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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|German fairy tale}}
{{About|the traditional fairy tale|the Disney character|Rapunzel (Tangled){{!}}Rapunzel (''Tangled'')|other uses|Rapunzel (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Dame Gothel|other uses|Gothel (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Rapunzel
|Image_Name = Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1978, MiNr 2383.jpg
|Image_Caption = Illustration of Rapunzel and the witch on a 1978 [[East Germany|East German]] stamp
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping = ATU 310 (The Maiden in the Tower)
|AKA =
|Mythology = European
|Country =
|Region =
|Origin_Date =
|Published_In = ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]''
|Related =
}}
"'''Rapunzel'''" ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|z|əl}} {{respell|rə|PUN|zəl}}, {{IPA-de|ʁaˈpʊnt͡sl̩|lang|de-Rapunzel.ogg}}; {{lang-fr|Persinette}}) is a German<ref>https://www.grimmstories.com/en/grimm_fairy-tales/rapunzel</ref> [[fairy tale]] most notably recorded by the [[Brothers Grimm]] and published in 1812 as part of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Children's and Household Tales]]'' (KHM 12). The Brothers Grimm's story was developed from the French [[literary fairy tale]] of ''[[Persinette]]'' by [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]] (1698), which itself is an alternative version of the Italian fairy tale ''[[Petrosinella]]'' by [[Giambattista Basile]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Zipes|first=Jack|title=Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari|url-access=limited|publisher=Viking|year=1991|isbn=0670830534|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari/page/n828 794]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=Marina |date=2010 |title=After Rapunzel |journal=Marvels & Tales |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1353/mat.2010.a402479 |jstor=41388959|s2cid=201790840 }}</ref>
The tale is classified as [[Aarne–Thompson classification system|Aarne–Thompson]] type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower").<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=''Rapunzel and Other Folktales of Type 310''|url=https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/type0310.html|author=Ashliman, D. L.|date=February 25, 2022|publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Its plot has been used and parodied in various [[Mass media|media]]. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".
== Plot ==
[[File:Johnny Gruelle illustration - Rapunzel - Project Gutenberg etext 11027.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Johnny Gruelle]]]]
[[File:Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg|thumb|Illustration by {{ill|Paul Hey|de}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Bruder Grimm Kindermärchen (Brothers Grimm Children's Fairy Tales)|editor-last=Moritz|editor-first=Paul|last1=Grimm|first1=Jacob|last2=Grimm|first2=Wilhelm|others=Illustrated by Paul Hey|publisher=R. Thienemanns Verlag|location=[[Stuttgart]]|date=1941}}</ref>]]After years of wishing for a child, a couple is expecting a baby. The husband and wife live next to a large, extensive, high-walled [[Subsistence agriculture|flower and herb garden]] belonging to a [[Magician (fantasy)|sorceress]].{{efn|In the version of the story given by J. Achim Christoph Friedrich Schulz in his ''Kleine Romane'' (1790), which was the Grimms' direct source, the owner of the garden is a [[Fairy|fairy]] (''Fee''), and also appears as such in the Grimms' first edition of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1812); by the final edition of 1857 the Grimms had deliberately Germanized the story by changing her to the more Teutonic "sorceress" (''Zauberin''), just as they had changed the original "prince" (''Prinz'') to the Germanic "son of a king" (''Königssohn''). At no point, however, do they refer to her as a "[[Witchcraft|witch]]" ({{lang-de|Hexe|links=no}}), despite the common modern impression.}} The wife craves for the rapunzel (which is either [[Valerianella locusta|cornsalad]] or [[Campanula rapunculus|rampion]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heiner |first=Heidi Anne |date=2021|title= ''Rapunzel Annotations'' |url=https://www.surlalunefairytales.com/h-r/rapunzel/rapunzel-annotations.html |publisher= Sur La Lune |access-date= December 31, 2023}}</ref>) that she sees growing in the garden. She refuses to eat anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night, he scales down the garden wall to [[Theft|steal]] some rapunzel for her. When the man returns home, his wife makes a [[Salad|salad]] out of the rapunzel and eats it. But the next day, the wife craves for more rapunzel, so her husband returns to the garden that night to steal some more. As he scales down the garden wall, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. The man begs for mercy and explains his wife's condition. The sorceress agrees to be lenient, allowing the man to take all the rapunzel he wants on the condition that the baby be given to her when it is born.{{efn|In some variants of the story, the request takes a more riddling form, e.g. the foster mother demands "that which is under your belt." In other variants, the mother, worn out by the squalling of the child, wishes for someone to take it away, whereupon the figure of the foster-mother appears to claim it.<ref>Cf. the Grimms' annotations to ''Rapunzel'' (''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1856), Vol. III, p. 22.)</ref>}} Desperate, he agrees.
When the wife gives birth to a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother had craved for. Rapunzel grows up to be a beautiful child with long [[Blond|golden hair]].{{efn|In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" ({{lang-de|kostbaren Wasser|links=no}}). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long ({{convert|112+1/2|ft|m|disp=or}}), but not at all uncomfortable for her to wear;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|277}}.</ref> in the Grimms, it hangs twenty ells ({{convert|75|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us|disp=or}}) from the window-hook to the ground.<ref name="Hausmärchen 1857 p. 66">''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., {{p.|66}}.</ref>}} When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up in a [[tower]] in the middle of the [[Forest|woods]], with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window at the top.{{efn|In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|275}}.</ref> the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced by Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more threatening figure.}} In order to visit Rapunzel, the sorceress stands at the bottom of the tower and calls out:
{{quote|''Rapunzel!<br/>Rapunzel!<br/>Let down your hair<br/>That I may climb thy golden stair!''{{efn|Schulz, "''Rapunzel, laß deine Haare 'runter, daß ich 'rauf kann.''" ("Rapunzel, let down thy hairs, so I can [climb] up.");<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|278}}.</ref> Grimms, "''Rapunzel, Rapunzel, laß dein Haar herunter!''" ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let downwards thy hair!").<ref name="Hausmärchen 1857 p. 66">''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., {{p.|66}}.</ref>}}}}
Whenever Rapunzel hears that rhyme,{{efn|Jacob Grimm ostensibly believed that the strong alliteration of the rhyme indicated that it was a survival of the ancient form of Germanic poetry known as ''[[Alliterative verse|Stabreim]]'', but in actuality, it was his liberal adaption of Schulz's direct German translation of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]]'s older French version ''Persinette, Persinette, descendez vos cheveux que je monte''.<ref>Bernhard Lauer (Hrsg.): ''Rapunzel. Traditionen eines europäischen Märchenstoffes in Dichtung und Kunst'' (= ''Ausstellungen im Brüder Grimm-Museum, Große Reihe.'' Band II). Kassel 1993, ISBN 3-929633-10-8, S. 7–33.</ref>}} she fastens her long [[Braid (hairstyle)|braided hair]] to a [[hook]] in the window before letting it fall twenty [[Yard|yards]] to the ground, and the sorceress climbs up it.
A few years later, a [[Prince|prince]] rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is unable to enter it. The prince returns to the tower often, listening to Rapunzel's beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit her as usual and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, the prince bids Rapunzel to let her hair down. Thinking it is the sorceress calling her again, Rapunzel lets down her hair and the prince climbs up. The two then fall in love and secretly [[Marriage|marry]]. As the sorceress visits Rapunzel by day, the couple plans a means of escape: the prince will bring his wife a strand of [[Silk|silk]] every night until she has enough to make a [[ladder]] for her to climb down the tower and ride away with him on horseback.
Before the couple's escape plan can come to fruition, however, the sorceress visits one day and Rapunzel innocently asks her why all [[Pregnancy|her clothes are tight around the waist]] (this part comes from the 1812 original edition of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' or ''Children's and Household Tales'', most commonly known in English as ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]'';<ref>This detail is also found in Schulz, ''Kleine Romane'', p. 281.</ref> in later editions, Rapunzel instead asks "Dame Gothel",{{efn|{{lang-de|Frau Gothel|links=no}}. She refers to the previously unnamed sorceress by this title only at this point in the Grimms' story. The use of ''Frau'' in early modern German was more restricted, and referred only to a woman of noble birth, rather than to any woman as in modern German. ''Gothel'' (or ''Göthel'', ''Göthle'', ''Göthe'', etc.) was originally not a personal name, but an occupational one meaning "[[midwife]], [[wet nurse]], [[Foster care|foster mother]], [[godparent]]".<ref>Ernst Ludwig Rochholz's ''Deutsche Arbeits-Entwürfe'', Vol. II, p. 150.</ref>}} in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her<ref name=facts>Maria Tatar (1987) ''The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales'', Princeton University Press, p. 18, {{ISBN|0-691-06722-8}}</ref>). In anger, the sorceress cuts off Rapunzel's hair and banishes her into the wilderness to fend for herself.
When the prince calls that night, the sorceress hooks Rapunzel's severed hair and lets it down to haul him up. To the prince's horror, he finds himself meeting the sorceress instead of Rapunzel. After the sorceress tells the prince in a rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he throws himself from the tower, landing in a patch of [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]]. Although the prince survives, the thorns [[Visual impairment|blind]] him. A month later in the wilderness, Rapunzel gives birth to her [[Twin|twin children]] with the prince – a boy and a girl.
For some years, the blind prince wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel has been living with their children. One day, as Rapunzel sings, the prince hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, Rapunzel sheds [[Tears|tears]], two of which fall into the prince's eyes, immediately restoring his sight. The prince leads Rapunzel and their children to his kingdom where they live happily ever after.{{efn|In Schulz, the fairy, relenting from her anger, transports the whole family to his father's palace in her flying carriage.<ref>''Kleine Romane'', pp. 287–288.</ref>}}
Another version of the story ends with the revelation that the sorceress had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.<ref name="wbarker">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) ''Household Tales'' (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "[http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html Rapunzel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103121252/http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html |date=3 November 2016 }}"</ref>
== Origin and development ==
=== Mythological and religious inspiration ===
Some researchers have proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the "Maiden in the Tower" archetype is to the pre-Christian European (or [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|proto-Indo-European]]) [[Solar deity|sun]] or [[Dawn deities|dawn goddess]] myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Storl|first=Wolf D.|title=A Curious History of Vegetables: Aphrodisiacal and Healing Properties, Folk Tales, Garden Tips, and Recipes|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=2016|isbn=9781623170394|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Beresnevičius|first=Gintaras|title=Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija|publisher=Tyto alba|year=2004|isbn=9986163897|location=Vilnius|pages=19}}</ref> Similar myths include that of the [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]] [[Solar deity|solar goddess]], [[Saulė]], who is held captive in a tower by a king.<ref name="9986-16-389-7_p19">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. {{ISBN|9986-16-389-7}}.</ref> Inspiration may also be taken from the [[Classical mythology|classical myth]] of the hero, [[Perseus]]; Perseus' mother, the Princess [[Danaë]], was confined to a [[bronze|bronze tower]] by her own father, [[Acrisius]], the King of [[Ancient Argos|Argos]], in an attempt to prevent her from becoming pregnant, as it was foretold by the [[Pythia|Oracle of Delphi]] that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.
Inspiration may come from [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]], in Irish myth.
