Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Neighborhood in New York City}} {{Confusion|Haarlem}} {{About|the neighborhood in Manhattan|other uses|Harlem (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Harlem | settlement_type = [[List of Manhattan neighborhoods|Neighborhood]] | image_skyline = Harlem 04.jpg | imagesize = 300px | image_alt = Brick townhouse along a street, which is lined with trees. | image_caption = Apartment buildings next to [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)|Morningside Park]] in Harlem | image = | motto = | anthem = | nickname = "[[Heaven]]", "[[Black mecca]]" | image_map = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=y|frame-align=center|zoom=12|type=shape|from=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Harlem.map}} | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Harlem in [[New York City]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|48|32|N|73|56|54|W|region:US-NY_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|New York}} | subdivision_type2 = [[City]] | subdivision_name2 = [[New York City]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Borough (New York City)|Borough]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Manhattan]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Community boards of Manhattan|Community District]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Manhattan Community Board 10|Manhattan 10]]<ref name="NYCPlanning">{{cite web |title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles |url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/10 |website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |access-date=March 18, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040542/https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/manhattan/10 |url-status=live }}</ref> | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1660<ref name="Gill 2011 33">{{harvnb|Gill|2011|p=33}}</ref> | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | founder = [[Peter Stuyvesant]] | named_for = [[Haarlem]], Netherlands | unit_pref = US | area_total_sq_mi = 1.400 | area_footnotes = <ref name="NYCPlanning"/> | population_footnotes = <ref name="CHP2018"/>{{rp|2}}| | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = | demographics1_info3 = | demographics1_title4 = | demographics1_info4 = | demographics1_title5 = | demographics1_info5 = <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = Economics | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="CB10PUMA"/> | demographics2_title1 = [[Median household income|Median income]] | demographics2_info1 = $52,708 | timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] | utc_offset1 = −5 | timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −4 | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = 10026, 10027, 10030, 10035, 10037, 10039 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]] | area_code = [[Area codes 212, 646, and 332|212, 332, 646]], and [[Area code 917|917]] | website = | official_name = | population_total = 197,052 | population_density_km2 = 54,284 140,751 }} '''Harlem''' is a neighborhood in [[Upper Manhattan]], [[New York City]]. It is bounded roughly by the [[Hudson River]] on the west; the [[Harlem River]] and [[155th Street (Manhattan)|155th Street]] on the north; [[Fifth Avenue]] on the east; and [[110th Street (Manhattan)|Central Park North]] on the south. The greater Harlem area encompasses several other neighborhoods and extends west and north to 155th Street, east to the [[East River]], and south to [[Martin Luther King, Jr., Boulevard (Manhattan)|Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard]], [[Central Park]], and [[96th Street (Manhattan)|East 96th Street]]. Originally a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] village, formally organized in 1658,<ref>Pierce, Carl Horton, et al. ''New Harlem Past and Present: the Story of an Amazing Civic Wrong, Now at Last to be Righted''. New York: New Harlem Pub. Co., 1903.</ref> it is named after the city of [[Haarlem]] in the Netherlands. Harlem's history has been defined by a series of economic [[boom-and-bust]] cycles, with significant population shifts accompanying each cycle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://harlemworldmag.com/harlemhistory/ |title=Harlem History &#124; |publisher=Harlemworldmag.com |date=January 26, 1934 |access-date=February 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213083348/http://harlemworldmag.com/harlemhistory/ |archive-date=December 13, 2012}}</ref> Harlem was predominantly occupied by [[Jewish American|Jewish]] and [[Italian American|Italian]] Americans in the 19th century, but [[African-American]] residents began to arrive in large numbers during the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] in the 20th century. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the center of the [[Harlem Renaissance]], a major African-American cultural movement. With job losses during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s and the [[deindustrialization]] of New York City after [[World War II]], rates of [[Crime in Harlem|crime and poverty]] increased significantly.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Roberts |date=January 5, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/06/nyregion/06harlem.html?pagewanted=all |title=No Longer Majority Black, Harlem Is in Transition |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 2, 2016 |archive-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102023123/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/06/nyregion/06harlem.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 21st century, crime rates decreased significantly, and Harlem started to [[gentrification|gentrify]]. The area is served by the [[New York City Subway]] and local bus routes. It contains several public elementary, middle, and high schools, and is close to several colleges, including [[Columbia University]], [[Manhattan School of Music]], and the [[City College of New York]]. Central Harlem is part of [[Manhattan Community Board 10|Manhattan Community District 10]].<ref name="NYCPlanning"/> It is patrolled by the 28th and 32nd Precincts of the [[New York City Police Department]]. The greater Harlem area also includes [[Manhattan Community Board 9|Manhattan Community Districts 9]] and [[Manhattan Community Board 11|11]] and several police precincts, while fire services are provided by four [[New York City Fire Department]] companies. ==Geography<span class="anchor" id="Location and boundaries"></span>== [[File:Harlem map2.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|A map of [[Upper Manhattan]], with Greater Harlem highlighted. Harlem proper is the neighborhood in the center.]] Harlem is located in [[Upper Manhattan]]. The three neighborhoods comprising the greater Harlem area—West, Central, and East Harlem—stretch from the [[Harlem River]] and [[East River]] to the east, to the [[Hudson River]] to the west; and between 155th Street in the north, where it meets [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], and an uneven boundary along the south that runs along [[96th Street (Manhattan)|96th Street]] east of [[Fifth Avenue]], [[110th Street (Manhattan)|110th Street]] between Fifth Avenue to [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)]], and [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] west of Morningside Park to the Hudson River.<ref aries, regarding only central Harlem as part of Harlem proper.<ref name=enc-nyc2>{{cite enc-nyc2}}</ref>{{rp|573}} Central Harlem is the name of Harlem proper; it falls under Manhattan Community District 10.<ref name="nyc.gov"/> This section is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east; [[Central Park]] on the south; [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)]], [[St. Nicholas Avenue]] and Edgecombe Avenue on the west; and the Harlem River on the north.<ref name="nyc.gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/mn10profile.pdf |title=Manhattan CD 10 Profile |access-date=May 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825143942/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/mn10profile.pdf |archive-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> A chain of large linear parks includes [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)]], [[St. Nicholas Park]], [[Jackie Robinson Park]], as well as [[Marcus Garvey Park]] (also known as Mount Morris Park) which separates this area from [[East Harlem]] to the east.<ref name="nyc.gov"/> Central Harlem includes the [[Mount Morris Park Historic District]]. West Harlem ([[Manhattanville, Manhattan|Manhattanville]], [[Hamilton Heights, Manhattan|Hamilton Heights]], and [[Sugar Hill, Manhattan|Sugar Hill]]) comprises Manhattan Community district 9. The three neighborhoods' area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway/110th Street on the south; 155th Street on the north; Manhattan/Morningside Ave/St. Nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecombe Avenues on the east; and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northernmost section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/mn9profile.pdf |title=Manhattan CD 9 Profile |access-date=May 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928060108/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/mn9profile.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref> A chain of large linear parks includes [[West Harlem Piers]], [[Riverbank State Park]], [[St. Nicholas Park]], and [[Jackie Robinson Park]] [[East Harlem]], also called [[Spanish Harlem]] or ''El Barrio'', is located within Manhattan Community District 11, which is bounded by East 96th Street on the south, East 138th Street on the north, Fifth Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the east. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/mn11profile.pdf |title=Manhattan CD 11 Profile |access-date=May 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928060104/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/lucds/mn11profile.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref> A chain of parks includes [[Thomas Jefferson Park]] and [[Marcus Garvey Park]] ===SoHa controversy=== In the 2010s some [[real estate]] professionals started [[Neighborhood rebranding in New York City|rebranding]] south Harlem as "SoHa" (a name standing for "South Harlem" in the style of [[SoHo, Manhattan|SoHo]] or [[NoHo]]) in an attempt to accelerate [[gentrification]] of the neighborhoods. "SoHa", applied to the area between West 110th and 125th Streets, has become a controversial name.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/nyregion/soha-in-harlem-the-misguided-madness-of-neighborhood-rebranding.html |work=The New York Times |title=SoHa in Harlem? The Misguided Madness of Neighborhood Rebranding|first=Ginia |last=Bellafante |date=July 6, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618053042/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/nyregion/soha-in-harlem-the-misguided-madness-of-neighborhood-rebranding.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='SoHa' Is a Renaissance Few in Harlem Want|first=Melanie Grayce |last=West |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 1, 2017 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/soha-is-a-renaissance-few-in-harlem-want-1498914001 |access-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093054/https://www.wsj.com/articles/soha-is-a-renaissance-few-in-harlem-want-1498914001 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='SoHa' Rebranding Effort In South Harlem Stirs Outrage |work=CBS New York |url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/06/26/south-harlem-soha/ |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501004822/http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2017/06/26/south-harlem-soha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Residents and other critics seeking to prevent this renaming of the area have labelled the SoHa brand as "insulting and another sign of gentrification run amok"<ref>{{cite news |title=Attempt to Rebrand Harlem as 'SoHa' Leaves Residents Fuming |work=U.S. News & World Report |agency=AP |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-05-25/attempt-to-rebrand-harlem-as-soha-leaves-residents-fuming |date=May 25, 2017 |location=New York |access-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501005015/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/new-york/articles/2017-05-25/attempt-to-rebrand-harlem-as-soha-leaves-residents-fuming |url-status=live }}</ref> and have said that "the rebranding not only places their neighborhood's rich history under erasure but also appears to be intent on attracting new tenants, including students from nearby Columbia University".<ref name="auto">{{cite web |website=6sqft.com |url=https://www.6sqft.com/from-soha-to-nolita-the-practice-and-controversy-of-rebranding-nyc-neighborhoods/ |date=July 10, 2017 |title=From NoLiTa to SoHa: The practice and controversy of rebranding NYC neighborhoods |last=Etherington |first=Cait |access-date=April 30, 2018 |archive-date=May 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501004804/https://www.6sqft.com/from-soha-to-nolita-the-practice-and-controversy-of-rebranding-nyc-neighborhoods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Multiple New York City politicians have initiated legislative efforts to curtail this practice of neighborhood rebranding, which when successfully introduced in other New York City neighborhoods, have led to increases in rents and real estate values, as well as "shifting demographics".<ref name="auto"/> In 2011, U.S. Representative [[Hakeem Jeffries]] attempted but failed to implement legislation "that would punish real estate agents for inventing false neighborhoods and redrawing neighborhood boundaries without city approval."<ref name="auto"/> By 2017, New York State Senator [[Brian Benjamin]] also worked to render illegal the practice of rebranding historically recognized neighborhoods.<ref name="auto"/> ===Political representation=== Politically, central Harlem is in [[New York's 13th congressional district]].<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012c/CD_map_rep_13.pdf Congressional District 13] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303015431/https://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012c/CD_map_rep_13.pdf |date=March 3, 2020 }}, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012c/CD_nyc.pdf New York City Congressional Districts] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224164245/https://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012c/CD_nyc.pdf |date=February 24, 2021 }}, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> It is in the [[New York State Senate]]'s 30th district,<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_map_rep_30.pdf Senate District 30] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807203002/https://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_map_rep_30.pdf |date=August 7, 2020 }}, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_nyc.pdf 2012 Senate District Maps: New York City] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224202014/https://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012s/SD_nyc.pdf |date=February 24, 2021 }}, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.</ref> the [[New York State Assembly]]'s 68th and 70th districts,<ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_068.pdf Assembly District 68] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803211659/https://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_068.pdf |date=August 3, 2019 }}, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017. * [http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_070.pdf Assembly District 70] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802083152/https://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_map_rep_070.pdf |date=August 2, 2019 }}, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_nyc.pdf 2012 Assembly District Maps: New York City] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225181526/https://www.latfor.state.ny.us/maps/2012a/AD_nyc.pdf |date=February 25, 2021 }}, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.</ref> and the [[New York City Council]]'s 7th, 8th, and 9th districts.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dc/downloads/pdf/manhattan.pdf Current City Council Districts for New York County] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203170907/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dc/downloads/pdf/manhattan.pdf |date=December 3, 2020 }}, [[New York City]]. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> == History == [[File:Harlem, from the old fort in the Central Park (NYPL b13512822-424264).