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[[File:Joseph Smith first vision stained glass.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[God the Father]] and [[Jesus Christ]] as two distinct beings appearing to [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] during his "[[First Vision]]", reflecting Mormonism's [[Nontrinitarianism|Non-trinitarian theology]].]]
'''[[Mormonism]] and [[Nicene Christianity]]''' (often called mainstream Christianity)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prakashan |first1=Jnanada |title=World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: Global interfaith movement |date=2009 |page=733}}</ref> have a complex theological, historical, and sociological relationship. [[Mormons]] express their doctrines using biblical terminology. They have similar views about the nature of [[Jesus Christ]]'s [[Atonement in Christianity|atonement]], [[Universal resurrection#Christianity|bodily resurrection]], and [[Second Coming]] as mainstream [[Christianity|Christians]]. Nevertheless, most Mormons do not accept the [[Doctrine#Religious usage|doctrine]] of the [[Trinitarianism|Trinity]] as codified in the [[Nicene Creed]] of 325 and the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of 381.<ref>{{harvtxt|Shipps|1985|pp=148–49}} (arguing that "Mormonism differs from traditional Christianity in much the same fashion that traditional Christianity ... came to differ from Judaism.").</ref> Although Mormons consider the [[Protestant Bible]] to be [[Religious text|holy scripture]], they do not believe in [[biblical inerrancy]]. They have also adopted additional scriptures that they believe to have been [[Revelation in Mormonism|divinely revealed]] to [[Joseph Smith]],<ref name="Mason 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Mason |author-first=Patrick Q. |author-link=Patrick Q. Mason |date=3 September 2015 |title=Mormonism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.75 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130060403/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Givens 2003">{{cite book |last=Givens |first=Terryl L. |year=2003 |orig-date=2002 |chapter="A Seer Shall the Lord My God Raise Up": The Prophet and the Plates |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nd8-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/019513818X.003.0002 |pages=8–42 |isbn=978-0-19-513818-4 |oclc=1028168787}}</ref><ref name="Noll 2002">{{cite book |last=Noll |first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark Noll |year=2002 |chapter=The High Tide of Protestantism, 1830-1865 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b53HUe_NRVgC&pg=PA102 |title=The Old Religion in a New World: The History of North American Christianity |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, UK]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=102–103 |isbn=978-0-8028-4948-9 |lccn=2001040537}}</ref> including the [[Book of Mormon]],<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Givens 2003"/><ref name="Noll 2002"/> the [[Doctrine and Covenants]],<ref name="Mason 2015"/> and the [[Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)|Pearl of Great Price]].<ref name="Mason 2015"/> Mormons practice [[Baptism in Mormonism|baptism]] and celebrate the [[Sacrament#Latter-day Saints|sacrament]] of the [[Sacrament (LDS Church)|Lord's Supper]], but they also participate in other religious [[ritual]]s. Mormons self-identify as [[Christians]].<ref>[https://www.pewforum.org/2012/01/12/mormons-in-america-executive-summary/ Mormons in America: Certain in Their Beliefs, Uncertain of Their Place in Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf |date=September 24, 2015 }}, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 2012, p.10: Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view</ref>
Focusing on differences, some Christians consider [[Mormonism]] non-Christian; others, focusing on similarities, consider it to be a Christian religion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosentiel |first1=Tom |title=Public Opinion About Mormons |date=4 December 2007 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2007/12/04/public-opinion-about-mormons/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Stark|Neilson|2005|p=14}}.</ref> Opinions differ among [[Religious studies|scholars of religion]] on whether to categorize Mormonism as a separate branch of Christianity or as the "fourth [[Abrahamic religion]]" (alongside [[Judaism]], Christianity and [[Islam]]).<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Shipps 2001">{{cite book |author-last=Shipps |author-first=Jan |author-link=Jan Shipps |editor-last=Eliason |editor-first=Eric A. |year=2001 |title=Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion |chapter=Is Mormonism Christian? Reflections on a Complicated Question |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsokQJDKJ7cC&pg=PA76 |location=[[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana]] and [[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |pages=76–98 |isbn=0-252-02609-8 |s2cid=142892455}}</ref> Mormons do not accept non-Mormon baptism and most non-Mormon Christians do not accept Mormon baptism. Mormons regularly [[Proselytism|proselytize]] individuals actually or nominally within the Christian tradition, and some traditional Christians, especially [[Evangelicalism|evangelicals]], proselytize Mormons. Some view Mormonism as a form of Christianity, but distinct enough from traditional Christianity so as to form a new religious tradition, much as [[Split of early Christianity and Judaism|Christianity is more than just a sect of Judaism]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Shipps|2000|p=338}}.</ref>
The early Mormonism that originated with Joseph Smith in the 1820s shared strong similarities with some elements of 19th-century [[Protestantism in the United States|American Protestantism]].<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Givens 2003"/><ref>{{cite book |first=John G. |last=Turner |year=2016 |title=The Mormon Jesus: A Biography |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |page=5 |isbn=978-0-674-73743-3}}.</ref> Mormons believe that God, through Smith and his successors, [[Restoration (Latter Day Saints)|restored]] various doctrines and practices that were lost from the original Christianity taught by Jesus Christ.<ref name="Eliason 2001">{{cite book |author-last=Hughes |author-first=Richard T. |editor-last=Eliason |editor-first=Eric A. |year=2001 |title=Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion |chapter=Soaring with the Gods: Early Mormons and the Eclipse of Religious Pluralism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsokQJDKJ7cC&pg=PA23 |location=[[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana]] and [[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |pages=23–46 |isbn=0-252-02609-8 |s2cid=142892455}}</ref> For example, Smith, as a result of his "[[First Vision]]", primarily rejected the Nicene doctrine of the [[Trinity]] and instead taught that God the Father, his son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three distinct "personages".<ref name="Davies 2003">{{harvtxt|Davies|2003|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fw8DIziwEDsC&pg=PA65 ''Divine–human transformations'', pp. 65–90'']}}</ref><ref name="EoM">{{citation |contribution-url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhead |contribution=Godhead |pages=552–553 |last=Dahl |first=Paul E. |editor-last=Ludlow |editor-first=Daniel H. |editor-link=Daniel H. Ludlow |year=1992 |title=[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishing]] |isbn=0-02-879602-0 |oclc=24502140 |via=[[Harold B. Lee Library]] |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Joseph Fielding |title=Doctrines of Salvation |year=1956 |publisher=Bookcraft |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/si/institute/manuals?lang=eng&cid=rdb_v_si-institute_eng_manuals |author-link=Joseph Fielding Smith |page=1:38}}</ref> While the largest [[List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement|Mormon denomination]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), acknowledges its differences with mainstream Christianity, it also focuses on its commonalities such as its focus on faith in Christ, following the teachings of Jesus Christ, the miracle of the atonement, and many other doctrines.<ref>See, commentary, [https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/real-differences-real-similarities-and-biblical-christianity "Real Differences, Real Similarities and Biblical Christianity"]. Mormon News Room. October 11, 2007.</ref>
==Doctrinal comparison==
While [[historian]]s recognize the roots of Mormonism in [[Protestantism in the United States|American Protestantism]] and the [[Second Great Awakening]] of the 1820s and 1830s,<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|p=xv}} ("Mormonism springs from the sectarian tradition of the [[Radical Reformation]], in fact from its most extreme fringe.").</ref> Mormonism has also been identified as "a radical departure from traditional"—i.e. [[Mainline Protestant|mainline]]—"Protestant Christianity"<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|p=200}} (describing Smith's theology as "a radical departure from traditional Protestant Christianity".)</ref> and a "profoundly [[Christian primitivism|primitivist]] tradition."<ref name="Eliason 2001"/> Nevertheless, Mormonism falls within the scope of the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestantism]] of the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the United States (1800–1840).<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Givens 2003"/><ref name="Noll 2002"/><ref name="Charles 2016">{{cite book |author-last=Charles |author-first=Carter |year=2016 |chapter=Mormonism in America: Itinerary to Allegiance from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=Stephen J. |editor-link=Stephen J. Hunt |title=Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=12 |doi=10.1163/9789004310780_022 |pages=441–460 |isbn=978-90-04-26539-4 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref> The [[God in Mormonism|conception of God in early Mormonism]] was very similar to the [[God in Christianity|conception of the Christian God]] held within Protestant Christianity, although early Mormons had already begun developing their own distinct doctrine.<ref name="Davies 2003"/>
===Early Joseph Smith era===
Mormonism arose in the 1820s during a period of radical reform and experimentation within American Protestantism and Mormonism is integrally connected to [[Burned-over district|that religious environment]].<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Eliason 2001"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Gordon|2002|p=11}}; {{Harvtxt|Shipps|1985|p=7}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=''The Book of Mormon: A Biography (Lives of Great Religious Books)'' |author=Paul C. Gutjahr |date=March 25, 2012 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-14480-1 }}</ref> As a form of Christian primitivism, the new faith was one among several contemporary religious movements that claimed to [[Restorationism|restore]] Christianity to its condition at the [[Apostolic Age|time of the Twelve Apostles]].<ref name="Eliason 2001"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|pp=1–4}} (describing the background of Christian primitivism in New England).</ref>
====The Book of Mormon====
[[Image:The Book of Mormon- An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi.jpg|thumb|right|Cover page of The [[Book of Mormon]] from an original 1830 edition, by [[Joseph Smith]]<br />(Image from the U.S. Library of Congress ''Rare Book and Special Collections Division''.)]]
