
<p>Rodeo events include the following forms of competition:
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Timed_events">Timed events</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Timed events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrel_racing" title="Barrel racing">Barrel racing</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pole_bending" title="Pole bending">pole bending</a> – the timed speed and agility events seen in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a> as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymkhana_(Equestrian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymkhana (Equestrian)">gymkhana</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymkhana_(Equestrian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymkhana (Equestrian)">O-Mok-See</a> competition. Both men and women compete in speed events at gymkhanas or O-Mok-Sees; however, at most professional, sanctioned rodeos, barrel racing is an exclusively women's sport. In a barrel race, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over. In pole bending, horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, then return to the start.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steer_wrestling" title="Steer wrestling">Steer wrestling</a> – Also known as "Bulldogging," this is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns. This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer or of having the thrown steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goat_tying" title="Goat tying">Goat tying</a> – usually an event for women or pre-teen girls and boys, a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat, dismounts, grabs the goat, throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf. This event was designed to teach smaller or younger riders the basics of calf roping without the more complex need to also lasso the animal.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Roping">Roping</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Roping includes a number of timed events that are based on the real-life tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livestock_branding" title="Livestock branding">branding</a>, medical treatment and other purposes. A lasso or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">lariat</a> is thrown over the head of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calf</a> or the horns of adult cattle, and the animal is secured in a fashion dictated by its size and age.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calf_roping" title="Calf roping">Calf roping</a>, also called "tie-down roping," is an event where a calf is roped around the neck by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasso" title="Lasso">lariat</a>, the horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and ties three feet together. (If the horse throws the calf, the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work. The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope) This activity is still practiced on modern working ranches for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branding</a>, medical treatment, and so on.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Team_roping" title="Team roping">Team roping</a>, also called "heading and heeling," is the only rodeo event where men and women riders may compete together. Two people capture and restrain a full-grown steer. One horse and rider, the "header," lassos a running steer's horns, while the other horse and rider, the "heeler," lassos the steer's two hind legs. Once the animal is captured, the riders face each other and lightly pull the steer between them, so that it loses its balance, thus in the real world allowing restraint for treatment.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breakaway_roping" title="Breakaway roping">Breakaway roping</a> – an easier form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used, tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag. When the calf is roped, the horse stops, allowing the calf to run on, flagging the end of time when the string and flag breaks from the saddle. In the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12, while in some nations where traditional calf roping is frowned upon, riders of both genders compete.</li></ul>
<h3><span id=".22Rough_Stock.22_competition"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""Rough_Stock"_competition">"Rough Stock" competition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Rough Stock" competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Horses_abreast_IMG_5342.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Horses_abreast_IMG_5342.jpg/220px-Horses_abreast_IMG_5342.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Horses_abreast_IMG_5342.jpg/330px-Horses_abreast_IMG_5342.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Horses_abreast_IMG_5342.jpg/440px-Horses_abreast_IMG_5342.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption>Small herd of rough stock in Texas</figcaption></figure>
<p>In spite of popular myth, most modern "broncs" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or horses bred specifically as bucking stock.
</p>
<ul><li>Bronc riding – there are two divisions in rodeo, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bareback_bronc" class="mw-redirect" title="Bareback bronc">bareback bronc</a> riding, where the rider rides a bucking horse holding onto a leather <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">surcingle</a> or rigging with only one hand, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddle_bronc" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddle bronc">saddle bronc</a> riding, where the rider rides a modified western saddle without a horn (for safety) while holding onto a braided lead rope attached to the horse's halter.</li>
<li>Bull Riding – though technically not an equestrian event, as the cowboys ride full-grown bulls instead of horses, skills similar to bareback bronc riding are required.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_rodeo">International rodeo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International rodeo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rodeo" title="Australian rodeo">Australian rodeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_rodeo" title="Chilean rodeo">Chilean rodeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charreada" class="mw-redirect" title="Charreada">Charreada</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_equestrian_activities">Other equestrian activities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other equestrian activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:PoloGirlsHorses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PoloGirlsHorses.jpg/220px-PoloGirlsHorses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PoloGirlsHorses.jpg/330px-PoloGirlsHorses.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/PoloGirlsHorses.jpg/440px-PoloGirlsHorses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Girls and their horses preparing for a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> game</figcaption></figure>
<p>There are many other forms of equestrian activity and sports seen worldwide. There are both competitive events and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasure_riding" title="Pleasure riding">pleasure riding</a> disciplines available.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arena_sports">Arena sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Arena sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>Arena <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_polo" title="Cowboy polo">Cowboy polo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">Pato</a> (Argentina's national sport)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">Equestrian vaulting</a>: In vaulting, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surcingle" title="Surcingle">surcingle</a> with two hoops at the top is attached around a horse's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse anatomy">barrel</a>. The horse also wears a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Side_reins" title="Side reins">side reins</a>. The vaulter is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longeing" title="Longeing">longed</a> on the horse, and performs <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastic</a> movements while the horse walks, trots, and canters.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymkhana_(Equestrian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymkhana (Equestrian)">Gymkhana</a>, competition of timed pattern games, also known as <i>O-Mok-See</i> in the western United States.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Horse_sports_that_use_cattle">Horse sports that use cattle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Horse sports that use cattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejoneador" title="Rejoneador">rejoneo</a></i>)