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|''Harlem, from the old fort in the Central Park'', New York Public Library]] [[File:Three Harlem Women, ca. 1925.png|thumb|upright=0.9|Three Harlem Women, ca. 1930]] {{Main|History of Harlem}} Before the arrival of European settlers, the area that would become Harlem (originally Haarlem) was inhabited by a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Tribe (Native American)|band]], the ''[[Wecquaesgeek]]'', dubbed ''Manhattans'' or ''[[Manhattoe]]'' by Dutch settlers, who along with other Native Americans, most likely [[Lenape]],<ref>{{cite book |title=The Epic of New York City |author=Ellis, Edward Robb |publisher=Old Town Books |year=1966 |page=52}}</ref> occupied the area on a semi-nomadic basis. As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands.<ref>{{harvnb|Gill|2011|p=6}}</ref> Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established.<ref>{{citation |last=Riker |first=James |title=Harlem: Its Origins and Early Annals |place=Elizabeth, New Jersey |publisher=New Harlem Publishing Company |year=1904 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAAmEO_WshUC&q=Harlem:+Its+Origins+and+Early+Annals |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210519/https://books.google.com/books?id=uAAmEO_WshUC&q=Harlem:+Its+Origins+and+Early+Annals#v=snippet&q=Harlem%3A%20Its%20Origins%20and%20Early%20Annals&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harlem in the Old Times |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 11, 1880 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/01/11/98876947.pdf |access-date=December 30, 2012 |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105031649/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1880/01/11/98876947.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The settlement of Harlem was formally incorporated in 1660<ref name="Gill 2011 33"/> under the leadership of [[Peter Stuyvesant]].<ref name="ng1977">"To Live In Harlem", Frank Hercules, ''National Geographic'', February 1977, p. 178-</ref> During the [[American Revolution]], the British burned Harlem to the ground.<ref>{{harvnb|Gill|2011|p=61}}</ref> It took a long time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century.<ref>"Harlem, the Village That Became a Ghetto", Martin Duberman, in ''New York, N.Y.: An American Heritage History of the Nation's Greatest City'', 1968</ref> After the [[American Civil War]], Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868. The neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian.<ref>{{harvnb|Gill|2011|pp=100 & 109}}</ref> The [[New York and Harlem Railroad]],<ref>{{harvnb|Gill|2011|p=86}}</ref> as well as the [[Interborough Rapid Transit]] and [[elevated railway]] lines,<ref>"The Growth and Decline of Harlem's Housing", Thorin Tritter, ''Afro-Americans in New York Life and History'', January 31, 1998</ref> helped Harlem's economic growth, as they connected Harlem to lower and midtown Manhattan. [[File:Harlem 135 street buildings.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Apartment building in Central Harlem]] [[File:Harlem condemned building.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s]] The Jewish and Italian demographic decreased, while the black and Puerto Rican population increased in this time.<ref>{{harvnb|Gill|2011|pp=175 & 210}}</ref> The early-20th century [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of black people to northern industrial cities was fueled by their desire to leave behind the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] South, seek better jobs and education for their children, and escape a culture of [[lynching]] violence; during [[World War I]], expanding industries recruited black laborers to fill new jobs, thinly staffed after the draft began to take young men.<ref name="sg1925">[http://etext.virginia.edu/harlem/JohMakiF.html "The Making of Harlem"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615081628/http://etext.virginia.edu/harlem/JohMakiF.html |date=June 15, 2006}}, James Weldon Johnson, The Survey Graphic, March 1925</ref> In 1910, Central Harlem population was about 10% black people. By 1930, it had reached 70%.<ref>[http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/demographics/20080827/5/2635 Gotham Gazette, 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117064019/http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/demographics/20080827/5/2635 |date=January 17, 2012}}</ref> Starting around the time of the end of [[World War I]], Harlem became associated with the [[New Negro]] movement, and then the artistic outpouring known as the [[Harlem Renaissance]], which extended to poetry, novels, theater, and the visual arts. So many black people came that it "threaten[ed] the very existence of some of the leading industries of Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and Alabama."<ref>"118,000 Negroes Move From The South", ''The New York World'', November 5, 1917</ref> Many settled in Harlem. By 1920, central Harlem was 32.43% black. The 1930 census revealed that 70.18% of central Harlem's residents were black and lived as far south as [[Central Park]], at 110th Street.<ref name="gothamgazette.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/article//20080827/255/2635 |title=Harlem's Shifting Population |date=August 27, 2008 |work=Gotham Gazette |publisher=The Citizens Union Foundation |access-date=June 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212141227/http://gothamgazette.com/article//20080827/255/2635 |archive-date=February 12, 2010}}</ref> However, by the 1930s, the neighborhood was hit hard by job losses in the [[Great Depression]]. In the early 1930s, 25% of Harlemites were out of work, and employment prospects for Harlemites stayed poor for decades. Employment among black New Yorkers fell as some traditionally black businesses, including domestic service and some types of manual labor, were taken over by other ethnic groups. Major industries left New York City altogether, especially after 1950. Several riots happened in this period, including in [[1935 Harlem riot|1935]] and [[Harlem riot of 1943|1943]]. There were major changes following [[World War II]]. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Harlem was the scene of a series of [[rent strike]]s by neighborhood tenants, led by local activist [[Jesse Gray]], together with the [[Congress of Racial Equality]], [[Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited]] (HARYOU), and other groups. These groups wanted the city to force landlords to improve the quality of housing by bringing them up to code, to take action against [[rat]]s and [[cockroach|roaches]], to provide heat during the winter, and to keep prices in line with existing rent control regulations.<ref>{{harvnb|Killens|Halstead|1966|p=27}}</ref> The largest public works projects in Harlem in these years were public housing, with the largest concentration built in East Harlem.<ref>[http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arch_story/112103.htm "A Landmark Struggle"], Lisa Davis, ''Preservation Online'', November 21, 2003 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204130305/http://www.nationaltrust.org/magazine/archives/arch_story/112103.htm |date=February 4, 2008}}</ref> Typically, existing structures were torn down and replaced with city-designed and managed properties that would, in theory, present a safer and more pleasant environment than those available from private landlords. Ultimately, community objections halted the construction of new projects.<ref name="eastharlem1999">[http://www.east-harlem.com/cb11_197A_history.htm East Harlem's History] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904040230/http://www.east-harlem.com/cb11_197A_history.htm |date=September 4, 2019 }}, New Directions: A 197-A Plan for Manhattan Community district 11 (Revised 1999)</ref> From the mid-20th century, the low quality of [[education in Harlem]] has been a source of distress. In the 1960s, about 75% of Harlem students tested under grade levels in reading skills, and 80% tested under grade level in math.<ref>Pinkney & Woock, ''Poverty and Politics in Harlem'' (1970), p. 33.</ref> In 1964, residents of Harlem staged two school boycotts to call attention to the problem. In central Harlem, 92% of students stayed home.<ref>{{harvnb|Killens|Halstead|1966|p=104}}</ref> In the post-World War II era, Harlem ceased to be home to a majority of the city's black people,<ref>"Harlem Losing Ground as Negro Area", ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'', April 6, 1952</ref> but it remained the cultural and political capital of black New York, and possibly black America.<ref>Powell, Michael. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A30280-2005Mar12?language=printer "Harlem's New Rush: Booming Real Estate"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410163113/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A30280-2005Mar12?language=printer |date=April 10, 2005}}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', March 13, 2005. Accessed May 18, 2007. "The transformation of this historic capital of Black America has taken an amphetamined step or three beyond a Starbucks, a Body Shop and former president Bill Clinton taking an office on 125th Street."</ref><ref>Brooks, Charles. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420171049/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HST/is_2_4/ai_83553085 "Harlemworld: Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America – nonfiction reviews – book review"], ''[[Black Issues Book Review]]'', March–April 2002. Accessed May 18, 2007. "There's a mystique that surrounds Harlem --with its rich historical tradition, literature, music, dance, politics and social activism. Consequently, Harlem is referred to as the "Black Mecca" the capital of black America, and arguably the most recognized black community in the country."</ref> By the 1970s, many of those Harlemites who were able to escape from poverty left the neighborhood in search of better schools and homes, and safer streets. Those who remained were the poorest and least skilled, with the fewest opportunities for success. Though the federal government's [[Model Cities Program]] spent $100&nbsp;million on job training, health care, education, public safety, sanitation, housing, and other projects over a ten-year period, Harlem showed no improvement.<ref>"Harlem's Dreams Have Died in Last Decade, Leaders Say", ''The New York Times'', March 1, 1978, p. A1.</ref> The city began auctioning its enormous portfolio of Harlem properties to the public in 1985. This was intended to improve the community by placing property in the hands of people who would live in them and maintain them. In many cases, the city would even pay to completely renovate a property before selling it (by lottery) below market value.<ref>Stern, Fishman & Tilove, ''New York 2000'' (2006), p. 1016</ref> After the 1990s, Harlem began to grow again. Between 1990 and 2006 the neighborhood's population grew by 16.9%, with the percentage of black people decreasing from 87.6% to 69.3%,<ref name="gothamgazette.com"/> then dropping to 54.4% by 2010,<ref name="dailyNews201012">[http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-12-26/local/27085558_1_whites-million-dollar-homes-black-harlem-residents "Census trends: Young, white Harlem newcomers aren't always welcomed"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622022201/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-12-26/local/27085558_1_whites-million-dollar-homes-black-harlem-residents |date=June 22, 2012 }}, ''New York Daily News'', December 26, 2010</ref> and the percentage of whites increasing from 1.5% to 6.6% by 2006,<ref name="gothamgazette.com"/> and to "almost 10%" by 2010.<ref name="dailyNews201012"/> A renovation of 125th Street and new properties along the thoroughfare<ref>Stern, Fishman & Tilove, ''New York 2000'' (2006), p. 1013.</ref><ref>[http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2001/aug/05/newyork.unitedstates.observerescapesection "New boy in the 'hood'{{-"}}], ''The Observer'', August 5, 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227142720/http://travel.guardian.co.uk/article/2001/aug/05/newyork.unitedstates.observerescapesection |date=February 27, 2007}}</ref> also helped to revitalize Harlem.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040912110224/http://www.urban.columbia.edu/people/alumni/2004thesis_pdf/EGothelfThesis.pdf ''The Economic Redevelopment of Harlem''], PhD Thesis of Eldad Gothelf, submitted to Columbia University in May 2004</ref> == Culture == {{See also|Harlem Renaissance}} [[File:A night-club map of Harlem LOC 2016585261.jpg|thumb|222x222px|A 1933 map of [[Nightclub|nightclubs]] in Harlem, showing [[Savoy Ballroom]], [[Cotton Club]], [[Smalls Paradise]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manhattan, Vol. 1, No. 1: A Night-Club Map of Harlem |url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2020.26.34a-e |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=National Museum of African American History and Culture |language=en}}</ref>]] In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem was the focus of the "[[Harlem Renaissance]]", an outpouring of artistic work without precedent in the American Black community. Though Harlem musicians and writers are particularly well remembered, the community has also hosted numerous actors and theater companies, including the New Heritage Repertory Theater,<ref name="ng1977"/> National Black Theater, Lafayette Players, Harlem Suitcase Theater, The Negro Playwrights, [[American Negro Theater]], and the Rose McClendon Players.<ref>Jim Williams, "Need for Harlem Theater", in ''Harlem: A Community in Transition'', 1964. p.158</ref> [[File:Apollo Theater, Harlem (November 2006).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Apollo Theater]] on [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] in November 2006]] The [[Apollo Theater]] opened on 125th Street on January 26, 1934, in a former [[burlesque house]]. The [[Savoy Ballroom]], on [[Lenox Avenue]], was a renowned venue for [[Swing (dance)|swing]] dancing, and was immortalized in a popular song of the era, "[[Stompin' at the Savoy]]". In the 1920s and 1930s, between Lenox and [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenues]] in central Harlem, over 125 entertainment venues were in operation, including [[Speakeasy|speakeasies]], cellars, lounges, cafes, taverns, supper clubs, rib joints, theaters, dance halls, and bars and grills.<ref>{{cite web |first=Murray L. |last=Pfeffer |title=My Harlem Reverie |url=http://nfo.net/usa/harlem.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331102518/http://nfo.net/usa/harlem.html |archive-date=March 31, 2010 |publisher=The Big Bands Database |access-date=October 2, 2016}}</ref> [[133rd Street (Manhattan)|133rd Street]], known as "Swing Street", became known for its cabarets, speakeasies and jazz scene during the Prohibition era, and was dubbed "Jungle Alley" because of "inter-racial mingling" on the street.<ref name="Freeland2009">{{cite book |last=Freeland |first=David |title=Automats, Taxi Dances, and Vaudeville: Excavating Manhattan's Lost Places of Leisure |url=https://archive.org/details/automatstaxidanc00davi |url-access=registration |year=2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-2763-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/automatstaxidanc00davi/page/155 155]}}</ref><ref name="NNS">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XX05_owF5js |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XX05_owF5js |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live |title=Saxman Finds Place For Jazz History |date=December 18, 2008 |publisher=New York City News Service |type=Video |access-date=December 6, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some jazz venues, including the [[Cotton Club]], where [[Duke Ellington]] played, and [[Connie's Inn]], were restricted to whites only. Others were integrated, including the [[Renaissance Ballroom]] and the Savoy Ballroom. In 1936, [[Orson Welles]] produced his black ''[[Macbeth]]'' at the [[Lafayette Theatre (Harlem)|Lafayette Theater]] in Harlem.<ref>"Jam Streets as 'Macbeth' Opens", ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 15, 1936.</ref> Grand theaters from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were torn down or converted to churches. Harlem lacked any permanent performance space until the creation of the Gatehouse Theater in an old [[Croton aqueduct]] building on [[135th Street (Manhattan)|135th Street]] in 2006.<ref>"Gatehouse Ushers in a Second Act as a Theater", ''The New York Times'', October 17, 2006</ref> [[File:Spritual African Drummer .jpg|thumb|upright|Spiritual African drummer on 135th Street between [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard]] and [[Frederick Douglass Boulevard]]]]<!-- The National Black Theater does have a couple of theaters but they have not produced any plays in years; as far as I can tell, they just rent the space out for social events. --> From 1965 until 2007, the community was home to the [[Boys Choir of Harlem|Harlem Boys Choir]], a touring choir and education program for young boys, most of whom are black.