Inspiration may come from the story of [[Saint Barbara]] of [[Nicomedia]], who is said to have been a beautiful woman who was confined to a tower by her father to hide her away from suitors.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://folkstory.com/articles/stbabs.html|title=A Day to Honor Saint Barbara|last=Young|first=Jonathan|date=30 November 1997|website=The Center for Story and Symbol|access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> While in the tower, she is said to have converted to Christianity and be ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Her story was included in ''[[The Book of the City of Ladies]]'', completed by 1405 by [[Christine de Pizan]] in vernacular French, which may have been highly influential on later writers, as it was popular throughout Europe.<ref name=":0" />
=== Literary development ===
The earliest surviving reference to a female character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the Persian epic poem ''[[Shahnameh]]'', written by [[Ferdowsi]] between {{c.}} 977 and 1010 CE.<ref name=":0" /> The heroine of the story, [[Rudaba|Rudāba]], offers her hair so that her love interest [[Zāl]] may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope so that she will not hurt herself.<ref name=":0" />
The first written record of a story that may be recognized as ''Rapunzel'' is [[Giambattista Basile|Giambattista Basile's]] ''[[Petrosinella]]'', translating to parsley, which was published in [[Naples]] in the local dialect in 1634 in a collection entitled ''Lo cunto de li cunti'' (The Story of Stories).<ref name=":1" /> This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken by the villain as a child rather than a baby, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to be reunited in the end.<ref name=":1" /> Most importantly, this version of the story contains a "flight" scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the tower.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Getty|first=Laura J|date=1997|title=Maidens and their guardians: Reinterpreting the Rapunzel tale|journal=Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature|volume=30|issue=2|pages=37–52|jstor=44029886}}</ref> This "flight" scene, with three magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] region, notably [[Sicily]] (''Angiola''), [[Malta]] (''Little Parsley'' and ''Little Fennel''), and [[Greece]] (''Anthousa the Fair with Golden Hair'').<ref name=":2" />
In 1697, [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]] published a variation of the story, ''[[Persinette]]'', while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tatar|first=Maria|title=The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-691-06722-8|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=18, 19, 45}}</ref> Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early ''conteuses'' as a contemporary to [[Charles Perrault]].<ref name=":0" /> This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later versions by the Grimm Brothers.<ref name=":2" /> It is the first version to include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince's blinding, the birth of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with the antagonist taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> While de la Force's claim that ''Persinette'' was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.<ref name=":3" />
=== German adaptation ===
The very first known German translation of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]]'s tale ''[[Persinette]]'' came about in 1766 by Friedrich Immanuel Bierling under the name "''Das Cabinet der Feen. Oder gesammelte Feen-Märchen in neun Theilen, Aus dem Französischen übersetzt''", published in Nürenberg. More famously, ''Persinette'' was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in ''Kleine Romane'' (''Little Novels''), as it was Schulz who changed the plant and the maiden's name to Rapunzel.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loo |first=Oliver |title=Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |year=2015 |isbn=978-1507639566 |pages=1–66}}</ref>''' [[Brothers Grimm|Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm]] included the story in their first (1812) and seventh (1857) edition publications of ''[[Children's and Household Tales]]'' and removed elements that they believed were added to the "original" German fairy tale.<ref name=":2" /> Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the "Maiden in the Tower" in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to have connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition.<ref name=":2" /> Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince's visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version edited by [[Wilhelm Grimm]], it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children.<ref name=":3" /> It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audience.<ref name=":3" />
=== Distribution ===
According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, by analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croatian and 1 from Corsica.<ref>Megas, Geōrgios A. ''Folktales of Greece''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970. p. 223.</ref>
Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe".<ref>Zipes, Jack. ''Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach''. Routledge, 2004. p. 343. {{ISBN|9781135511685}}.</ref> However, scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Central and South Europe, and in the Middle East.<ref>Deker, Ton. "Raponsje (rapunzel)". In: ''Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties''. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & [[Jurjen van der Kooi]] & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 293.</ref> In the same vein, [[Stith Thompson]] argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.<ref>Thompson, Stith (1977). ''The Folktale''. University of California Press. p. 102. {{ISBN|0-520-03537-2}}.</ref>
Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from ''[[The Arabian Nights]]'' compilation.<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. ''The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia''. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. p. 12. {{ISBN|1-85109-640-X}} (e-book)</ref>
== Themes and characterization ==
[[File:Dresden Altmarkt 14.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Rapunzel in [[Dresden]], [[Saxony]], Germany]]
Many scholars have interpreted "Maiden in the Tower" stories, which Rapunzel is a part of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians.<ref name=":2" /> Scholars have drawn comparisons of the confinement of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women's lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.<ref name=":1" />
Scholars have also noted the strong theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions after ''[[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force|Persinette]]'' and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Vellenga |first=Carolyn |date=1992 |title=Rapunzel's desire. A reading of Mlle de la Force |journal=Merveilles & Contes |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=59–73 |jstor=41390334}}</ref>
The seemingly unfair bargain that the husband makes with the sorceress in the opening of ''Rapunzel'' is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'', when Jack trades a cow for beans, and in ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]'', when Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatar |first=Maria |title=The Annotated Brothers Grimm |publisher=WW Norton |year=2004 |isbn=0393088863 |pages=58}}</ref> Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable, since the husband would have perceived his actions as saving his wife at the cost of his child.<ref name=":4" /> Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings, and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a need for [[Vitamin|vitamins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zipes |first=Jack |title=The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2000 |isbn=039397636X |pages=474}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Heiner |first=Heidi Anne |date=2014 |title=Annotated Rapunzel |url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201155608/http://surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE |archive-date=1 December 2010 |access-date=30 March 2020 |work=SurLaLune Fairy Tales}}</ref>
The "Maiden in the Tower" archetype has drawn comparisons to a possible lost [[Matriarchal religion|matriarchal myth]] connected to the [[Hieros gamos|sacred marriage]] between the prince and the maiden and the rivalry between the maiden, representing life and spring, and the [[crone]], representing death and winter.<ref name=":0" />
== Cultural legacy ==
=== Literary media ===
[[File:Early poems of William Morris - Florence Harrison illustration at page 091.png|thumb|[[Florence Harrison]]'s illustration for Rapunzel in a collection of early poems by [[William Morris]]]]
[[Andrew Lang]] included the story in his 1890 publication ''[[The Red Fairy Book]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|title=The Red Fairy Book|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1890|isbn=978-9389232394|location=London, England|pages=282–285}}</ref> Other versions of the tale also appear in ''[[A Book of Witches]]'' (1965) by [[Ruth Manning-Sanders]] and in [[Paul O. Zelinsky]]'s [[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Medal-winning]] picture book, ''[[Rapunzel (book)|Rapunzel]]'' (1997).
[[Anne Sexton]] wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection ''Transformations'' (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the ''Grimm's Fairy tales''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sexton|first=Anne|title=Transformations|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=2001|isbn=978-0395127216|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
[[Donna Jo Napoli]]'s novel ''Zel'' (1996) retells the Rapunzel story from three perspectives: the maiden, her mother, and the prince.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Napoli |first1=Donna Jo |title=Zel |date=1996 |publisher=Puffin Books |isbn=9780141301167}}</ref>
''[[Cress (novel)|Cress]]'' is the third book in the ''[[The Lunar Chronicles|Lunar Chronicles]]'', a [[Young adult fiction|young adult]] [[science fiction]] series written by [[Marissa Meyer]] that is an adaptation of ''Rapunzel''. Crescent, [[nickname]]d "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella.
[[Kate Forsyth]] has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force|Mademoiselle de la Force]] entitled, ''Bitter Greens'', and her second book was [[non-fiction]] describing the development of the tale entitled, ''The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Kate |title=The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower |publisher=FableCroft Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9925534-9-4 }}</ref>
In [[Nikita Gill]]'s 2018 poetry collection ''Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul'' she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including ''Rapunzel's Note Left for Mother Gothel'' and ''Rapunzel, Rapunzel''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Nikita|title=Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul|publisher=Hachette|year=2018|isbn=9780316420730|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
In 2022, Mary McMyne published a standalone adult historical fantasy novel ''The Book of Gothel,'' which speculates that the witch's character was inspired by the life of a medieval midwife named Haelewise, daughter-of-Hedda, who lived in 12th century Germania. The novel is a revisionist backstory for Rapunzel that also connects to elements of [[Snow White]], [[Little Red Riding Hood]], and other tales.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McMyne |first1=Mary |title=The Book of Gothel |date=2022 |publisher=Hachette|isbn=978-0316393119}}</ref>
=== Film media ===
* ''The Story of Rapunzel'' (1951), a [[Stop motion|stop-motion]] animated short directed by [[Ray Harryhausen]].
* A live action version was filmed for television as part of [[Shelley Duvall]]'s series ''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'', airing on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]. It aired on 5 February 1983. [[Jeff Bridges]] played the prince and Rapunzel's father, [[Shelley Duvall]] played Rapunzel and her mother, [[Gena Rowlands]] played the witch, and [[Roddy McDowall]] narrated.
* A 1988 German film adaption, ''{{ill|Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen|de}}'' (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale ''[[Maid Maleen]]''. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.
* A 1990 [[straight-to-video]] animated film adaption by [[Hanna-Barbera]] and [[Hallmark Cards]], simply titled ''Rapunzel'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217949/|title=Timeless Tales from Hallmark Rapunzel (TV Episode 1990)|date=13 March 1990|work=IMDb}}</ref> featured [[Olivia Newton-John]] narrating the story.
* ''[[Into the Woods]]'' is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099851/|title="American Playhouse" Into the Woods (TV Episode 1991)|author=weymo|date=15 March 1991|work=IMDb}}</ref> in 1991 by ''[[American Playhouse]]''. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife. A [[Into the Woods (film)|film adaptation]] of ''Into the Woods'' by [[The Walt Disney Company]] was released late in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2180411/|title=Into the Woods (2014)|author=isaacglover_05|date=25 December 2014|work=IMDb}}</ref> where Rapunzel is portrayed by [[MacKenzie Mauzy]].
* In ''[[Barbie as Rapunzel]]'' (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by [[Anjelica Huston]]) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.
* In ''[[Shrek the Third]]'' (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by [[Maya Rudolph]]) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.
* [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]' ''[[Tangled]]'' (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Princess Rapunzel]] (voiced by [[Mandy Moore]]) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Rapunzel also features in the short sequel, ''[[Tangled Ever After]]'' and another film, ''[[Tangled: Before Ever After]]''.
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]] hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live-action Rapunzel movie. It is unknown if the film will be a remake of ''Tangled'', a new adaptation, or a combination of both.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidethemagic.net/2020/02/disney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1/|title=This Just In: Disney Is Reportedly Making A Live-Action Rapunzel Movie|website=Inside the Magic|last=Coffey|first=Kelly|date=14 February 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
=== Television media ===
==== Live action television media ====
''[[Shirley Temple's Storybook]]'' (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0699613/?ref_=ttep_ep13|title=Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958–1961) Rapunzel|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> [[Carol Lynley]] played Rapunzel and [[Agnes Moorehead]] played the evil witch.<ref name=":7" />
The fictional TV show, "The Flora Follicle Show" on ''Slim Goodbody in Nutri-City'' had a direct reference to the Rapunzel story, as Flora Follicle played Rapunzel to Lustre Lanolin's Prince Charming.
In the American fairy tale miniseries, ''[[The Tenth Kingdom]]'' (2000), the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0207275/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=The 10th Kingdom|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
Rapunzel appears in the ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'' episode [[The Tower (Once Upon a Time)|''The Tower'']] (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3502872/?ref_=ttep_ep14|title=Once Upon a Time The Tower|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of ''Once Upon a Time'' (Season 7, 2018), portrayed by [[Gabrielle Anwar]] and [[Meegan Warner]] in flashbacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1843230/episodes?season=7|title=Once Upon a Time Season 7|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to [[Cinderella]].
==== Animated television media ====
The American television animated anthology series, ''[[Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child]]'' (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full [[African Americans|African-American]] cast and set in [[New Orleans]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Rapunzel |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1222131/?ref_=ttep_ep8 |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=IMDb}}</ref> The episode starred [[Tisha Campbell|Tisha Campbell-Martin]] as Rapunzel, [[Whoopi Goldberg]] as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, [[Meshach Taylor]] as the Woodcutter, [[Hazelle Goodman]] as the Woodcutter's Wife, [[Donald Fullilove]] as Friend #1, and [[Tico Wells]] as Friend #2.<ref name=":8" />
The [[Mattel]] cartoon ''[[Ever After High]]'' (2013–2017), features Rapunzel's identical twin daughters: Holly and Poppy O'Hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3312378/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=Ever After High (2013–2017) Full Cast & Crew|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
''[[Tangled: The Series]]'' (2017–2020) is a 2D animated TV show based on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Animation's]] computer animated musical feature film ''[[Tangled]]''. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Rapunzel]] and [[Eugene Fitzherbert]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4902964/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|title=Tangled: The Series|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel's biological daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5533228/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=Tangled: Before Ever After|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
The Japanese anime series ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'' (1987–1989) features the tale in its second season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1075683/?ref_=tt_cl_i1|title=Grimm Masterpiece Theatre Rapuntseru|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Germany|Children's literature}}
* [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]]
* [[Rapunzel syndrome]]
* [[Danaë]], daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was trapped in a bronze tower or cave.