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese-style_bullfighting" title="Portuguese-style bullfighting">Portuguese-style bullfighting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish-style_bullfighting" title="Spanish-style bullfighting">Spanish-style bullfighting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campdrafting" title="Campdrafting">Campdrafting</a>, a type of cattle-working competition popular in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cutting_(sport)" title="Cutting (sport)">Cutting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Team_penning" title="Team penning">Team penning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Working_cow_horse" title="Working cow horse">Working cow horse</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Defined_area_sports">Defined area sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Defined area sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a>, a sport originating on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> of central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, now the national sport of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_mounted_shooting" title="Cowboy mounted shooting">Cowboy mounted shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horseball" title="Horseball">Horseball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">Jousting</a> and <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Skill_at_Arms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skill at Arms (page does not exist)">Skill at Arms</a>, events involving use of lances, swords and completion of obstacles. There are stand-alone competitions and also are often seen at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactments</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Fair">Renaissance Fairs</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism" title="Society for Creative Anachronism">Society for Creative Anachronism</a> events.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounted_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted Games">Mounted Games</a>, a sport where games are played in a relay-style with two to five members per team at very high speed</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a>, a team game played on horses, involves riders using a long-handled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">mallet</a> to drive a ball on the ground into the opposing team's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goal_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal (sport)">goal</a> while the opposing team defends their goal</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">Polocrosse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tent_pegging" title="Tent pegging">Tent pegging</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cross-country_sports">Cross-country sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cross-country sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Competitive_Mounted_Orienteering" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive Mounted Orienteering">Competitive Mounted Orienteering</a>, a form of orienteering on horses (but unrelated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a>) – consists of three stages: following a precise route marked on a map, negotiation of obstacles and control of paces.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techniques_de_Randonn%C3%A9e_%C3%89questre_de_Comp%C3%A9tition" title="Techniques de Randonnée Équestre de Compétition">Le Trec</a>, which comprises three phases – trail riding, with jumping and correct basic flatwork. Le Trec, which is very popular in Europe, tests the partnership's ability to cope with an all-day ride across varied terrain, route finding, negotiating natural obstacles and hazards, while considering the welfare of the horse, respecting the countryside and enjoying all it has to offer.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Competitive_trail_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive trail riding">Competitive trail riding</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pace_race" title="Pace race">pace race</a> held across terrain similar to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a>, but shorter in length (25 – 35 miles (56 km), depending on class). Being a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pace_race" title="Pace race">pace race</a>, the objective is not to finish in the least time. Instead, as in other forms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judged_trail_ride" title="Judged trail ride">judged trail riding</a>, each competitor is graded on everything including physical condition, campsite and horse management. Horsemanship also is considered, including how the rider handles the trail and how horse is handled and presented to the judge and vet throughout the ride. The horse is graded on performance, manners, etc. "Pulse and respiration" stops check the horse's recovery ability. The judges also set up obstacles along the trail and the horse and rider are graded on how well they perform as a team. The whole point is the partnership between the horse and rider.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_Country_Jumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross Country Jumping">Cross Country Jumping</a>, a jumping course that contains logs and natural obstacles mostly. The common clothes worn are usually brighter colors and less conservative.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">Endurance riding</a>, a competition usually of 50 to 100 miles (160 km) or more, over mountainous or other natural terrain, with scheduled stops to take the horses' vital signs, check soundness and verify that the horse is fit to continue. The first horse to finish and be confirmed by the veterinarian as fit to continue is the winner. Additional awards are usually given to the best-conditioned horses who finish in the top 10.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li>
<li>Hacking, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasure_riding" title="Pleasure riding">pleasure riding</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter_Pacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Pacing">Hunter Pacing</a> is a sport where a horse and rider team travel a trail at speeds based the ideal conditions for the horse, with competitors seeking to ride closest to that perfect time. Hunter paces are usually held in a series. Hunter paces are usually a few miles long and covered mostly at a canter or gallop. The horsemanship and management skills of the rider are also considered in the scoring, and periodic stops are required for veterinarians to check the vital signs and overall soundness of the horses.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ride_and_Tie" title="Ride and Tie">Ride and Tie</a> is a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a> in which teams of 3 (two humans and one horse) alternate running and riding.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">Steeplechase</a>, a distance horse race with diverse fence and ditch obstacles.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trail_Riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail Riding">Trail Riding</a>, pleasure riding any breed horse, any style across the land.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_issues">Health issues</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Health issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Handling, riding and driving horses have inherent risks. Horses are large prey animals with a well-developed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flight_or_fight_instinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight or fight instinct">flight or fight instinct</a> able to move quickly and unexpectedly. When mounted, the rider's head may be up to 4 m (13 ft) from the ground, and the horse may travel at a speed of up to 65 km/h (40 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The injuries observed range from very minor injuries to fatalities.