<ref name="endchoir">{{cite news |last1=Otterman |first1=Sharon |title=A Quiet End for Boys Choir of Harlem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/23/nyregion/23choir.html?_r=0 |access-date=February 18, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=December 22, 2009 |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218073927/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/23/nyregion/23choir.html?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Girls Choir of Harlem was founded in 1989, and closed with the Boys Choir.<ref name="girlschoir">{{cite news |last1=Kennedy |first1=Randy |title=A Girls' Choir Finally Sings In Spotlight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/24/nyregion/a-girls-choir-finally-sings-in-spotlight.html |access-date=February 18, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=November 24, 1997 |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218074846/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/24/nyregion/a-girls-choir-finally-sings-in-spotlight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1967 to 1969, the [[Harlem Cultural Festival]] took place in [[Marcus Garvey Park|Mount Morris Park]]. Another name for this festival is "Black Woodstock". Artists like [[Stevie Wonder]], [[The 5th Dimension]], and [[Gladys Knight]] performed here.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernstein |first=Jonathan |date=August 9, 2019 |title=This 1969 Music Fest Has Been Called 'Black Woodstock.' Why Doesn't Anyone Remember? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/black-woodstock-harlem-cultural-festival-history-859626/ |access-date=November 30, 2022 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130194255/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/black-woodstock-harlem-cultural-festival-history-859626/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=director. |first=Questlove, film |title=Summer of soul |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1292021759 |oclc=1292021759 |access-date=November 30, 2022}}</ref> Harlem is also home to the largest [[African American Day Parade]], which celebrates the culture of African [[diaspora]] in America. The parade was started up in the spring of 1969 with Congressman [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr.]] as the Grand Marshal of the first celebration.<ref name="africanamericanday">{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN DAY PARADE, INC. |url=http://www.africanamericandayparade.org/3.html |website=African American Day Parade |access-date=February 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218072654/http://www.africanamericandayparade.org/3.html |archive-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> [[Arthur Mitchell (dancer)|Arthur Mitchell]], a former dancer with the [[New York City Ballet]], established [[Dance Theatre of Harlem]] as a school and company of classical ballet and theater training in the late 1960s. The company has toured nationally and internationally. Generations of theater artists have gotten a start at the school. By the 2010s, new dining hotspots were opening in Harlem around Frederick Douglass Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/video/#!/shows/newyorklive/Harlems-Restaurant-Row/103478474 |title=Drone Footage Shows Hurricane Lane Flooding in Hawaii |website=NBC New York |access-date=February 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402032823/http://www.nbcnewyork.com/video/#!/shows/newyorklive/Harlems-Restaurant-Row/103478474 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the same time, some residents fought back against the powerful waves of gentrification the neighborhood is experiencing. In 2013, residents staged a sidewalk [[sit-in]] to protest a five-days-a-week [[farmers market]] that would shut down Macombs Place at 150th Street.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20131018/hamilton-heights/harlem-residents-protest-farmers-market-temporary-pedestrian-plaza |title=Harlem Residents Hold Sit-In to Protest Farmers Market Takeover of Plaza |last=Mays |first=Jeff |date=October 18, 2013 |publisher=DNAinfo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123224148/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20131018/hamilton-heights/harlem-residents-protest-farmers-market-temporary-pedestrian-plaza |archive-date=November 23, 2013}}</ref> Uptown Night Market was founded in 2021 to celebrate cuisine, community, and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=September 30, 2021 |title=Announcing Uptown Night Market From Cupcakes, Catering, Cuzin's And More All Under The Arch In Harlem |url=https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/announcing-uptown-night-market-from-cupcakes-catering-cuzins-and-more-all-in-harlem/ |access-date=January 29, 2022 |work=Harlem World Magazine |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126183625/https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/announcing-uptown-night-market-from-cupcakes-catering-cuzins-and-more-all-in-harlem/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the largest night markets in [[Manhattan]]. The main attractions include musical performances, arts and crafts shows, and food.<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Uptown Night Market Opens Its Doors For A Strong Harlem Week 2021 |url=https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/uptown-night-market-opens-its-doors-for-a-strong-harlem-week-2021/ |access-date=January 29, 2022 |work=Harlem World Magazine |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170452/https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/uptown-night-market-opens-its-doors-for-a-strong-harlem-week-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Music=== [[File:Black Ivory promo10.jpg|thumb|[[Black Ivory]] in Harlem 2017]] Many R&B/Soul groups and artists formed in Harlem. [[The Main Ingredient (band)|The Main Ingredient]], [[Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers]], [[Black Ivory]], [[Cameo (band)|Cameo]], [[Keith Sweat]], [[Freddie Jackson]], [[Alyson Williams]], [[Johnny Kemp]], [[Teddy Riley]], [[Dave Wooley]], and others got their start in Harlem. Manhattan's contributions to [[hip-hop]] stems largely from artists with Harlem roots such as [[Doug E. Fresh]], [[Big L]], [[Kurtis Blow]], [[The Diplomats]], [[Mase]] or [[Immortal Technique]]. Harlem is also the birthplace of popular hip-hop dances such as the [[Harlem shake (dance)|Harlem shake]], toe wop, and [[Chicken Noodle Soup (Webstar song)|Chicken Noodle Soup]]. Harlem's [[classical music]] birthed organizations and chamber ensembles such as [[Roberta Guaspari]]'s Opus 118,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |title=Meryl Streep plays violin in Music of the Heart |url=https://www.thestrad.com/video/meryl-streep-plays-violin-in-music-of-the-heart/3828.article |website=The Strad |language=en |date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629003842/https://www.thestrad.com/video/meryl-streep-plays-violin-in-music-of-the-heart/3828.article |url-status=live }}</ref> Harlem Chamber Players,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Chloe |title=The Apollo Theater, ACO & NBT to Present THE GATHERING: A COLLECTIVE SONIC RING SHOUT |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/The-Apollo-Theater-ACO-NBT-to-Present-THE-GATHERING-A-COLLECTIVE-SONIC-RING-SHOUT-20220420 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en |date=April 20, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512004558/https://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/The-Apollo-Theater-ACO-NBT-to-Present-THE-GATHERING-A-COLLECTIVE-SONIC-RING-SHOUT-20220420 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Omnipresent Music Festival BIPOC Musicians Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Escobar |first1=Christine |title=EVENTS: Violinist Creates New Music Fest to Showcase BBIPOC artists |url=https://www.representclassical.com/news-1/events-harlem-violinist-creates-new-omnipresent-music-festival-to-showcase-bipoc-artists |website=Represent Classical |date=July 23, 2021 |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005021457/https://www.representclassical.com/news-1/events-harlem-violinist-creates-new-omnipresent-music-festival-to-showcase-bipoc-artists |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harlem Quartet]], and musicians such as violinist [[Edward W. Hardy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Jessie |title=He followed his passion for classical music from Harlem to Colorado |url=https://www.cpr.org/2022/02/02/he-followed-his-passion-for-classical-music-from-harlem-to-colorado/ |website=Colorado Public Radio |publisher=CPR Classical |language=en |date=February 2, 2022 |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523143237/https://www.cpr.org/2022/02/02/he-followed-his-passion-for-classical-music-from-harlem-to-colorado/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 1920s, African-American pianists who lived in Harlem invented their own style of jazz piano, called [[Stride (music)|stride]], which was heavily influenced by [[ragtime]]. This style played a very important role in early jazz piano<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgALtJ2GKIUC&q=harlem+stride&pg=PA148 |title=New York Modern: The Arts and the City |first1=William B. |last1=Scott |first2=Peter M. |last2=Rutkoff |date=August 14, 2001 |publisher=JHU Press |via=Google Books |isbn=9780801867934 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210519/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgALtJ2GKIUC&q=harlem+stride&pg=PA148#v=snippet&q=harlem%20stride&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTKvDAAAQBAJ&q=stride+piano+importance+in+jazz&pg=PT3 |title=How to Play Solo Jazz Piano |first=John |last=Valerio |date=August 1, 2016 |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |via=Google Books |isbn=9781495073663 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210520/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTKvDAAAQBAJ&q=stride+piano+importance+in+jazz&pg=PT3#v=snippet&q=stride%20piano%20importance%20in%20jazz&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Language=== In 1938, jazz bandleader and singer [[Cab Calloway]] published the first dictionary by an African-American, ''Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A "Hepster's" Dictionary'', which became the official [[Glossary of jive talk|jive language]] reference book of the [[New York Public Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorene |first=Paul |date=April 26, 2017 |title=Cab Calloway's Hepster's Dictionary: A Guide To The Language Of Jive (1938) |url=https://flashbak.com/cab-calloways-hepsters-dictionary-a-guide-to-the-language-of-jive-1938-378657/ |website=Flashbak |language=en-US |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093107/https://flashbak.com/cab-calloways-hepsters-dictionary-a-guide-to-the-language-of-jive-1938-378657/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Calt">{{cite book |last1=Calt |first1=Stephen |title=Barrelhouse Words: A Blues Dialect Dictionary |date=2009 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252076602 |page=xxi}}</ref> In 1939, Calloway published an accompanying book titled ''Professor Cab Calloway's Swingformation Bureau'', which instructed readers how to apply the words and phrases from the dictionary. He released several editions until 1944, the last being ''The New Cab Calloway's Hepsters Dictionary: Language of Jive''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alvarez |first=Luis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6gwDwAAQBAJ&q=cab+calloway+ |title=The Power of the Zoot: Youth Culture and Resistance During World War II |publisher=Univ of California Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-520-26154-9 |pages=92–93 |language=en |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210520/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6gwDwAAQBAJ&q=cab+calloway+#v=snippet&q=cab%20calloway&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Poet [[Lemn Sissay]] observed that "Cab Calloway was taking ownership of language for a people who, just a few generations before, had their own languages taken away."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=August 1, 2017 |title=The 'Hepster Dictionary' Was the First Dictionary Written By an African American |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american |website=History |language=en |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310031324/https://www.history.com/news/the-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Religious life=== [[File:Andrew Episcopal Harlem jeh.JPG|thumb|left|[[St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (New York City)|St. Andrew's Episcopal Church]]]] Religious life has historically had a strong presence in Black Harlem. The area is home to over 400 churches,<ref>"The New Heyday of Harlem", Tessa Souter, ''The Independent'', Sunday, June 8, 1997</ref> some of which are official city or national landmarks.<ref name="nycland"/><ref name="nrhp1"/> Major Christian denominations include [[Baptists]], Pentecostals, [[Methodism|Methodists]] (generally [[African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church|African Methodist Episcopal Zionist]], or "AMEZ" and [[African Methodist Episcopal Church|African Methodist Episcopalian]], or "AME"), [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalians]], and [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]. The [[Abyssinian Baptist Church]] has long been influential because of its large congregation. [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] built a chapel on 128th Street in 2005. Many of the area's churches are "[[storefront church]]es", which operate in an empty store, or a basement, or a converted brownstone townhouse. These congregations may have fewer than 30–50 members each, but there are hundreds of them.<ref>''Fact Not Fiction in Harlem'', John H. Johnson, St. Martin's Church, 1980. p. 69+</ref> Others are old, large, and designated landmarks. Especially in the years before World War II, Harlem produced popular Christian charismatic "cult" leaders, including [[George Wilson Becton]] and [[Father Divine]].<ref name="HUSAintro">''Harlem U.S.A.'', ed. John Henrik Clarke, introduction to 1971 edition</ref> Mosques in Harlem include the [[Masjid Malcolm Shabazz]] (formerly Mosque No. 7 [[Nation of Islam]], and the location of the [[1972 Harlem mosque incident]]), the Mosque of Islamic Brotherhood and Masjid Aqsa. Judaism, too, maintains a presence in Harlem through the [[Old Broadway Synagogue]]. A non-mainstream synagogue of [[Black Hebrews]], known as [[Commandment Keepers]], was based in a synagogue at 1 West 123rd Street until 2008. {{clear}} ===Landmarks<span class="anchor" id="Harlem landmarks"></span>=== [[File:St. Martin's Episcopal Church, Harlem, looking northeast across Malcom X Blvd, 2008 jeh.jpg|thumb|right|St Martin's Episcopal Church, at [[Lenox Avenue]] and 122nd Street]] [[File:Hotel theresa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hotel Theresa]] building at the corner of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]]]] [[File:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building from east.jpg|thumb|right|[[Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building]], at the same intersection as the Hotel Theresa]] ====Officially designated landmarks==== Many places in Harlem are official city landmarks labeled by the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] or are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[12 West 129th Street]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1845.pdf |title=12 West 129th Street |date=July 26, 1994 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153346/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1845.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[17 East 128th Street]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1237.pdf |title=17 East 128th Street |date=December 21, 1982 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153354/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1237.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[369th Regiment Armory]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1390.pdf |title=369th Regiment Armory |date=May 14, 1985 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610194259/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1390.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Abyssinian Baptist Church]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1851.pdf |title=Abyssinian Baptist Church and Community House |date=July 13, 1993 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153346/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1851.