* [[Puddocky]]
* [[Maid Maleen]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Grimm |first=Jacob and Wilhelm |author-link=Brothers Grimm |translator=Margaret Hunt |translator-link=Margaret Raine Hunt |title=Grimm's Household Tales: With the Author's Notes (Kinder- und Hausmärchen)|volume=1 |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |year=1884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLwxAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|title= Kleine Romane|last=Schulz|first=Friedrich|publisher= [[BiblioBazaar|Nabu Press]]|date=2012|isbn= 1273559878}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jacob-grimm_wilhelm-grimm/household-tales/margaret-hunt|Display Name=The complete set of Grimms' Fairy Tales, including ''{{PAGENAMEBASE}}''|noitalics=true}}
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimmtales.html D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website]. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, ''The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography,'' (Helsinki, 1961).
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012a.html English comparison of the 1812 and 1857 versions of Rapunzel]
{{Brothers Grimm|state=expanded}}
{{Rapunzel}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rapunzel| ]]
[[Category:Grimms' Fairy Tales]]
[[Category:European fairy tales]]
[[Category:German fairy tales]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional German people]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:ATU 300-399]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|German fairy tale}}
{{About|the traditional fairy tale|the Disney character|Rapunzel (Tangled){{!}}Rapunzel (''Tangled'')|other uses|Rapunzel (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Dame Gothel|other uses|Gothel (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Rapunzel
|Image_Name = Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1978, MiNr 2383.jpg
|Image_Caption = Illustration of Rapunzel and the witch on a 1978 [[East Germany|East German]] stamp
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping = ATU 310 (The Maiden in the Tower)
|AKA =
|Mythology = European
|Country =
|Region =
|Origin_Date =
|Published_In = ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]''
|Related =
}}
"'''Rapunzel'''" ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|z|əl}} {{respell|rə|PUN|zəl}}, {{IPA-de|ʁaˈpʊnt͡sl̩|lang|de-Rapunzel.ogg}}; {{lang-fr|Persinette}}) is a German<ref>https://www.grimmstories.com/en/grimm_fairy-tales/rapunzel</ref> [[fairy tale]] most notably recorded by the [[Brothers Grimm]] and published in 1812 as part of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Children's and Household Tales]]'' (KHM 12). The Brothers Grimm's story was developed from the French [[literary fairy tale]] of ''[[Persinette]]'' by [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]] (1698), which itself is an alternative version of the Italian fairy tale ''[[Petrosinella]]'' by [[Giambattista Basile]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Zipes|first=Jack|title=Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari|url-access=limited|publisher=Viking|year=1991|isbn=0670830534|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari/page/n828 794]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Warner |first=Marina |date=2010 |title=After Rapunzel |journal=Marvels & Tales |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1353/mat.2010.a402479 |jstor=41388959|s2cid=201790840 }}</ref>
The tale is classified as [[Aarne–Thompson classification system|Aarne–Thompson]] type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower").<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=''Rapunzel and Other Folktales of Type 310''|url=https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/type0310.html|author=Ashliman, D. L.|date=February 25, 2022|publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Its plot has been used and parodied in various [[Mass media|media]]. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".
== Vanessa Quotes ==
"Look, Scuttle, [[he's]] singing Under the Sea! Let's go find him!"
"Don't worry, Sebastian. You are very talented to see me."
"I [[wish]]..."
"Perhaps we can go together?"
"Butylene is telling me the [[truth]]."
When the wife gives birth to a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother had craved for. Rapunzel grows up to be a beautiful child with long [[Blond|golden hair]].{{efn|In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" ({{lang-de|kostbaren Wasser|links=no}}). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long ({{convert|112+1/2|ft|m|disp=or}}), but not at all uncomfortable for her to wear;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|277}}.</ref> in the Grimms, it hangs twenty ells ({{convert|75|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us|disp=or}}) from the window-hook to the ground.<ref name="Hausmärchen 1857 p. 66">''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., {{p.|66}}.</ref>}} When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up in a [[tower]] in the middle of the [[Forest|woods]], with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window at the top.{{efn|In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|275}}.</ref> the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced by Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more threatening figure.}} In order to visit Rapunzel, the sorceress stands at the bottom of the tower and calls out:
{{quote|''Rapunzel!<br/>Rapunzel!<br/>Let down your hair<br/>That I may climb thy golden stair!''{{efn|Schulz, "''Rapunzel, laß deine Haare 'runter, daß ich 'rauf kann.''" ("Rapunzel, let down thy hairs, so I can [climb] up.");<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|278}}.</ref> Grimms, "''Rapunzel, Rapunzel, laß dein Haar herunter!''" ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let downwards thy hair!").<ref name="Hausmärchen 1857 p. 66">''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., {{p.|66}}.</ref>}}}}
Whenever Rapunzel hears that rhyme,{{efn|Jacob Grimm ostensibly believed that the strong alliteration of the rhyme indicated that it was a survival of the ancient form of Germanic poetry known as ''[[Alliterative verse|Stabreim]]'', but in actuality, it was his liberal adaption of Schulz's direct German translation of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]]'s older French version ''Persinette, Persinette, descendez vos cheveux que je monte''.<ref>Bernhard Lauer (Hrsg.): ''Rapunzel. Traditionen eines europäischen Märchenstoffes in Dichtung und Kunst'' (= ''Ausstellungen im Brüder Grimm-Museum, Große Reihe.'' Band II). Kassel 1993, ISBN 3-929633-10-8, S. 7–33.</ref>}} she fastens her long [[Braid (hairstyle)|braided hair]] to a [[hook]] in the window before letting it fall twenty [[Yard|yards]] to the ground, and the sorceress climbs up it.
A few years later, a [[Prince|prince]] rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is unable to enter it. The prince returns to the tower often, listening to Rapunzel's beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit her as usual and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, the prince bids Rapunzel to let her hair down. Thinking it is the sorceress calling her again, Rapunzel lets down her hair and the prince climbs up. The two then fall in love and secretly [[Marriage|marry]]. As the sorceress visits Rapunzel by day, the couple plans a means of escape: the prince will bring his wife a strand of [[Silk|silk]] every night until she has enough to make a [[ladder]] for her to climb down the tower and ride away with him on horseback.
Before the couple's escape plan can come to fruition, however, the sorceress visits one day and Rapunzel innocently asks her why all [[Pregnancy|her clothes are tight around the waist]] (this part comes from the 1812 original edition of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' or ''Children's and Household Tales'', most commonly known in English as ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]'';<ref>This detail is also found in Schulz, ''Kleine Romane'', p. 281.</ref> in later editions, Rapunzel instead asks "Dame Gothel",{{efn|{{lang-de|Frau Gothel|links=no}}. She refers to the previously unnamed sorceress by this title only at this point in the Grimms' story. The use of ''Frau'' in early modern German was more restricted, and referred only to a woman of noble birth, rather than to any woman as in modern German. ''Gothel'' (or ''Göthel'', ''Göthle'', ''Göthe'', etc.) was originally not a personal name, but an occupational one meaning "[[midwife]], [[wet nurse]], [[Foster care|foster mother]], [[godparent]]".<ref>Ernst Ludwig Rochholz's ''Deutsche Arbeits-Entwürfe'', Vol. II, p. 150.</ref>}} in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her<ref name=facts>Maria Tatar (1987) ''The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales'', Princeton University Press, p. 18, {{ISBN|0-691-06722-8}}</ref>). In anger, the sorceress cuts off Rapunzel's hair and banishes her into the wilderness to fend for herself.
When the prince calls that night, the sorceress hooks Rapunzel's severed hair and lets it down to haul him up. To the prince's horror, he finds himself meeting the sorceress instead of Rapunzel. After the sorceress tells the prince in a rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he throws himself from the tower, landing in a patch of [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|thorns]]. Although the prince survives, the thorns [[Visual impairment|blind]] him. A month later in the wilderness, Rapunzel gives birth to her [[Twin|twin children]] with the prince – a boy and a girl.
For some years, the blind prince wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel has been living with their children. One day, as Rapunzel sings, the prince hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, Rapunzel sheds [[Tears|tears]], two of which fall into the prince's eyes, immediately restoring his sight. The prince leads Rapunzel and their children to his kingdom where they live happily ever after.{{efn|In Schulz, the fairy, relenting from her anger, transports the whole family to his father's palace in her flying carriage.<ref>''Kleine Romane'', pp. 287–288.</ref>}}
Another version of the story ends with the revelation that the sorceress had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.<ref name="wbarker">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) ''Household Tales'' (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "[http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html Rapunzel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103121252/http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html |date=3 November 2016 }}"</ref>
== Origin and development ==
=== Mythological and religious inspiration ===
Some researchers have proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the "Maiden in the Tower" archetype is to the pre-Christian European (or [[Proto-Indo-European mythology|proto-Indo-European]]) [[Solar deity|sun]] or [[Dawn deities|dawn goddess]] myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Storl|first=Wolf D.|title=A Curious History of Vegetables: Aphrodisiacal and Healing Properties, Folk Tales, Garden Tips, and Recipes|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=2016|isbn=9781623170394|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Beresnevičius|first=Gintaras|title=Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija|publisher=Tyto alba|year=2004|isbn=9986163897|location=Vilnius|pages=19}}</ref> Similar myths include that of the [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]] [[Solar deity|solar goddess]], [[Saulė]], who is held captive in a tower by a king.<ref name="9986-16-389-7_p19">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. {{ISBN|9986-16-389-7}}.</ref> Inspiration may also be taken from the [[Classical mythology|classical myth]] of the hero, [[Perseus]]; Perseus' mother, the Princess [[Danaë]], was confined to a [[bronze|bronze tower]] by her own father, [[Acrisius]], the King of [[Ancient Argos|Argos]], in an attempt to prevent her from becoming pregnant, as it was foretold by the [[Pythia|Oracle of Delphi]] that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.
Inspiration may come from [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]], in Irish myth.