</p><p>A study in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> reported that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">relative risk</a> of injury from riding a horse, compared to riding a bicycle, was 9 times higher for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">adolescents</a> and 5.6 times higher for younger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a>, but that riding a horse was less risky than riding a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">moped</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17426559_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17426559-14">[14]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a>, a search of state records found that equestrian sports had the third highest incidence of serious injury, after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motor_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sport">motor sports</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Power boat">power boating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16046347_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16046347-15">[15]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, an analysis of a national registry estimated the incidence of equestrian injury to be 21 per 100,000 person-years for farming and equestrian sports combined, and 160 times higher for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> personnel. Other findings noted that helmets likely prevent traumatic brain injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15128138_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15128138-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> each year an estimated 30 million people ride horses, resulting in 50,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> visits (1 visit per 600 riders per year).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17461318_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17461318-17">[17]</a></sup> A survey of 679 equestrians in Oregon, Washington and Idaho estimated that at some time in their equestrian career one in five will be seriously injured, resulting in hospitalization, surgery or long-term disability.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17414356_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17414356-18">[18]</a></sup> Among survey respondents, novice equestrians had an incidence of any injury that was threefold over intermediates, fivefold over advanced equestrians, and nearly eightfold over professionals. Approximately 100 hours of experience are required to achieve a substantial decline in the risk of injury. The survey authors conclude that efforts to prevent equestrian injury should focus on novice equestrians.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanisms_of_injury">Mechanisms of injury</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The most common injury is falling from the horse, followed by being kicked, trampled and bitten. About 3 out of 4 injuries are due to falling, broadly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> A broad definition of falling often includes being crushed and being thrown from the horse, but when reported separately each of these mechanisms may be more common than being kicked.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18695484_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18695484-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18424291_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18424291-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_and_severity_of_injury">Types and severity of injury</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types and severity of injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, a 10-year study of trauma center patients injured while riding reported that although 48% had suffered head injuries, only 9% of these riders had been wearing helmets at the time of their accident. Other injuries involved the chest (54%), abdomen (22%) and extremities (17%).<sup id="cite_ref-ball-2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-2007-23">[23]</a></sup> A German study reported that injuries in horse riding are rare compared to other sports, but when they occur they are severe. Specifically, they found that 40% of horse riding injuries were fractures, and only 15% were sprains. Furthermore, the study noted that in Germany, one quarter of all sport related fatalities are caused by horse riding.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1793946_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1793946-24">[24]</a></sup>
Most horse related injuries are a result of falling from a horse, which is the cause of 60–80% of all such reported injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Another common cause of injury is being kicked by a horse, which may cause skull fractures or severe trauma to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal organs">internal organs</a>. Some possible injuries resulting from horse riding, with the percent indicating the amounts in relation to all injuries as reported by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> study,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14581953_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14581953-26">[26]</a></sup> include:
</p>
<ul><li>Arm fracture or dislocation (31%)</li>
<li>Head injury (21%)</li>
<li>Leg fracture or dislocation (15%)</li>
<li>Chest injury (33%)</li></ul>
<p>Among 36 members and employees of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club" title="Hong Kong Jockey Club">Hong Kong Jockey Club</a> who were seen in a trauma center during a period of 5 years, 24 fell from horses and 11 were kicked by the horse. Injuries comprised: 18 torso; 11 head, face or neck; and 11 limb.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17049524_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17049524-27">[27]</a></sup> The authors of this study recommend that helmets, face shields and body protectors be worn when riding or handling horses.
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, a study of equestrians seen at one hospital over a 6-year period found that 81% were wearing a helmet at the time of injury, and that helmet use both increased over time and was correlated with a lower rate of admission.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12887517_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12887517-28">[28]</a></sup> In the second half of the study period, of the equestrians seen at a hospital, only 14% were admitted. In contrast, a study of child equestrians seen at a hospital emergency department in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> reported that 60% were admitted.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18782209_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18782209-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the United States, an analysis of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Electronic_Injury_Surveillance_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (page does not exist)">National Electronic Injury Surveillance System</a> (NEISS) data performed by the Equestrian Medical Safety Association studied 78,279 horse-related injuries in 2007: "The most common injuries included fractures (28.5%); contusions/abrasions (28.3%); strain/sprain (14.5%); internal injury (8.1%); lacerations (5.7%); concussions (4.6%); dislocations (1.9%); and hematomas (1.2%). Most frequent injury sites are the lower trunk (19.6%); head (15.0%); upper trunk (13.4%); shoulder (8.2%); and wrist (6.8%). Within this study patients were treated and released (86.2%), were hospitalized (8.7%), were transferred (3.6%), left without being treated (0.8%), remained for observation (0.6%) and arrived at the hospital deceased (0.1%)."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Head_injuries">Head injuries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Head injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Horseback riding is one of the most dangerous sports, especially in relation to head injury. Statistics from the United States, for example, indicate that about 30 million people ride horses annually.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> On average, about 67,000 people are admitted to the hospital each year from injuries sustained while working with horses.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> 15,000 of those admittances are from traumatic brain injuries. Of those, about 60 die each year from their brain injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Studies have found horseback riding to be more dangerous than several sports, including skiing, auto racing and football.<sup id="cite_ref-ball-2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-2007-23">[23]</a></sup> Horseback riding has a higher hospital admittance rate per hours of riding than motorcycle racing, at 0.49 per thousand hours of riding and 0.14 accidents per thousand hours, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-ball-2007_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-2007-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Head injuries are especially traumatic in horseback riding. About two-thirds of all riders requiring hospitalization after a fall have sustained a traumatic brain injury.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34">[34]</a></sup> Falling from a horse without wearing a helmet is comparable to being struck by a car.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson,_M.A._1992_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson,_M.A._1992-35">[35]</a></sup> Most falling deaths are caused by head injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson,_M.A._1992_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson,_M.A._1992-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>The use of riding helmets substantially decreases the likelihood and severity of head injuries. When a rider falls with a helmet, he or she is five times less likely to experience a traumatic brain injury than a rider who falls without a helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-34">[34]</a></sup> Helmets work by crushing on impact and extending the length of time it takes the head to stop moving.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> Despite this, helmet usage rates in North America are estimated to be between eight and twenty percent.