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Apollo Theater]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1299.pdf |title=Apollo Theater |date=June 28, 1983 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153516/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1299.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1">{{NRISref|2013}}</ref> * [[Astor Row]], a set of New York City landmark houses<ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland}}</ref>{{rp|207}} * [[Blockhouse No. 1]], [[Fort Clinton (Central Park)|Fort Clinton]], and [[Nutter's Battery]], part of [[Central Park]], a New York City scenic landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0851.pdf |title=Central Park |date=April 16, 1974 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0851.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Central Harlem West–130–132nd Streets Historic District]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2607.pdf |title=Central Harlem West–130–132nd Streets Historic District |date=May 29, 2018 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209154116/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2607.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Dunbar Apartments]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0708.pdf |title=Dunbar Apartments |date=July 14, 1970 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153512/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0708.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Graham Court Apartments]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1254.pdf |title=Graham Court Apartments |date=October 16, 1984 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316163512/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1254.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Hamilton Grange]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0317.pdf |title=Alexander Hamilton House, the Grange |date=August 2, 1967 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801125354/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0317.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Harlem River Houses]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0894.pdf |title=Harlem River Houses |date=September 23, 1975 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209154027/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0894.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Harlem YMCA]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1973.pdf |title=Young Men's Christian Association Building, 135th Street Branch |date=February 10, 1998 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153318/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1973.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Hotel Theresa]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1843.pdf |title=Hotel Theresa |date=July 13, 1993 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201050001/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1843.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Jackie Robinson YMCA Youth Center]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1848.pdf |title=Young Men's Christian Association Building, Harlem Branch (now) Jackie Robinson YMCA Youth Center |date=December 13, 2016 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201054848/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1848.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Langston Hughes House]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1135.pdf |title=Langston Hughes House |date=August 11, 1981 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201044256/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1135.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Macombs Dam Bridge]] and 155th Street Viaduct, a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1629.pdf |title=Macomb's Dam Bridge and 155th Street Viaduct |date=January 14, 1992 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113044919/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1629.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Manhattan Avenue-West 120th-123rd Streets Historic District]], a NRHP historic district<ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Metropolitan Baptist Church (New York City)|Metropolitan Baptist Church]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1134.pdf |title=Metropolitan Baptist Church |date=February 3, 1981 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209154135/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1134.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Minton's Playhouse]], a NRHP-listed site<ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)|Morningside Park]], a New York City scenic landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2254.pdf |title=Morningside Park |date=July 15, 2008 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113418/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2254.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1849.pdf |title=Mother African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church |date=July 13, 1993 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153350/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1849.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Mount Morris Park Historic District]], a New York City landmark district<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0452.pdf |title=Mount Morris Park Historic District |date=November 3, 1971 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031045343/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0452.pdf |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2571.pdf |title=Mount Morris Park Historic District (Extension) |date=September 22, 2015 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113455/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2571.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Mount Olive Fire Baptized Holiness Church]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2320.pdf |title=Mount Olive Fire Baptized Holiness Church |date=June 23, 2009 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153343/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2320.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[New York Public Library 115th Street Branch]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0298.pdf |title=New York Public Library, 115th Street Branch |date=July 12, 1967 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153622/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0298.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Regent Theatre (New York City)|Regent Theatre]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1841.pdf |title=Regent Theater |date=March 8, 1994 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012040244/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1841.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Schomburg Collection for Research in Black Culture]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1133.pdf |title=Schomburg Collection for Research in Black Culture |date=February 3, 1981 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201051546/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1133.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[St. Aloysius Catholic Church (New York City)|St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2164.pdf |title=St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church |date=January 30, 2007 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153326/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2164.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (New York City)|St. Andrew's Church]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0294.pdf |title=Saint Andrew's Church |date=April 12, 1967 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153327/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0294.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[St. Philip's Protestant Episcopal Church]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1846.pdf |title=Saint Philip's Protestant Episcopal Church |date=July 13, 1993 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153727/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1846.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[St. Martin's Episcopal Church (New York City)|St. Martin's Episcopal Church]] (formerly Trinity Church), a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0293.pdf |title=St. Martin's Episcopal Church |date=July 19, 1966 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153508/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0293.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[St. Nicholas Historic District]], a New York City landmark district<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0322.pdf |title=St. Nicholas Historic District |date=March 16, 1967 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107005909/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0322.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Church]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1844.pdf |title=St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Church |date=March 8, 1994 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153901/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1844.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Wadleigh High School for Girls]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1840.pdf |title=Wadleigh High School for Girls |date=July 26, 1994 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209153659/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1840.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Washington Apartments (New York City)|Washington Apartments]], a New York City landmark<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1842.pdf |title=Washington Apartments |date=March 8, 1994 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=December 9, 2019 |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012040238/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1842.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col end}} ====Other points of interest==== Other prominent points of interest include: {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building]] * [[All Saints Church (Manhattan)|All Saints Church]] * [[ATLAH World Missionary Church]] * [[Bushman Steps]], stairway that led baseball fans from the subway to [[The Polo Grounds]] ticket booth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M127/highlights/11962 |title=Bushman Steps NYC Parks website highlights |access-date=July 29, 2011 |archive-date=January 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111111134/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M127/highlights/11962 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Cotton Club]] * [[Duke Ellington Circle]] * [[Frederick Douglass Circle]] * [[Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts]] * [[Harlem Children's Zone]] * [[Harlem Hospital Center]] * [[The Harlem School of the Arts]] * [[Lenox Lounge]] * [[Marcus Garvey Park]] ** [[Harlem Fire Watchtower]], a New York City landmark and NRHP-listed site<ref>{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0313.pdf |title=Watch Tower |date=July 12, 1967 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921121443/https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0313.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nrhp1"/> * [[Morningside Park (Manhattan)|Morningside Park]] * [[National Black Theatre]] * [[New York College of Podiatric Medicine]] * [[Marcus Samuelsson|Red Rooster]] * [[Rucker Park]] * [[Savoy Ballroom]] * [[St. Nicholas Houses]] * [[Studio Museum in Harlem]] * [[Sylvia's Restaurant of Harlem|Sylvia's Soul Food]] * [[Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine]] * [[New York Amsterdam News]] {{div col end}} == Demographics == The demographics of Harlem's communities have changed throughout its history. In 1910, black residents formed 10% of Harlem's population, but by 1930, they had become a 70% majority.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> The period between 1910 and 1930 was marked by the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of [[African Americans]] from the South to northern cities, including New York. Within the city, this era also witnessed an influx of black residents from downtown Manhattan neighborhoods, where black people were feeling less welcome, to the Harlem area.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> The black population in Harlem peaked in 1950, with a 98% share of the population of 233,000. As of 2000, central Harlem's black residents comprised 77% of the total population of that area; however, the black population has recently declined as many African Americans move out and more immigrants move in.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf#mn10 Nyc.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317001127/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/pub/mnneeds_2012.pdf |date=March 17, 2013}}</ref> As of 2021, central Harlem's Black residents numbered 56,668, comprising 44% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census profile: NYC-Manhattan Community District 10--Central Harlem PUMA, NY |url=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Census Reporter |language=en |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430023559/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In that regard, there are an estimated 27% (34,773) Hispanics, 18% (23,182) White, 4% (5,151) Asian, 6% (7,727) of two or more races and 2% (2,575) Other. Harlem suffers from unemployment rates generally more than twice the citywide average, as well as high poverty rates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pinkney |first1=Alphonso |last2=Woock |first2=Roger R. |title=Poverty and Politics in Harlem |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-8084-0249-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_x_oAEACAAJ |access-date=March 21, 2019 |page=31 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210520/https://books.google.com/books?id=7_x_oAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the numbers for men have been consistently worse than the numbers for women. Private and governmental initiatives to ameliorate unemployment and poverty have not been successful. During the [[Great Depression]], unemployment in Harlem went past 20% and people were being evicted from their homes.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Nick |title=Great Depression (1930's) News |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://nytimes.com/topic/subject/the-great-depression |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321164310/https://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/the-great-depression |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, the federal government developed and instituted the [[redlining]] policy. This policy rated neighborhoods, such as Central Harlem, as unappealing based on the race, ethnicity, and national origins of the residents.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Central Harlem was deemed 'hazardous' and residents living in Central Harlem were refused home loans or other investments.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Comparably, wealthy and white residents in New York City neighborhoods were approved more often for housing loans and investment applications.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Overall, they were given preferential treatment by city and state institutions. In the 1960s, uneducated black people could find jobs more easily than educated ones could, confounding efforts to improve the lives of people who lived in the neighborhood through education.<ref name="CHP2018" /> Land owners took advantage of the neighborhood and offered apartments to the lower-class families for cheaper rent but in lower-class conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shumsky |first=N.L. |title=Encyclopedia of urban America: the cities and suburbs. A - L |publisher=ABC-ClIO |issue=v. 1 |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87436-846-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uodUAAAAMAAJ |access-date=March 21, 2019 |chapter=Harlem |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210524/https://books.google.com/books?id=uodUAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1999 there were 179,000 housing units available in Harlem.<ref name="Hyra, Derek S. 2008">{{cite book |last=Hyra |first=Derek S. |title=The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-226-36604-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYfJPr3fHXcC |access-date=March 21, 2019 |page=103 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027210520/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYfJPr3fHXcC |url-status=live }}</ref> Housing activists in Harlem state that, even after residents were given vouchers for the [[Section 8 housing]] that was being placed, many were not able to live there and had to find homes elsewhere or become homeless.