Inspiration may come from the story of [[Saint Barbara]] of [[Nicomedia]], who is said to have been a beautiful woman who was confined to a tower by her father to hide her away from suitors.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://folkstory.com/articles/stbabs.html|title=A Day to Honor Saint Barbara|last=Young|first=Jonathan|date=30 November 1997|website=The Center for Story and Symbol|access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> While in the tower, she is said to have converted to Christianity and be ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Her story was included in ''[[The Book of the City of Ladies]]'', completed by 1405 by [[Christine de Pizan]] in vernacular French, which may have been highly influential on later writers, as it was popular throughout Europe.<ref name=":0" />
=== Literary development ===
The earliest surviving reference to a female character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the Persian epic poem ''[[Shahnameh]]'', written by [[Ferdowsi]] between {{c.}} 977 and 1010 CE.<ref name=":0" /> The heroine of the story, [[Rudaba|Rudāba]], offers her hair so that her love interest [[Zāl]] may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope so that she will not hurt herself.<ref name=":0" />
The first written record of a story that may be recognized as ''Rapunzel'' is [[Giambattista Basile|Giambattista Basile's]] ''[[Petrosinella]]'', translating to parsley, which was published in [[Naples]] in the local dialect in 1634 in a collection entitled ''Lo cunto de li cunti'' (The Story of Stories).<ref name=":1" /> This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken by the villain as a child rather than a baby, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to be reunited in the end.<ref name=":1" /> Most importantly, this version of the story contains a "flight" scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the tower.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Getty|first=Laura J|date=1997|title=Maidens and their guardians: Reinterpreting the Rapunzel tale|journal=Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature|volume=30|issue=2|pages=37–52|jstor=44029886}}</ref> This "flight" scene, with three magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] region, notably [[Sicily]] (''Angiola''), [[Malta]] (''Little Parsley'' and ''Little Fennel''), and [[Greece]] (''Anthousa the Fair with Golden Hair'').<ref name=":2" />
In 1697, [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]] published a variation of the story, ''[[Persinette]]'', while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tatar|first=Maria|title=The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-691-06722-8|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=18, 19, 45}}</ref> Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early ''conteuses'' as a contemporary to [[Charles Perrault]].<ref name=":0" /> This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later versions by the Grimm Brothers.<ref name=":2" /> It is the first version to include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince's blinding, the birth of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with the antagonist taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> While de la Force's claim that ''Persinette'' was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.<ref name=":3" />
=== German adaptation ===
The very first known German translation of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]]'s tale ''[[Persinette]]'' came about in 1766 by Friedrich Immanuel Bierling under the name "''Das Cabinet der Feen. Oder gesammelte Feen-Märchen in neun Theilen, Aus dem Französischen übersetzt''", published in Nürenberg. More famously, ''Persinette'' was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in ''Kleine Romane'' (''Little Novels''), as it was Schulz who changed the plant and the maiden's name to Rapunzel.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loo |first=Oliver |title=Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |year=2015 |isbn=978-1507639566 |pages=1–66}}</ref>''' [[Brothers Grimm|Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm]] included the story in their first (1812) and seventh (1857) edition publications of ''[[Children's and Household Tales]]'' and removed elements that they believed were added to the "original" German fairy tale.<ref name=":2" /> Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the "Maiden in the Tower" in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to have connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition.<ref name=":2" /> Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince's visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version edited by [[Wilhelm Grimm]], it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children.<ref name=":3" /> It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audience.<ref name=":3" />
=== Distribution ===
According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, by analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croatian and 1 from Corsica.<ref>Megas, Geōrgios A. ''Folktales of Greece''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970. p. 223.</ref>
Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe".<ref>Zipes, Jack. ''Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach''. Routledge, 2004. p. 343. {{ISBN|9781135511685}}.</ref> However, scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Central and South Europe, and in the Middle East.<ref>Deker, Ton. "Raponsje (rapunzel)". In: ''Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties''. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & [[Jurjen van der Kooi]] & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 293.</ref> In the same vein, [[Stith Thompson]] argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.<ref>Thompson, Stith (1977). ''The Folktale''. University of California Press. p. 102. {{ISBN|0-520-03537-2}}.</ref>
Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from ''[[The Arabian Nights]]'' compilation.<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. ''The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia''. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. p. 12. {{ISBN|1-85109-640-X}} (e-book)</ref>
== Themes and characterization ==
[[File:Dresden Altmarkt 14.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Rapunzel in [[Dresden]], [[Saxony]], Germany]]
Many scholars have interpreted "Maiden in the Tower" stories, which Rapunzel is a part of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians.<ref name=":2" /> Scholars have drawn comparisons of the confinement of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women's lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.<ref name=":1" />
Scholars have also noted the strong theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions after ''[[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force|Persinette]]'' and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Vellenga |first=Carolyn |date=1992 |title=Rapunzel's desire. A reading of Mlle de la Force |journal=Merveilles & Contes |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=59–73 |jstor=41390334}}</ref>
The seemingly unfair bargain that the husband makes with the sorceress in the opening of ''Rapunzel'' is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'', when Jack trades a cow for beans, and in ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]'', when Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatar |first=Maria |title=The Annotated Brothers Grimm |publisher=WW Norton |year=2004 |isbn=0393088863 |pages=58}}</ref> Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable, since the husband would have perceived his actions as saving his wife at the cost of his child.<ref name=":4" /> Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings, and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a need for [[Vitamin|vitamins]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zipes |first=Jack |title=The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2000 |isbn=039397636X |pages=474}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Heiner |first=Heidi Anne |date=2014 |title=Annotated Rapunzel |url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201155608/http://surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE |archive-date=1 December 2010 |access-date=30 March 2020 |work=SurLaLune Fairy Tales}}</ref>
The "Maiden in the Tower" archetype has drawn comparisons to a possible lost [[Matriarchal religion|matriarchal myth]] connected to the [[Hieros gamos|sacred marriage]] between the prince and the maiden and the rivalry between the maiden, representing life and spring, and the [[crone]], representing death and winter.<ref name=":0" />
== Cultural legacy ==
=== Literary media ===
[[File:Early poems of William Morris - Florence Harrison illustration at page 091.png|thumb|[[Florence Harrison]]'s illustration for Rapunzel in a collection of early poems by [[William Morris]]]]
[[Andrew Lang]] included the story in his 1890 publication ''[[The Red Fairy Book]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|title=The Red Fairy Book|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1890|isbn=978-9389232394|location=London, England|pages=282–285}}</ref> Other versions of the tale also appear in ''[[A Book of Witches]]'' (1965) by [[Ruth Manning-Sanders]] and in [[Paul O. Zelinsky]]'s [[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Medal-winning]] picture book, ''[[Rapunzel (book)|Rapunzel]]'' (1997).
[[Anne Sexton]] wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection ''Transformations'' (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the ''Grimm's Fairy tales''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sexton|first=Anne|title=Transformations|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=2001|isbn=978-0395127216|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
[[Donna Jo Napoli]]'s novel ''Zel'' (1996) retells the Rapunzel story from three perspectives: the maiden, her mother, and the prince.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Napoli |first1=Donna Jo |title=Zel |date=1996 |publisher=Puffin Books |isbn=9780141301167}}</ref>
''[[Cress (novel)|Cress]]'' is the third book in the ''[[The Lunar Chronicles|Lunar Chronicles]]'', a [[Young adult fiction|young adult]] [[science fiction]] series written by [[Marissa Meyer]] that is an adaptation of ''Rapunzel''. Crescent, [[nickname]]d "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella.
[[Kate Forsyth]] has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force|Mademoiselle de la Force]] entitled, ''Bitter Greens'', and her second book was [[non-fiction]] describing the development of the tale entitled, ''The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Kate |title=The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower |publisher=FableCroft Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9925534-9-4 }}</ref>
In [[Nikita Gill]]'s 2018 poetry collection ''Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul'' she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including ''Rapunzel's Note Left for Mother Gothel'' and ''Rapunzel, Rapunzel''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Nikita|title=Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul|publisher=Hachette|year=2018|isbn=9780316420730|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
In 2022, Mary McMyne published a standalone adult historical fantasy novel ''The Book of Gothel,'' which speculates that the witch's character was inspired by the life of a medieval midwife named Haelewise, daughter-of-Hedda, who lived in 12th century Germania. The novel is a revisionist backstory for Rapunzel that also connects to elements of [[Snow White]], [[Little Red Riding Hood]], and other tales.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McMyne |first1=Mary |title=The Book of Gothel |date=2022 |publisher=Hachette|isbn=978-0316393119}}</ref>
=== Film media ===
* ''The Story of Rapunzel'' (1951), a [[Stop motion|stop-motion]] animated short directed by [[Ray Harryhausen]].
* A live action version was filmed for television as part of [[Shelley Duvall]]'s series ''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'', airing on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]. It aired on 5 February 1983. [[Jeff Bridges]] played the prince and Rapunzel's father, [[Shelley Duvall]] played Rapunzel and her mother, [[Gena Rowlands]] played the witch, and [[Roddy McDowall]] narrated.
* A 1988 German film adaption, ''{{ill|Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen|de}}'' (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale ''[[Maid Maleen]]''. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.
* A 1990 [[straight-to-video]] animated film adaption by [[Hanna-Barbera]] and [[Hallmark Cards]], simply titled ''Rapunzel'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217949/|title=Timeless Tales from Hallmark Rapunzel (TV Episode 1990)|date=13 March 1990|work=IMDb}}</ref> featured [[Olivia Newton-John]] narrating the story.
* ''[[Into the Woods]]'' is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099851/|title="American Playhouse" Into the Woods (TV Episode 1991)|author=weymo|date=15 March 1991|work=IMDb}}</ref> in 1991 by ''[[American Playhouse]]''. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife. A [[Into the Woods (film)|film adaptation]] of ''Into the Woods'' by [[The Walt Disney Company]] was released late in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2180411/|title=Into the Woods (2014)|author=isaacglover_05|date=25 December 2014|work=IMDb}}</ref> where Rapunzel is portrayed by [[MacKenzie Mauzy]].
* In ''[[Barbie as Rapunzel]]'' (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by [[Anjelica Huston]]) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.
* In ''[[Shrek the Third]]'' (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by [[Maya Rudolph]]) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.
* [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]' ''[[Tangled]]'' (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Princess Rapunzel]] (voiced by [[Mandy Moore]]) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Rapunzel also features in the short sequel, ''[[Tangled Ever After]]'' and another film, ''[[Tangled: Before Ever After]]''.
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]] hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live-action Rapunzel movie. It is unknown if the film will be a remake of ''Tangled'', a new adaptation, or a combination of both.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidethemagic.net/2020/02/disney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1/|title=This Just In: Disney Is Reportedly Making A Live-Action Rapunzel Movie|website=Inside the Magic|last=Coffey|first=Kelly|date=14 February 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
=== Television media ===
==== Live action television media ====
''[[Shirley Temple's Storybook]]'' (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0699613/?ref_=ttep_ep13|title=Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958–1961) Rapunzel|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> [[Carol Lynley]] played Rapunzel and [[Agnes Moorehead]] played the evil witch.<ref name=":7" />
The fictional TV show, "The Flora Follicle Show" on ''Slim Goodbody in Nutri-City'' had a direct reference to the Rapunzel story, as Flora Follicle played Rapunzel to Lustre Lanolin's Prince Charming.
In the American fairy tale miniseries, ''[[The Tenth Kingdom]]'' (2000), the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0207275/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=The 10th Kingdom|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
Rapunzel appears in the ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'' episode [[The Tower (Once Upon a Time)|''The Tower'']] (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3502872/?ref_=ttep_ep14|title=Once Upon a Time The Tower|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of ''Once Upon a Time'' (Season 7, 2018), portrayed by [[Gabrielle Anwar]] and [[Meegan Warner]] in flashbacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1843230/episodes?season=7|title=Once Upon a Time Season 7|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to [[Cinderella]].
==== Animated television media ====
The American television animated anthology series, ''[[Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child]]'' (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full [[African Americans|African-American]] cast and set in [[New Orleans]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Rapunzel |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1222131/?ref_=ttep_ep8 |access-date=1 April 2020 |website=IMDb}}</ref> The episode starred [[Tisha Campbell|Tisha Campbell-Martin]] as Rapunzel, [[Whoopi Goldberg]] as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, [[Meshach Taylor]] as the Woodcutter, [[Hazelle Goodman]] as the Woodcutter's Wife, [[Donald Fullilove]] as Friend #1, and [[Tico Wells]] as Friend #2.<ref name=":8" />
The [[Mattel]] cartoon ''[[Ever After High]]'' (2013–2017), features Rapunzel's identical twin daughters: Holly and Poppy O'Hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3312378/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=Ever After High (2013–2017) Full Cast & Crew|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
''[[Tangled: The Series]]'' (2017–2020) is a 2D animated TV show based on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Animation's]] computer animated musical feature film ''[[Tangled]]''. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Rapunzel]] and [[Eugene Fitzherbert]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4902964/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|title=Tangled: The Series|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel's biological daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5533228/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=Tangled: Before Ever After|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
The Japanese anime series ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'' (1987–1989) features the tale in its second season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1075683/?ref_=tt_cl_i1|title=Grimm Masterpiece Theatre Rapuntseru|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Germany|Children's literature}}
* [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]]
* [[Rapunzel syndrome]]
* [[Danaë]], daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was trapped in a bronze tower or cave.