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Once a helmet has sustained an impact from falling, that part of the helmet is structurally weakened, even if no visible damage is present.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Helmet manufacturers recommend that a helmet that has undergone impact from a fall be replaced immediately. In addition, helmets should be replaced every three to five years; specific recommendations vary by manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rules_on_helmet_use_in_competition">Rules on helmet use in competition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rules on helmet use in competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Many organizations mandate helmet use in competition or on show grounds, and rules have continually moved in the direction of requiring helmet use. In 2011, the United States Equestrian Federation passed a rule making helmet use mandatory while mounted on competition grounds at U.S. nationally rated eventing competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Also in 2011, the United States Dressage Federation made helmet use in competition mandatory for all riders under 18 and all riders who are riding any test at Fourth Level and below.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> If a rider competing at Prix St. Georges and above is also riding a test at Fourth Level or below, he or she must also wear a helmet at all times while mounted.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Riding_astride">Riding astride</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Riding astride"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ridderstedt_couple_on_horseback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ridderstedt_couple_on_horseback.jpg/220px-Ridderstedt_couple_on_horseback.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ridderstedt_couple_on_horseback.jpg/330px-Ridderstedt_couple_on_horseback.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ridderstedt_couple_on_horseback.jpg/440px-Ridderstedt_couple_on_horseback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>By the 1930s and 1940s most horse riding had become occasional and leisurely or competitive rather than being the common method of transportation it had been for centuries before</figcaption></figure>
<p>The idea that riding a horse astride could injure a woman's sex organs is a historic, but sometimes popular even today, misunderstanding or misconception, particularly that riding astride can damage the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">hymen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12346860_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12346860-42">[42]</a></sup> Evidence of injury to any female sex organs is scant. In female high-level athletes, trauma to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a> is rare and is associated with certain sports (see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelvic_floor#Clinical_significance" title="Pelvic floor">Pelvic floor#Clinical significance</a>). The type of trauma associated with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian sports">equestrian sports</a> has been termed "horse riders' perineum".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17450681_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17450681-43">[43]</a></sup> A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Case_series" title="Case series">case series</a> of 4 female mountain bike riders and 2 female horse riders found both patient-reported perineal pain and evidence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sub-clinical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-clinical">sub-clinical</a> changes in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> the relevance of these findings to horse riding is unknown.
</p><p>In men, sports-related injuries are among the major causes of testicular trauma. In a small <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">controlled</a> but <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blind_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind experiment">unblinded</a> study of 52 men, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">varicocele</a> was significantly more common in equestrians than in non-equestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15972705_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15972705-45">[45]</a></sup> The difference between these two groups was small, however, compared to differences reported between extreme <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_bike" title="Mountain bike">mountain bike</a> riders and non-riders,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11323467_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11323467-46">[46]</a></sup> and also between mountain bike riders and on-road bicycle riders.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18185039_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18185039-47">[47]</a></sup> Horse-riding injuries to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Contusion">contusions</a>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt trauma</a>) were well known to surgeons in the 19th century and early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-KeenDaCosta1908_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeenDaCosta1908-48">[48]</a></sup> Injuries from collision with the pommel of a saddle are mentioned specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-KeenDaCosta1908_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KeenDaCosta1908-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_of_horses_in_sport">Criticism of horses in sport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Criticism of horses in sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></div>
<p>Organized welfare groups, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> groups such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a>, have been known to criticise some horse sports with claims of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">animal cruelty</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> is a popular equestrian sport which is practiced in many nations around the world. It is inextricably associated with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, where in certain events, stakes can become very high. Despite its illegality in most competitions, these conditions of extreme competitiveness can lead to the use of performing-enhancing drugs and extreme training techniques, which can result in negative side effects for the horses' well-being.
The races themselves have also proved dangerous to the horses – especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechasing</a>, which requires the horse to jump hurdles whilst galloping at full speed. This can result in injury or death to the horse, as well as the jockey.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> A study by animal welfare group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a> revealed that approximately 375 racehorses die yearly, with 30% of these either during or as a result of injuries from a race.<sup id="cite_ref-animalaid_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animalaid-50">[50]</a></sup> The report also highlighted the increasing frequency of race-related illnesses, including bleeding lungs (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage) and gastric ulcers.<sup id="cite_ref-animalaid_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animalaid-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>Animal rights groups are also primarily concerned that certain sports or training exercises may cause unnecessary pain or injuries to horse athletes. Some specific training or showing practices are so widely condemned that they have been made illegal at the national level and violations can incur criminal penalties. The most well-known is <i>soring,</i> a practice of applying a caustic ointment just above the hooves of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_Walking_Horse" title="Tennessee Walking Horse">Tennessee Walking Horse</a> to make it pick up its feet higher. However, in spite of a federal law in the United States prohibiting this practice and routine inspections of horse shows by inspectors from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, soring is still widespread and difficult to eliminate.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> Some events themselves are also considered so abusive that they are banned in many countries. Among these are horse-tripping, a sport where riders chase and rope a loose-running horse by its front legs, throwing it to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>Secondary effects of racing have also recently been uncovered. A 2006 investigation by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> in the UK found that each year 6,000–10,000 horses are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">slaughtered for consumption</a> abroad, a significant proportion of which are horses bred for racing.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-53">[53]</a></sup> A boom in the number of foals bred has meant that there is not adequate resources to care for unwanted horses. Demand has increased for this massive breeding programme to be scaled back.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-53">[53]</a></sup> Despite over 1000 foals being produced annually by the Thoroughbred <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">horse industry</a>, 66% of those bred for such a purpose were never entered into a race, and despite a life expectancy of 30 years, many are killed before their fifth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Horse_riding_on_coinage">Horse riding on coinage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Horse riding on coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Horse riding events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Greece)#2003_coinage" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Greece)">Horse Riding commemorative coin</a>, minted in 2003 to commemorate the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a>. On the composition of the obverse of this coin, the modern horseman is pictured as he jumps over an obstacle, while in the background the ancient horseman is inspired by a representation on a black-figure vase of the 5th century BC.
