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'{{distinguish|Kadungallur}} {{about|the developed town|the palace of the same name|Kodungallur Kovilakam||}} {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Kodungallur <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | other_name = Cranganore | settlement_type = [[Municipality]] | image_skyline = Cranganore in Cranganore.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Dutch East India Company ships in Kodungallur (1708) | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|10.233761|N|76.194634|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = Kodungallur Municipality | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 29.24 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 9 | population_total = 70,868 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881082/20#:~:text=Kodungallur%20Municipality%20And%20Out%20Growth,the%20state%20Kerala%20in%20India. |title=Profile - Kodungallur Municipality}}</ref> | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 680664 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = 0480 | registration_plate = KL-47 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Kodungallur''' ({{IPA-ml|koɖuŋːɐlːuːr|IPA}}; also '''Cranganore''', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: '''Cranganor'''; formerly known as '''Mahodayapuram''', '''Shingly''', '''Vanchi''', '''Muchiri''', '''Muyirikkode''', and '''[[Muziris]]''') is a historically significant town situated on the banks of [[Periyar (river)|river Periyar]] on the [[Malabar Coast]] in [[Thrissur District|Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is {{convert|29|km}} north of [[Kochi|Kochi (Cochin)]] by [[National Highway 66]] and {{cvt|38|km}} from [[Thrissur]]. Kodungallur, being a port city at the northern end of the Kerala lagoons, was a strategic entry point for the naval fleets to the extensive [[Kerala backwaters]]. It was here that one of Jesus's disciples, [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] reached during 1st century AD to preach Christianity. As of the 2011 India Census, Kodungallur Municipality had a population of 33,935. It had an average literacy rate of 95.10%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=716550|title=India Census 2011}}</ref> Around 64% of the population follows Hinduism, 32% Islam and 4% Christianity. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 7.8% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.1% of total population in Kodungallur.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.janasevanakendram.org/Content/M080300.htm|title=Profile|publisher=Janasevana Kendram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324193505/http://www.janasevanakendram.org/Content/M080300.htm|archive-date=24 March 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=7 December 2010}}</ref> Kodungallur is the headquarters of the Kodungallur sub-district (tehsil) in [[Thrissur district]].<ref name=":0" /> Kodungallur Kerala Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Chalakudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudi Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies|work=Kerala|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=19 October 2008}}</ref> [[Kodungallur]] is well connected to other towns in Kerala through the road network. [[Aluva railway station|Aluva Railway Station]] in [[Ernakulam]] district ({{cvt|28|km|disp=sqbr}}) is the major railway station near Kodungallur. [[Cranganore Fort|Fort Cranganore (Fortaleza São Tomé)]], known locally as Kottappuram Fort/Tipu's Fort, was constructed in Kodungallur by Portuguese in 1523. The fort was enlarged in 1565, and passed into the hands of the Dutch in 1663.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php|title=Kottappuram fort|work=muzirisheritage.org|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> Thiruvanchikulam Mahadeva Temple, dedicated to the god Siva, is one of the major Siva temples in South India. [[Shiva|Siva]] in the Thiruvanchikulam temple was the patron deity of the Chera Perumals of Kerala and remains the family deity of the [[Cochin Royal Family]]. The first case of COVID-19 in India was reported at Kodungallur in a medical student who returned from [[Wuhan University]]. ==Etymology== [[File:Kodungallur Bharani.jpg|left|thumb|A scene from Kodungallur Bharani festival in [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]]]] Origin of the modern name 'Kodungallur' has multiple interpretations: *From ''koṭuṁ-kall-ūr'', meaning 'place of the grand stone' in old tamil, because of a huge stone that the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] king Cheran Chenguttuvan brought from the [[Himalayas]] to establish a shrine dedicated to the legendary Tamil woman [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]]. *From ''koṭuṁ-kōl-ūr'', meaning the 'city of good governance'. ('kōl' literally means a [[sceptre]]) *From ''koṭuṁ-kāḷi-ūr'' because of the existence of temple dedicated to goddess [[Kali]]. *From ''koṭuṁ-kolai-ūr'', meaning a 'bloody killing field', because of a 16th-century battle between [[Zamorin of Calicut]] and [[Kingdom of Cochin]] which was fought here.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} In the medieval period (from c. ninth century CE), Kondungallur was part of the city of Makothai Vanchi (Sanskrit: ''Mahodaya Pura'', Malayalam: ''Mahodaya Puram''). It was the seat of the Kerala branch of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera clan]], the Perumals, for about three hundred years.