The [[Book of Mormon]] (1830), which codifies the earliest Mormon doctrine, was intended, in part, to settle ongoing doctrinal disputes among contemporary [[Christian denominations]]<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=4}} ("The Book of Mormon settles doctrinal differences among those who accept the Christ it presents. Mormon's purpose is to make clear the true doctrine and to dissolve doctrinal disputes by explaining the gospel of Christ"); {{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|pp=75–76}} ("[T]he Book of Mormon decides controversies in a number of areas, including those argued among early nineteenth century American theologians.")</ref> and to create a single shared theology.<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=88}} (noting that the Book of Mormon expresses contempt for [[sectarianism]], and arguing that establishing the one true fold and one true faith are the "only real theological themes of the book"); {{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} (the Book of Mormon "would seek to heal the wounds of sectarianism and defend God against deism, rationalism, and sectarianism".)</ref> Joseph Smith believed in the Bible<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|pp=153–54}}; {{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|p=5}}.</ref> and shared the Protestant tradition that the Bible (excluding the [[biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]]) was originally revealed by God to humanity<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=154}}; {{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|p=5}}.</ref> and had contained the "fulness of the gospel.” Nevertheless, Smith believed the Bible of his era had degenerated from its original form. Smith blamed the [[Catholic Church]] for the loss of biblical books and for introducing corruptions and obfuscations in the biblical text.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=154}}.</ref> Smith said that the Book of Mormon revealed "plain and precious things that had been taken away" from the Bible.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|p=5}}; {{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|pp=154–55}}.</ref> Smith also completed an unpublished [[Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible|revision of the Bible]] in 1833,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=142}} (noting that though Smith declared his revision of the Bible complete in 1833, though the church lacked funds to publish it during his lifetime).</ref> which he said corrected many of these errors,<ref>The LDS Church has canonized only a small part of this translation. However, see {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=296}} (noting that the most significant parts of Smith's revision of the Bible are found as footnotes and study materials in the [[LDS edition of the Bible|LDS Church edition]] of the Authorized King James Version).</ref> and added inspired commentary.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Q&A: Questions and Answers |magazine=[[New Era (magazine)|New Era]]|date=April 1977|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/1977/04/qa-questions-and-answers?lang=eng|access-date=2015-09-18}}</ref> Smith endowed the Book of Mormon with status equal to the Bible.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|pp=154–55}} ("To defend the Bible's status as revelation, the Book of Mormon demanded equal status.")</ref>
====Nature of God====
The faith's earliest theology, as reflected in the Book of Mormon and contemporaneous writings by Joseph Smith, was an unsophisticated version of [[Trinitarianism]] or [[Monarchianism]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=24–25}} (describing the pre-1835 theology as "essentially trinitarian"); {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=30, 59}} (calling ''Book of Mormon'' theology "layman's Trinitarianism"); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1986|p=77}} ("The Book of Mormon, revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants prior to 1835, and Smith's 1832 account of his First Vision all reflect 'trinitarian' perceptions."); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=37}} ("While the Book of Mormon theology does not reflect a truly orthodox trinitarian view as codified in the [[Athanasian creed]], it does reflect the common Christian layman's perception that is some manner, the Father and the Son were both representations of one God."); {{Harvtxt|Lindgren|1986|pp=72–73}} (noting that Book of Mormon theology was similar to trinitarianism, but ultimately was "modalistic [[Monarchianism]]").</ref> But according to Kurt Widmer, "early Mormons were reacting against a heavily intellectualized and theologized Trinitarian concept of God" and the nature of God was not at first of central importance to Smith.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=30, 31}} ("What is apparent is that early Mormons were reacting against a heavily intellectualized and theologized Trinitarian concept of God.").</ref>
In 1834, Smith and his associate [[Sidney Rigdon]] developed a series of [[Lectures on Faith]] that they incorporated into the faith's [[Doctrine and Covenants]] (1835). These lectures described "two personages" in the heavens: the Father, "a personage of spirit, glory, and power," and the Son, "a personage of tabernacle" who "received the fulness of the glory of the Father—possessing the same mind with the Father, which mind is the Holy Spirit."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/lectures_on_faith.htm#LECTURE%20FIFTH |title=Lectures On Faith |work=mormonbeliefs.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028025249/http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/lectures_on_faith.htm |archive-date=2005-10-28 }}</ref> This has sometimes been described as a form of [[Binitarianism]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=59}} ("By the close of the Kirtland era, in 1839, the Church would have shifted from modalism to a binatarian position on God."); {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|2005|p=30}} ("Some writers on Joseph Smith and the development of LDS theology point to Lecture 5 as leading evidence that in the mid-1830s Joseph was following the binitarian doctrine of the godhead being promoted by Christian Primitivists of that decade."); {{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|p=77}} ("These ''Lectures on Faith''...are more Binitarian than Trinitarian....").</ref>
====Other points of doctrine====
Early Mormon [[soteriology]], although not following a preexisting tradition, was generally [[Arminianism|Arminian]] in tendency.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=26}} (noting that early Mormon doctrine "saw man as a creature of God, but capable of sanctification"); {{Harvtxt|Matzko|2007|p=73}} (noting similarities with [[Arminianism]], and disagreeing that the Book of Mormon incorporates [[Calvinist]] doctrine); {{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|p=77}} (arguing that while the Book of Mormon agrees with some tenets of Arminianism, it "integrates doctrines from a variety of preexisting theological perspectives and some apparently unique teachings").</ref> Early Mormonism agreed with [[Methodism|Methodists]] and the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)|Disciples of Christ]] in rejecting [[Calvinistic]] doctrines in favor of [[Christian perfection]] and [[free will]] (called [[Agency (LDS Church)|free agency]]).<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=26–27}}; {{Harvtxt|Matzko|2007|p=73}} (noting, in addition, that the "Book of Mormon seems to contradict all five points of Calvinism"); {{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|p=88}} ("[I]n the debate over human freedom, the Book of Mormon tends to resolve the issues similarly but not identically to the Methodist brand of Arminianism.").</ref> Also, while the Book of Mormon affirmed the doctrine of [[original sin]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|p=83}} (Book of Mormon "affirms original sin (2 Ne. 2), [and] [[Total depravity|human depravity]] (Mosiah 16:3) ..."); {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=26}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostler|1991|p=61}} ("[A]lthough the Book of Mormon promulgates a notion of 'original sin', it is a 'hypothetical original sin' which does not actually afflict persons unless they reject the atonement."); {{Harvtxt|Lindgren|1986|p=72}} (describing the Book of Mormon as pessimistic about fundamental human nature, and the inability to overcome depravity through willfulness alone).</ref> it also agrees with other Arminian denominations that children are [[Infant baptism#Arguments against infant baptism|incapable of sin]] and in a state of grace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/sdg/warfield/warfield_children.html|title=Warfield - The Children in the Hands of the Arminians|website=monergism.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8.12,13,14?lang=eng|title=Moroni 8|website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org}}</ref>
Like other Christian primitivists, Smith located the authority of Christianity in correct interpretation of the Bible<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} (comparing the earliest Mormonism with the Disciples of Christ's view of Biblical authority).</ref>—although he also maintained (as did the [[Shakers]]) that interpretation of the Bible should be guided by new and [[continuing revelation]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} ("Like Shakers, [Smith] would restore the church and be led to the correct interpretation by new and constant revelation.")</ref> Initially, the authority of Smith's faith was based on correct doctrine<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} ("Like other Protestants, he would see correct doctrine as a mark of the true church.")</ref> and his own claim of prophethood.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=7}} (describing Smith's earliest authority as [[charismatic authority]]); {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|pp=77–78}} (noting that Smith based his authority, in part, on signs of divine approbation and special revelations, and that "[a]t first the Prophet had little to offer [converts] beyond baptism and his own impressive personality.")</ref> Then during the early 1830s, Smith added to this authority [[apostolic succession]], represented by angelic apostles and prophets who Smith said [[priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|had ordained him]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} ("Like other Protestants, he would see correct doctrine as a mark of the true church. But Smith added something else: a new scripture and a dual priesthood based not on apostolic succession, as in the case of the Roman Catholic claim to authority, but on prophetic succession."); {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|pp=77, 81}} (Smith "claimed ''prophetic'' succession through a dual priesthood that allegedly existed among the Hebrews."); {{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=7}} (In 1834, Smith first began claiming that his authority arose within a line of succession through angelic visitors.).</ref>
===Late Joseph Smith era===
From the mid-1830s to his death in 1844, Smith continued to introduce ideas and practices which differed significantly from traditional Protestantism. First, Smith pressed Christian perfection beyond Protestant orthodoxy.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}}.</ref> He followed non-Protestant Christians in rejecting the doctrine of [[Sola fide|justification by faith alone]]<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=85}} ("Mormonism as it evolved between Kirtland, Ohio and Nauvoo, Illinois, also rejected the pre-eminence of faith over works.").</ref> and moved toward [[universal reconciliation|universalism]] by introducing a hierarchy of [[degrees of glory|three glorious heavens]], in which even the wicked had a place.<ref name="Brodie 118">{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=118}} ("[E]ven the 'liars, sorcerers, adulterers, and whoremongers' were guaranteed telestial glory, and only a handful of unregenerates called the [[Son of perdition (Mormonism)|Sons of Perdition]] were to be eternally damned.")</ref> In the late 1830s, Smith introduced [[baptism for the dead]] by proxy as a means for unredeemed souls to accept salvation in the afterlife,<ref name="Brodie 282">{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=421–22}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=282}}.</ref> and he also taught that the [[Sealing (Mormonism)|ordinance of marriage]] was required to reach the highest level of salvation.<ref name="Brooke 255">{{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|p=255}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=300}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=443}} (noting that a modern Mormon interpretation of Smith's 1843 polygamy revelation ties both polygamy and monogamy to degrees of exaltation).</ref> Smith also introduced a [[second anointing]] ritual, after which a participant was guaranteed virtually unconditional salvation. This has been seen as an attempt to retain the Calvinistic ideas of [[Assurance (theology)|assured salvation]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Buerger|1983|pp=13–14, 36–37}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=497–98}} (Second anointing was Smith's "attempt to deal with the theological problem of assurance" over which Calvinist theologians had argued for centuries.); {{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|pp=256–60}} (arguing that unlike Calvinism, the power to grant unconditional salvation resided in the priest, rather than God alone, and therefore incorporated elements of Smith's magical tradition); {{Harvtxt|Ostler|1991|pp=77–78}} (noting differences with the Calvinistic notion of [[Perseverance of the saints|persevering grace]]); {{Harvtxt|Prince|1995|pp=190–91}} (Unlike other Mormon rituals necessary for salvation, "the second anointing guaranteed one's exaltation, and thus may be viewed as the crowning ordinance of Smith's ministry.")</ref>
In his later years Smith also differed from traditional Protestantism in his views on the nature of God and humanity. Eventually Smith reduced the difference between God and man to one of degree. Both God and man are coeternal and uncreated. He taught that humans could progress to an exalted state in which they became coequal with a God who was material, plural, and himself a glorified man existing within time.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=119, 145}}.{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}} ("To the older New England the ways and 'providences' of God were inscrutable. To a rebellious son of New England, living in an age of secret societies with strange signs and special ceremonies, God was quite scrutable, but only to those who were initiated."){{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}};{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=119}}; {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}} (describing Smith's doctrine as "material anthropomorphism"); {{Harvtxt|Bloom|1992|p=101}} ("Smith's God, after all, began as a man, and struggled heroically in and with time and space, rather after the pattern of colonial and revolutionary Americans."){{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=421}} ("Piece by piece, Joseph redefined the nature of God, giving Him a form and a body and locating Him in time and space."); {{Harvtxt|Bloom|1992|p=101}} ("Joseph Smith's God ... is finite. ... Exalted now into the heavens, God necessarily is still subject to the contingencies of time and space.").</ref> Smith taught that both [[God the Father]] and [[Jesus]] were distinct beings with physical bodies, and that the [[Holy Spirit]] was a personage of Spirit.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Roberts|1909|p=325}}.</ref> Because God had once been a man who had risen to a high position in heaven,<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=85}}; {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=123–24}} (discussing instances where Smith taught that God was a resurrected man).</ref> humans too could progress to godhood. Such a teaching implied a vast hierarchy of gods who would rule kingdoms of inferior intelligences, and so forth in an eternal hierarchy.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=119}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=535, 455–56, 535–37}}</ref> Unlike the god of traditional Christianity, the god envisioned by Smith did not create the eternal spirits of humanity—he only organized them and provided them with a plan to follow in his footsteps.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=420–21}}; {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=119}}.</ref> God was God not because he was an ''ex nihilo'' creator, but because he had the greatest intelligence.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=455–56}}.</ref>
===Pioneer Mormonism===
After Smith's death, his successor [[Brigham Young]] and others built upon Smith's late teachings and introduced more significant doctrinal innovations. The resulting religious tradition defined the Mormonism of the Mormon pioneer era in the 19th century. An important part of this pioneer Mormonism is the [[Adam–God doctrine]], which became the most prominent (but not exclusive) theology of 19th-century Mormonism.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=131}}.</ref> Young taught that God the Father was [[Adam]], a mortal man resurrected and [[exaltation (Mormonism)|exalted]] to godhood.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bergera|1980|p=15}}.</ref> Proponents of this doctrine believed that Father Adam, as the subordinate member of a three-god council, created the earth.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=131–33}} (describing Michael as a "lesser God in the Council of Gods".); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=38}} (noting that in Joseph Smith's [[Endowment (Mormonism)|endowment]] ceremony, the gods involved in the creation were "Elohim, Jehovah, and Michael", but unlike in modern Mormon theology, this "Jehovah" was not identified as Jesus).</ref> Adam was both the common ancestor and the father of all spirits born on the earth.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bergera|1980|p=41}} (describing the Adam–God doctrine as "that Adam was at once the spiritual as well as the physical father of all persons born on this world, including Jesus Christ"); {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=131}} (Adam "was the father of the spirits in Heaven, as well as the father of their mortal bodies.").{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=132–33}}; {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=39}} (Young apparently believed that while Adam was mortal on the earth, his father Elohim, the "Grandfather in Heaven", temporarily took over Adam's role as the god of this planet).</ref> After ascending again to his heavenly throne,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=39}} ("After his death Adam returned to his exalted station as God the Father, and as such presided over Israel designated by the divine names ''Elohim'' or ''Jehovah''.").</ref> Adam returned to physically father Jesus by [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=131}}; {{Harvtxt|Bergera|1980|p=41}} (describing the Adam–God doctrine as "that Adam was at once the spiritual as well as the physical father of all persons born on this world, including Jesus Christ"); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=39}} (Adam "later begot Jesus, his firstborn spirit son, in the flesh").</ref>
Some elements of Mormonism from the pioneer era, including [[Mormonism and polygamy|polygamy]] and the Adam–God doctrine, were renounced around the turn of the 20th century by the LDS Church.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=139}}; {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}} (noting that in 1912, the LDS [[First Presidency (LDS Church)|First Presidency]] explicitly instructed missionaries to teach that Mormons worship God the Father, and not Adam, and discussing the official First Presidency statement of 1916).</ref> However, these elements have been retained within the small branch of Mormonism known as [[Mormon fundamentalism]].