</p><p>For the 2012 Olympics, the Royal Mint has produced a 50p coin showing a horse jumping a fence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/32px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/48px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/64px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Horses" title="Portal:Horses">Horses portal</a></span></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidesaddle" title="Sidesaddle">Sidesaddle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_dressage" title="Classical dressage">Classical dressage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_use_of_roadways" title="Equestrian use of roadways">Equestrian use of roadways</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian at the Summer Olympics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_horse_accidents" title="List of horse accidents">List of horse accidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">United States Equestrian Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">International Federation for Equestrian Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_helmet" title="Equestrian helmet">Equestrian helmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounting_block" title="Mounting block">Mounting block</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_Mounted_Shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboy Mounted Shooting">Cowboy Mounted Shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fletcher_Street_Urban_Riding_Club" title="Fletcher Street Urban Riding Club">Fletcher Street Urban Riding Club</a> for a description of urban riding traditions</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riding_hall" title="Riding hall">Riding hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jinba_ittai" title="Jinba ittai">Jinba ittai</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-portuguese-school-of-equestrian-art-523504">Horse & Hound - 7 Things You Need to Know about the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/equestrian">"equestrian – definition of equestrian by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia"</a>. Thefreedictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=equestrian+%E2%80%93+definition+of+equestrian+by+the+Free+Online+Dictionary%2C+Thesaurus+and+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fequestrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=equitaci%C3%B3n">"equitación – Diccionario Inglés-Español"</a>. Wordreference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=equitaci%C3%B3n+%E2%80%93+Diccionario+Ingl%C3%A9s-Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Wordreference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordreference.com%2Fes%2Fen%2Ftranslation.asp%3Fspen%3Dequitaci%25C3%25B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2015" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Stephen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nkn-CgAAQBAJ&q=25%2C000"><i>Horse-Powered Farming for the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Equipment, Methods, and Management for Organic Growers</i></a>. Chelsea Green Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-613-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-613-9"><bdi>978-1-60358-613-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse-Powered+Farming+for+the+21st+Century%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Equipment%2C+Methods%2C+and+Management+for+Organic+Growers&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-613-9&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkn-CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D25%252C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Chamberlin69-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlin69_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlin, J. Edward <i>Horse: How the Horse has Shaped Civilization</i> New York:BlueBridge 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9742405-9-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9742405-9-1">0-9742405-9-1</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, Deb (1998) 'Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.<i> Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6">0-9658533-0-6</a>, p. 151</i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Paris-1900-Olympic-Games">"Paris 1900 Olympic Games | Second of the Modern Olympic Games, France | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Paris+1900+Olympic+Games+%7C+Second+of+the+Modern+Olympic+Games%2C+France+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FParis-1900-Olympic-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNagyDysonMurray2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nagy, Annamaria; Dyson, Sue; Murray, Jane (18 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229435826">"A veterinary review of endurance riding as an international competitive sport"</a>. <i>The Veterinary Journal</i>. <b>194</b> (3): 288–293. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2012.06.022">10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.022</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22819800">22819800</a> – via Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Veterinary+Journal&rft.atitle=A+veterinary+review+of+endurance+riding+as+an+international+competitive+sport.&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-293&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tvjl.2012.06.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22819800&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Annamaria&rft.au=Dyson%2C+Sue&rft.au=Murray%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229435826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308141052/https://www.dressage-academy.com/training/dressage/">"What is Dressage? – Dressage Academy Training"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dressage-academy.com/training/dressage/">the original</a> on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Dressage%3F+%E2%80%93+Dressage+Academy+Training&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dressage-academy.com%2Ftraining%2Fdressage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fei.org/disciplines/dressage/about-para-equestrian-dressage">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508135709/http://www.fei.org/disciplines/dressage/about-para-equestrian-dressage">Archived</a> May 8, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fei.org/disciplines/driving/about-para-equestrian-driving">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501195554/http://www.fei.org/disciplines/driving/about-para-equestrian-driving">Archived</a> May 1, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hobbyhorseinc.com/">"Horse Show Apparel, Attire, Accessories"</a>. <i>Hobby Horse Clothing Company, Inc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hobby+Horse+Clothing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Horse+Show+Apparel%2C+Attire%2C+Accessories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hobbyhorseinc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJ_R_Silver2002" class="citation journal cs1">J R Silver (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.sc.3101280">"Spinal injuries resulting from horse riding accidents"</a>. <i>Spinal Cord</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 264–71. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.sc.3101280">10.1038/sj.sc.3101280</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037707">12037707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spinal+Cord&rft.atitle=Spinal+injuries+resulting+from+horse+riding+accidents&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=264-71&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.sc.3101280&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12037707&rft.au=J+R+Silver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.sc.3101280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Most injuries result from falls (80%)", <i>Horse riding during pregnancy</i>, MS Rogers.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.troxelhelmets.com/service/faq">"FAQ's"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.troxelhelmets.com%2Fservice%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horsechannel.com/horse-news/2011/01/27/eventing-dressage-helmet-rule.aspx">"New Helmet Rules for Eventing and Dressage Passed at USEF Convention"</a>. 27 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Helmet+Rules+for+Eventing+and+Dressage+Passed+at+USEF+Convention&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horsechannel.com%2Fhorse-news%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Feventing-dressage-helmet-rule.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid17450681-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17450681_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCrepinBiserteCossonDuchene2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crepin G, Biserte J, Cosson M, Duchene F (October 2006). "[The female urogenital system and high level sports]". <i>Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.</i> (in French). <b>190</b> (7): 1479–91, discussion 1491–93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17450681">17450681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Acad.+Natl.+Med.