<ref name="Menon2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126|title=A Survey of Kerala History|author=A Sreedhara Menon|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=126|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref> Kodungallur is well known in ancient times due to trade, and also due to the Baghavathy kshethram, and as well as the seat of Kannagi's resting place in the ksethram, after she burns down the capital of the Pandya rulers Madurai, who falsely accuse her husband of stealing the anklet of the royal Queen. This is steeped in the folklore of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which is evident in the temple festivals, and has it roots in [[Dharma]], which the Pandya ruler failed to follow, and incurs the wrath of the chaste Kannagi. This is also the story of the classical Tamil epic [[Cilappatikaram|Chilappatikaram]], written by royal born, but later turned ascetic [[Ilango Adigal]], brother of the Chera King Sengottuvan. It was also known as Muchiri Pattanam, Muyirikkode, Mahavanchimana Pattanam, and Thrikulasekarapuram.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Kodungallur was also known as Jangli, Gingaleh, Cyngilin, Shinkali, Chinkli, Jinkali, Shenkala, and Cynkali, which are all derived from the name of the River Changala (or the Chain River, i.e., ''Shrinkhala'' in [[Sanskrit]]), a tributary of the [[Periyar River|Periyar]].<ref>''For a large number of such names for Kodungallir down the centuries arranged more or less chronologically'' cf. K. P. Padbhanabha Menon, ''History of Kerala'' Vol. I, quoted by George Menachery in ''Kodungallur'', 1987, reprinted 2000.</ref>{{Page needed|date=May 2022}} ==History== ===Early historic harbour === {{Main|Muziris}} Scholars believe that Muziris, an ancient harbour located on the mouth of Periyar, coincides with modern-day Kodungallur. Central Kerala and western Tamil Nadu in early historic south India was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] line of rulers. [[File:Hindu temple at Cranganore.jpg|left|thumb| 18th-century depiction of the Hindu temple at Kodungallur]] The harbour was visited by navigators from all over the world, especially from the Mediterranean world. The Roman Empire had a continuous trading connection with the West Coast of India. Along with spices ([[black pepper]]), commodities including pearls, [[muslin]], [[ivory]], diamonds, silk and perfumes were acquired by the sailors from central Kerala.<ref name="Menon" /> [[File:Thomasreliquiar Kondungallur.jpg|thumb|right|[[Relic]] of St. Thomas, kept in the sanatorium of a [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Church]] in Kodungallur]] A traditional belief among the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] in Kerala is that [[Thomas the Apostle]] landed in or around Kodungallur<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Kodungalur|volume=15|page=885}}</ref> in the middle of the first century CE and founded [[Seven Churches of Saint Thomas|Seven Churches]]: Kodungallur, [[Niranam]], Nilackal ([[Chayal]]), [[Kokkamangalam]], [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur|Kottakkavu]], [[Palayoor]] and Kollam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants|author=James Arampulickal|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications|year=1994|page=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18|publisher=Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum|year=1951|page=233}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A World History of Christianity|author=Adrian Hastings|date=15 August 2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=978-0-8028-4875-8|page=149}}</ref> [[File:Cheraman juma masjid Old.jpg|thumbnail|A rebuilt structure of the old [[Cheraman Juma Mosque|Cheraman Juma Masjid]]]] According to [[Mappila|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, Kodungallur was home to the [[Islam in India|oldest mosque]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who left from [[Dharmadom]] to [[Mecca]] and converted to [[Islam]] during the lifetime of [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at Kodungallur, [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> Sometime between the fourth and eighth century, the [[Knanaya]] Community is believed to have arrived from the Middle East under the leadership of the Syrian merchant [[Thomas of Cana]]. The community settled on the southern side of Cranganore and eventually established three churches in the names of St. Thomas, St. Kuriakose, and St. Mary. The Knanaya left their settlement after its destruction during a battle between the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] and [[Zamorin of Calicut]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jornada of D. Alexis Menezis: A Portuguese Account of Sixteenth Century Malabar|year=2003|author= Pius Malekandathil|publisher= LRC Publications|pages=19–20}}</ref> According to one tradition, a [[Cochin Jew]] colony in [[Malabar Coast]], probably established before the sixth century BCE, attracted the Apostle to this region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Forgotten East: Mission, Liturgy and Spirituality of the Eastern Churches : a Study with Special Reference to the Church of St. Thomas Christians|author=Abraham Mattam (Mar))|publisher=Ephrem's Publications|year=2001|isbn=978-81-88065-00-4|pages=148}}</ref> === Medieval port of Kodungallur === The economic and political prestige of the harbour of Kodungallur remained even in medieval South India. Sulaiman, a West Asian visitor to India during this period, recorded the "economic prosperity" of the region. Also, he describes the Chinese traders in the city; they are described as purchasing articles such as spices (pepper and [[cinnamon]]), [[ivory]], pearls, [[cotton]] fabrics and [[teak]] wood.