<ref name="Hyra, Derek S. 2008" /> These policies are examples of [[societal racism]], also known as structural racism. As public health leaders have named structural racism as a key social determinant of [[health disparities]] between racial and ethnic minorities,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Zinzi D. |last2=Krieger |first2=Nancy |last3=Agénor |first3=Madina |last4=Graves |first4=Jasmine |last5=Linos |first5=Natalia |last6=Bassett |first6=Mary T. |date=April 8, 2017 |title=Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30569-X/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=389 |issue=10077 |pages=1453–1463 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=28402827 |s2cid=4669313 |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027211025/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30569-X/fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> these 20th century policies have contributed to the current population health disparities between Central Harlem and other New York City neighborhoods.<ref name="CHP2018" /> ===Central Harlem=== For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Central Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: Central Harlem North and Central Harlem South, divided by 126th street.<ref>[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/ntas.pdf New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129141839/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/ntas.pdf |date=November 29, 2018 }}, Population Division - [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> Based on data from the [[2010 United States Census]], the population of Central Harlem was 118,665, a change of 9,574 (8.1%) from the 109,091 counted in [[2000 United States Census|2000]]. Covering an area of {{convert|926.05|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{convert|128.1|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.<ref name="PLP5">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610175331/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division - [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9.5% (11,322) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 63% (74,735) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% (367) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.4% (2,839) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0% (46) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.3% (372) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.2% (2,651) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 22.2% (26,333) of the population. Harlem's Black population was more concentrated in Central Harlem North, and its White population more concentrated in Central Harlem South, while the Hispanic / Latino population was evenly split.<ref name="PLP3A">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610170733/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division - [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref> The most significant shifts in the racial composition of Central Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the White population's increase by 402% (9,067), the Hispanic / Latino population's increase by 43% (7,982), and the Black population's decrease by 11% (9,544). While the growth of the Hispanic / Latino was predominantly in Central Harlem North, the decrease in the Black population was slightly greater in Central Harlem South, and the drastic increase in the White population was split evenly across the two census tabulation areas. Meanwhile, the Asian population grew by 211% (1,927) but remained a small minority, and the small population of all other races increased by 4% (142).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls |title=Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood |publisher=Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY |date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |format=Excel file |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417045228/http://www.urbanresearchmaps.org/plurality/files/RaceEthnic%20Change%20by%20Neighborhood%205-23-11.xls |url-status=live }}</ref> The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises Central Harlem, had 116,345 inhabitants as of [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|NYC Health]]'s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 76.2 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn10.pdf |title=Central Harlem |date=2018 |website=nyc.gov |publisher=NYC Health |access-date=March 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040538/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|2, 20}} This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |title=2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020 |date=2016 |website=[[government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]] |access-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909004755/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}} Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 35% are between 25 and 44, and 24% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 11% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|2}} As of 2017, the median [[household income]] in Community District 10 was $49,059.<ref name="CB10PUMA">{{cite web |url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |title=NYC-Manhattan Community District 10--Central Harlem PUMA, NY |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040540/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603803-nyc-manhattan-community-district-10-central-harlem-puma-ny/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, an estimated 21% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. Around 12% of residents were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Community District 10 is considered to be [[gentrification|gentrifying]]: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|7}} ===Other sections=== In 2010, the population of West Harlem was 110,193.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn09_info.shtml |title=Nyc.gov West Harlem Community District Profil. |access-date=March 1, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305224505/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn09_info.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> West Harlem, consisting of [[Manhattanville]] and [[Hamilton Heights]], is predominately Hispanic / Latino, while African Americans make up about a quarter of the West Harlem population.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In 2010, the population of [[East Harlem]] was 120,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn11_info.shtml |title=Nyc.org Harlem Manhattan Community District Profile |access-date=March 1, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305224459/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/neigh_info/mn11_info.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> East Harlem originally formed as a predominantly Italian American neighborhood.<ref>[http://www.nycteachingfellows.org/mypersonalinfo/downloads/M.HarlemHistory.pdf Nycteachingfellows.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824054930/http://www.nycteachingfellows.org/mypersonalinfo/downloads/M.HarlemHistory.pdf |date=August 24, 2014}}</ref> The area began its transition from Italian Harlem to Spanish Harlem when [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] migration began after World War II,<ref name="nyc.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.com/visitor_guide/el_barrio_spanish_harlem.75851/editorial_review.aspx |title=El Barrio (Spanish Harlem) New York City.com: Visitor Guide: Editorial Review |publisher=Nyc.com |access-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224225708/http://www.nyc.com/visitor_guide/el_barrio_spanish_harlem.75851/editorial_review.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> though in recent decades, many [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominican]], [[Mexican people|Mexican]] and [[Salvadorans|Salvadoran]] immigrants have also settled in East Harlem.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://studio323ny.com/eastharlem |title=East Harlem |publisher=studio323ny.com |access-date=February 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817052835/http://studio323ny.com/eastharlem |archive-date=August 17, 2012}}</ref> East Harlem is now predominantly Hispanic / Latino, with a significant African-American presence.<ref name="nyc.com"/> ===2020 Census=== In the 2020 census, Harlem's demographics were broken up into North Harlem, South Harlem, [[Hamilton Heights, Manhattan|Hamilton Heights]], and West Harlem. North Harlem had 40,000+ Black residents being the largest concentration of the black population of the Harlem area, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and less than 5000 Asian residents. South Harlem had 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 5,000 to 9,999 Hispanic residents, 10,000 to 19,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. [[Hamilton Heights, Manhattan|Hamilton Heights]] had 10,000 to 19,999 Black residents, 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents being the largest population group in this section, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and fewer than 5,000 Asian residents. West Harlem had an equal number of Black and Hispanic residents with each of their population at 5,000 to 9,999 residents and each the White and Asian population were fewer than 5,000 residents. <ref>[https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf ''2020 Census Results For New York City Key Population & Housing Characteristics''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925151633/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/census2020/dcp_2020-census-briefing-booklet-1.pdf |date=September 25, 2021 }}, [[New York City Department of City Planning]], August 2021. Accessed November 24, 2022.</ref> ==Police and crime== [[File:Police Area 6 148 St jeh.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|NYPD Police Service Area 6, which serves NYCHA developments in greater Harlem]] Central Harlem is patrolled by two precincts of the [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD).<ref>{{cite web |title=Find Your Precinct and Sector - NYPD |website=www.nyc.gov |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/find-your-precinct.page |access-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304213813/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/find-your-precinct.page |url-status=live }}</ref> Central Harlem North is covered by the 32nd Precinct, located at 250 West 135th Street,<ref name="NYPD 28th Precinct">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/28th-precinct.page |title=NYPD – 28th Precinct |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=October 3, 2016 |archive-date=June 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616053035/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/28th-precinct.page |url-status=live }}</ref> while Central Harlem South is patrolled by the 28th Precinct, located at 2271–2289 [[Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)|Eighth Avenue]].<ref name="NYPD 32nd Precinct">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/32nd-precinct.page |title=NYPD – 32nd Precinct |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=October 3, 2016 |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708205331/http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/32nd-precinct.page |url-status=live }}</ref> The 28th Precinct has a lower crime rate than it did in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 72.2% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 2 murders, 9 rapes, 172 robberies, 245 felony assaults, 153 burglaries, 384 grand larcenies, and 52 grand larcenies auto in 2021.<ref name="NYPD 28th Precinct CS">{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-028pct.pdf |title=28th Precinct CompStat Report |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=March 14, 2020 |archive-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103064425/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-028pct.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 28th Precinct had a rate of 1,125 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.<ref name="crime map"/><ref name="sevenmajorfelonies">{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/historical-crime-data/seven-major-felony-offenses-2000-2019.pdf |title=Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000-2019 |publisher=[[New York Police Department]] |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=www.nyc.gov |archive-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217164041/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/historical-crime-data/seven-major-felony-offenses-2000-2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sevenmajorfeloniesbyprecinct"/> The crime rate in the 32nd Precinct has also decreased since the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 71.4% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 16 murders, 18 rapes, 183 robberies, 519 felony assaults, 168 burglaries, 320 grand larcenies, and 54 grand larcenies auto in 2021.<ref name="NYPD 32nd Precinct CS">{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-032pct.pdf |title=32nd Precinct CompStat Report |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=March 14, 2020 |archive-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103064429/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-032pct.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 32nd Precinct had a rate of 1,042 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.<ref name="crime map">{{cite web |url=https://maps.nyc.gov/crime/ |access-date=March 23, 2020 |title=NYC Crime Map |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219132509/https://maps.nyc.gov/crime/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sevenmajorfelonies"/><ref name="sevenmajorfeloniesbyprecinct">{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/historical-crime-data/seven-major-felony-offenses-by-precinct-2000-2019.pdf |title=Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses by Precinct 2000-2019 |publisher=[[New York Police Department]] |access-date=March 23, 2020 |website=www.nyc.gov |archive-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319015709/https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/historical-crime-data/seven-major-felony-offenses-by-precinct-2000-2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> {{asof|2018}}, Community District 10 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 116 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 1,347 per 100,000 people, the second-highest in the city, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|8}} === Crime trends === {{main|Crime in Harlem}} [[File:Harlem riots - 1964.jpg|thumb|Police hit a man on the ground with [[Baton (law enforcement)|batons]] during the [[Harlem riot of 1964]]]] In the early 20th century, Harlem was a stronghold of the [[Sicilian Mafia]], other [[Italian organized crime]] groups, and later the [[Italian-American Mafia]]. As the ethnic composition of the neighborhood changed, black criminals began to [[African-American organized crime|organize themselves similarly]]. However, rather than compete with the established mobs, gangs concentrated on the "policy racket", also called the [[numbers game]], or ''bolita'' in East Harlem. This was a gambling scheme similar to a lottery that could be played, illegally, from countless locations around Harlem. According to Francis Ianni, "By 1925 there were thirty black policy banks in Harlem, several of them large enough to collect bets in an area of twenty city blocks and across three or four avenues."<ref name="ianni">Francis A.J. Ianni, ''Black Mafia'', 1974</ref> By the early 1950s, the total money at play amounted to billions of dollars, and the police force had been thoroughly corrupted by [[bribe]]s from numbers bosses.<ref>"Inside Story of Numbers Racket", ''[[Amsterdam News]]'', August 21, 1954</ref> These bosses became financial powerhouses, providing capital for loans for those who could not qualify for them from traditional financial institutions, and investing in legitimate businesses and real estate. One of the powerful early numbers bosses was a woman, Madame [[Stephanie St. Clair]], who fought gun battles with mobster [[Dutch Schultz]] over control of the lucrative trade.