&rft.atitle=%5BThe+female+urogenital+system+and+high+level+sports%5D&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1479-91%2C+discussion+1491-93&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17450681&rft.aulast=Crepin&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Biserte%2C+J&rft.au=Cosson%2C+M&rft.au=Duchene%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBattagliaNappiManciniCianciosi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Battaglia, C; Nappi, RE; Mancini, F; Cianciosi, A; Persico, N; Busacchi, P (February 2009). "Ultrasonographic and Doppler findings of subclinical clitoral microtraumatisms in mountain bikers and horseback riders". <i>The Journal of Sexual Medicine</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 464–68. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2008.01124.x">10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01124.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138367">19138367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ultrasonographic+and+Doppler+findings+of+subclinical+clitoral+microtraumatisms+in+mountain+bikers+and+horseback+riders&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=464-68&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2008.01124.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19138367&rft.aulast=Battaglia&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Nappi%2C+RE&rft.au=Mancini%2C+F&rft.au=Cianciosi%2C+A&rft.au=Persico%2C+N&rft.au=Busacchi%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid15972705-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15972705_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTurgutKosarKosarKarabulut2005" class="citation journal cs1">Turgut AT, Kosar U, Kosar P, Karabulut A (July 2005). "Scrotal sonographic findings in equestrians". <i>Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine</i>. <b>24</b> (7): 911–17, quiz 919. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7863%2Fjum.2005.24.7.911">10.7863/jum.2005.24.7.911</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15972705">15972705</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44339283">44339283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ultrasound+in+Medicine&rft.atitle=Scrotal+sonographic+findings+in+equestrians&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=911-17%2C+quiz+919&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44339283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15972705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7863%2Fjum.2005.24.7.911&rft.aulast=Turgut&rft.aufirst=AT&rft.au=Kosar%2C+U&rft.au=Kosar%2C+P&rft.au=Karabulut%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid11323467-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11323467_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFrauscherKlauserStenzlHelweg2001" class="citation journal cs1">Frauscher F, Klauser A, Stenzl A, Helweg G, Amort B, zur Nedden D (May 2001). "US findings in the scrotum of extreme mountain bikers". <i>Radiology</i>. <b>219</b> (2): 427–31. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiology.219.2.r01ma42427">10.1148/radiology.219.2.r01ma42427</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11323467">11323467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.atitle=US+findings+in+the+scrotum+of+extreme+mountain+bikers&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=427-31&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiology.219.2.r01ma42427&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11323467&rft.aulast=Frauscher&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Klauser%2C+A&rft.au=Stenzl%2C+A&rft.au=Helweg%2C+G&rft.au=Amort%2C+B&rft.au=zur+Nedden%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid18185039-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18185039_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMitterbergerPinggeraNeuwirtColleselli2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mitterberger M, Pinggera GM, Neuwirt H, Colleselli D, Pelzer A, Bartsch G, Strasser H, Gradl J, Pallwein L, Frauscher F (January 2008). "Do mountain bikers have a higher risk of scrotal disorders than on-road cyclists?". <i>Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 49–54. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJSM.0b013e31815c042f">10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815c042f</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18185039">18185039</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29581763">29581763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Journal+of+Sport+Medicine&rft.atitle=Do+mountain+bikers+have+a+higher+risk+of+scrotal+disorders+than+on-road+cyclists%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29581763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18185039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FJSM.0b013e31815c042f&rft.aulast=Mitterberger&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Pinggera%2C+GM&rft.au=Neuwirt%2C+H&rft.au=Colleselli%2C+D&rft.au=Pelzer%2C+A&rft.au=Bartsch%2C+G&rft.au=Strasser%2C+H&rft.au=Gradl%2C+J&rft.au=Pallwein%2C+L&rft.au=Frauscher%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-KeenDaCosta1908-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KeenDaCosta1908_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeenDaCosta1908_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Williams_KeenJohn_Chalmers_Da_Costa1908" class="citation book cs1">William Williams Keen; John Chalmers Da Costa, eds. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnYwAAAAIAAJ"><i>Surgery, Its Principles and Practice</i></a>. Vol. 4. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgery%2C+Its+Principles+and+Practice&rft.place=Philadelphia+and+London&rft.pub=W.+B.+Saunders+Company&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnYwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 598, 615</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/705194.stm">"Should steeplechases be banned?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2000-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Should+steeplechases+be+banned%3F&rft.date=2000-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftalking_point%2F705194.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-animalaid-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-animalaid_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-animalaid_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510144228/http://www.animalaid.org.uk/h/n/AA/HOME/ALL/1665//">"Bred To Death: Background Notes"</a>. Animal Aid. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalaid.org.uk/h/n/AA/HOME/ALL/1665//">the original</a> on 2013-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bred+To+Death%3A+Background+Notes&rft.pub=Animal+Aid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalaid.org.uk%2Fh%2Fn%2FAA%2FHOME%2FALL%2F1665%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140909111123/http://www.equisearch.com/article/soring_030706">"EQUUS Special Report: Why Soring Persists"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/lameness/soring_030706/">the original</a> on 9 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EQUUS+Special+Report%3A+Why+Soring+Persists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fequisearch.com%2Fhorses_care%2Fhealth%2Flameness%2Fsoring_030706%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.idausa.org/facts/horsetripping.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315182541/http://www.idausa.org/facts/horsetripping.html">Archived</a> March 15, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-guardian-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2006" class="citation news cs1">Barnett, Antony (2006-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/01/horseracing.sport">"The slaughtered horses that shame our racing"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+slaughtered+horses+that+shame+our+racing&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2006%2Foct%2F01%2Fhorseracing.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalmint.com/shop/london_2012_50p_sports_collection_equestrian">"London 2012 50p Sports Collection – Equestrian"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+2012+50p+Sports+Collection+%E2%80%93+Equestrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmint.com%2Fshop%2Flondon_2012_50p_sports_collection_equestrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEquestrianism" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Equestrianism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211081332/http://horsesport.org/">International Federation for Equestrian Sports</a> FEI official homepage</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">United States Equestrian Federation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/">USEF Official web site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_Federation_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian Federation of Australia">Equestrian Federation of Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efanational.com/">Equestrian Federation of Australia web site</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_Federation_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian Federation of Ireland">Equestrian Federation of Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210020616/http://www.horsesport.ie/homel.html">– EFI web site</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060805085033/http://kazequestrian.org/">Equestrian Federation of Kazakhstan</a> Russian – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727234118/http://en.kazequestrian.org/">Equestrian Federation of Kazakhstan</a> English</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdf.org/">United States Dressage Federation</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerc.org/">American Endurance Ride Conference</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natrc.org/">The North American Trail Ride Conference</a> – Competitive Trail Riding</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportendurance.co.uk/">UK Endurance Horse Riding</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rideandtie.org/">Ride and Tie Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanvaulting.org/">The American Vaulting Association</a> – Equestrian Vaulting</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rideforbund.dk/">Danish Riding Federation</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nchacutting.com/">National Cutting Horse Association</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_topics" title="Template talk:Horse topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equine science and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Anatomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Behavior</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Breeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">Conformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Coat color</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_genome" title="Horse genome">Genome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Gait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_management" title="Horse management">Management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Nutrition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_valuation" title="Horse valuation">Valuation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">Slaughter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Equestrianism</a><br />and sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horse industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_ancient_and_Imperial_China" title="Horses in ancient and Imperial China">Ancient and Imperial China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">Britain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">North America</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_horses_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of horses of the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds" title="List of gaited horse breeds">Gaited horses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">Burial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fictional_horses" title="List of fictional horses">Fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hippomancy" title="Hippomancy">Hippomancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_horses_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of horses in mythology and folklore">Mythology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Nordic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_horses_in_mythology" title="White horses in mythology">White horses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_winged_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winged horses">Winged horse</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Symbolism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Worship</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_horse-related_topics" title="Lists of horse-related topics">Lists of horse-related topics</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Horses" title="Category:Horses">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Equestrian_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Equestrian_sports" title="Template:Equestrian sports"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Equestrian_sports" title="Template talk:Equestrian sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Equestrian_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Equestrian sports"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Equestrian_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">Equestrian sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b>Main articles: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Equestrianism</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">FEI</a> disciplines, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Olympic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">FEI disciplines, non-Olympic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combined_driving" title="Combined driving">Combined driving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">Endurance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horseball" title="Horseball">Horseball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reining" title="Reining">Reining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tent_pegging" title="Tent pegging">Tent pegging</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_vaulting" title="Equestrian vaulting">Vaulting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Para-equestrian" title="Para-equestrian">Para-equestrian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">Flat racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">Harness racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palio" title="Palio">Palio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Point_to_point_(steeplechase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point to point (steeplechase)">Point-to-point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">Steeplechase</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughbred horse racing">Thoroughbred horse racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_about_horse_racing" title="List of films about horse racing">Films about horse racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_horse_racing_venues" title="List of horse racing venues">List of horse racing venues</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_horse_racing_venues_by_capacity" title="List of horse racing venues by capacity">by capacity</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Team sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_polo" title="Cowboy polo">Cowboy polo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_drill_team" title="Equestrian drill team">Equestrian drill team</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escaramuza_charra" title="Escaramuza charra">Escaramuza charra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasia_(performance)" title="Fantasia (performance)">Fantasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a> (cirit)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mata_(performance)" title="Mata (performance)">Mata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">Pato</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">Polocrosse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Team_chasing" title="Team chasing">Team chasing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games with horses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrel_racing" title="Barrel racing">Barrel racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carrera_de_cintas" title="Carrera de cintas">Carrera de cintas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corrida_de_sortija" title="Corrida de sortija">Corrida de sortija</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dzhigitovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhigitovka">Dzhigitovka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_agility" title="Equine agility">Equine agility</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Er_Enish" title="Er Enish">Er Enish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymkhana_(equestrian)" title="Gymkhana (equestrian)">Gymkhana (equestrian)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keyhole_race" title="Keyhole race">Keyhole race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounted_games" title="Mounted games">Mounted games</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymkhana_(equestrian)" title="Gymkhana (equestrian)">O-Mok-See</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pole_bending" title="Pole bending">Pole bending</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potato_race" title="Potato race">Potato race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinjska_alka" title="Sinjska alka">Sinjska alka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skijoring" title="Skijoring">Skijoring</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ban%27ei" title="Ban'ei">Ban'ei racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carriage_driving" title="Carriage driving">Carriage driving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuckwagon_racing" title="Chuckwagon racing">Chuckwagon racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_horse_showing" title="Draft horse showing">Draft horse showing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fine_harness" title="Fine harness">Fine harness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_pulling" title="Horse pulling">Horse pulling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasure_driving" title="Pleasure driving">Pleasure driving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roadster_(horse)" title="Roadster (horse)">Roadster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scurry_driving" title="Scurry driving">Scurry