===Modern LDS Church orthodoxy===
Near the turn of the 20th century there was a movement to codify LDS theology with official statements of Church leaders — which served to quash speculative ideas that persisted as sub rosa concepts among some Mormons. This coincided with an effort to stop new plural marriages — mostly forbidden in 1890 and completely forbidden after 1904. Prominent Mormons such as [[Joseph F. Smith]], [[John A. Widstoe]], and [[James E. Talmage]] formulated the outlines of Mormon orthodoxy with publications that significantly narrowed the realm of acceptable speculative Mormon theology.
====Nature of God and humanity====
{{main|God in Mormonism}}
In traditional Christianity, as expressed in the [[Athanasian Creed]], God is conceived both as a unity and a [[Trinity]]: God the Father, [[God the Son]] and God the Holy Spirit are three [[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]] of one uncreated substance— one God, omnipotent, co-equal and co-eternal.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} Though modern Mormons share with traditional Christianity a belief that the object of their worship comprises three distinct persons, Mormon theology disagrees with the idea that the three persons are the same substance and the same God.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22-23?lang=eng|title=Doctrine and Covenants 130|website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org}}</ref>
Mormons are constrained by the language of the Book of Mormon to regard the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as "one", but consider this a social unity rather than ontological. Mormons since the time of Joseph Smith have regarded God as plural.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|pp=68–69}}:"This image of God reinforces Dan Vogel's argument that 'Mormonism was never trinitarian but consistently preferred heterodox definitions of God.'" {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=310–12}} (developing from monotheism in the late 1820s and 30s, LDS Church theology was clearly tritheistic by 1916).</ref> They regard God the Father as the biblical god [[Elohim]], and they believe that the Son, a distinct being, is both Jesus and the biblical God [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|pp=36, 41}} (Jesus is regarded as Jehovah, the Old Testament god).</ref> The two of them, together with the Holy Spirit, are believed to form a heavenly council which Mormons call the "Godhead". They are "one" in the sense of being lovingly united in purpose or will, a view sometimes called [[Social trinity|social trinitarianism]].<ref>Mormons believe in what is sometimes called "social trinitarianism", meaning the three beings of the Godhead are blended in heart and mind like extremely close friends, but are not one being." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=6}}</ref> Unlike traditional Christians, modern Mormons generally regard the Son as subordinate to the Father.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=331}} (In contrast to Christian orthodoxy, "[t]he Mormon Jesus is subordinate to the Father.").</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|title=Of Simplicity, Oversimplification, and Monotheism|last=Bickmore|first=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063705/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
Mormons since the 1840s have believed that God is changeable. They believe that the Father (like the Son) was twice "born"—once as a spirit, and again as a mortal man.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=119}} (Mormons believe that God was once a man.).</ref> After he lived a mortal life, Mormons believe that the Father died, was resurrected, and achieved his godhood<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=85}};{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=123–24}} (discussing instances where Smith taught that God was a resurrected man);{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}}; {{Harvtxt|Bloom|1992|p=101}} ("Smith's God, after all, began as a man, and struggled heroically in and with time and space, rather after the pattern of colonial and revolutionary Americans."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=535, 455–56, 535–37}}</ref> along with at least one wife whom Mormons refer to as the [[Heavenly Mother (Latter Day Saints)|Heavenly Mother]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}} (Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "We must also have a mother who possesses the attributes of Godhood.").</ref> Some believe that the Heavenly Father and Mother gave birth to the spirits of humanity through a sexual union.<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=137}} (20th century Mormon theologians retained Young's idea that spirit children were born in the same way that material children are born); {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}} (noting the Heavenly Mother doctrine, Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "[s]exual relations will continue into eternity both for joy and for procreation.")</ref> Modern Mormons believe that Jesus, the Son, was the first born of these spirits.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=305, 331}} (Mormon doctrine is that humans are born of a heavenly Father and Mother; Jesus is described as "literally our elder brother").</ref>
While Mormons might agree with the statement that the Father and the Son are "uncreated", their understanding of "creation" differs from that of traditional Christianity. Mormons do not believe, as do traditional Christians, that God created the universe ''[[ex nihilo]]'' (from nothing).<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=71}}</ref> Rather, to Mormons, the act of creation is to organize or reorganize pre-existing matter or intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=David |date=1992 |title=Matter |url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Matter |website=Encyclopedia of Mormonism }}</ref> Traditional Christians consider God to be a "necessary being", meaning that he cannot ''not'' exist, while all other creations are "contingent beings". In Mormonism, by contrast, God created the universe and everything in it from existing matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ricks |first=Stephen |date=1992 |title=Creation, Creation Accounts |url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Creation,_Creation_Accounts |website=Encyclopedia of Mormonism }}</ref>
The Mormon sense of "eternal" differs from that of traditional Christians, who believe that God's eternal nature exists outside of space and time. Very few in the LDS Church situate God outside of space and time.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=421}} ("Piece by piece, Joseph redefined the nature of God, giving Him a form and a body and locating Him in time and space."); {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=119, 145}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=305}} ("The Mormon God exists within time; in traditional Christian theology, God is outside time."); Robson K (1992, "Time and Eternity"), Encyclopedia of Mormonism [https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Time_and_Eternity]</ref> However, Mormon scripture states that "time is measured only unto man."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165351/http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=7027 The Will of the Father in All Things], Jeffrey R. Holland (BYU president), 17 January 1989; (mis-)quoting Alma 40:8. Book of Mormon</ref> They believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are co-eternal, and they believe that all of humanity is co-eternal with the Father<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=305, 331}} (Mormon doctrine is that humans are coeternal with God, are of the same species.</ref> in the sense that the underlying spark of all intelligence has always existed (in space and time) and never was created.
Mormons believe that God is scrutable through revelation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God |title=Romans 1 |work=byu.edu |access-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144416/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God |archive-date=2014-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}} ("To the older New England the ways and 'providences' of God were inscrutable. To a rebellious son of New England, living in an age of secret societies with strange signs and special ceremonies, God was quite scrutable, but only to those who were initiated.")</ref> and anthropomorphic,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}} (describing Smith's doctrine as "material anthropomorphism"); {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=303}} ("Mormon tradition, from Joseph Smith on, has tended to interpret literally ... anthropomorphic descriptions of God.").</ref> in that he has a physical body of flesh and bone.<ref>{{cite wikisource
|last1= Pratt |first1= Orson |author-link1= Orson Pratt |title= Temples in Ancient America, etc. |wslink= Journal of Discourses/Volume 19/Temples in Ancient America, etc. |work= [[Journal of Discourses]] |volume= 19 |pages= 311-321}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|title=The Reality of the Resurrection|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224237/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Mormons believe in traditional Christian notions that God is omnipotent and omniscient, and also believe that "[e]ven God's omnipotence must conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|title=B. H. Roberts: The Book of Mormon and the Atonement|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144414/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|archive-date=2014-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}}.</ref>
====Salvation====
{{See also|Christian soteriology|Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)}}
Although the LDS Church has never officially adopted a doctrine of soteriology,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=31–32}} (discussing reasons why the LDS Church never issued an official soteriological statement based on the writings of Roberts, Widtsoe, and Talmage).</ref> most Mormons accept the doctrine of salvation formulated by [[B. H. Roberts]], John A. Widstoe and James E. Talmage in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=30}} (The soteriological orthodoxy created by Roberts, Widtsoe, and Talmage remained unchallenged until the advent of neo-orthodoxy).</ref> In contrast to early Mormons, modern Mormons generally reject the idea of original sin.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=70–71}}; {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=30, 32}} (The rejection of original sin is a reversal of ideas implicit in the Book of Mormon.); {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=330–31}} ("All Mormon factions agree that LDS theology rejects the orthodox Christian doctrine of original sin.").</ref> The [[Fall of Man]] is viewed not as a curse but as part of God's [[Plan of Salvation (Latter Day Saints)|Plan of Salvation]].<ref>[[Gerald N. Lund]], [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1990/01/the-fall-of-man-and-his-redemption?lang=eng "The Fall of Man and His Redemption"], ''[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]'', January 1990.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1081&index=15&keyword=Fall%20of%20Man|title=Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224251/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1081&index=15&keyword=Fall%20of%20Man|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}};{{Harvtxt|White|1970|p=16}} (arguing that this Mormon orthodoxy "implies that the Fall is no fall".); {{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=71–72}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=332}} ("Mormons believe that Adam's fall was a good thing, not the tragic event of traditional Christian understanding.").</ref>
Mormons believe they must not only have faith and repent but also be baptized (by immersion and by an authorised [[priesthood (LDS Church)|priesthood holder within the Church]]) and bring forth good works.<ref>James 2:26; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=336}}.</ref> Mormons consider their weekly [[Eucharist]] (''the [[Sacrament (Latter Day Saints)|Sacrament]]'') as a means of renewing their baptismal covenant and being repeatedly cleansed from sin. Although the grace of Jesus plays a role in salvation, each Mormon must "work out his own salvation" through Jesus Christ.<ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/3?lang=eng Mosiah 3:17] (no other name whereby salvation can come but through Christ); {{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=80–81,83}} (quoting language of Philippians 2:12); {{Harvtxt|McMurrin|1965|pp=66–67}} (emphasis on works);{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=335}} ("On the faith-works scale, Mormons clearly tilt toward the works side.").</ref> Mormons believe that people not baptized during their lifetime may accept salvation in the afterlife through the Mormon practice of baptism for the dead.<ref name="Brodie 282" /> Although the Book of Mormon rejected the doctrine of universal reconciliation, Smith taught that damnation was a temporary state (for all but the [[Son of perdition (Mormonism)|Sons of Perdition]]) from which the wicked would ultimately escape after they had paid for their sins, to be resurrected into one of the two lesser kingdoms of glory.<ref name="Brodie 118" />
Mormonism takes an extended view of Christian perfection,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}} (Joseph Smith extended the idea of perfection extended beyond the Protestant orthodoxy).</ref> asserting that through the grace of Jesus, Mormons may become perfectly sanctified and thereby literally become gods or achieve a state known as [[exaltation (Latter Day Saints)|exaltation]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=312}} (noting that unlike Mormonism, the [[Methodism|Methodist]] view of sanctification "was thoroughly trinitarian and retained a distinction between the creature and the creator").</ref> To achieve exaltation, Mormons must remain obedient to the teachings of Jesus, receive all the [[ordinance (Latter Day Saints)|ordinances]] (or sacraments), which includes baptism, confirmation, receiving the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek priesthood]] (for males), the [[Endowment (Mormonism)|temple endowment]], and being [[celestial marriage|sealed to a spouse]].<ref name="Brooke 255" /> Smith also introduced a [[second anointing]] ritual,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=497–98}} (those who were married eternally were then "sealed by the Holy Spirit of Promise" through the second anointing); {{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|pp=256–57}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=199}} (citing research of David John Buerger, who assumes that the LDS Church does not consider the second anointing ritual to be a prerequisite for achieving godhood in the afterlife).</ref> whose participants, upon continued obedience, were sealed to exaltation, but this was not an essential ordinance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fairmormon|date=2020|title=What is the second anointing?|url=https://www.fairmormon.org/answers/Question:_What_is_the_%22second_anointing%22%3F|website=Fairmormon.org}}</ref>
====Role of the church====
{{See also|Ecclesiology}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2011}}
Like Catholicism and Orthodoxy, Mormonism assigns considerable authoritative status to church tradition and ecclesiastical leadership.<ref>[http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/strangers/chapter14.htm Paul Toscano, Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1990), Chapter 14] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023617/http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/strangers/chapter14.htm |date=2010-07-07 }}.</ref> Mormons emphasize the authority of an institutional church, which in all Mormon denominations derives from the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] established by Joseph Smith in 1830. Mormons believe this church to be the "only true and living church". Below Jesus as the head of the church is a single man chosen as the "[[Prophet, seer, and revelator|Prophet]]" who holds the position of [[President of the Church]]. The Prophet has been compared to the [[Pope]] in Catholicism because both, within their respective faiths, are regarded as the leading authority.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}
Mormons also believe in apostolic succession. However, Mormons believe the Catholic line of succession is invalid because of a [[Great Apostasy]] that occurred soon after era of the apostles. The line of succession was restored through Joseph Smith when biblical prophets and apostles appeared to him and ordained him through the [[laying on of hands]] with lost priesthood authority. Thus, Mormons believe that non-Mormon clergy have no heavenly authority and that sacraments performed by clergy of other faiths are of no effect in the eyes of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.19?lang=eng |title=Joseph Smith—History 1 |website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org}}</ref> Mormons reject the Protestant doctrine of the "[[priesthood of all believers]]", but they consider all [[Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)|confirmed]] Mormons to have the "Gift of the Holy Ghost" (also conveyed by the laying on of hands), which entitles believers to [[spiritual gifts]] but to no ecclesiastical authority.