<ref>Cook, Fred J. [https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/04/archives/the-black-mafia-moves-into-the-numbers-racket-the-numbers-racket.html "The Black Mafia Moves Into the Numbers Racket"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100432/http://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/04/archives/the-black-mafia-moves-into-the-numbers-racket-the-numbers-racket.html |date=December 9, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 4, 1971. Accessed December 28, 2016. "In those days, Madame Stephanie St. Clair became known as the "Policy Queen" of Harlem.... Once Dutch Schultz discovered this potential gold mine, he moved in, gang guns blazing. Madame St. Claire, who survived to become a big property owner and business woman in Harlem, fought Schultz from 1931 to 1935."</ref> The popularity of playing the numbers waned with the introduction of the [[Lotteries in the United States|state lottery]], which is legal but has lower payouts and has taxes collected on winnings.<ref>Wilson, Michael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/23/nyregion/numbers-runner-a-rarity-is-arrested-in-harlem.html "Relics of the Bygone (and the Illegal)"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229034032/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/23/nyregion/numbers-runner-a-rarity-is-arrested-in-harlem.html |date=December 29, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 22, 2013. Accessed December 28, 2016. "Several years later, with the state lottery offering a similar game, runners and numbers bankers openly protested in Manhattan. They feared the legal game would wipe out the rackets and their jobs. They were, for the most part, right.... The few numbers joints that survive do so in part because the payouts are often better than the lottery, the police said."</ref> The practice continues on a smaller scale among those who prefer the numbers tradition or who prefer to trust their local numbers bank to the state. Statistics from 1940 show about 100 murders per year in Harlem, "but rape is very rare".<ref name="look1940">"244,000 Native Sons", ''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'' Magazine, May 21, 1940, p.8+</ref> By 1950, many [[White flight|whites had left]] Harlem and by 1960, much of the black [[Middle class in the United States|middle class]] had departed. At the same time, control of organized crime shifted from Italian syndicates to local black, Puerto Rican, and Cuban groups that were somewhat less formally organized.<ref name="ianni"/> At the time of the [[Harlem Riot of 1964|1964 riots]], the drug addiction rate in Harlem was ten times higher than the New York City average, and twelve times higher than the United States as a whole. Of the 30,000 drug addicts then estimated to live in New York City, 15,000 to 20,000 lived in Harlem. [[Property crime]] was pervasive, and the murder rate was six times higher than New York's average. Half of the children in Harlem grew up with [[Single parent household|one parent]], or none, and lack of supervision contributed to [[juvenile delinquency]]; between 1953 and 1962, the crime rate among young people increased throughout New York City, but was consistently 50% higher in Harlem than in New York City as a whole.<ref>''Poverty and Politics in Harlem'', Alphonso Pinkney & Roger Woock, College & University Press Services, Inc., 1970, p.33</ref> Injecting [[heroin]] grew in popularity in Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s, though the use of this drug then leveled off. In the 1980s, use of [[crack cocaine]] became widespread, which produced collateral crime as addicts stole to finance their purchasing of additional drugs, and as dealers fought for the right to sell in particular regions, or over deals gone bad.<ref>"Harlem Speaks: A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance." Wintz, Cary.</ref> With the end of the "[[crack epidemic|crack wars]]" in the mid-1990s, and with the initiation of aggressive policing under mayors [[David Dinkins]] and his successor [[Rudy Giuliani]], crime in Harlem plummeted. Compared to in 1981, when 6,500 robberies were reported in Harlem, reports of robberies dropped to 4,800 in 1990; to 1,700 in 2000; and to 1,100 in 2010.<ref>[http://www.reform.co.uk/filestore/pdf/How%20NY%20cut%20crime.pdf "How New York Cut Crime"], ''Reform Magazine'', Autumn 2002 p.11 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308165611/http://www.reform.co.uk/filestore/pdf/How%20NY%20cut%20crime.pdf |date=March 8, 2008}}</ref> Within the 28th and 32nd precincts, there have been similar changes in all categories of crimes tracked by the NYPD.<ref name="NYPD 28th Precinct"/><ref name="NYPD 32nd Precinct"/> Despite reductions versus historic highs, Harlem continues to have a high rate of violent crime and one of the highest rates of violent crime in New York City.<ref name="crime map"/> This crime is largely correlated with high concentrations of poverty. Illicit activities such as [[theft]], [[robbery]], [[drug trafficking]], [[prostitution]] are prevalent. Criminal organizations like street [[gang]]s are responsible for many of the [[murder]]s and shootings in the neighborhood. ===Gangs=== There are many gangs in Harlem, often based in housing projects; when one gang member is killed by another gang, revenge violence erupts which can last for years.<ref name="Buettner2013">{{cite news |last=Buettner |first=Russ |title=63 Gang Members Indicted in East Harlem Shootings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/nyregion/63-in-e-harlem-gangs-indicted-in-revenge-shootings.html |access-date=June 15, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 4, 2013 |archive-date=May 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503085053/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/nyregion/63-in-e-harlem-gangs-indicted-in-revenge-shootings.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the [[East Harlem Purple Gang]] of the 1970s, which operated in East Harlem and surroundings, was an [[Italian American]] group of hitmen and heroin dealers.<ref name="LLC1979">{{cite journal |title=New York Magazine |website=Newyorkmetro.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctECAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44 |volume=12 |issue=19 |date=May 7, 1979 |publisher=New York Media, LLC |pages=44– |issn=0028-7369}}</ref> Harlem and its gangsters have a strong link to [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Hip hop music|rap]] and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] culture in the United States, and many successful rappers in the music industry came from gangs in Harlem.<ref name="AdjayeAndrews1997">{{cite book |last1=Adjaye |first1=Joseph K. |last2=Andrews |first2=Adrianne R. |title=Language, Rhythm and Sound: Black Popular Cultures Into the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGIRAq5w4ngC&pg=PA135 |access-date=June 14, 2013 |year=1997 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Pre |isbn=978-0-8229-7177-1 |page=135}}</ref> [[Gangsta rap|Gangster rap]], which has its origins in the late 1980s, often has lyrics that are "misogynistic or that glamorize violence", glamorizing guns, drugs and easy women in Harlem and New York City.<ref name="Ray2013">{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Alternative, Country, Hip-Hop, Rap, and More: Music from the 1980s to Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRDMpGVCkjoC&pg=PA78 |access-date=June 14, 2013 |year=2013 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-910-8 |page=78}}</ref><ref name="AdjayeAndrews1997"/> ==Fire safety== [[File:Engine 59 Ladder 30 house 111 W133 St jeh.jpg|thumb|The Quarters of FDNY Engine Company 59/Ladder Company 30]] Central Harlem is served by four [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) fire stations:<ref name="FDNY locations">{{Cite FDNY locations}}</ref> * Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40 – 415 West 125th Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 37/Ladder Company 40 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e37.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019041645/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e37.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * Engine Company 58/Ladder Company 26 – 1367 5th Avenue<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 58/Ladder Company 26 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e58.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020100639/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e58.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * Engine Company 59/Ladder Company 30 – 111 West 133rd Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 59/Ladder Company 30 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e59.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020100644/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e59.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> * Engine Company 69/Ladder Company 28/Battalion 16 – 248 West 143rd Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 69/Ladder Company 28/Battalion 16 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e69.htm |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020100705/http://fdnytrucks.com/files/html/manhattan/e69.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Five additional firehouses are located in West and East Harlem. West Harlem contains Engine Company 47 and Engine Company 80/Ladder Company 23, while East Harlem contains Engine Company 35/Ladder Company 14/Battalion 12, Engine Company 53/Ladder Company 43, and Engine Company 91.<ref name="FDNY locations"/> ==Health== {{As of|2018}}, [[preterm birth]]s and births to teenage mothers are more common in Central Harlem than in other places citywide. In Central Harlem, there were 103 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 23 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate is based on a small sample size.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|11}} Central Harlem has a low population of residents who are [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|uninsured]]. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 8%, less than the citywide rate of 12%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|14}} The concentration of [[particulates|fine particulate matter]], the deadliest type of [[air pollution|air pollutant]], in Central Harlem is {{convert|0.0079|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, slightly more than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|9}} Ten percent of Central Harlem residents are [[Smoking|smokers]], which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} In Central Harlem, 34% of residents are [[Obesity|obese]], 12% are [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetic]], and 35% have [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], the highest rates in the city—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|16}} In addition, 21% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|12}} 84% of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 79% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Central Harlem, there are 11 [[convenience store|bodegas]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|10}} The nearest major hospital is [[Harlem Hospital Center|NYC Health + Hospitals/Harlem]] in north-central Harlem.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manhattan Hospital Listings |website=New York Hospitals |url=http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=November 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115151717/http://www.allny.com/health/hosp-manhattan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Best Hospitals in New York, N.Y. |website=U.S. News & World Report |date=July 26, 2011 |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529091928/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/new-york-ny |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Social factors=== The [[population health]] of Central Harlem is closely linked to influential social factors on health, also known as [[social determinants of health]], and the impact of [[structural racism]] on the neighborhood. The impact of discriminatory policies such as [[redlining]] have contributed to residents' bearing worse health outcomes in comparison to the average New York city resident. This applies to life expectancy, poverty rates, environmental neighborhood health, housing quality, and childhood and adult asthma rates. Additionally, the health of Central Harlem residents are linked to their experience of racism.<ref>Hinterland K, Naidoo M, King L, Lewin V, Myerson G, Noumbissi B, Woodward M, Gould LH, Gwynn RC, Barbot O, Bassett MT. Community Health Profiles 2018, Manhattan Community District 10: Central Harlem; 2018;10(59):1-20.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Paradies |first1=Yin |last2=Ben |first2=Jehonathan |last3=Denson |first3=Nida |last4=Elias |first4=Amanuel |last5=Priest |first5=Naomi |last6=Pieterse |first6=Alex |last7=Gupta |first7=Arpana |last8=Kelaher |first8=Margaret |last9=Gee |first9=Gilbert |date=September 23, 2015 |title=Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0138511 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4580597 |pmid=26398658 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1038511P |doi-access=free}}</ref> Public health and scientific research studies have found evidence that experiencing racism creates and exacerbates chronic stress that can contribute to major causes of death, particularly for African-American and Hispanic populations in the United States, like cardiovascular diseases.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |title=From the CDC-Leading Causes of Death-Non-Hispanic Black Males 2016 |last=CDC |date=September 27, 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423090324/https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/hispanic/index.htm |title=From the CDC-Leading Causes of Death Hispanic Males 2016 |last=CDC |date=September 27, 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513153912/https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/lcod/men/2016/hispanic/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/women/lcod/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |title=From the CDC-Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, All Females-US |last=CDC |date=September 27, 2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524024545/https://www.cdc.gov/women/lcod/2016/nonhispanic-black/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Certain health disparities between Central Harlem and the rest of New York City can be attributed to 'avoidable causes' such as substandard housing quality, [[Poverty in the United States|poverty]], and law enforcement violence – all of which are issues identified by the [[American Public Health Association]] as key social determinants of health. These deaths that can be attributed to avoidable causes are known as "avertable deaths" of "[[Mortality displacement|excess mortality]]'"in public health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/housing-and-homelessness-as-a-public-health-issue |title=Housing and Homelessness as a Public Health Issue |website=www.apha.org |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206105920/https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/housing-and-homelessness-as-a-public-health-issue |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/reducing-income-inequality-to-advance-health |title=Reducing Income Inequality to Advance Health |website=www.apha.org |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801140411/https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2018/01/18/reducing-income-inequality-to-advance-health |url-status=live }} * {{Cite web |url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2019/01/29/law-enforcement-violence |title=Addressing Law Enforcement Violence as a Public Health Issue |website=www.apha.org |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219073916/https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2019/01/29/law-enforcement-violence |url-status=live }}</ref> === Health problems === ==== Health and housing conditions ==== Access to affordable housing and employment opportunities with fair wages and benefits are closely associated with good health.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bashir |first=Samiya A |date=May 2002 |title=Home is where the harm is: inadequate housing as a public health crisis. |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=733–738 |pmid=11988437 |pmc=3222229 |doi=10.2105/ajph.92.5.733}}</ref> Public health leaders have shown that inadequate housing qualities is linked to poor health.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Ernie |first=Hood |date=May 2005 |title=Dwelling Disparities: How Poor Housing Leads to Poor Health |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=A310–A317 |pmc=1257572 |pmid=15866753 |doi=10.1289/ehp.113-a310}}</ref> As Central Harlem also bears the effects of racial segregation, public health researchers claim that racial segregation is also linked to substandard housing and exposure to pollutants and toxins. These associations have been documented to increase individual risk of chronic diseases and adverse birth outcomes.