driving</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working stock sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acoso_y_derribo" title="Acoso y derribo">Acoso y derribo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rodeo" title="Australian rodeo">Australian rodeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breakaway_roping" title="Breakaway roping">Breakaway roping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronc_riding" title="Bronc riding">Bronc riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calf_roping" title="Calf roping">Calf roping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campdrafting" title="Campdrafting">Campdrafting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charrer%C3%ADa" title="Charrería">Charrería</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_rodeo" title="Chilean rodeo">Chilean rodeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coleo" title="Coleo">Coleo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cutting_(sport)" title="Cutting (sport)">Cutting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deporte_de_lazo" title="Deporte de lazo">Deporte de lazo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goat_tying" title="Goat tying">Goat tying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jineteada_gaucha" title="Jineteada gaucha">Jineteada gaucha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranch_sorting" title="Ranch sorting">Ranch sorting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steer_wrestling" title="Steer wrestling">Steer wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Team_penning" title="Team penning">Team penning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Team_roping" title="Team roping">Team roping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Working_cow_horse" title="Working cow horse">Working cow horse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weaponry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cowboy_mounted_shooting" title="Cowboy mounted shooting">Cowboy mounted shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">Jousting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">Mounted archery</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasola" title="Pasola">Pasola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pig_sticking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig sticking">Pig sticking</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a> and<br />exhibition disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_dressage" title="Classical dressage">Classical dressage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_pleasure" title="English pleasure">English pleasure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halter_(horse_show)" title="Halter (horse show)">Halter (horse show)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_showmanship" title="Horse showmanship">Horse showmanship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunt_seat" title="Hunt seat">Hunt seat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddle_seat" title="Saddle seat">Saddle seat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hack" title="Show hack">Show hack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hunter" title="Show hunter">Show hunter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_hunter_(British)" title="Show hunter (British)">Show hunter (British)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidesaddle" title="Sidesaddle">Sidesaddle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_riding_stunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding stunts">Stunt riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trail_(horse_show)" title="Trail (horse show)">Trail (horse show)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_dressage" title="Western dressage">Western dressage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_pleasure" title="Western pleasure">Western pleasure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_riding_(horse_show)" title="Western riding (horse show)">Western riding (horse show)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and<br />breed-specific disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camargue_equitation" title="Camargue equitation">Camargue equitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doma_menorquina" title="Doma menorquina">Doma menorquina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doma_vaquera" title="Doma vaquera">Doma vaquera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Icelandic_equitation" title="Icelandic equitation">Icelandic equitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Working_equitation" title="Working equitation">Working equitation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cavalcade" title="Cavalcade">Cavalcade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Competitive_trail_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive trail riding">Competitive trail riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross-country_riding" title="Cross-country riding">Cross-country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Field_hunter" title="Field hunter">Field hunter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter_pacing" title="Hunter pacing">Hunter pacing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mounted_orienteering" title="Mounted orienteering">Mounted orienteering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleasure_riding" title="Pleasure riding">Pleasure riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trail_riding" title="Trail riding">Trail riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techniques_de_Randonn%C3%A9e_%C3%89questre_de_Comp%C3%A9tition" title="Techniques de Randonnée Équestre de Compétition">TREC</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_historical_horses" title="List of historical horses">List of historical horses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammals_in_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template talk:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammals_in_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_uses_of_mammals" title="Human uses of mammals">Mammals in culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft animal">Draft animal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Equestrianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">Service animal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/100px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/150px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/200px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Bats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">Bears</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyotes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs">Dogs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">Deer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Elephants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foxes_in_popular_culture,_films_and_literature" title="Foxes in popular culture, films and literature">Foxes</a></li>
<li>Horses
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures" title="Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures">Jaguars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of koalas">Koalas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Lions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">Pigs</a></li>
<li>Simians
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorillas_in_popular_culture" title="Gorillas in popular culture">Gorillas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monkeys_in_Chinese_culture" title="Monkeys in Chinese culture">Monkeys in Chinese culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orangutans_in_popular_culture" title="Orangutans in popular culture">Orangutans</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas">Spotted hyenas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_tigers" title="Cultural depictions of tigers">Tigers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_weasels" title="Cultural depictions of weasels">Weasels</a></li>
<li>Whales
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whale_worship" title="Whale worship">Whale worship</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">Wolves</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core program</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Equestrian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additions (2020- )</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition climbing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179226#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179226#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179226#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931265v">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931265v">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049319-2">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565296805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062144">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560566">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jezdectví"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114832&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016331">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of horses for sport or work</div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1710871248' |