* [[Puddocky]]
* [[Maid Maleen]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Grimm |first=Jacob and Wilhelm |author-link=Brothers Grimm |translator=Margaret Hunt |translator-link=Margaret Raine Hunt |title=Grimm's Household Tales: With the Author's Notes (Kinder- und Hausmärchen)|volume=1 |location=London |publisher=George Bell and Sons |year=1884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLwxAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|title= Kleine Romane|last=Schulz|first=Friedrich|publisher= [[BiblioBazaar|Nabu Press]]|date=2012|isbn= 1273559878}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jacob-grimm_wilhelm-grimm/household-tales/margaret-hunt|Display Name=The complete set of Grimms' Fairy Tales, including ''{{PAGENAMEBASE}}''|noitalics=true}}
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimmtales.html D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website]. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, ''The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography,'' (Helsinki, 1961).
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012a.html English comparison of the 1812 and 1857 versions of Rapunzel]
{{Brothers Grimm|state=expanded}}
{{Rapunzel}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rapunzel| ]]
[[Category:Grimms' Fairy Tales]]
[[Category:European fairy tales]]
[[Category:German fairy tales]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fictional German people]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:ATU 300-399]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -20,7 +20,14 @@
The tale is classified as [[Aarne–Thompson classification system|Aarne–Thompson]] type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower").<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=''Rapunzel and Other Folktales of Type 310''|url=https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/type0310.html|author=Ashliman, D. L.|date=February 25, 2022|publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Its plot has been used and parodied in various [[Mass media|media]]. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".
-== Plot ==
-[[File:Johnny Gruelle illustration - Rapunzel - Project Gutenberg etext 11027.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Johnny Gruelle]]]]
-[[File:Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg|thumb|Illustration by {{ill|Paul Hey|de}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Bruder Grimm Kindermärchen (Brothers Grimm Children's Fairy Tales)|editor-last=Moritz|editor-first=Paul|last1=Grimm|first1=Jacob|last2=Grimm|first2=Wilhelm|others=Illustrated by Paul Hey|publisher=R. Thienemanns Verlag|location=[[Stuttgart]]|date=1941}}</ref>]]After years of wishing for a child, a couple is expecting a baby. The husband and wife live next to a large, extensive, high-walled [[Subsistence agriculture|flower and herb garden]] belonging to a [[Magician (fantasy)|sorceress]].{{efn|In the version of the story given by J. Achim Christoph Friedrich Schulz in his ''Kleine Romane'' (1790), which was the Grimms' direct source, the owner of the garden is a [[Fairy|fairy]] (''Fee''), and also appears as such in the Grimms' first edition of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1812); by the final edition of 1857 the Grimms had deliberately Germanized the story by changing her to the more Teutonic "sorceress" (''Zauberin''), just as they had changed the original "prince" (''Prinz'') to the Germanic "son of a king" (''Königssohn''). At no point, however, do they refer to her as a "[[Witchcraft|witch]]" ({{lang-de|Hexe|links=no}}), despite the common modern impression.}} The wife craves for the rapunzel (which is either [[Valerianella locusta|cornsalad]] or [[Campanula rapunculus|rampion]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heiner |first=Heidi Anne |date=2021|title= ''Rapunzel Annotations'' |url=https://www.surlalunefairytales.com/h-r/rapunzel/rapunzel-annotations.html |publisher= Sur La Lune |access-date= December 31, 2023}}</ref>) that she sees growing in the garden. She refuses to eat anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night, he scales down the garden wall to [[Theft|steal]] some rapunzel for her. When the man returns home, his wife makes a [[Salad|salad]] out of the rapunzel and eats it. But the next day, the wife craves for more rapunzel, so her husband returns to the garden that night to steal some more. As he scales down the garden wall, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. The man begs for mercy and explains his wife's condition. The sorceress agrees to be lenient, allowing the man to take all the rapunzel he wants on the condition that the baby be given to her when it is born.{{efn|In some variants of the story, the request takes a more riddling form, e.g. the foster mother demands "that which is under your belt." In other variants, the mother, worn out by the squalling of the child, wishes for someone to take it away, whereupon the figure of the foster-mother appears to claim it.<ref>Cf. the Grimms' annotations to ''Rapunzel'' (''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1856), Vol. III, p. 22.)</ref>}} Desperate, he agrees.
+== Vanessa Quotes ==
+"Look, Scuttle, [[he's]] singing Under the Sea! Let's go find him!"
+
+"Don't worry, Sebastian. You are very talented to see me."
+
+"I [[wish]]..."
+
+"Perhaps we can go together?"
+
+"Butylene is telling me the [[truth]]."
When the wife gives birth to a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother had craved for. Rapunzel grows up to be a beautiful child with long [[Blond|golden hair]].{{efn|In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" ({{lang-de|kostbaren Wasser|links=no}}). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long ({{convert|112+1/2|ft|m|disp=or}}), but not at all uncomfortable for her to wear;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|277}}.</ref> in the Grimms, it hangs twenty ells ({{convert|75|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us|disp=or}}) from the window-hook to the ground.<ref name="Hausmärchen 1857 p. 66">''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., {{p.|66}}.</ref>}} When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up in a [[tower]] in the middle of the [[Forest|woods]], with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window at the top.{{efn|In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', {{p.|275}}.</ref> the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced by Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more threatening figure.}} In order to visit Rapunzel, the sorceress stands at the bottom of the tower and calls out:
' |
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0 => '== Vanessa Quotes ==',
1 => '"Look, Scuttle, [[he's]] singing Under the Sea! Let's go find him!" ',
2 => '',
3 => '"Don't worry, Sebastian. You are very talented to see me."',
4 => '',
5 => '"I [[wish]]..."',
6 => '',
7 => '"Perhaps we can go together?"',
8 => '',
9 => '"Butylene is telling me the [[truth]]."'
] |
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0 => '== Plot ==',
1 => '[[File:Johnny Gruelle illustration - Rapunzel - Project Gutenberg etext 11027.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Johnny Gruelle]]]]',
2 => '[[File:Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg|thumb|Illustration by {{ill|Paul Hey|de}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Bruder Grimm Kindermärchen (Brothers Grimm Children's Fairy Tales)|editor-last=Moritz|editor-first=Paul|last1=Grimm|first1=Jacob|last2=Grimm|first2=Wilhelm|others=Illustrated by Paul Hey|publisher=R. Thienemanns Verlag|location=[[Stuttgart]]|date=1941}}</ref>]]After years of wishing for a child, a couple is expecting a baby. The husband and wife live next to a large, extensive, high-walled [[Subsistence agriculture|flower and herb garden]] belonging to a [[Magician (fantasy)|sorceress]].{{efn|In the version of the story given by J. Achim Christoph Friedrich Schulz in his ''Kleine Romane'' (1790), which was the Grimms' direct source, the owner of the garden is a [[Fairy|fairy]] (''Fee''), and also appears as such in the Grimms' first edition of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1812); by the final edition of 1857 the Grimms had deliberately Germanized the story by changing her to the more Teutonic "sorceress" (''Zauberin''), just as they had changed the original "prince" (''Prinz'') to the Germanic "son of a king" (''Königssohn''). At no point, however, do they refer to her as a "[[Witchcraft|witch]]" ({{lang-de|Hexe|links=no}}), despite the common modern impression.}} The wife craves for the rapunzel (which is either [[Valerianella locusta|cornsalad]] or [[Campanula rapunculus|rampion]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heiner |first=Heidi Anne |date=2021|title= ''Rapunzel Annotations'' |url=https://www.surlalunefairytales.com/h-r/rapunzel/rapunzel-annotations.html |publisher= Sur La Lune |access-date= December 31, 2023}}</ref>) that she sees growing in the garden. She refuses to eat anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night, he scales down the garden wall to [[Theft|steal]] some rapunzel for her. When the man returns home, his wife makes a [[Salad|salad]] out of the rapunzel and eats it. But the next day, the wife craves for more rapunzel, so her husband returns to the garden that night to steal some more. As he scales down the garden wall, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. The man begs for mercy and explains his wife's condition. The sorceress agrees to be lenient, allowing the man to take all the rapunzel he wants on the condition that the baby be given to her when it is born.{{efn|In some variants of the story, the request takes a more riddling form, e.g. the foster mother demands "that which is under your belt." In other variants, the mother, worn out by the squalling of the child, wishes for someone to take it away, whereupon the figure of the foster-mother appears to claim it.<ref>Cf. the Grimms' annotations to ''Rapunzel'' (''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1856), Vol. III, p. 22.)</ref>}} Desperate, he agrees.'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German fairy tale</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the traditional fairy tale. For the Disney character, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(Tangled)" title="Rapunzel (Tangled)">Rapunzel (<i>Tangled</i>)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rapunzel (disambiguation)">Rapunzel (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dame Gothel" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gothel (disambiguation)">Gothel (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #000000; background-color: #cef2e0;">Rapunzel</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Germany_(DDR)_1978,_MiNr_2383.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1978%2C_MiNr_2383.jpg/220px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1978%2C_MiNr_2383.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1978%2C_MiNr_2383.jpg/330px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1978%2C_MiNr_2383.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1978%2C_MiNr_2383.jpg/440px-Stamps_of_Germany_%28DDR%29_1978%2C_MiNr_2383.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="910" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration of Rapunzel and the witch on a 1978 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> stamp</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Folk tale</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data">Rapunzel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne–Thompson classification system">Aarne–Thompson</a> grouping</th><td class="infobox-data">ATU 310 (The Maiden in the Tower)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mythology</th><td class="infobox-data">European</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published in</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>"<b>Rapunzel</b>" (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">rə-<span style="font-size:90%">PUN</span>-zəl</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʁaˈpʊnt͡sl̩]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos skin-invert"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/De-Rapunzel.ogg\/De-Rapunzel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Rapunzel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/De-Rapunzel.ogg/De-Rapunzel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:De-Rapunzel.ogg" title="File:De-Rapunzel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Persinette</i>) is a German<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> most notably recorded by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> and published in 1812 as part of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Children's and Household Tales</a></i> (KHM 12). The Brothers Grimm's story was developed from the French <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literary_fairy_tale" title="Literary fairy tale">literary fairy tale</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persinette" title="Persinette">Persinette</a></i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force</a> (1698), which itself is an alternative version of the Italian fairy tale <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosinella" title="Petrosinella">Petrosinella</a></i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The tale is classified as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne–Thompson classification system">Aarne–Thompson</a> type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower").<sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a></sup> Its plot has been used and parodied in various <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a>. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Vanessa_Quotes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Vanessa Quotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin_and_development"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Origin and development</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mythological_and_religious_inspiration"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mythological and religious inspiration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Literary_development"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literary development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#German_adaptation"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">German adaptation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Distribution"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Themes_and_characterization"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Themes and characterization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Cultural_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Literary_media"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literary media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Film_media"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Film media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Television_media"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Television media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Live_action_television_media"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Live action television media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Animated_television_media"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Animated television media</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vanessa_Quotes">Vanessa Quotes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button"
href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rapunzel&action=edit&section=1"title="Edit section: Vanessa Quotes"
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</h2>
<p>"Look, Scuttle, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/He%27s" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="He's">he's</a> singing Under the Sea! Let's go find him!"
</p><p>"Don't worry, Sebastian. You are very talented to see me."
</p><p>"I <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wish" title="Wish">wish</a>..."
</p><p>"Perhaps we can go together?"
</p><p>"Butylene is telling me the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>."
</p><p>When the wife gives birth to a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother had craved for. Rapunzel grows up to be a beautiful child with long <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">golden hair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></sup> When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a> in the middle of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">woods</a>, with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a></sup> In order to visit Rapunzel, the sorceress stands at the bottom of the tower and calls out:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Rapunzel!<br />Rapunzel!<br />Let down your hair<br />That I may climb thy golden stair!</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Whenever Rapunzel hears that rhyme,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[d]</a></sup> she fastens her long <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Braid_(hairstyle)" title="Braid (hairstyle)">braided hair</a> to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hook" title="Hook">hook</a> in the window before letting it fall twenty <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yards</a> to the ground, and the sorceress climbs up it.