<ref name=":0" /> Historical income segregation via [[redlining]] also positions residents to be more exposed to risks that contribute to [[Mental health issue|adverse mental health]] status, [[Food desert|inadequate access to healthy foods]], [[Asthma|asthma triggers]], and [[lead exposure]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> [[File:Drew Hamilton NYCHA jeh.jpg|thumb|right|Drew Hamilton Houses, a large low-income [[NYCHA]] [[housing project]] in Central Harlem]] ==== Asthma ==== [[Asthma]] is more common in children and adults in Central Harlem, compared to other New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":4">[https://a816-health.nyc.gov/hdi/profiles/ Housing and Health in Central Harlem - Morningside Heights.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028072517/https://a816-health.nyc.gov/hdi/profiles/ |date=October 28, 2019 }} (2018). [https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/data/data-home.page NYC Health Environmental and Health Data] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215181803/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/data/data-home.page |date=December 15, 2019 }}.</ref> The factors that can increase risk of childhood and adult asthma are associated with substandard housing conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showAsthmaAndEnv |title=Health Effects Asthma and the Environment - CDC Tracking Network |website=ephtracking.cdc.gov |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=September 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928044715/https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showAsthmaAndEnv |url-status=live }}</ref> Substandard housing conditions are water leaks, cracks and holes, inadequate heating, presence of mice or rats, peeling paint and can include the presence of mold, moisture, dust mites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krieger |first=James |date=May 2002 |title=Housing and Health: Time Again for Public Health Action |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=758–768 |pmc=1447157 |pmid=11988443 |doi=10.2105/ajph.92.5.758}}</ref> In 2014, Central Harlem tracked worse in regards to home maintenance conditions, compared to the average rates Manhattan and New York City. Twenty percent of homes had cracks or holes; 21% had leaks and 19% had three or more maintenance deficiencies.<ref name=":4" /> Adequate housing is defined as housing that is free from heating breakdowns, cracks, holes, peeling paint and other defects. Housing conditions in Central Harlem reveal that only 37% of its renter-occupied homes were adequately maintained by landlords in 2014. Meanwhile, 25% of Central Harlem households and 27% of adults reported seeing cockroaches (a potential [[Asthma trigger|trigger]] for asthma), a rate higher than the city average. Neighborhood conditions are also indicators of population: in 2014, Central Harlem had 32 per 100,000 people hospitalized due to pedestrian injuries, higher than Manhattan's and the city's average.<ref name=":4" /> The environment also factors into the health of the people of Central Harlem with the neighborhood being found to have levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 7.9 micrograms per cubic meter compared to all of NYC at 7.5 micrograms per cubic meter. Poorer neighborhoods have some of the highest levels of air pollution in the city. Adults with asthma emergencies experiencing high rates of poverty visit the emergency department at rates nearly 5 times higher than those neighborhoods with lower levels of poverty. Nearly 3 in 4 deaths related to PM2.5 occurs in adults 65 years or older. The attribution of premature adult mortality rate to exposure of PM2.5 experiencing 77.4-117.7 deaths per 100,000 people.<ref>Kheirbek, I., Wheeler, K., Walters, S., Pezeshki, G., & Kass, D. (n.d.). ''Air Pollution and the Health of New Yorkers: The Impact of Fine Particles and Ozone''. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/eode/eode-air-quality-impact.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108085503/https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/eode/eode-air-quality-impact.pdf |date=November 8, 2022 }}</ref> Additionally, poverty levels can indicate one's risk of vulnerability to asthma. In 2016, Central Harlem saw 565 children aged 5–17 years old per 10,000 residents visiting emergency departments for Asthma emergencies, over twice both Manhattan's and the citywide rates. The rate of childhood asthma hospitalization in 2016 was more than twice that of Manhattan and New York City, with 62 hospitalizations per 10,000 residents.<ref name=":4" /> Rates of adult hospitalization due to asthma in Central Harlem trends higher in comparison to other neighborhoods. In 2016, 270 adults per 10,000 residents visited the emergency department due to asthma, close to three times the average rates of both Manhattan and New York City.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Other health problems ==== Health outcomes for men have generally been worse than those of women. [[Infant mortality]] was 124 per thousand in 1928, meaning that 12.4% of infants would die.<ref name="NYT19291024">{{cite web |title=SEEK WAYS TO CUT HARLEM DEATH RATE; Six City Health Groups Meet to Discuss Program for New Centre There. BAD HOUSING IS STRESSED Congestion Causes Mortality Toll 40 Per Cent Higher Than City as a Whole, Experts Assert. |website=The New York Times |date=October 24, 1929 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/24/archives/seek-ways-to-cut-harlem-death-rate-six-city-health-groups-meet-to.html |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321152458/https://www.nytimes.com/1929/10/24/archives/seek-ways-to-cut-harlem-death-rate-six-city-health-groups-meet-to.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1940, infant mortality in Harlem was 5%, and the death rate from disease generally was twice that of the rest of New York. [[Tuberculosis]] was the main killer, and four times as prevalent among Harlem citizens than among the rest of New York's population.<ref name="NYT19291024" /> A 1990 study of [[life expectancy]] of teenagers in Harlem reported that 15-year-old girls in Harlem had a 65% chance of surviving to the age of 65, about the same as women in Pakistan. Fifteen-year-old men in Harlem, on the other hand, had a 37% chance of surviving to 65, about the same as men in [[Angola]]; for men, the survival rate beyond the age of 40 was lower in Harlem than [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCord |first1=C. |first2=H. P. |last2=Freeman |title=Excess Mortality in Harlem |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=322 |year=1990 |issue=3 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199001183220306 |pmid=2294438 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Infectious diseases and [[cardiovascular disease|diseases of the circulatory system]] were to blame, with a variety of contributing factors, including consumption of the [[soul food|deep-fried foods]] traditional to [[Stroke Belt|the South]], which may contribute to [[heart disease]]. ==Post offices and ZIP Codes== Harlem is located within five primary [[ZIP Code]]s. From south to north they are 10026 (from 110th to 120th Streets), 10027 (from 120th to 133rd Streets), 10037 (east of Lenox Avenue and north of 130th Street), 10030 (west of Lenox Avenue from 133rd to 145th Streets) and 10039 (from 145th to 155th Streets). Harlem also includes parts of ZIP Codes 10031, 10032, and 10035.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harlem, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) |website=zipmap.net |url=https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Harlem.htm |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040542/https://www.zipmap.net/New_York/New_York_County/Z_Harlem.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United States Postal Service]] operates five post offices in Harlem: * Morningside Station – 232 West 116th Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Morningside |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1373811&locationName=MORNINGSIDE&address2=&address1=232+W+116TH+ST |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=July 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702060748/https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1373811&locationName=MORNINGSIDE&address2=&address1=232+W+116TH+ST |url-status=live }}</ref> * Manhattanville Station and Morningside Annex – 365 West 125th Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Manhattanville |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10027&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1371645&locationName=MANHATTANVILLE&address2=&address1=365+W+125TH+ST+STE+2A |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091138/https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10027&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1371645&locationName=MANHATTANVILLE&address2=&address1=365+W+125TH+ST+STE+2A |url-status=live }}</ref> * College Station – 217 West 140th Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: College |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1358666&locationName=COLLEGE+STATION&address2=&address1=217+W+140TH+ST |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=July 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702194953/https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1358666&locationName=COLLEGE+STATION&address2=&address1=217+W+140TH+ST |url-status=live }}</ref> * Colonial Park Station – 99 Macombs Place<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Colonial Park |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1358727&locationName=COLONIAL+PARK&address2=&address1=99+MACOMBS+PL |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=July 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707063740/https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1358727&locationName=COLONIAL+PARK&address2=&address1=99+MACOMBS+PL |url-status=live }}</ref> * Lincoln Station – 2266 5th Avenue<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Lincoln |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1370501&locationName=LINCOLNTON&address2=&address1=2266+5TH+AVE |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709204402/https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=10030&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1370501&locationName=LINCOLNTON&address2=&address1=2266+5TH+AVE |url-status=live }}</ref> == Education == {{Main|Education in Harlem}} Central Harlem generally has a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the city {{as of|2018|lc=y}}. While 42% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 19% have less than a high school education and 39% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Central Harlem students excelling in math rose from 21% in 2000 to 48% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 29% to 37% during the same time period.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_10_11.pdf |title=Central Harlem – MN 11 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy]] |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-date=September 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918092449/http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/MN_10_11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Central Harlem's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In Central Harlem, 25% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per [[school year]], more than the citywide average of 20%.<ref name=":21" />{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 64% of high school students in Central Harlem graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} ===Schools=== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} The [[New York City Department of Education]] operates the following public elementary schools in Central Harlem:<ref name="Zillow">{{cite web |title=Harlem New York School Ratings and Reviews |website=Zillow |url=https://www.zillow.com/harlem-new-york-ny/schools/ |access-date=March 17, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040543/https://www.zillow.com/harlem-new-york-ny/schools/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 76 A Phillip Randolph (grades PK-8)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 076 A. Philip Randolph |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M076 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040543/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M076 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 92 Mary Mcleod Bethune (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 092 Mary McLeod Bethune |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M092 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040539/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M092 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 123 Mahalia Jackson (grades PK-8)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 123 Mahalia Jackson |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M123 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040541/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M123 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 149 Sojourner Truth (grades PK-8)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 149 Sojourner Truth |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M149 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321042047/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M149 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 154 Harriet Tubman (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 154 Harriet Tubman |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M154 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040540/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M154 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 175 Henry H Garnet (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 175 Henry H Garnet |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M175 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040543/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M175 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 185 the Early Childhood Discovery and Design Magnet School (grades PK-2)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Locke School of Arts and Engineering |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M185 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040543/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M185 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 194 Countee Cullen (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 194 Countee Cullen |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M194 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040538/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M194 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 197 John B Russwurm (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 197 John B. Russwurm |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M197 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040541/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M197 |url-status=live }}</ref> * PS 200 The James Mccune Smith School (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 200- The James McCune Smith School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M200 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040537/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M200 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * PS 242 The Young Diplomats Magnet School (grades PK-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=P.S. 242 - The Young Diplomats Magnet Academy |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M242 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321042050/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M242 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Stem Institute of Manhattan (grades K-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=STEM Institute of Manhattan |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M241 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040539/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M241 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Thurgood Marshall Academy Lower School (grades K-5)<ref>{{cite web |title=Thurgood Marshall Academy Lower School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M318 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040537/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M318 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{div col end}} The following middle and high schools are located in Central Harlem:<ref name="Zillow"/> * [[Frederick Douglass Academy]] (grades 6–12)<ref>{{cite web |title=Frederick Douglass Academy |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M499 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040539/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M499 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Frederick Douglass Academy II Secondary School (grades 6–12)<ref>{{cite web |title=Frederick Douglass Academy II Secondary School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M860 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321042046/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M860 |url-status=live }}</ref> * Mott Hall High School (grades 9–12)<ref>{{cite web |title=Mott Hall High School |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M304 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040541/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M304 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Thurgood Marshall Academy For Learning And Social Change (grades 6–12)<ref>{{cite web |title=Thurgood Marshall Academy for Learning and Social Change |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M670 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040541/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M670 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Wadleigh Secondary School for the Performing and Visual Arts (grades 6–12)<ref>{{cite web |title=Wadleigh Secondary School for the Performing & Visual Arts |website=New York City Department of Education |date=December 19, 2018 |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M415 |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321042047/https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/M415 |url-status=live }}</ref> Harlem has a high rate of [[charter school]] enrollment: a fifth of students were enrolled in charter schools in 2010.