<ref name="Menon">{{cite book|author=A Sreedhara Menon|title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126|access-date=22 August 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|pages=127}}</ref> The port was sacked by the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] rulers in the 11th century CE.<ref name="Menon2007" /> After the dissolution of the Chera Perumal rule (early 12th century CE), Kodungallur emerged as a principality, named Padinjattedathu Swaroopam, under the control of the royal family of [[Kodungallur Kovilakam]]. The city state was "allied" either to the kingdom of Cochin (Kochi) or to Calicut (Kozhikode).<ref name="Menon2007" /> It is postulated that the harbour at Kodungallur was devastated by natural calamities—a flood or an earthquake—in 1341, and consequently lost its commercial/strategic importance thereafter.<ref name="Nandy2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvD8Uov1kx0C&pg=PA172|title=Time Warps: Silent and Evasive Pasts in Indian Politics and Religion|author=Ashis Nandy|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-479-7|pages=172–|access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> Consequently, the trade got diverted to other ports of the Malabar Coast, such as Cochin (Kochi) and Calicut (Kozhikode).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm|title=History of Kochi|publisher=Centre For Heritage Studies, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915105257/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=5 September 2010}}</ref> It is speculated that the floods split the left branch of the River Periyar into two, just before the town of [[Aluva]]. The flood silted the right branch (known as the River Changala) and the natural harbour at the mouth of the river to make it poorly navigable for large vessels.<ref name="Menon1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126|title=A Survey of Kerala History|author=A Sreedhara Menon|date=1 January 2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=978-81-264-1578-6|page=18|access-date=22 August 2012}}</ref>[[File:Cape of Kodungallur.jpg|thumb|250px|Cape of Kodungallur, where [[Periyar River|Periyar]] empties into [[Arabian Sea]]. [[Chinese fishing nets]] in the beach, believed to be installed by the 14th-century Chinese explorer [[Zheng He]], have also become a popular tourist attraction.<ref name="Singh2010-1">{{cite book|author=Anjana Singh|title=Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA233|access-date=29 August 2012|date=30 April 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16816-9|page=233}}</ref>]] ===Portuguese era=== [[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg|thumb|left|The Portuguese built [[Cranganore Fort]] ({{lang-pt|Fortaleza de São Tomé de Cranganor}}) in 1523, at the beginning of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese rule]], which lasted until 1662.]] Portuguese navigators began operating in South India from the early 16th century CE. During this period, Kodungallur was a "tributary state" of the kingdom of Kozhikode (Calicut) of [[Zamorin|Zamorins (Samoothiris)]]. Since Kodungallur was sandwiched between the kingdom of Kozhikode and the kingdom of Kochi, it was a matter of frequent dispute for both the kings. The chieftain of Kodungallur often switched allegiance from one king to another.<ref name="Malekandathil2010">{{cite book|author=Pius Malekandathil|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA90|access-date=23 August 2012|year=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|pages=90–}}</ref> The Portuguese spice trade was challenged by the kings of Kozhikode in the Indian Ocean. The port of Kodungallur had a sizeable Jewish, native Christian and Muslim population at the time.<ref name="Subrahmanyam1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3bu058pI4C&pg=PA294|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama|author=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|date=29 October 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64629-1|pages=293–294|access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Malekandathil2010" /> Portuguese Company extended their aggression on Calicut to allied coastal city-states, including Kodungallur. The port was almost completely destroyed by the Portuguese (Suarez de Menezes) on 1 September 1504.<ref name="Kaplan2008">{{cite book|author=Yosef Kaplan|title=The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syFFpCwBlacC&pg=PA65|access-date=23 August 2012|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-14996-0|pages=65}}</ref> Kodungallur, being a port city at the northern end of the [[Vembanad]] lagoon, was a strategic entry point for Zamorin's army and fleet into the [[Kerala backwaters]]. Hence, in October 1504 Zamorin dispatched a force to fortify Kodungallur. Reading this movement as a preparation for a renewed attack on Kochi, the Portuguese commander, Lopo Soares, ordered a [[preemptive strike]]. A squadron of around ten fighting ships, accompanied by numerous fighting boats from Kochi, headed up to Kodungallur. The heavier ships, unable to make their way into the shallow channels, anchored at [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] (Pallipuram, on the outer edge of [[Vypin]] island), while the smaller frigates progressed to the destination. Converging on Kodungallur, the Portuguese-Kochi fleet quickly dispersed the Calicut forces on the beach using cannons, and launched their composite army – some 1,000 Portuguese soldiers and 1,000 [[Nair]] warriors of Kochi – who took on the rest of the enemy force in Kodungallur.