===Mormon neo-orthodoxy===
Some claim that in the late-20th century, a conservative movement within the LDS Church (called "Mormon neo-orthodoxy" on the analogy of an earlier Protestant [[neo-orthodoxy]])<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|p=xvi}}; {{Harvtxt|McMurrin|1965|p=111}} (noting that Mormonism has become increasingly conservative, denying "the traditional liberalism of Mormon theology by favoring a negative description of human nature and the human predicament".); {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=32}} (the trend followed Protestant neo-orthodoxy but lacked "the vigor and certitude of its Protestant counterpart" because Mormons were limited by authoritative statements of Mormon progressives); {{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=142, 144}} (Mormon neo-orthodox scholars are "less extreme" than their Protestant counterparts).</ref> emphasized the Book of Mormon over later revelations<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=139–42}}.</ref> and embraced original sin, an absolute, eternal, and unchanging God, a pessimistic assessment of human nature, and a doctrine of salvation by grace rather than by works.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=xvi, 96–97}}; {{Harvtxt|White|1970|pp=12–17}}.</ref>
Despite the book's importance to early Mormonism, early Mormons rarely quoted from the Book of Mormon in their speeches and writings.<ref name="Riess 2005 xiii">{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005|p=xiii}}.</ref> Joseph Smith's later teachings and writings focused on the Bible, including his own revision and commentary of the [[Authorized King James Version]]. The book was not regularly cited in Mormon [[General conference (LDS Church)|conferences]] until the 1980s.<ref name="Riess 2005 xiii"/> Within the LDS Church, a movement to re-emphasize the Jesus-based elements of Mormonism in the 1980s included a rediscovery of the Book of Mormon.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005|p=xiii-xiv}}.</ref> In 1982, the church subtitled the book "Another Testament of Jesus Christ", to emphasize that Jesus was a central focus of the book<ref>{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005|p=xiv}}.</ref> and that the book is intended to be a complement to the Bible.
Although Mormon neo-orthodox scholars say they have faced "resistance" from Mormon orthodoxy,<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|p=140}}.</ref> some perceive the direction of the movement to be consistent with a broader trend among the LDS hierarchy to present Mormonism in terms more acceptable to mainline Christianity.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=174–75}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=330}}.</ref> Critics argue that because Mormonism is not based on an authoritative systematic theology,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=302}}.</ref> and much of Mormon scripture was written when Mormonism was "essentially trinitarian", Mormon leaders and apologists have been able to deny that at least some of 20th-century orthodox Mormonism represents official Mormon doctrine.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=301, 429–30}}</ref> It is also claimed that LDS Church publications and a few Mormon scholars have increasingly used the language of Nicene Christianity to describe the nature of God.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=174–75}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=308, 330}} (noting writings by BYU scholars who describe God as omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent).</ref>
The existence and implications of the movement continues to be debated. Theologian [[Richard Mouw]] asserts that Mormons have downplayed some of its more "heretical" doctrines in order to obtain more effective dialogue with other Christians.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/05/mormons-approaching-orthodoxy|title=Mormons Approaching Orthodoxy |author=Richard J. Mouw |newspaper=First Things |access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> [[Terryl Givens]], a Mormon theologian, has rejected such claims, asserting instead that many Mormon "heresies" eventually become more accepted by much of Christianity. He consequently contends that "Christian consensus is fluid and, in some cases, has lagged behind the Mormon model."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/06/mormons-at-the-forefront |title=Mormons at the Forefront |author=Terryl Givens |newspaper=First Things |access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref>
==Christian views about Mormons==
In the past, most mainstream Christian denominations rejected Mormonism outright, frequently calling it a cult and characterizing it as "non-Christian".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Abanes|2007|p=253}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=2}}.</ref> According to [[Jan Shipps]], during the 1950s the attitude of mainstream Christians towards Mormonism changed from "vilification" to "veneration", with emphasis on positive Mormon traits such as "family orientation, clean-cut optimism, honesty and pleasant aggressiveness".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Kingdom Come |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |first=David |last=Van Biema |date=June 24, 2001}}</ref>
[[Richard Abanes]] attributes an "increasing lack of delineation between (Mormonism and mainstream Christianity)" to three primary causes:
#the willingness of some Mormon leaders to be less than candid about more controversial aspects of LDS history and theology,
#a trend among some Mormon scholars to make LDS belief sound more mainstream, and
#an evolution of Mormon thought toward doctrinal positions nearer those of [[evangelicalism|evangelicals]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Abanes|2007|p=10}}</ref>
[[Richard Bushman]] asserts that, for many people, Mormonism "conjures up an assortment of contradictory images". One set of images suggests that Mormons are "happy, uncomplicated, kindly and innocent—if perhaps naive". In contrast to this set of images, Bushman describes a set of associations that focuses on "a powerful religious hierarchy controlling the church from the top". This perspective views Mormons as "secretive, clannish and perhaps dangerous", often labeling the movement as a "cult rather than a church".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=1–2}}</ref>
Mormon [[apologist]] [[Stephen E. Robinson]] argued that Mormons are labeled heretics "for opinions and practices that are freely tolerated in other mainstream denominations".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Eliason|2001|p=102}}.</ref>
Mormonism has a particularly rocky relationship with American evangelical Christianity and the Catholic Church.<ref>According to John Pottenger, although both Mormon Christianity and evangelical Christianity claim to be preaching true Christianity, they are nonetheless "diametrically opposed in many of their beliefs, theologies and practices". {{Harvtxt|Pottenger|2007|p=143}}. However, according to {{Harv|Bloom|1992}}, Mormonism and American evangelicalism (and American religion in general) have more in common at a deep level than either of them do with traditional European Christianity.</ref> The Catholic Church declared Mormonism to be "non-Christian". Richard Mouw, President of [[Fuller Theological Seminary]], an evangelical school in [[Pasadena, California]], stated in a recent opinion piece for CNN, "[t]hose of us who have made the effort to engage Mormons in friendly and sustained give-and-take conversations have come to see them as good citizens whose life of faith often exhibits qualities that are worthy of the Christian label, even as we continue to engage in friendly arguments with them about crucial theological issues."<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard J. |last=Mouw |author-link=Richard J. Mouw|date=9 October 2011 |title=My Take: This evangelical says Mormonism isn't a cult |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/09/my-take-this-evangelical-says-mormonism-isnt-a-cult/ |publisher=CNN }}</ref> [[William Saletan]] has been more blunt about this, stating "[w]hy don't we challenge anti-Mormonism? Because it's the prejudice of our age."<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Saletan |author-link=William Saletan |date=10 October 2011 |title=Latter-Day Sins |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/frame_game/2011/10/mitt_romney_s_mormon_cult_controversy_anti_mormonism_is_the_prej.html |publisher=[[Slate.com]] }}</ref> [[Joe Scarborough]] has drawn analogies between the [[Pharisees]] in the [[New Testament]] and prominent evangelical religious leader [[Robert Jeffress]] calling Mormonism a cult.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Scarborough |author-link=Joe Scarborough |date=10 October 2011 |title=Jeffress throws Jesus under the bus |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/65562.html |newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] }}</ref>
===Non-recognition of Mormon rites===
====LDS perspective====
Latter Day Saint history comes from the position that other churches were the product of the apostasy, as referenced in the Bible.<ref>See references given in the introductory paragraph.</ref> Mormons view other Christian churches as teaching some truth, doing good works, and acknowledge their strong faith in Christ.<ref>"Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'." {{cite book |title=Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith |page=316 |author=Joseph Fielding Smith |year=1993}}</ref> However, Mormons also maintain that all other churches lack the divine authority to perform the ordinances of the gospel because of the Great Apostasy. The LDS Church and most [[List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement|other Latter Day Saint factions]] do not accept the baptisms of other Christian denominations as valid.
====Traditional perspective====
The Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant branches of Christianity reject Mormon claims of additional scriptures, and of the prophetic office of Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders; they disagree with Mormon charges that they have committed apostasy. Doctrines such as the beliefs about the existence of prophets in early American civilizations, which are unique to Mormon theology and not found in the teachings of other Christian churches are also causes of disagreement. Nonetheless, many Christian denominations treat Mormons with respect, while not minimizing the differences in belief.<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/february/14.18.html Winning them softly evangelicals try to reach Mormons with respect - and hard science.] John W. Kennedy, posted 2/01/2004 (February 2004, Vol. 48, No. 2) Christianity Today (Accessed:October 7, 2006)</ref>
In 2001, the [[Roman Curia|Vatican's]] [[Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith]] declared that LDS baptisms are invalid, and therefore null.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html|title=Response to a 'Dubium' on the validity of baptism conferred by 'The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints', called 'Mormons' |access-date=2006-08-15}}</ref> Because of differences in Mormon and Catholic beliefs concerning the Trinity, the Catholic Church stated that Mormon baptism was not the baptism that Christ instituted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ladaria |first1=Luis |title=The question of the validity of baptism conferred in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni-ladaria_en.html |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> In comparison, the Catholic Church does not require rebaptism for converts to Catholicism from most Protestant or Orthodox churches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religions - Mormons: Are Mormons Christians? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/beliefs/christian.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> The Catholic Bishop of Salt Lake City, [[George Hugh Niederauer]], stated that this ruling "should not be understood as either judging or measuring a spiritual relationship between Jesus Christ and the LDS Church".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Carrie A. |title=Bishop Niederauer's leadership recognized |url=https://www.deseret.com/2005/12/24/19929450/bishop-niederauer-s-leadership-recognized |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=[[Deseret News]] |date=24 December 2005}}</ref>
The [[Presbyterian Church USA]], the largest Presbyterian body in the United States, publishes a brochure describing the LDS Church as follows:
{{blockquote|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, like the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), declares allegiance to Jesus. Latter-day Saints and Presbyterians share use of the Bible as scripture, and members of both churches use common theological terms. Nevertheless, Mormonism is a new and emerging religious tradition distinct from the historic apostolic tradition of the Christian Church, of which Presbyterians are a part. ... It is the practice of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) to receive on profession of faith those coming directly from a Mormon background and to administer baptism. ... Presbyterian relationships with Latter-day Saints have changed throughout the twentieth century. By God's grace they may change further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcusa.org/interfaith/study/lds.htm|title=Presbyterians and Latter-day Saints|access-date=2007-01-30}}</ref>}}
The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], the largest Lutheran body in the US, notes that Lutherans have been among those Christians who do not re-baptize other baptized Christians; however, it publishes the following statement on the recognition of Mormon baptisms:
{{blockquote|Although Mormons may use water—and lots of it—and while they may say "Father, Son, and Holy Spirit", their teaching about the nature of God is substantially different from that of orthodox, creedal Christianity. Because the Mormon understanding of the Word of God is not the same as the Christian understanding, it is correct to say that Christian Baptism has not taken place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elca.org/dcm/worship/faq/baptism/rebaptize.html |title=Should Lutherans Rebaptize Former Mormons Who Are Joining the Congregation? |access-date=2006-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211010129/http://www.elca.org/dcm/worship/faq/baptism/rebaptize.html |archive-date=2006-02-11}}</ref>}}
In its 2000 General Conference, the [[United Methodist Church]] decided not to recognize Latter-day Saint baptisms, stating:
{{blockquote|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, by self-definition, does not fit within the bounds of the historic, apostolic tradition of Christian faith. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the LDS Church itself, while calling itself Christian, explicitly professes a distinction and separateness from the ecumenical community and is intentional about clarifying significant differences in doctrine. As United Methodists we agree with their assessment that the LDS Church is not a part of the historic, apostolic tradition of the Christian faith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gc2000.org/pets/cal/TEXT/c0806.asp|title=General Conference 2000 806-NonDis |access-date=2006-08-15}}</ref>{{bsn|reason=This reference is only a petition not to recognize LDS baptism. Does not address if it was adopted or not.|date=June 2021}}}}
The [[Episcopal Church (USA)]], part of the 80-million-member [[Anglican Communion]], does not have an official position on the validity of Mormon baptism; however, most traditional clergy would not accept Mormon baptism and require the baptism of Mormons entering into the Episcopal Church. Retired bishop [[Carolyn Tanner Irish]] of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Utah]] was baptized into the LDS Church at the age of 8; her baptism was deemed valid upon her entering into the Episcopal Church in 1977, where she was confirmed by bishop of [[Episcopal Diocese of Washington|Washington]], Rev. [[John T. Walker (bishop)|John T. Walker]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simpson |first1=James B. |title=Bishop-Elect Not an Issues Person |url=https://episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/the_living_church/TLCarticle.pl?volume=212&issue=21&article_id=2 |publisher=Archives of the Episcopal Church |access-date=9 July 2017 |date=May 26, 1996}}</ref> As with the United Methodist Church, the Episcopal Church does not recognize Mormons as historic Apostolic Christians, but rather as a new and unique religious movement that is an offshoot of Christianity.<ref>{{cite web |author=Douglas LeBlanc |url=http://www.getreligion.org/?p=847 |title=Latter-day politics |publisher=GetReligion |date=June 13, 2005 |access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref>
===Proselytizing of Mormons by evangelical Christians===
Many other Christian churches also seek to teach or convert Mormons when the opportunity arises. Some evangelical Christian leaders often encourage their followers to follow the admonition of Paul <ref>{{cite web |url=http://bible1.crosswalk.com/OnlineStudyBible/bible.cgi?word=1+Peter+3:15§ion=0&version=niv&new=1&showtools=1&oq=&NavBook=1pe&NavGo=3&NavCurrentChapter=31Peter3:15 |title=Read and Study the Bible Online - Search, Find Verses |website=Bible Study Tools}}</ref> and witness to others using gentleness and respect. Like their Mormon counterparts, those from the evangelical Christian religions assert that these proselytizing efforts arise out of love and genuine concern for others and not a desire to cause contention. Consequently, though the feelings may be strong, there is often a feeling of mutual appreciation and respect that accompanies missionary efforts on both sides (though this is not always the case). Some evangelical Christian denominations have ministries focused on Mormons, just as they also have ministries toward Jews, Native Americans, or other demographic groups.<ref>See{{cite web |url=http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/mormonministries.htm |title=Baptist Mid-Missions Mormon Ministries |access-date=2006-08-17}}</ref><ref>See{{cite web |url=http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/jewishministries.htm |title=Baptist Mid-Missions Jewish Ministries |access-date=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>See{{cite web |url=http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/nativeamericans.htm |title=Baptist Mid-Missions Native American Ministries |access-date=2008-09-01}}</ref> For example, the 1998 convention of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] held in Salt Lake City had the stated aim to "bring Christianity to the Mormons".