</p><p>A few years later, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is unable to enter it. The prince returns to the tower often, listening to Rapunzel's beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit her as usual and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, the prince bids Rapunzel to let her hair down. Thinking it is the sorceress calling her again, Rapunzel lets down her hair and the prince climbs up. The two then fall in love and secretly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marry</a>. As the sorceress visits Rapunzel by day, the couple plans a means of escape: the prince will bring his wife a strand of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> every night until she has enough to make a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ladder" title="Ladder">ladder</a> for her to climb down the tower and ride away with him on horseback.
</p><p>Before the couple's escape plan can come to fruition, however, the sorceress visits one day and Rapunzel innocently asks her why all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">her clothes are tight around the waist</a> (this part comes from the 1812 original edition of <i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> or <i>Children's and Household Tales</i>, most commonly known in English as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a></sup> in later editions, Rapunzel instead asks "Dame Gothel",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[e]</a></sup> in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her<sup id="cite_ref-facts_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-17">[12]</a></sup>). In anger, the sorceress cuts off Rapunzel's hair and banishes her into the wilderness to fend for herself.
</p><p>When the prince calls that night, the sorceress hooks Rapunzel's severed hair and lets it down to haul him up. To the prince's horror, he finds himself meeting the sorceress instead of Rapunzel. After the sorceress tells the prince in a rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he throws himself from the tower, landing in a patch of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">thorns</a>. Although the prince survives, the thorns <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">blind</a> him. A month later in the wilderness, Rapunzel gives birth to her <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twin children</a> with the prince – a boy and a girl.
</p><p>For some years, the blind prince wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel has been living with their children. One day, as Rapunzel sings, the prince hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, Rapunzel sheds <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a>, two of which fall into the prince's eyes, immediately restoring his sight. The prince leads Rapunzel and their children to his kingdom where they live happily ever after.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[f]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another version of the story ends with the revelation that the sorceress had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-wbarker_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbarker-20">[14]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mythological_and_religious_inspiration">Mythological and religious inspiration</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Some researchers have proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the "Maiden in the Tower" archetype is to the pre-Christian European (or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">proto-Indo-European</a>) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawn_deities" title="Dawn deities">dawn goddess</a> myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a></sup> Similar myths include that of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar goddess</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė">Saulė</a>, who is held captive in a tower by a king.<sup id="cite_ref-9986-16-389-7_p19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9986-16-389-7_p19-23">[17]</a></sup> Inspiration may also be taken from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical myth</a> of the hero, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>; Perseus' mother, the Princess <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a>, was confined to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze tower</a> by her own father, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acrisius" title="Acrisius">Acrisius</a>, the King of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, in an attempt to prevent her from becoming pregnant, as it was foretold by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Oracle of Delphi</a> that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.
</p><p>Inspiration may come from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethniu" title="Ethniu">Ethniu</a>, daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a>, in Irish myth.
</p><p>Inspiration may come from the story of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, who is said to have been a beautiful woman who was confined to a tower by her father to hide her away from suitors.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[18]</a></sup> While in the tower, she is said to have converted to Christianity and be ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup> Her story was included in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies" title="The Book of the City of Ladies">The Book of the City of Ladies</a></i>, completed by 1405 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> in vernacular French, which may have been highly influential on later writers, as it was popular throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_development">Literary development</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The earliest surviving reference to a female character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the Persian epic poem <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, written by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 977 and 1010 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup> The heroine of the story, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudāba</a>, offers her hair so that her love interest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a> may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope so that she will not hurt herself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first written record of a story that may be recognized as <i>Rapunzel</i> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile's</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosinella" title="Petrosinella">Petrosinella</a></i>, translating to parsley, which was published in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in the local dialect in 1634 in a collection entitled <i>Lo cunto de li cunti</i> (The Story of Stories).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken by the villain as a child rather than a baby, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to be reunited in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup> Most importantly, this version of the story contains a "flight" scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[20]</a></sup> This "flight" scene, with three magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> region, notably <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (<i>Angiola</i>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (<i>Little Parsley</i> and <i>Little Fennel</i>), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<i>Anthousa the Fair with Golden Hair</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1697, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force</a> published a variation of the story, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persinette" title="Persinette">Persinette</a></i>, while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[21]</a></sup> Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early <i>conteuses</i> as a contemporary to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup> This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later versions by the Grimm Brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[20]</a></sup> It is the first version to include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince's blinding, the birth of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with the antagonist taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup> While de la Force's claim that <i>Persinette</i> was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[21]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="German_adaptation">German adaptation</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The very first known German translation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force</a>'s tale <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persinette" title="Persinette">Persinette</a></i> came about in 1766 by Friedrich Immanuel Bierling under the name "<i>Das Cabinet der Feen. Oder gesammelte Feen-Märchen in neun Theilen, Aus dem Französischen übersetzt</i>", published in Nürenberg. More famously, <i>Persinette</i> was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in <i>Kleine Romane</i> (<i>Little Novels</i>), as it was Schulz who changed the plant and the maiden's name to Rapunzel.<b><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a></sup></b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm</a> included the story in their first (1812) and seventh (1857) edition publications of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's and Household Tales">Children's and Household Tales</a></i> and removed elements that they believed were added to the "original" German fairy tale.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[20]</a></sup> Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the "Maiden in the Tower" in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to have connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[20]</a></sup> Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince's visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version edited by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a>, it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[21]</a></sup> It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[21]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, by analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croatian and 1 from Corsica.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup> However, scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Central and South Europe, and in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup> In the same vein, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Stith Thompson</a> argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arabian Nights">The Arabian Nights</a></i> compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Themes_and_characterization">Themes and characterization</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg/170px-Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg/255px-Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg/340px-Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Rapunzel in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure>
<p>Many scholars have interpreted "Maiden in the Tower" stories, which Rapunzel is a part of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[20]</a></sup> Scholars have drawn comparisons of the confinement of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women's lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholars have also noted the strong theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions after <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Persinette</a></i> and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The seemingly unfair bargain that the husband makes with the sorceress in the opening of <i>Rapunzel</i> is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk" title="Jack and the Beanstalk">Jack and the Beanstalk</a></i>, when Jack trades a cow for beans, and in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast" title="Beauty and the Beast">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>, when Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a></sup> Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable, since the husband would have perceived his actions as saving his wife at the cost of his child.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34">[28]</a></sup> Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings, and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a need for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>The "Maiden in the Tower" archetype has drawn comparisons to a possible lost <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">matriarchal myth</a> connected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">sacred marriage</a> between the prince and the maiden and the rivalry between the maiden, representing life and spring, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">crone</a>, representing death and winter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_media">Literary media</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Early_poems_of_William_Morris_-_Florence_Harrison_illustration_at_page_091.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Early_poems_of_William_Morris_-_Florence_Harrison_illustration_at_page_091.png/220px-Early_poems_of_William_Morris_-_Florence_Harrison_illustration_at_page_091.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Early_poems_of_William_Morris_-_Florence_Harrison_illustration_at_page_091.png/330px-Early_poems_of_William_Morris_-_Florence_Harrison_illustration_at_page_091.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Early_poems_of_William_Morris_-_Florence_Harrison_illustration_at_page_091.png/440px-Early_poems_of_William_Morris_-_Florence_Harrison_illustration_at_page_091.png 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florence_Harrison" title="Florence Harrison">Florence Harrison</a>'s illustration for Rapunzel in a collection of early poems by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> included the story in his 1890 publication <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Red_Fairy_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="The Red Fairy Book">The Red Fairy Book</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup> Other versions of the tale also appear in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Book_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="A Book of Witches">A Book of Witches</a></i> (1965) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruth_Manning-Sanders" title="Ruth Manning-Sanders">Ruth Manning-Sanders</a> and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_O._Zelinsky" title="Paul O. Zelinsky">Paul O. Zelinsky</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldecott_Medal" title="Caldecott Medal">Caldecott Medal-winning</a> picture book, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(book)" title="Rapunzel (book)">Rapunzel</a></i> (1997).
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anne_Sexton" title="Anne Sexton">Anne Sexton</a> wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection <i>Transformations</i> (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the <i>Grimm's Fairy tales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donna_Jo_Napoli" title="Donna Jo Napoli">Donna Jo Napoli</a>'s novel <i>Zel</i> (1996) retells the Rapunzel story from three perspectives: the maiden, her mother, and the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cress_(novel)" title="Cress (novel)">Cress</a></i> is the third book in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lunar_Chronicles" title="The Lunar Chronicles">Lunar Chronicles</a></i>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> series written by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marissa_Meyer" title="Marissa Meyer">Marissa Meyer</a> that is an adaptation of <i>Rapunzel</i>. Crescent, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknamed</a> "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kate_Forsyth" title="Kate Forsyth">Kate Forsyth</a> has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force">Mademoiselle de la Force</a> entitled, <i>Bitter Greens</i>, and her second book was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> describing the development of the tale entitled, <i>The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikita_Gill" title="Nikita Gill">Nikita Gill</a>'s 2018 poetry collection <i>Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul</i> she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including <i>Rapunzel's Note Left for Mother Gothel</i> and <i>Rapunzel, Rapunzel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2022, Mary McMyne published a standalone adult historical fantasy novel <i>The Book of Gothel,</i> which speculates that the witch's character was inspired by the life of a medieval midwife named Haelewise, daughter-of-Hedda, who lived in 12th century Germania. The novel is a revisionist backstory for Rapunzel that also connects to elements of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>, and other tales.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><i>The Story of Rapunzel</i> (1951), a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop-motion</a> animated short directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen" title="Ray Harryhausen">Ray Harryhausen</a>.</li>
<li>A live action version was filmed for television as part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelley_Duvall" title="Shelley Duvall">Shelley Duvall</a>'s series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faerie_Tale_Theatre" title="Faerie Tale Theatre">Faerie Tale Theatre</a></i>, airing on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a>. It aired on 5 February 1983. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a> played the prince and Rapunzel's father, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelley_Duvall" title="Shelley Duvall">Shelley Duvall</a> played Rapunzel and her mother, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> played the witch, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roddy_McDowall" title="Roddy McDowall">Roddy McDowall</a> narrated.</li>
<li>A 1988 German film adaption, <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rapunzel_oder_Der_Zauber_der_Tr%C3%A4nen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen (page does not exist)">Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel_oder_Der_Zauber_der_Tr%C3%A4nen" class="extiw" title="de:Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen">de</a>]</span></i> (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maid_Maleen" title="Maid Maleen">Maid Maleen</a></i>. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.</li>
<li>A 1990 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Straight-to-video" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-to-video">straight-to-video</a> animated film adaption by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards</a>, simply titled <i>Rapunzel</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a></sup> featured <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a> narrating the story.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a></i> is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a></sup> in 1991 by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Playhouse" title="American Playhouse">American Playhouse</a></i>. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife. A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(film)" title="Into the Woods (film)">film adaptation</a> of <i>Into the Woods</i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> was released late in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a></sup> where Rapunzel is portrayed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MacKenzie_Mauzy" title="MacKenzie Mauzy">MacKenzie Mauzy</a>.</li>
<li>In <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbie_as_Rapunzel" title="Barbie as Rapunzel">Barbie as Rapunzel</a></i> (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anjelica_Huston" title="Anjelica Huston">Anjelica Huston</a>) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.</li>
<li>In <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrek_the_Third" title="Shrek the Third">Shrek the Third</a></i> (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_Rudolph" title="Maya Rudolph">Maya Rudolph</a>) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a>' <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i> (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(Tangled)" title="Rapunzel (Tangled)">Princess Rapunzel</a> (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandy_Moore" title="Mandy Moore">Mandy Moore</a>) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Rapunzel also features in the short sequel, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled_Ever_After" title="Tangled Ever After">Tangled Ever After</a></i> and another film, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_Before_Ever_After" title="Tangled: Before Ever After">Tangled: Before Ever After</a></i>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a> hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live-action Rapunzel movie. It is unknown if the film will be a remake of <i>Tangled</i>, a new adaptation, or a combination of both.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a></sup></li></ul>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Live_action_television_media">Live action television media</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shirley_Temple%27s_Storybook" title="Shirley Temple's Storybook">Shirley Temple's Storybook</a></i> (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[41]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carol_Lynley" title="Carol Lynley">Carol Lynley</a> played Rapunzel and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead" title="Agnes Moorehead">Agnes Moorehead</a> played the evil witch.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-47">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>The fictional TV show, "The Flora Follicle Show" on <i>Slim Goodbody in Nutri-City</i> had a direct reference to the Rapunzel story, as Flora Follicle played Rapunzel to Lustre Lanolin's Prince Charming.