<ref>Castanheda, p.272</ref> The assault troops captured and sacked the city of Kodungallur, and was set on fire by the squads led by Duarte Pacheco Pereira and Diogo Fernandes Correa. Nonetheless, according to some records, Portuguese arsonists spared the Saint Thomas Christian quarters in the city. (At the time the community was in a tenuous position: though thriving in the [[spice trade]] and protected by their own militia, the local political sphere was volatile and the Saint Thomas Christians had found themselves under pressure from the [[raja]]s of Calicut, Cochin and other small kingdoms in the area. Hence the community had sought an alliance with the Portuguese newcomers. Since they were one of the major suppliers of pepper in the region, the Portuguese also found the relationship reciprocating.<ref>Frykenberg, Eric (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sOrglHSX6rsC&q=%22Malankara+Church%22 ''Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present''], 122–124. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-826377-5}}.</ref>) This might have helped the ancient Christian community of Kodungallur from extinction during the 1504 assault on the city.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} ====Calicut fleet==== [[File:The King of Cranganore (Kodungallur) Photo by Fedor Jagor, Ethnologisches Museum, Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin.jpg|thumb|right|The King of Cranganore (Kodungallur) Photo by Fedor Jagor, Ethnologisches Museum, Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin c.1860]] The Calicut fleet, some five ships and 80 ''paraus'', that had been dispatched to save the city was intercepted by the idling Portuguese ships near [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Palliport]] and defeated in a naval encounter.<ref>Mathew (1997: p.14)</ref> In the meantime, the [[raja]] of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (Vettattnad), whose kingdom lay to the north, on the road between Calicut and Kodungallur, and who had a spoiled relation with the Zamorin, offered to place himself under Portuguese suzerainty. It is recorded that the military of Calicut, which was led by Zamorin in person, was defeated on their way to Kodungallur by a sizeable Portuguese army with the assistance of the Tanur ruler. The raid on Cranganore and the defection of the Tanur raja were serious setbacks to the Zamorin of Calicut, pushing the frontline north and effectively placing the [[Vembanad]] lagoon out of the Zamorin's reach. The battle set the scene for Portuguese to expand their colonial authority over a significant area of the Malabar coast. By 1510, their fluid power in the Malabar coast solidified into a perceptible territorial entity.<ref name="Malekandathil2010" /> In 1662, the [[Dutch India|Dutch]] entered the competition, sacked the Portuguese in a fortnightly war, with the help of Zamorin, and occupied Kodungallur.<ref name="Kusuman1987">{{cite book|author=K. K. Kusuman|title=A History of Trade & Commerce in Travancore, 1600–1805|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbNuyHswr1cC|access-date=28 August 2012|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-026-0}}</ref> The Dutch took the control of Kodungallur fort in 1663 and it eventually protected southern Kerala, especially [[Travancore]], from the [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala|Mysorean invasion]] in 1776. In 1786, Mysorean troops again marched to northern Kerala, but failed to progress ahead of Kodungallur. On 31 July 1789, the Dutch handed over their establishments in Kodungallur and Azhikode to the Kingdom of Travancore for 300,000 Surat silver rupees.<ref name="Singh2010">{{cite book|author=Anjana Singh|title=Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA240|access-date=28 August 2012|date=30 April 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-16816-9|pages=86, 149, 158}}</ref> ==Muziris Heritage Project== [[File:Saint Micheals Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Saint Michael's Cathedral]] The Muziris Heritage Project was launched by the Government of Kerala's Department of Cultural Affairs in 2006 to "scientifically retrieve and preserve the historical heritage of the region, extending from North Paravur to Kodungallur". The Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR), identified as the nodal agency for the Muziris Heritage Project, provides academic guidance and undertakes archaeological and historical research in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keralahistory.ac.in/researchprojects.htm |title=Kerala Council for Historical Research |access-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502083309/http://keralahistory.ac.in/researchprojects.htm |archive-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Notable people== *[[Aryabhata|Aryabhatta]] *[[K. H. Hussain]], type designer.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dr-kh-husseinmalayalam-fontskfri-1.6344379|title=Relentless efforts of Hussein give Malayalam apt space in digital world|date=9 January 2022 |access-date=2022-06-28|language=en}}</ref> *[[V. Aravindakshan]], writer and thinker. Bahadur Malayalam actor ==See also== *[[Cochin|Kochi (Cochin)]] *[[Calicut|Kozhikode (Calicut)]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{commons category|Kodungallur}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Kodungalur}} *[https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&num=200&start=196&msa=0&msid=114038809751246788218.000440d8cff499fc85a7c&ll=10.226875,76.201386&spn=0.013114,0.018003&t=k&z=16 Satellite image of Kodungallur.] {{Kerala}} {{Municipalities of Kerala}} {{Thrissur district}} {{Suburbs of Kochi}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Thrissur district]] [[Category:Maritime history of India]] [[Category:Former capital cities in India]] [[Category:Suburbs of Kochi]]'