There are also many independent evangelical ministries and organizations focused on Mormons.<ref>Examples of such ministries include [http://www.utlm.org/ Utah Lighthouse Ministries], [http://www.mrm.org/ Mormonism Research Ministries], [http://www.lhvm.org/LivingHope Ministries], [http://www.bcmmin.org/ Berean Christian Ministries], [http://www.lifeafter.org/ Life After Ministries], [http://www.tilm.org/ Truth in Love Ministry]</ref>
===Polls and attitudes===
A 2016 Pew Poll showed that only 51% of the general public in the United States believed that Mormons were Christians while another 32% said they were not, which was in stark contrast with the 97% of Mormons who considered themselves Christians.<ref name="6 facts about U.S. Mormons">{{cite web |last1=Sandstorm |first1=Aleksandra |title=6 facts about U.S. Mormons |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/30/6-facts-about-u-s-mormons/ |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Additionally, when asked to describe in one word to best represent Mormonism, Mormons typically replied "Christian", "Christ-Centered" or "Jesus", while most non-Mormons replied with "Cult".<ref name="6 facts about U.S. Mormons"/>
Similar polls have concluded that over two-thirds of the general public view Mormons as members of the larger Christian community, including many independent evangelical ministries and prominent evangelical leaders.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} However, in an October 2010 poll conducted by [[LifeWay Research]], three out of four American Protestant pastors did not believe that Mormons were Christians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian/2011/10/10/gIQAHdlkaL_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222125419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian/2011/10/10/gIQAHdlkaL_story.html |archive-date=22 December 2018 |title=Poll: Three in four pastors say Mormons aren't Christian |first=Josef |last=Kuhn |date=10 October 2011 |agency=[[Religion News Service]] |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref>
==Mormon engagement with broader Christianity==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2011}}
In the 1960s, the LDS Church formed the Church Information Service with the goal of being ready to respond to media inquiries and generate positive media coverage. The organization kept a photo file to provide photos to the media for such events as [[temple (LDS Church)|temple]] dedications. It also would work to get stories covering [[Family Home Evening]], the church's welfare plan and the church's youth activities in various publications.<ref>[[Richard O. Cowan]]. ''The Church in the 20th Century'' (Bookcraft: Salt Lake City, 1985) p. 289</ref>
As part of the church's efforts to re-position its image, the church began to moderate its earlier [[Anti-Catholicism|anti-Catholic]] rhetoric. In [[Bruce R. McConkie]]'s 1958 edition of [[Mormon Doctrine (book)|''Mormon Doctrine'']], he had stated his opinion that the Catholic Church was part of "the church of the devil" and "the [[great and abominable church]]" because it was among organizations that misled people away from following God's laws. In his 1966 edition of the same book, the specific reference to the Catholic Church was removed.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994}}; {{Harvtxt|Sheperd|Sheperd|1984}}.</ref>
In 1973, the LDS Church recast its [[Mormon missionary|missionary]] lessons, making them more family-friendly and focused on building on common Christian ideals. The new lessons, named "A Uniform System for Teaching Families", de-emphasized the Great Apostasy, which previously held a prominent position just after the story of the [[First Vision]]. After a further revision in the early 1980s, the lessons dealt with the apostasy even less conspicuously by moving its discussion from the first lesson to later lessons. The lessons also became more family-friendly, including a flip chart with pictures, in part to encourage the participation of children.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
In 1995, the church announced a new logo design that emphasized the words "JESUS CHRIST" in large capital letters. According to Bruce L. Olsen, director of public affairs for the church, "The logo re-emphasizes the official name of the church and the central position of the Savior in its theology. It stresses our allegiance to the Lord, Jesus Christ."<ref name="Riess 2005">{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005}}.</ref>
In 2001, the church sent out a press release encouraging reporters to use the full name of the church at the beginning of news articles, with following references to the "Church of Jesus Christ". The release discouraged the use of the term "Mormon Church".<ref>[https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide "Style Guide – The Name of the Church"], mormonnewsroom.org, accessed 6 April 2016.</ref>
===Downplaying of differences===
Riess and Tickle assert that, starting in the late twentieth century, Mormons have focused their attention on Jesus Christ more than at any other time since the inception of their faith. Some critics of the LDS Church have accused church leaders of attempting to disingenuously portray the church as "just another Christian denomination" when, in fact, there are significant differences. Riess and Tickle argue that these critics are failing to grasp that this recent emphasis on Jesus Christ is part of a genuine theological evolution that concurrently involves a renewed interest in the Book of Mormon.<ref name="Riess 2005"/>
Ross Anderson asserts that, "(i)n public, LDS spokesmen downplay their Church's distinctive doctrines."<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Quick Christian Guide to the Mormon Holy Scripture |first=Ross |last=Anderson |publisher=Zondervan |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQb5qQvKDfgC&q=Mormonism+downplay+differences+Christianity&pg=PT7 |isbn=978-0-310-59068-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2020}}
Patricia Limerick suggests that future historians may conclude that, in the last four decades of the 20th, the [[general authorities]] of the LDS Church "undertook to standardize Mormon thought and practice". According to Limerick, this campaign of standardization has led to a retreat from the distinctive elements of Mormonism and an accentuation of the church's similarity to conventional Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |title=Something in the soil: legacies and reckonings in the New West |first=Patricia Nelson |last=Limerick |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2000 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAh_LfqgU8AC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+similarities&pg=PA251 |isbn=978-0-393-03788-3}}</ref>
According to [[Claudia Bushman]], "[t]he renewed emphasis on scripture study, especially the Book of Mormon, led the Church away from speculative theology. The freewheeling General Conference addresses of earlier years, elaborating unique LDS doctrines, were gradually replaced with a basic Christian message downplaying denominational differences."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bushman |first=Claudia |author-link=Claudia Lauper Bushman |year=2006 |title=Contemporary Mormonism: Latter-day Saints in Modern America |place=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Publishers]] |isbn=0-275-98933-X |oclc=61178156 |url=http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?isbn=9780275989330 |page=158 }}</ref>
Recent church presidents have tended to downplay those doctrines that served to distinguish Mormonism from mainline churches.<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations |first1=Eugene V. |last1=Gallagher |first2=W. Michael |last2=Ashcraft |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+downplay&pg=RA1-PA36 |isbn=978-0-275-98717-6}}</ref> Richard Abanes asserts that President [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] "on numerous occasions demonstrated his willingness to seriously downplay any issues that might be construed as controversial".<ref>{{harvtxt|Abanes|2007|p=433}}</ref>
In 2001, Hinckley stated that message of the LDS Church was "Christ-centered. [Christ is] our leader. He's our head. His name is the name of our church."<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=Kingdom Come |first=David |last=Van Biema |date=June 24, 2001 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138108,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814124048/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138108,00.html |archive-date=August 14, 2009 |access-date=2011-01-24}}</ref>
When speaking about other faiths, modern LDS leaders have adopted a policy of avoiding the use of critical and judgmental language in official church publications, and encouraged members of the church to be respectful of the beliefs of others as they witness in their personal lives.<ref>[[M. Russell Ballard]], [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2008/06/news-of-the-church/sharing-the-gospel-using-the-internet?lang=eng "Sharing the Gospel Using the Internet"], ''[[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]]'', June 2008.</ref> When speaking about other faiths, church magazines are often complimentary and focus on providing factual information rather than on sensationalizing or otherwise seeking to undermine the creeds and practices of others.<ref>See these articles (published in the church magazines) on various other faiths: [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1972/03/islam-and-mormonism-a-comparison?lang=eng Islam], [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/04/roman-catholicism?lang=eng Catholicism] (see also these [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2005/04/opening-remarks?lang=eng remarks] by Hinckley about the passing of Pope John Paul II),
[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/09/the-church-of-england?lang=eng The Church of England].</ref>
Several presidents of the LDS Church over the years have emphasized the need for Mormons to recognize the good contributions those of other faiths make to the world.<ref>"We recognize the good in all churches. We recognize the value of religion generally. We say to everyone: live the teachings which you have received from your church. We invite you to come and learn from us, to see if we can add to those teachings and enhance your life and your understanding of things sacred and divine. Now we work with people of other faiths on common causes, many of them across the world. We recognize theological differences. We believe that we can disagree theologically without being disagreeable, and we hope to do so. We have been rather careful about surrendering in any way our doctrinal standards, anything of that kind as part of an ecumenical effort, but we certainly have worked with people, and do work with people, and want to work with other groups in tackling common social problems, things of that kind which are so much in need of attention these days throughout the world" (Gordon B. Hinckley, interview with Lawrence Spicer, London News Service, 28 August 1995).</ref>
<!-- Unclear that this text is really relevant or useful
;Comparable beliefs
[[File:USVA headstone emb-11.svg|thumb|"Emblem of belief", picturing the [[Angel Moroni]], available for placement on [[United States Veterans Administration]] headstones and markers for members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] in place of a cross.]]