<ref name="NYT-LastStand">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/magazine/23Race-t.html |title=The Teachers' Unions' Last Stand |last=Brill |first=Steven |date=May 17, 2010 |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 21, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221042743/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/magazine/23Race-t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2017, that proportion had increased to 36%, about the same that attended their zoned public schools. Another 20% of Harlem students were enrolled in public schools elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chalkbeat.org/posts/ny/2017/04/06/harlem-diaspora-sends-local-children-to-176-different-public-schools-report-finds/ |title='Harlem diaspora' sends local children to 176 different public schools, report finds |date=April 6, 2017 |website=[[Chalkbeat]] |access-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=December 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221042746/https://www.chalkbeat.org/posts/ny/2017/04/06/harlem-diaspora-sends-local-children-to-176-different-public-schools-report-finds/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Higher education=== The [[CUNY School of Public Health|CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy]], [[New York College of Podiatric Medicine]], [[City College of New York]], and [[Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine]], in addition to a branch of [[College of New Rochelle]], are all located in Harlem. ===Libraries=== [[File:NYPL Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.jpg|thumb|New York Public Library, [[Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture]]]] The [[New York Public Library]] (NYPL) operates four circulating branches and one research branch in Harlem, as well as several others in adjacent neighborhoods. * The [[Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture]], a research branch, is located at 515 [[Malcolm X]] Boulevard. It is housed in a [[Carnegie library]] structure that opened in 1905, though the branch itself was established in 1925 based on a collection from its namesake, [[Arturo Alfonso Schomburg]]. The Schomburg Center is a [[National Historic Landmark]], as well as a [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission|city designated landmark]] and a [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP)-listed site.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/schomburg |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321043344/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/schomburg |url-status=live }}</ref> * The [[Countee Cullen]] branch is located at 104 West 136th Street. It was originally housed in the building now occupied by the Schomburg Center. The current structure, in 1941, is an annex of the Schomburg building.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Countee Cullen Library |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/countee-cullen |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040541/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/countee-cullen |url-status=live }}</ref> * The [[New York Public Library 115th Street Branch|Harry Belafonte 115th Street branch]] is located at 203 West 115th Street. The three-story Carnegie library, built in 1908, is both a city designated landmark and an NRHP-listed site. It was renamed for the entertainer and Harlem resident [[Harry Belafonte]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Harry Belafonte 115th Street Library |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/115th-street |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040604/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/115th-street |url-status=live }}</ref> * The Harlem branch is located at 9 West 124th Street. It is one of the oldest libraries in the NYPL system, having operated in Harlem since 1826. The current three-story Carnegie library building was built in 1909 and renovated in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Harlem Library |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/harlem |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040537/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/harlem |url-status=live }}</ref> * The Macomb's Bridge branch is located at 2633 [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr.]] Boulevard. The branch opened in 1955 at 2650 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, inside the [[Harlem River Houses]], and was the smallest NYPL branch at {{convert|685|ft2}}. In January 2020, the branch moved across the street to a larger space.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Macomb's Bridge Library |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/macombs-bridge |access-date=March 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321040541/https://www.nypl.org/about/locations/macombs-bridge |url-status=live }}</ref> Other branches include the 125th Street and Aguilar branches in East Harlem and the George Bruce and [[New York Public Library Hamilton Grange Branch|Hamilton Grange]] branches in western Harlem.<ref>{{cite web |title=NYPL Locations |website=The New York Public Library |url=https://nypl.org/locations |access-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321145125/https://www.nypl.org/locations |url-status=live }}</ref> == Transportation == ===Bridges=== {{multiple image |total_width=450 |image1=HARLEM RIVER-HARLEM ON LEFT. BRONX ON RIGHT - NARA - 548427.jpg |caption1=Bridges spanning the [[Harlem River]] between Harlem to the left and the Bronx to the right |image2=MNRR NH-Line-Train 125th-St.jpg |caption2=[[Harlem–125th Street station]] on the [[Metro-North Railroad]] }} The [[Harlem River]] separates [[the Bronx]] and Manhattan, necessitating several spans between the two New York City boroughs. Five free bridges connect Harlem and the Bronx: the [[Willis Avenue Bridge]] (for northbound traffic only), [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]] (for southbound traffic only), [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[145th Street Bridge]], and [[Macombs Dam Bridge]]. In East Harlem, the [[Wards Island Bridge]], also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge, connects Manhattan with [[Wards Island]]. The [[Triborough Bridge]] is a complex of three separate bridges that offers connections between [[Queens]], East Harlem, and the Bronx.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/bandt/html/rfk.html |title=Robert F. Kennedy Bridge |date=December 30, 2010 |publisher=Mta.info |access-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121031012/http://www.mta.info/bandt/html/rfk.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Public transportation=== Public transportation service is provided by the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]. This includes the [[New York City Subway]] and [[MTA Regional Bus Operations]]. Some Bronx local routes also serve Manhattan, providing customers with access between both boroughs.<ref>{{cite NYC bus map|Bx}}</ref><ref name="mta manhattan bus map"/> [[Metro-North Railroad]] has a [[commuter rail]] station at [[Harlem–125th Street (Metro-North station)|Harlem–125th Street]], serving trains to the [[Lower Hudson Valley]] and [[Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mta.info/mnr/html/mnrmap.htm |title=Metro-North Railroad Map |date=2017 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] |access-date=May 14, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525010734/http://web.mta.info/mnr/html/mnrmap.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Subway==== Harlem is served by the following subway lines: * [[IRT Lenox Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Lenox}}) between [[Central Park North–110th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)|Central Park North–110th Street]] and [[Harlem–148th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)|Harlem–148th Street]]<ref name="mta subway map">{{NYCS const|map}}</ref> * [[IND Eighth Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Eighth center}}) between [[Cathedral Parkway–110th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|Cathedral Parkway–110th Street]] and [[155th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|155th Street]]<ref name="mta subway map"/> * [[IND Concourse Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Concourse local}}) at [[155th Street (IND Concourse Line)|155th Street]]<ref name="mta subway map"/> In addition, several other lines stop nearby: * [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}) between [[Cathedral Parkway–110th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|Cathedral Parkway–110th Street]] and [[145th Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|145th Street]], serving western Harlem<ref name="mta subway map"/> * [[IRT Lexington Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Lexington}}) between [[96th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|96th Street]] and [[125th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)|125th Street]], serving East Harlem<ref name="mta subway map"/> [[History of the Second Avenue Subway#Phase 2|Phase 2]] of the [[Second Avenue Subway]] is also planned to serve East Harlem, with stops at [[106th Street (Second Avenue Subway)|106th Street]], [[116th Street (Second Avenue Subway)|116th Street]], and [[Harlem–125th Street (IND Second Avenue Line)|Harlem–125th Street]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-propose-1-5b-2nd-ave-subway-article-1.1895922 |title=MTA chairman outlines future plans for Phase 2 of Second Ave. subway construction, expansion projects |last=Donohue |first=Pete |date=August 7, 2014 |newspaper=New York Daily News |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-date=January 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106193000/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-propose-1-5b-2nd-ave-subway-article-1.1895922 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/nyregion/anger-in-east-harlem-over-new-delays-in-2nd-ave-subway-plans.html |title=Anger in East Harlem Over New Delays in 2nd Ave. Subway Plans |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=October 29, 2015 |access-date=November 3, 2015 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103014702/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/30/nyregion/anger-in-east-harlem-over-new-delays-in-2nd-ave-subway-plans.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Bus==== Harlem is served by numerous local bus routes operated by [[MTA Regional Bus Operations]]:<ref name="mta manhattan bus map">{{Cite NYC bus map|M}}</ref> * {{NYC bus link|Bx6|Bx6 SBS|prose=y}} along 155th Street * {{NYC bus link|Bx19}} along 145th Street * {{NYC bus link|Bx33}} along 135th Street * {{NYC bus link|M1}} along Fifth/Madison Avenues * {{NYC bus link|M2}} along Seventh Avenue, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues * {{NYC bus link|M3}} along Manhattan Avenue, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues * {{NYC bus link|M4}} along Broadway, Central Park North, and Fifth/Madison Avenues * {{NYC bus link|M60 SBS|M100|M101|M125|prose=y}} along 125th Street * {{NYC bus link|M7|M102|prose=y}} along Lenox Avenue and 116th Street * {{NYC bus link|M10}} along Frederick Douglass Boulevard * {{NYC bus link|M116|prose=y}} along 116th Street Routes that run near Harlem, but do not stop in the neighborhood, include:<ref name="mta manhattan bus map"/> * {{NYC bus link|M5}} along Riverside Drive * {{NYC bus link|M11}} along Amsterdam Avenue north of West 110 Street * {{NYC bus link|M15 SBS|M15|prose=y}} along First/Second Avenues * {{NYC bus link|M35}} via Triborough Bridge * {{NYC bus link|M98|M103|prose=y}} along Third/Lexington Avenues * {{NYC bus link|M104}} along Broadway ==See also== * [[List of films shot in Harlem]] * [[List of people from Harlem]] {{Portal bar|United States|New York City}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * {{cite book |last=Gill |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaGckQAodGkC |title=Harlem: The Four Hundred Year History from Dutch Village to Capital of Black America |publisher=Grove Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780802195944}} [https://www.amazon.com/Harlem-Hundred-History-Village-Capital/dp/0802119107/ excerpt] * {{cite book |last1=Killens |first1=John |last2=Halstead |first2=Fred |title=Harlem Stirs |date=1966}} ==Further reading== * Bourgois, Philippe. ''In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio''. (Cambridge University Press, 2003). * Goldstein, Brian D. ''The roots of urban renaissance: Gentrification and the struggle over Harlem'' (Harvard University Press, 2017) . * Ianni, Francis A. J. ''Black Mafia: Ethnic Succession in Organized Crime'', 1974. * King, Shannon. ''Whose Harlem Is This? Community Politics and Grassroots Activism During the New Negro Era''. New York: New York University Press, 2015. * Lane, Jeffrey. "The digital street: An ethnographic study of networked street life in Harlem." ''American Behavioral Scientist'' 60.1 (2016): 43-58. [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=90273d60abf0c586fe45dc5d0134844e7ad500ce online] * McGruder, Kevin. ''Race and Real Estate: Conflict and Cooperation in Harlem, 1890-1920'' (Columbia University Press, 2015). * Orsi, Robert A. ''The Madonna of 115th Street: faith and community in Italian Harlem, 1880-1950'' (Yale University Press, 2010) [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Harlem&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C27&as_ylo=2010&as_yhi= online]. * Osofsky, Gilbert. ''Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890–1930'', 1971. * ''WPA Guide to New York City'', 1939 * Wintz, Cary D., and Paul Finkelman. ''Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance'' (Routledge, 2012). * ''TIME'', vol. 84, No. 5, July 31, 1964. "Harlem: No Place Like Home". * ''Newsweek'', August 3, 1964. "Harlem: Hatred in the Streets". * "Crack's Decline: Some Surprises from U.S. Cities", National Institute of Justice Research in Brief, July 1997. * [[David Paterson|Paterson, David]] ''"[[Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity]]."'' Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020 ==External links== {{wikivoyage|Manhattan/Harlem and Upper Manhattan|Harlem and Upper Manhattan}} {{commons category|Harlem, Manhattan}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/portraits-harlem-2/ Portraits of Harlem] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829164035/http://acl.arts.usyd.edu.au/harlem/ Digital Harlem: Everyday Life 1915–1930] * [http://nycwiki.org/wiki/Harlem Harlem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203104115/http://nycwiki.org/wiki/Harlem |date=February 3, 2019 }}—NYCwiki {{Harlem}} {{navboxes|list= {{Manhattan}} {{Ethnicity in New York City}} {{Former towns of New York City}} }} {{authority control}} [[Category:Harlem| ]] [[Category:1658 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1658 establishments in the Dutch Empire]] [[Category:African-American culture]] [[Category:Former villages in New York City]] [[Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1658]]'