</p><p>In the American fairy tale miniseries, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tenth_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tenth Kingdom">The Tenth Kingdom</a></i> (2000), the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rapunzel appears in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i> episode <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tower_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Tower (Once Upon a Time)"><i>The Tower</i></a> (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a></sup> A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of <i>Once Upon a Time</i> (Season 7, 2018), portrayed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabrielle_Anwar" title="Gabrielle Anwar">Gabrielle Anwar</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meegan_Warner" title="Meegan Warner">Meegan Warner</a> in flashbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a></sup> In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>.
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<p>The American television animated anthology series, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Happily_Ever_After:_Fairy_Tales_for_Every_Child" title="Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child">Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child</a></i> (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> cast and set in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-51">[45]</a></sup> The episode starred <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tisha_Campbell" title="Tisha Campbell">Tisha Campbell-Martin</a> as Rapunzel, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meshach_Taylor" title="Meshach Taylor">Meshach Taylor</a> as the Woodcutter, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazelle_Goodman" title="Hazelle Goodman">Hazelle Goodman</a> as the Woodcutter's Wife, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Fullilove" title="Donald Fullilove">Donald Fullilove</a> as Friend #1, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tico_Wells" title="Tico Wells">Tico Wells</a> as Friend #2.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-51">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> cartoon <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ever_After_High" title="Ever After High">Ever After High</a></i> (2013–2017), features Rapunzel's identical twin daughters: Holly and Poppy O'Hair.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_The_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangled: The Series">Tangled: The Series</a></i> (2017–2020) is a 2D animated TV show based on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Animation's</a> computer animated musical feature film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i>. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(Tangled)" title="Rapunzel (Tangled)">Rapunzel</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugene_Fitzherbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Fitzherbert">Eugene Fitzherbert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a></sup> A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel's biological daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Japanese anime series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tale_Classics" title="Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics">Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics</a></i> (1987–1989) features the tale in its second season.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethniu" title="Ethniu">Ethniu</a>, daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_syndrome" title="Rapunzel syndrome">Rapunzel syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a>, daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was trapped in a bronze tower or cave.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puddocky" title="Puddocky">Puddocky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maid_Maleen" title="Maid Maleen">Maid Maleen</a></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" (German: <i lang="de">kostbaren Wasser</i>). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">112<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> feet or 34.3 metres), but not at all uncomfortable for her to wear;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> in the Grimms, it hangs twenty ells (75 feet or 23 meters) from the window-hook to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Hausmärchen_1857_p._66_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hausmärchen_1857_p._66-6">[6]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup> the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced by Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more threatening figure.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulz, "<i>Rapunzel, laß deine Haare 'runter, daß ich 'rauf kann.</i>" ("Rapunzel, let down thy hairs, so I can [climb] up.");<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></sup> Grimms, "<i>Rapunzel, Rapunzel, laß dein Haar herunter!</i>" ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let downwards thy hair!").<sup id="cite_ref-Hausmärchen_1857_p._66_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hausmärchen_1857_p._66-6">[6]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Grimm ostensibly believed that the strong alliteration of the rhyme indicated that it was a survival of the ancient form of Germanic poetry known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alliterative_verse" title="Alliterative verse">Stabreim</a></i>, but in actuality, it was his liberal adaption of Schulz's direct German translation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force</a>'s older French version <i>Persinette, Persinette, descendez vos cheveux que je monte</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i lang="de">Frau Gothel</i>. She refers to the previously unnamed sorceress by this title only at this point in the Grimms' story. The use of <i>Frau</i> in early modern German was more restricted, and referred only to a woman of noble birth, rather than to any woman as in modern German. <i>Gothel</i> (or <i>Göthel</i>, <i>Göthle</i>, <i>Göthe</i>, etc.) was originally not a personal name, but an occupational one meaning "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">foster mother</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godparent</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Schulz, the fairy, relenting from her anger, transports the whole family to his father's palace in her flying carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.grimmstories.com/en/grimm_fairy-tales/rapunzel">https://www.grimmstories.com/en/grimm_fairy-tales/rapunzel</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZipes1991" class="citation book cs1">Zipes, Jack (1991). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari"><i>Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture</i></a></span>. Viking. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari/page/n828">794</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670830534" title="Special:BookSources/0670830534"><bdi>0670830534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spells+of+Enchantment%3A+The+Wondrous+Fairy+Tales+of+Western+Culture&rft.pages=794&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0670830534&rft.aulast=Zipes&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspellsenchantmen00vari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Warner, Marina (2010). "After Rapunzel". <i>Marvels & Tales</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 329–335. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmat.2010.a402479">10.1353/mat.2010.a402479</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388959">41388959</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201790840">201790840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marvels+%26+Tales&rft.atitle=After+Rapunzel&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-335&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201790840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41388959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmat.2010.a402479&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAshliman,_D._L.2022" class="citation web cs1">Ashliman, D. L. (25 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/type0310.html">"<i>Rapunzel and Other Folktales of Type 310</i>"</a>. University of Pittsburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapunzel+and+Other+Folktales+of+Type+310&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.au=Ashliman%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.pitt.edu%2F~dash%2Ftype0310.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 277.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hausmärchen_1857_p._66-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hausmärchen_1857_p._66_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hausmärchen_1857_p._66_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 275.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 278.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhard Lauer (Hrsg.): <i>Rapunzel. Traditionen eines europäischen Märchenstoffes in Dichtung und Kunst</i> (= <i>Ausstellungen im Brüder Grimm-Museum, Große Reihe.</i> Band II). Kassel 1993, ISBN 3-929633-10-8, S. 7–33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This detail is also found in Schulz, <i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 281.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Ludwig Rochholz's <i>Deutsche Arbeits-Entwürfe</i>, Vol. II, p. 150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-facts-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facts_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Tatar (1987) <i>The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales</i>, Princeton University Press, p. 18, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8">0-691-06722-8</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, pp. 287–288.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wbarker-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wbarker_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) <i>Household Tales</i> (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html">Rapunzel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103121252/http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2016 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStorl2016" class="citation book cs1">Storl, Wolf D. (2016). <i>A Curious History of Vegetables: Aphrodisiacal and Healing Properties, Folk Tales, Garden Tips, and Recipes</i>. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. p. 360. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623170394" title="Special:BookSources/9781623170394"><bdi>9781623170394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Curious+History+of+Vegetables%3A+Aphrodisiacal+and+Healing+Properties%2C+Folk+Tales%2C+Garden+Tips%2C+and+Recipes&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781623170394&rft.aulast=Storl&rft.aufirst=Wolf+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBeresnevičius2004" class="citation book cs1">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). <i>Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija</i>. Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986163897" title="Special:BookSources/9986163897"><bdi>9986163897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+religija+ir+mitologija%3A+sistemin%C4%97+studija&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Tyto+alba&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9986163897&rft.aulast=Beresnevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Gintaras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9986-16-389-7_p19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9986-16-389-7_p19_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-16-389-7" title="Special:BookSources/9986-16-389-7">9986-16-389-7</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1997" class="citation web cs1">Young, Jonathan (30 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkstory.com/articles/stbabs.html">"A Day to Honor Saint Barbara"</a>. <i>The Center for Story and Symbol</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Center+for+Story+and+Symbol&rft.atitle=A+Day+to+Honor+Saint+Barbara&rft.date=1997-11-30&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolkstory.com%2Farticles%2Fstbabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2016" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Kate (2016). <i>The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower</i>. FableCroft Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9925534-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9925534-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9925534-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Rapunzel%3A+A+Mythic+Biography+of+the+Maiden+in+the+Tower&rft.pub=FableCroft+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9925534-9-4&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGetty1997" class="citation journal cs1">Getty, Laura J (1997). "Maidens and their guardians: Reinterpreting the Rapunzel tale". <i>Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 37–52. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44029886">44029886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic%3A+A+Journal+for+the+Interdisciplinary+Study+of+Literature&rft.atitle=Maidens+and+their+guardians%3A+Reinterpreting+the+Rapunzel+tale&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-52&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44029886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=Laura+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTatar1987" class="citation book cs1">Tatar, Maria (1987). <i>The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 18, 19, 45. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8"><bdi>0-691-06722-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hard+Facts+of+the+Grimms%27+Fairy+Tales&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=18%2C+19%2C+45&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-691-06722-8&rft.aulast=Tatar&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLoo2015" class="citation book cs1">Loo, Oliver (2015). <i>Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 1–66. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1507639566" title="Special:BookSources/978-1507639566"><bdi>978-1507639566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapunzel+1790+A+New+Translation+of+the+Tale+by+Friedrich+Schulz&rft.pages=1-66&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1507639566&rft.aulast=Loo&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megas, Geōrgios A. <i>Folktales of Greece</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970. p. 223.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zipes, Jack. <i>Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach</i>. Routledge, 2004. p. 343. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135511685" title="Special:BookSources/9781135511685">9781135511685</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deker, Ton. "Raponsje (rapunzel)". In: <i>Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties</i>. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jurjen_van_der_Kooi" title="Jurjen van der Kooi">Jurjen van der Kooi</a> & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 293.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Stith (1977). <i>The Folktale</i>. University of California Press. p. 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03537-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03537-2">0-520-03537-2</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. <i>The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-640-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-640-X">1-85109-640-X</a> (e-book)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVellenga1992" class="citation journal cs1">Vellenga, Carolyn (1992). "Rapunzel's desire. A reading of Mlle de la Force". <i>Merveilles & Contes</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 59–73. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41390334">41390334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Merveilles+%26+Contes&rft.atitle=Rapunzel%27s+desire.+A+reading+of+Mlle+de+la+Force&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-73&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41390334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vellenga&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTatar2004" class="citation book cs1">Tatar, Maria (2004). <i>The Annotated Brothers Grimm</i>. WW Norton. p. 58. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393088863" title="Special:BookSources/0393088863"><bdi>0393088863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Brothers+Grimm&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0393088863&rft.aulast=Tatar&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZipes2000" class="citation book cs1">Zipes, Jack (2000). <i>The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers</i>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 474. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/039397636X" title="Special:BookSources/039397636X"><bdi>039397636X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Fairy+Tale+Tradition%3A+From+Straparola+and+Basile+to+the+Brothers&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=039397636X&rft.aulast=Zipes&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeiner2014" class="citation web cs1">Heiner, Heidi Anne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201155608/http://surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE">"Annotated Rapunzel"</a>. <i>SurLaLune Fairy Tales</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE">the original</a> on 1 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SurLaLune+Fairy+Tales&rft.atitle=Annotated+Rapunzel&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Heiner&rft.aufirst=Heidi+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surlalunefairytales.com%2Frapunzel%2Fnotes.html%23FIVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLang1890" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Andrew (1890). <i>The Red Fairy Book</i>. London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 282–285. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9389232394" title="Special:BookSources/978-9389232394"><bdi>978-9389232394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Fairy+Book&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=282-285&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-9389232394&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2001" class="citation book cs1">Sexton, Anne (2001). <i>Transformations</i>. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395127216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395127216"><bdi>978-0395127216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0395127216&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNapoli1996" class="citation book cs1">Napoli, Donna Jo (1996). <i>Zel</i>. Puffin Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141301167" title="Special:BookSources/9780141301167"><bdi>9780141301167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zel&rft.pub=Puffin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780141301167&rft.aulast=Napoli&rft.aufirst=Donna+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGill2018" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Nikita (2018). <i>Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul</i>. Boston, MA: Hachette. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316420730" title="Special:BookSources/9780316420730"><bdi>9780316420730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fierce+Fairytales%3A+%26+Other+Stories+to+Stir+Your+Soul&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780316420730&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcMyne2022" class="citation book cs1">McMyne, Mary (2022). <i>The Book of Gothel</i>. Hachette. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316393119" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316393119"><bdi>978-0316393119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Gothel&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0316393119&rft.aulast=McMyne&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217949/">"Timeless Tales from Hallmark Rapunzel (TV Episode 1990)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. 13 March 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Timeless+Tales+from+Hallmark+Rapunzel+%28TV+Episode+1990%29&rft.date=1990-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1217949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFweymo1991" class="citation web cs1">weymo (15 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099851/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"American Playhouse" Into the Woods (TV Episode 1991)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=%22American+Playhouse%22+Into+the+Woods+%28TV+Episode+1991%29&rft.date=1991-03-15&rft.au=weymo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0099851%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFisaacglover_052014" class="citation web cs1">isaacglover_05 (25 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2180411/">"Into the Woods (2014)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Into+the+Woods+%282014%29&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft.au=isaacglover_05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2180411%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2020" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Kelly (14 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insidethemagic.net/2020/02/disney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1/">"This Just In: Disney Is Reportedly Making A Live-Action Rapunzel Movie"</a>. <i>Inside the Magic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Magic&rft.atitle=This+Just+In%3A+Disney+Is+Reportedly+Making+A+Live-Action+Rapunzel+Movie&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsidethemagic.net%2F2020%2F02%2Fdisney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0699613/?ref_=ttep_ep13">"Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958–1961) Rapunzel"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Shirley+Temple%27s+Storybook+%281958%E2%80%931961%29+Rapunzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0699613%2F%3Fref_%3Dttep_ep13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0207275/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1">"The 10th Kingdom"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=The+10th+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0207275%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3502872/?ref_=ttep_ep14">"Once Upon a Time The Tower"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time+The+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3502872%2F%3Fref_%3Dttep_ep14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1843230/episodes?season=7">"Once Upon a Time Season 7"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time+Season+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1843230%2Fepisodes%3Fseason%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:8-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1222131/?ref_=ttep_ep8">"Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Rapunzel"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Happily+Ever+After%3A+Fairy+Tales+for+Every+Child+Rapunzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1222131%2F%3Fref_%3Dttep_ep8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3312378/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast">"Ever After High (2013–2017) Full Cast & Crew"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Ever+After+High+%282013%E2%80%932017%29+Full+Cast+%26+Crew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3312378%2Ffullcredits%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_sm%23cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4902964/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2">"Tangled: The Series"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Tangled%3A+The+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt4902964%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5533228/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1">"Tangled: Before Ever After"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Tangled%3A+Before+Ever+After&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt5533228%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1075683/?ref_=tt_cl_i1">"Grimm Masterpiece Theatre Rapuntseru"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Grimm+Masterpiece+Theatre+Rapuntseru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1075683%2F%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_i1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rapunzel&action=edit&section=17"title="Edit section: Bibliography"
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLwxAQAAMAAJ"><i>Grimm's Household Tales: With the Author's Notes (Kinder- und Hausmärchen)</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Raine_Hunt" title="Margaret Raine Hunt">Margaret Hunt</a>. London: George Bell and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grimm%27s+Household+Tales%3A+With+the+Author%27s+Notes+%28Kinder-+und+Hausm%C3%A4rchen%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jacob+and+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkLwxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2012" class="citation book cs1">Schulz, Friedrich (2012). <i>Kleine Romane</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BiblioBazaar" title="BiblioBazaar">Nabu Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1273559878" title="Special:BookSources/1273559878"><bdi>1273559878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Romane&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=1273559878&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jacob-grimm_wilhelm-grimm/household-tales/margaret-hunt">The complete set of Grimms' Fairy Tales, including <i>Rapunzel</i></a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimmtales.html">D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website</a>. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, <i>The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography,</i> (Helsinki, 1961).</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012a.html">English comparison of the 1812 and 1857 versions of Rapunzel</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Brothers_Grimm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Brothers_Grimm" title="Template:Brothers Grimm"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Brothers_Grimm" title="Template talk:Brothers Grimm"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brothers_Grimm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brothers Grimm"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Brothers_Grimm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">The Brothers Grimm</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></b> · <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" title="Deutsche Sagen">Deutsche Sagen</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Deutsche Mythologie</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br /> tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bearskin_(German_fairy_tale)" title="Bearskin (German fairy tale)">Bearskin</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Brave_Little_Tailor" title="The Brave Little Tailor">The Brave Little Tailor</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brother_and_Sister" title="Brother and Sister">Brother and Sister</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_in_Partnership" title="Cat and Mouse in Partnership">Cat and Mouse in Partnership</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Devil_with_the_Three_Golden_Hairs" title="The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs">The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_Know-all" title="Doctor Know-all">Doctor Know-all</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dog_and_the_Sparrow" title="The Dog and the Sparrow">The Dog and the Sparrow</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Elves_and_the_Shoemaker" title="The Elves and the Shoemaker">The Elves and the Shoemaker</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fisherman_and_His_Wife" title="The Fisherman and His Wife">The Fisherman and His Wife</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_Skillful_Brothers" title="The Four Skillful Brothers">The Four Skillful Brothers</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Frog_Prince" title="The Frog Prince">The Frog Prince</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Gnome_(fairy_tale)" title="The Gnome (fairy tale)">The Gnome</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godfather_Death" title="Godfather Death">Godfather Death</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Golden_Bird" title="The Golden Bird">The Golden Bird</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Golden_Goose" title="The Golden Goose">The Golden Goose</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Goose_Girl" title="The Goose Girl">The Goose Girl</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Goose-Girl_at_the_Well" title="The Goose-Girl at the Well">The Goose-Girl at the Well</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Grave_Mound" title="The Grave Mound">The Grave Mound</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans_My_Hedgehog" title="Hans My Hedgehog">Hans My Hedgehog</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel" title="Hansel and Gretel">Hansel and Gretel</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hut_in_the_Forest" title="The Hut in the Forest">The Hut in the Forest</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Jew_Among_Thorns" title="The Jew Among Thorns">The Jew Among Thorns</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jorinde_and_Joringel" title="Jorinde and Joringel">Jorinde and Joringel</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Juniper_Tree_(fairy_tale)" title="The Juniper Tree (fairy tale)">The Juniper Tree</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_Mountain" title="The King of the Golden Mountain">The King of the Golden Mountain</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_Thrushbeard" title="King Thrushbeard">King Thrushbeard</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary%27s_Child" title="Mary's Child">Mary's Child</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frau_Holle" title="Frau Holle">Mother Holle</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Hildebrand" title="Old Hildebrand">Old Hildebrand</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Sultan" title="Old Sultan">Old Sultan</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Queen_Bee" title="The Queen Bee">The Queen Bee</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapunzel</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Riddle_(fairy_tale)" title="The Riddle (fairy tale)">The Riddle</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Robber_Bridegroom_(fairy_tale)" title="The Robber Bridegroom (fairy tale)">The Robber Bridegroom</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin" title="Rumpelstiltskin">Rumpelstiltskin</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seven_Ravens" title="The Seven Ravens">The Seven Ravens</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Singing,_Springing_Lark" title="The Singing, Springing Lark">The Singing, Springing Lark</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Six_Servants" title="The Six Servants">The Six Servants</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Six_Swans" title="The Six Swans">The Six Swans</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow-White_and_Rose-Red" title="Snow-White and Rose-Red">Snow-White and Rose-Red</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Youth_Who_Went_Forth_to_Learn_What_Fear_Was" title="The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was">The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Little_Men_in_the_Wood" title="The Three Little Men in the Wood">The Three Little Men in the Wood</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Spinners" title="The Three Spinners">The Three Spinners</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thumbling" title="Thumbling">Thumbling</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Town_Musicians_of_Bremen" title="Town Musicians of Bremen">Town Musicians of Bremen</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trusty_John" title="Trusty John">Trusty John</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Turnip" title="The Turnip">The Turnip</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Twelve_Brothers" title="The Twelve Brothers">The Twelve Brothers</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Twelve_Dancing_Princesses" title="The Twelve Dancing Princesses">The Twelve Dancing Princesses</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Water_of_Life_(German_fairy_tale)" title="The Water of Life (German fairy tale)">The Water of Life</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_White_Snake" title="The White Snake">The White Snake</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wolf_and_the_Seven_Young_Goats" title="The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats">The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wonderful_Musician" title="The Wonderful Musician">The Wonderful Musician</a>"</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Seven" title="Göttingen Seven">Göttingen Seven</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grim_Tales" title="Grim Tales">Grim Tales</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_the_Brothers_Grimm" title="The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm">The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Brothers_Grimm" title="Once Upon a Brothers Grimm">Once Upon a Brothers Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tale_Classics" title="Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics">Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Brothers_Grimm_(film)" title="The Brothers Grimm (film)">The Brothers Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm_Tales_(play)" title="Grimm Tales (play)">Grimm Tales</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sisters_Grimm" title="The Sisters Grimm">The Sisters Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_McGee%27s_Grimm" title="American McGee's Grimm">American McGee's Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Fairy_Tale_Route" title="German Fairy Tale Route">German Fairy Tale Route</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm_(TV_series)" title="Grimm (TV series)">Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_10th_Kingdom" title="The 10th Kingdom">The 10th Kingdom</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Brothers_Grimm" title="Category:Brothers Grimm">Category</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brothers_Grimm" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brothers Grimm">Commons</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Rapunzel&quot;_by_the_Brothers_Grimm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Rapunzel" title="Template:Rapunzel"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Rapunzel" title="Template talk:Rapunzel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rapunzel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rapunzel"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Rapunzel&quot;_by_the_Brothers_Grimm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapunzel</a>" by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i> (1812)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(book)" title="Rapunzel (book)">Rapunzel</a></i> (1998)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbie_as_Rapunzel" title="Barbie as Rapunzel">Barbie as Rapunzel</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i> (2010)
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled_(soundtrack)" title="Tangled (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled_Ever_After" title="Tangled Ever After">Tangled Ever After</a></i> (2012)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_Before_Ever_After" title="Tangled: Before Ever After">Tangled: Before Ever After</a></i> (2017)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(book)" title="Rapunzel (book)">Rapunzel</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cress_(novel)" title="Cress (novel)">Cress</a></i> (2014)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mind_Robber" title="The Mind Robber">The Mind Robber</a></i> (1968)</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tower_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Tower (Once Upon a Time)">The Tower</a>" (2014)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel%27s_Tangled_Adventure" title="Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure">Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure</a></i> (2017)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_The_Video_Game" title="Tangled: The Video Game">Tangled: The Video Game</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_III" title="Kingdom Hearts III">Kingdom Hearts III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A4rchenbilder" title="Märchenbilder">Märchenbilder</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golem_in_the_Gears" title="Golem in the Gears">Golem in the Gears</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(Tangled)" title="Rapunzel (Tangled)">Rapunzel (<i>Tangled</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_syndrome" title="Rapunzel syndrome">Rapunzel syndrome</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a></i> (stage)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(film)" title="Into the Woods (film)">Into the Woods</a></i> (film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(soundtrack)" title="Into the Woods (soundtrack)">Into the Woods</a></i> (soundtrack)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(2022_Broadway_Cast_Recording)" title="Into the Woods (2022 Broadway Cast Recording)">Into the Woods</a></i> (cast recording)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosinella" title="Petrosinella">Petrosinella</a> (Italy)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow-White-Fire-Red" title="Snow-White-Fire-Red">Snow-White-Fire-Red</a> (Italy)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persinette" title="Persinette">Persinette</a> (France)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthousa,_Xanthousa,_Chrisomalousa" title="Anthousa, Xanthousa, Chrisomalousa">Anthousa, Xanthousa, Chrisomalousa</a> (Greece)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273585#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/183074549">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125450-8">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/97164fea-30a9-443e-a61e-fd40ad231fd7">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1713100293' |