From around the 2nd century A.D. onward (though widespread use did not really commence until the 4th or 5th centuries), most [[Christian]] denominations have used a [[crucifix]] or [[Christian cross|cross]] as a symbol of their faith. Mormons do not use the cross, although LDS military chaplains do wear the cross on their uniforms to indicate that they are Christian chaplains.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/cross|title=Cross |publisher=lds.org|access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref>
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===Cooperation with other Christian denominations===
{{further|California Proposition 8 (2008)}}
{{expand section|date=January 2011}}
Ron Rhodes asserts that, "The Mormon church has in recent years sought to downplay its exclusivism as the 'restored' church. Indeed, the Mormon church has increasingly become involved with the Interfaith movement, joining with various Christian denominations in various charities."<ref>{{cite book |title=The 10 Most Important Things You Can Say to a Mormon |first=Ron |last=Rhodes |publisher=Harvest House Publishers |year=2001 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0as2jKcboaIC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+downplay&pg=PA17 |isbn=978-0-7369-0534-3}}</ref>
Traditional Christian denominations and the LDS Church share work in providing welfare or humanitarian aid. In recent years, the LDS Church has opened its broadcasting facilities ([[Bonneville International]]) to other Christian groups, and has participated in the VISN Religious Interfaith Cable Television Network.
===Dialogue with other Christian denominations===
There have been independent activities among individuals from both traditions who attempt to discuss openly about issues of faith.<ref>See Craig L. Blomberg and [[Stephen E. Robinson]], ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon & an Evangelical in Conversation'' Inter-Varsity Press, March 1997 and{{cite web |url=http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html|title=Faith Dialogue by Greg Johnson|access-date=2006-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010214339/http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html|archive-date=2006-10-10}}</ref> In November 2004, Fuller Theological Seminary President Richard Mouw and [[Ravi Zacharias]], a well known evangelical Christian philosophical apologist, addressed a congregation of Mormons and evangelicals gathered in the [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]] for an event sponsored by Standing Together Ministries that was well received despite the differences they acknowledged between Mormonism and evangelical perspectives.<ref>{{cite news |first=Carrie A.|last=Moore|url=https://www.deseret.com/2004/11/15/19861624/evangelical-preaches-at-salt-lake-tabernacle#christian-philosopher-ravi-zacharias-speaks-at-the-salt-lake-tabernacle-in-an-event-organized-by-standing-together-ministries |title=Evangelical preaches at Salt Lake Tabernacle |newspaper=Deseret Morning News |date=November 15, 2004 |access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref>
In the 1950s, President [[David O. McKay]] met with Bishop [[Duane G. Hunt]], of the [[Diocese of Salt Lake City]], several times in secret, at Holy Cross Hospital in [[Salt Lake City]], to avoid fears of scandalizing members of their respective churches. Their meetings consisted of discussions about community issues and tensions between the two groups in [[Utah]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walch |first1=Tad |title=Pope Francis meets with President Nelson in the Vatican |url=https://www.deseret.com/2019/3/10/20668250/pope-francis-meets-with-president-nelson-in-the-vatican/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |agency=<em>Deseret News</em> |date=10 March 2019}}</ref>
In 2019, while in Rome to dedicate the [[Rome Italy Temple]], President [[Russell M. Nelson]] met with [[Pope Francis]]. Nelson is the first Latter-day Saint prophet to meet with a Catholic [[pope]]. Nelson said that he and Francis spoke about the "importance of religious liberty, the importance of the family, our mutual concern for the youth of the church, for the secularization of the world, and the need for people to come to God, and worship him, pray to him and have the stability that faith in Jesus Christ will bring in their lives."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stack |first1=Peggy |last2=Noyce |first2=David |title=Pope Francis, Russell Nelson share a hug, discuss global relief in first-ever meeting between a Latter-day Saint prophet and a Catholic pontiff |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/03/09/pope-francis-latter-day/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
===Proselytization of other Christian denominations===
Mormons proselytize to all people, including members of other Christian churches, holding to the belief that God told Joseph Smith "that those professors [of religion] were all corrupt; that: 'they draw near to me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me, they teach for doctrines the commandments of men, having a form of godliness, but they deny the power thereof.'"<ref>Joseph Smith, ''[[History of the Church (Joseph Smith)|History of the Church]]'', vol. 1, ch. 1. "Corrupt" here is taken to refer to their beliefs rather than personal morality. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20151022001150/https://www.lds.org/manual/doctrine-and-covenants-student-manual/section-30-40/section-33-declare-my-gospel "Section 33: Declare My Gospel"], ''Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2002) p. 68.</ref> Because ministering to those of other Christian faiths can be a sensitive task when feelings on both sides are strong, leaders of the LDS Church have counseled members to be sensitive, to exercise caution, and to avoid contentions in their preaching. Despite the criticisms of other creeds, a tone of respect has consistently been encouraged by Mormon leaders. For example, [[Wilford Woodruff]], an early president of the church and a contemporary of Joseph Smith taught:
<blockquote>When you go into a neighborhood to preach the Gospel, never attempt to tear down a man's house, so to speak, before you build him a better one; never, in fact, attack any one's religion, wherever you go. Be willing to let every man enjoy his own religion. It is his right to do that. If he does not accept your testimony with regard to the Gospel of Christ, that is his affair, and not yours. Do not spend your time in pulling down other sects and parties. We haven't time to do that. It is never right to do that.<ref>''[[The Contributor (LDS magazine)|The Contributor]]'', August 1895, pp. 636–37.</ref></blockquote>
While the LDS Church has been clear about its disagreements with many of the theologies and practices of other religions and seeks actively to convert all people to its own teachings, it has also always adopted a policy of toleration for others and defended the rights of all people to worship God freely. Article 11 of the church's [[Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)|Articles of Faith]] written by Joseph Smith states, "We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where, or what they may."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1.11?lang=eng |title=Articles of Faith |publisher=lds.org |access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref> Smith spoke often of the need for Mormons to be civil and courteous in their treatment of others, particularly those who were not of their faith, and to be willing to defend the right of anyone to religious freedom. He said:
<blockquote>If we would secure and cultivate the love of others, we must love others, even our enemies as well as friends ... I possess the principle of love. All I can offer the world is a good heart and a good hand. The Saints can testify whether I am willing to lay down my life for my brethren. If it has been demonstrated that I have been willing to die for a "Mormon", I am bold to declare before Heaven that I am just as ready to die in defending the rights of a Presbyterian, a Baptist, or a good man of any other denomination. ... It is a love of liberty which inspires my soul.<ref>''History of the Church'', '''5''':498.</ref></blockquote>
Because [[Mormon missionaries]] proselytize to all, including other Christians, some Christian organizations have published tracts, brochures and books designed to counter these missionary efforts.<ref>"The Kingdom of the Cults" [[Walter Ralston Martin|Walter Martin]] (Revised 2003) [[Bethany House Publishers]], Grand Rapids Michigan</ref><ref>"Mormonism 101" Bill McKeever & Eric Johnson -Grand Rapids: [[Baker Publishing Group]], 2000</ref><ref>"Mormonism Unmasked" Phillip Roberts -Nashville: [[Broadman & Holman]] 1998</ref>
Conciliar Press, a department of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Church|Antiochian Orthodox Christian]] Archdiocese of North America, has published a brochure designed to inform Orthodox Christians of the proselytizing efforts of what it describes as "cultists" (Mormons and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]).
In 2006, the Catholic bishops in Slovakia urged all Catholics in the country not to sign a petition allowing the LDS Church to be legally recognized in that country.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Slovakian Bishops Urge Rejection Of LDS Church |publisher=KUTV |date=2006-09-11 |url=http://kutv.com/topstories/local_story_254185802.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211822/http://kutv.com/topstories/local_story_254185802.html |archive-date=2007-09-26 |access-date=2006-09-12}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|Latter Day Saint movement}}
* [[Christian countercult movement]]
* [[Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
* [[Judaism and Mormonism]]
* [[Mormon apologetics]]
* [[Mormonism and Freemasonry]]
* [[Mormonism and Islam]]
* [[Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)]]
* [[Catholic-Protestant relations]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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* {{cite book
| author=[[Stephen E. Robinson]]
| title=Are Mormons Christians?
| publisher=[[Bookcraft, Inc.]]
| isbn=0-88494-784-X
| year=1991
}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| editor1=Beckwith, Francis J. |editor2=Carl Mosser |editor3=Paul Owen
| year=2002
| title=The New Mormon Challenge: Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast-Growing Movement
| publisher=Zondervan
| isbn=0-310-23194-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Bloomberg
| first=Craig
| title=How Wide the Divide? A Mormon & an Evangelical in Conversation
| publisher=IVP Academic
| year=1997
| isbn=0-8308-1991-6
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Gellinek, Christian |author2=Hans-Wilhelm Kelling
| year=2001
| title=Avenues to Christianity: Mormonism in Comparative Church History
| series=Studies of the Latter-Day Saint Religion
| publisher=Global Publications, Binghamton University
| isbn=1-58684-128-9
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Hopkins, Richard R.
| year=1994
| title=Biblical Mormonism: Responding to Evangelical Criticism of L.D.S. Theology
| publisher=Harvest Publishers
| isbn=0-88290-482-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Shuster
| first=Eric
| title=Catholic roots, Mormon Harvest
| publisher=Cedar Fort, Inc.
| year=2009
| isbn=978-1-59955-257-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Robinson
| first=Stephen
| title=Are Mormons Christians?
| publisher=Bookcraft
| year=1998
| isbn=1-57008-409-2
}}
* {{cite web
| url = https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/christians
| title = Are Mormons Christian?
| work = lds.org
| publisher = LDS Church}}
* {{Cite journal
| last=Ricks |first=Stephen
| date=1992
| title=Creation, Creation Accounts
| url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Matter
| journal=Encyclopedia of Mormonism}}
==External links==
* [http://www.comeuntochrist.org ComeUntoChrist.org] official informational website of the [[LDS Church]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091113080904/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/09/003-is-mormonism-christian-31 "Is Mormonism Christian?"] A debate between [[Bruce D. Porter]] and Gerald R. McDermott, ''First Things'', October 2008
* [http://www.utlm.org/ Utah Lighthouse Ministry] - Protestant Christian website that defends their view of the Bible.
* [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/156/story_15656_1.html "We Have Sinned Against You"] - A leading evangelical speaks at the Salt Lake Tabernacle and says evangelicals have spread lies about LDS beliefs.
* [https://www.pbs.org/mormons/ "The Mormons"] - ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' + ''[[American Experience]]'' four-hour PBS documentary aired April 30 – May 1, 2007
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Mormons}}
{{Latter Day Saint movement}}
{{Latter-day Saints}}
{{Christianity footer}}
[[Category:Criticism of Mormonism|Christianity]]
[[Category:Mormon studies]]
[[Category:Mormonism and other religions|Christianity]]
[[Category:Nontrinitarianism]]
[[Category:Relations between Christian denominations]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Comparison of Mormonism and Nicene Christianity}}
[[File:Joseph Smith first vision stained glass.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[God the Father]] and [[Jesus Christ]] as two distinct beings appearing to [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] during his "[[First Vision]]", reflecting Mormonism's [[Nontrinitarianism|Non-trinitarian theology]].]]
'''[[Mormonism]] and [[Nicene Christianity]]''' (often called mainstream Christianity)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prakashan |first1=Jnanada |title=World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: Global interfaith movement |date=2009 |page=733}}</ref> have a complex theological, historical, and sociological relationship. [[Mormons]] express their doctrines using biblical terminology. They have similar views about the nature of [[Jesus Christ]]'s [[Atonement in Christianity|atonement]], [[Universal resurrection#Christianity|bodily resurrection]], and [[Second Coming]] as mainstream [[Christianity|Christians]]. Nevertheless, most Mormons do not accept the [[Doctrine#Religious usage|doctrine]] of the [[Trinitarianism|Trinity]] as codified in the [[Nicene Creed]] of 325 and the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of 381.<ref>{{harvtxt|Shipps|1985|pp=148–49}} (arguing that "Mormonism differs from traditional Christianity in much the same fashion that traditional Christianity ... came to differ from Judaism.").</ref> Although Mormons consider the [[Protestant Bible]] to be [[Religious text|holy scripture]], they do not believe in [[biblical inerrancy]]. They have also adopted additional scriptures that they believe to have been [[Revelation in Mormonism|divinely revealed]] to [[Joseph Smith]],<ref name="Mason 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Mason |author-first=Patrick Q. |author-link=Patrick Q. Mason |date=3 September 2015 |title=Mormonism |url=https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.75 |isbn=978-0-19-934037-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130060403/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Givens 2003">{{cite book |last=Givens |first=Terryl L. |year=2003 |orig-date=2002 |chapter="A Seer Shall the Lord My God Raise Up": The Prophet and the Plates |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nd8-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/019513818X.003.0002 |pages=8–42 |isbn=978-0-19-513818-4 |oclc=1028168787}}</ref><ref name="Noll 2002">{{cite book |last=Noll |first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark Noll |year=2002 |chapter=The High Tide of Protestantism, 1830-1865 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b53HUe_NRVgC&pg=PA102 |title=The Old Religion in a New World: The History of North American Christianity |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, UK]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |pages=102–103 |isbn=978-0-8028-4948-9 |lccn=2001040537}}</ref> including the [[Book of Mormon]],<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Givens 2003"/><ref name="Noll 2002"/> the [[Doctrine and Covenants]],<ref name="Mason 2015"/> and the [[Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)|Pearl of Great Price]].<ref name="Mason 2015"/> Mormons practice [[Baptism in Mormonism|baptism]] and celebrate the [[Sacrament#Latter-day Saints|sacrament]] of the [[Sacrament (LDS Church)|Lord's Supper]], but they also participate in other religious [[ritual]]s. Mormons self-identify as [[Christians]].<ref>[https://www.pewforum.org/2012/01/12/mormons-in-america-executive-summary/ Mormons in America: Certain in Their Beliefs, Uncertain of Their Place in Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf |date=September 24, 2015 }}, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 2012, p.10: Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view</ref>
Focusing on differences, some Christians consider [[Mormonism]] non-Christian; others, focusing on similarities, consider it to be a Christian religion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rosentiel |first1=Tom |title=Public Opinion About Mormons |date=4 December 2007 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2007/12/04/public-opinion-about-mormons/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Stark|Neilson|2005|p=14}}.</ref> Opinions differ among [[Religious studies|scholars of religion]] on whether to categorize Mormonism as a separate branch of Christianity or as the "fourth [[Abrahamic religion]]" (alongside [[Judaism]], Christianity and [[Islam]]).<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Shipps 2001">{{cite book |author-last=Shipps |author-first=Jan |author-link=Jan Shipps |editor-last=Eliason |editor-first=Eric A. |year=2001 |title=Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion |chapter=Is Mormonism Christian? Reflections on a Complicated Question |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsokQJDKJ7cC&pg=PA76 |location=[[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana]] and [[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |pages=76–98 |isbn=0-252-02609-8 |s2cid=142892455}}</ref> Mormons do not accept non-Mormon baptism and most non-Mormon Christians do not accept Mormon baptism. Mormons regularly [[Proselytism|proselytize]] individuals actually or nominally within the Christian tradition, and some traditional Christians, especially [[Evangelicalism|evangelicals]], proselytize Mormons. Some view Mormonism as a form of Christianity, but distinct enough from traditional Christianity so as to form a new religious tradition, much as [[Split of early Christianity and Judaism|Christianity is more than just a sect of Judaism]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Shipps|2000|p=338}}.</ref>
The early Mormonism that originated with Joseph Smith in the 1820s shared strong similarities with some elements of 19th-century [[Protestantism in the United States|American Protestantism]].<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Givens 2003"/><ref>{{cite book |first=John G. |last=Turner |year=2016 |title=The Mormon Jesus: A Biography |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |page=5 |isbn=978-0-674-73743-3}}.</ref> Mormons believe that God, through Smith and his successors, [[Restoration (Latter Day Saints)|restored]] various doctrines and practices that were lost from the original Christianity taught by Jesus Christ.<ref name="Eliason 2001">{{cite book |author-last=Hughes |author-first=Richard T. |editor-last=Eliason |editor-first=Eric A. |year=2001 |title=Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion |chapter=Soaring with the Gods: Early Mormons and the Eclipse of Religious Pluralism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsokQJDKJ7cC&pg=PA23 |location=[[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana]] and [[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |pages=23–46 |isbn=0-252-02609-8 |s2cid=142892455}}</ref> For example, Smith, as a result of his "[[First Vision]]", primarily rejected the Nicene doctrine of the [[Trinity]] and instead taught that God the Father, his son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three distinct "personages".<ref name="Davies 2003">{{harvtxt|Davies|2003|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fw8DIziwEDsC&pg=PA65 ''Divine–human transformations'', pp. 65–90'']}}</ref><ref name="EoM">{{citation |contribution-url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhead |contribution=Godhead |pages=552–553 |last=Dahl |first=Paul E. |editor-last=Ludlow |editor-first=Daniel H. |editor-link=Daniel H. Ludlow |year=1992 |title=[[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishing]] |isbn=0-02-879602-0 |oclc=24502140 |via=[[Harold B. Lee Library]] |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Joseph Fielding |title=Doctrines of Salvation |year=1956 |publisher=Bookcraft |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/si/institute/manuals?lang=eng&cid=rdb_v_si-institute_eng_manuals |author-link=Joseph Fielding Smith |page=1:38}}</ref> While the largest [[List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement|Mormon denomination]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), acknowledges its differences with mainstream Christianity, it also focuses on its commonalities such as its focus on faith in Christ, following the teachings of Jesus Christ, the miracle of the atonement, and many other doctrines.<ref>See, commentary, [https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/real-differences-real-similarities-and-biblical-christianity "Real Differences, Real Similarities and Biblical Christianity"]. Mormon News Room. October 11, 2007.</ref>
==Doctrinal comparison==
While [[historian]]s recognize the roots of Mormonism in [[Protestantism in the United States|American Protestantism]] and the [[Second Great Awakening]] of the 1820s and 1830s,<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|p=xv}} ("Mormonism springs from the sectarian tradition of the [[Radical Reformation]], in fact from its most extreme fringe.").</ref> Mormonism has also been identified as "a radical departure from traditional"—i.e. [[Mainline Protestant|mainline]]—"Protestant Christianity"<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|p=200}} (describing Smith's theology as "a radical departure from traditional Protestant Christianity".)</ref> and a "profoundly [[Christian primitivism|primitivist]] tradition."<ref name="Eliason 2001"/> Nevertheless, Mormonism falls within the scope of the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestantism]] of the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the United States (1800–1840).<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Givens 2003"/><ref name="Noll 2002"/><ref name="Charles 2016">{{cite book |author-last=Charles |author-first=Carter |year=2016 |chapter=Mormonism in America: Itinerary to Allegiance from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney |editor-last=Hunt |editor-first=Stephen J. |editor-link=Stephen J. Hunt |title=Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=12 |doi=10.1163/9789004310780_022 |pages=441–460 |isbn=978-90-04-26539-4 |issn=1874-6691}}</ref> The [[God in Mormonism|conception of God in early Mormonism]] was very similar to the [[God in Christianity|conception of the Christian God]] held within Protestant Christianity, although early Mormons had already begun developing their own distinct doctrine.<ref name="Davies 2003"/>
===Early Joseph Smith era===
Mormonism arose in the 1820s during a period of radical reform and experimentation within American Protestantism and Mormonism is integrally connected to [[Burned-over district|that religious environment]].<ref name="Mason 2015"/><ref name="Eliason 2001"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Gordon|2002|p=11}}; {{Harvtxt|Shipps|1985|p=7}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=''The Book of Mormon: A Biography (Lives of Great Religious Books)'' |author=Paul C. Gutjahr |date=March 25, 2012 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-14480-1 }}</ref> As a form of Christian primitivism, the new faith was one among several contemporary religious movements that claimed to [[Restorationism|restore]] Christianity to its condition at the [[Apostolic Age|time of the Twelve Apostles]].<ref name="Eliason 2001"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|pp=1–4}} (describing the background of Christian primitivism in New England).</ref>
====The Book of Mormon====
[[Image:The Book of Mormon- An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi.jpg|thumb|right|Cover page of The [[Book of Mormon]] from an original 1830 edition, by [[Joseph Smith]]<br />(Image from the U.S. Library of Congress ''Rare Book and Special Collections Division''.)]]
The [[Book of Mormon]] (1830), which codifies the earliest Mormon doctrine, was intended, in part, to settle ongoing doctrinal disputes among contemporary [[Christian denominations]]<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=4}} ("The Book of Mormon settles doctrinal differences among those who accept the Christ it presents. Mormon's purpose is to make clear the true doctrine and to dissolve doctrinal disputes by explaining the gospel of Christ"); {{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|pp=75–76}} ("[T]he Book of Mormon decides controversies in a number of areas, including those argued among early nineteenth century American theologians.")</ref> and to create a single shared theology.<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=88}} (noting that the Book of Mormon expresses contempt for [[sectarianism]], and arguing that establishing the one true fold and one true faith are the "only real theological themes of the book"); {{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} (the Book of Mormon "would seek to heal the wounds of sectarianism and defend God against deism, rationalism, and sectarianism".)</ref> Joseph Smith believed in the Bible<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|pp=153–54}}; {{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|p=5}}.</ref> and shared the Protestant tradition that the Bible (excluding the [[biblical apocrypha|Apocrypha]]) was originally revealed by God to humanity<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=154}}; {{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|p=5}}.</ref> and had contained the "fulness of the gospel.” Nevertheless, Smith believed the Bible of his era had degenerated from its original form. Smith blamed the [[Catholic Church]] for the loss of biblical books and for introducing corruptions and obfuscations in the biblical text.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=154}}.</ref> Smith said that the Book of Mormon revealed "plain and precious things that had been taken away" from the Bible.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hill|1969|p=5}}; {{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|pp=154–55}}.</ref> Smith also completed an unpublished [[Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible|revision of the Bible]] in 1833,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=142}} (noting that though Smith declared his revision of the Bible complete in 1833, though the church lacked funds to publish it during his lifetime).</ref> which he said corrected many of these errors,<ref>The LDS Church has canonized only a small part of this translation. However, see {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=296}} (noting that the most significant parts of Smith's revision of the Bible are found as footnotes and study materials in the [[LDS edition of the Bible|LDS Church edition]] of the Authorized King James Version).</ref> and added inspired commentary.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Q&A: Questions and Answers |magazine=[[New Era (magazine)|New Era]]|date=April 1977|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/1977/04/qa-questions-and-answers?lang=eng|access-date=2015-09-18}}</ref> Smith endowed the Book of Mormon with status equal to the Bible.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|pp=154–55}} ("To defend the Bible's status as revelation, the Book of Mormon demanded equal status.")</ref>
====Nature of God====
The faith's earliest theology, as reflected in the Book of Mormon and contemporaneous writings by Joseph Smith, was an unsophisticated version of [[Trinitarianism]] or [[Monarchianism]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=24–25}} (describing the pre-1835 theology as "essentially trinitarian"); {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=30, 59}} (calling ''Book of Mormon'' theology "layman's Trinitarianism"); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1986|p=77}} ("The Book of Mormon, revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants prior to 1835, and Smith's 1832 account of his First Vision all reflect 'trinitarian' perceptions."); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=37}} ("While the Book of Mormon theology does not reflect a truly orthodox trinitarian view as codified in the [[Athanasian creed]], it does reflect the common Christian layman's perception that is some manner, the Father and the Son were both representations of one God."); {{Harvtxt|Lindgren|1986|pp=72–73}} (noting that Book of Mormon theology was similar to trinitarianism, but ultimately was "modalistic [[Monarchianism]]").</ref> But according to Kurt Widmer, "early Mormons were reacting against a heavily intellectualized and theologized Trinitarian concept of God" and the nature of God was not at first of central importance to Smith.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=30, 31}} ("What is apparent is that early Mormons were reacting against a heavily intellectualized and theologized Trinitarian concept of God.").</ref>
In 1834, Smith and his associate [[Sidney Rigdon]] developed a series of [[Lectures on Faith]] that they incorporated into the faith's [[Doctrine and Covenants]] (1835). These lectures described "two personages" in the heavens: the Father, "a personage of spirit, glory, and power," and the Son, "a personage of tabernacle" who "received the fulness of the glory of the Father—possessing the same mind with the Father, which mind is the Holy Spirit."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/lectures_on_faith.htm#LECTURE%20FIFTH |title=Lectures On Faith |work=mormonbeliefs.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028025249/http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/lectures_on_faith.htm |archive-date=2005-10-28 }}</ref> This has sometimes been described as a form of [[Binitarianism]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=59}} ("By the close of the Kirtland era, in 1839, the Church would have shifted from modalism to a binatarian position on God."); {{Harvtxt|Reynolds|2005|p=30}} ("Some writers on Joseph Smith and the development of LDS theology point to Lecture 5 as leading evidence that in the mid-1830s Joseph was following the binitarian doctrine of the godhead being promoted by Christian Primitivists of that decade."); {{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|p=77}} ("These ''Lectures on Faith''...are more Binitarian than Trinitarian....").</ref>
====Other points of doctrine====
Early Mormon [[soteriology]], although not following a preexisting tradition, was generally [[Arminianism|Arminian]] in tendency.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=26}} (noting that early Mormon doctrine "saw man as a creature of God, but capable of sanctification"); {{Harvtxt|Matzko|2007|p=73}} (noting similarities with [[Arminianism]], and disagreeing that the Book of Mormon incorporates [[Calvinist]] doctrine); {{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|p=77}} (arguing that while the Book of Mormon agrees with some tenets of Arminianism, it "integrates doctrines from a variety of preexisting theological perspectives and some apparently unique teachings").</ref> Early Mormonism agreed with [[Methodism|Methodists]] and the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)|Disciples of Christ]] in rejecting [[Calvinistic]] doctrines in favor of [[Christian perfection]] and [[free will]] (called [[Agency (LDS Church)|free agency]]).<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=26–27}}; {{Harvtxt|Matzko|2007|p=73}} (noting, in addition, that the "Book of Mormon seems to contradict all five points of Calvinism"); {{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|p=88}} ("[I]n the debate over human freedom, the Book of Mormon tends to resolve the issues similarly but not identically to the Methodist brand of Arminianism.").</ref> Also, while the Book of Mormon affirmed the doctrine of [[original sin]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ford|2005|p=83}} (Book of Mormon "affirms original sin (2 Ne. 2), [and] [[Total depravity|human depravity]] (Mosiah 16:3) ..."); {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=26}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostler|1991|p=61}} ("[A]lthough the Book of Mormon promulgates a notion of 'original sin', it is a 'hypothetical original sin' which does not actually afflict persons unless they reject the atonement."); {{Harvtxt|Lindgren|1986|p=72}} (describing the Book of Mormon as pessimistic about fundamental human nature, and the inability to overcome depravity through willfulness alone).</ref> it also agrees with other Arminian denominations that children are [[Infant baptism#Arguments against infant baptism|incapable of sin]] and in a state of grace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/sdg/warfield/warfield_children.html|title=Warfield - The Children in the Hands of the Arminians|website=monergism.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8.12,13,14?lang=eng|title=Moroni 8|website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org}}</ref>
Like other Christian primitivists, Smith located the authority of Christianity in correct interpretation of the Bible<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} (comparing the earliest Mormonism with the Disciples of Christ's view of Biblical authority).</ref>—although he also maintained (as did the [[Shakers]]) that interpretation of the Bible should be guided by new and [[continuing revelation]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} ("Like Shakers, [Smith] would restore the church and be led to the correct interpretation by new and constant revelation.")</ref> Initially, the authority of Smith's faith was based on correct doctrine<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} ("Like other Protestants, he would see correct doctrine as a mark of the true church.")</ref> and his own claim of prophethood.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=7}} (describing Smith's earliest authority as [[charismatic authority]]); {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|pp=77–78}} (noting that Smith based his authority, in part, on signs of divine approbation and special revelations, and that "[a]t first the Prophet had little to offer [converts] beyond baptism and his own impressive personality.")</ref> Then during the early 1830s, Smith added to this authority [[apostolic succession]], represented by angelic apostles and prophets who Smith said [[priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|had ordained him]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hullinger|1992|p=32}} ("Like other Protestants, he would see correct doctrine as a mark of the true church. But Smith added something else: a new scripture and a dual priesthood based not on apostolic succession, as in the case of the Roman Catholic claim to authority, but on prophetic succession."); {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|pp=77, 81}} (Smith "claimed ''prophetic'' succession through a dual priesthood that allegedly existed among the Hebrews."); {{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=7}} (In 1834, Smith first began claiming that his authority arose within a line of succession through angelic visitors.).</ref>
===Late Joseph Smith era===
From the mid-1830s to his death in 1844, Smith continued to introduce ideas and practices which differed significantly from traditional Protestantism. First, Smith pressed Christian perfection beyond Protestant orthodoxy.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}}.</ref> He followed non-Protestant Christians in rejecting the doctrine of [[Sola fide|justification by faith alone]]<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=85}} ("Mormonism as it evolved between Kirtland, Ohio and Nauvoo, Illinois, also rejected the pre-eminence of faith over works.").</ref> and moved toward [[universal reconciliation|universalism]] by introducing a hierarchy of [[degrees of glory|three glorious heavens]], in which even the wicked had a place.<ref name="Brodie 118">{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=118}} ("[E]ven the 'liars, sorcerers, adulterers, and whoremongers' were guaranteed telestial glory, and only a handful of unregenerates called the [[Son of perdition (Mormonism)|Sons of Perdition]] were to be eternally damned.")</ref> In the late 1830s, Smith introduced [[baptism for the dead]] by proxy as a means for unredeemed souls to accept salvation in the afterlife,<ref name="Brodie 282">{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=421–22}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=282}}.</ref> and he also taught that the [[Sealing (Mormonism)|ordinance of marriage]] was required to reach the highest level of salvation.<ref name="Brooke 255">{{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|p=255}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=300}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=443}} (noting that a modern Mormon interpretation of Smith's 1843 polygamy revelation ties both polygamy and monogamy to degrees of exaltation).</ref> Smith also introduced a [[second anointing]] ritual, after which a participant was guaranteed virtually unconditional salvation. This has been seen as an attempt to retain the Calvinistic ideas of [[Assurance (theology)|assured salvation]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Buerger|1983|pp=13–14, 36–37}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=497–98}} (Second anointing was Smith's "attempt to deal with the theological problem of assurance" over which Calvinist theologians had argued for centuries.); {{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|pp=256–60}} (arguing that unlike Calvinism, the power to grant unconditional salvation resided in the priest, rather than God alone, and therefore incorporated elements of Smith's magical tradition); {{Harvtxt|Ostler|1991|pp=77–78}} (noting differences with the Calvinistic notion of [[Perseverance of the saints|persevering grace]]); {{Harvtxt|Prince|1995|pp=190–91}} (Unlike other Mormon rituals necessary for salvation, "the second anointing guaranteed one's exaltation, and thus may be viewed as the crowning ordinance of Smith's ministry.")</ref>
In his later years Smith also differed from traditional Protestantism in his views on the nature of God and humanity. Eventually Smith reduced the difference between God and man to one of degree. Both God and man are coeternal and uncreated. He taught that humans could progress to an exalted state in which they became coequal with a God who was material, plural, and himself a glorified man existing within time.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=119, 145}}.{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}} ("To the older New England the ways and 'providences' of God were inscrutable. To a rebellious son of New England, living in an age of secret societies with strange signs and special ceremonies, God was quite scrutable, but only to those who were initiated."){{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}};{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=119}}; {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}} (describing Smith's doctrine as "material anthropomorphism"); {{Harvtxt|Bloom|1992|p=101}} ("Smith's God, after all, began as a man, and struggled heroically in and with time and space, rather after the pattern of colonial and revolutionary Americans."){{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=421}} ("Piece by piece, Joseph redefined the nature of God, giving Him a form and a body and locating Him in time and space."); {{Harvtxt|Bloom|1992|p=101}} ("Joseph Smith's God ... is finite. ... Exalted now into the heavens, God necessarily is still subject to the contingencies of time and space.").</ref> Smith taught that both [[God the Father]] and [[Jesus]] were distinct beings with physical bodies, and that the [[Holy Spirit]] was a personage of Spirit.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Roberts|1909|p=325}}.</ref> Because God had once been a man who had risen to a high position in heaven,<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=85}}; {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=123–24}} (discussing instances where Smith taught that God was a resurrected man).</ref> humans too could progress to godhood. Such a teaching implied a vast hierarchy of gods who would rule kingdoms of inferior intelligences, and so forth in an eternal hierarchy.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=119}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=535, 455–56, 535–37}}</ref> Unlike the god of traditional Christianity, the god envisioned by Smith did not create the eternal spirits of humanity—he only organized them and provided them with a plan to follow in his footsteps.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=420–21}}; {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=119}}.</ref> God was God not because he was an ''ex nihilo'' creator, but because he had the greatest intelligence.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=455–56}}.</ref>
===Pioneer Mormonism===
After Smith's death, his successor [[Brigham Young]] and others built upon Smith's late teachings and introduced more significant doctrinal innovations. The resulting religious tradition defined the Mormonism of the Mormon pioneer era in the 19th century. An important part of this pioneer Mormonism is the [[Adam–God doctrine]], which became the most prominent (but not exclusive) theology of 19th-century Mormonism.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=131}}.</ref> Young taught that God the Father was [[Adam]], a mortal man resurrected and [[exaltation (Mormonism)|exalted]] to godhood.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bergera|1980|p=15}}.</ref> Proponents of this doctrine believed that Father Adam, as the subordinate member of a three-god council, created the earth.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=131–33}} (describing Michael as a "lesser God in the Council of Gods".); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=38}} (noting that in Joseph Smith's [[Endowment (Mormonism)|endowment]] ceremony, the gods involved in the creation were "Elohim, Jehovah, and Michael", but unlike in modern Mormon theology, this "Jehovah" was not identified as Jesus).</ref> Adam was both the common ancestor and the father of all spirits born on the earth.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bergera|1980|p=41}} (describing the Adam–God doctrine as "that Adam was at once the spiritual as well as the physical father of all persons born on this world, including Jesus Christ"); {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=131}} (Adam "was the father of the spirits in Heaven, as well as the father of their mortal bodies.").{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=132–33}}; {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=39}} (Young apparently believed that while Adam was mortal on the earth, his father Elohim, the "Grandfather in Heaven", temporarily took over Adam's role as the god of this planet).</ref> After ascending again to his heavenly throne,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=39}} ("After his death Adam returned to his exalted station as God the Father, and as such presided over Israel designated by the divine names ''Elohim'' or ''Jehovah''.").</ref> Adam returned to physically father Jesus by [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=131}}; {{Harvtxt|Bergera|1980|p=41}} (describing the Adam–God doctrine as "that Adam was at once the spiritual as well as the physical father of all persons born on this world, including Jesus Christ"); {{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|p=39}} (Adam "later begot Jesus, his firstborn spirit son, in the flesh").</ref>
Some elements of Mormonism from the pioneer era, including [[Mormonism and polygamy|polygamy]] and the Adam–God doctrine, were renounced around the turn of the 20th century by the LDS Church.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=139}}; {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}} (noting that in 1912, the LDS [[First Presidency (LDS Church)|First Presidency]] explicitly instructed missionaries to teach that Mormons worship God the Father, and not Adam, and discussing the official First Presidency statement of 1916).</ref> However, these elements have been retained within the small branch of Mormonism known as [[Mormon fundamentalism]].
===Modern LDS Church orthodoxy===
Near the turn of the 20th century there was a movement to codify LDS theology with official statements of Church leaders — which served to quash speculative ideas that persisted as sub rosa concepts among some Mormons. This coincided with an effort to stop new plural marriages — mostly forbidden in 1890 and completely forbidden after 1904. Prominent Mormons such as [[Joseph F. Smith]], [[John A. Widstoe]], and [[James E. Talmage]] formulated the outlines of Mormon orthodoxy with publications that significantly narrowed the realm of acceptable speculative Mormon theology.
====Nature of God and humanity====
{{main|God in Mormonism}}
In traditional Christianity, as expressed in the [[Athanasian Creed]], God is conceived both as a unity and a [[Trinity]]: God the Father, [[God the Son]] and God the Holy Spirit are three [[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]] of one uncreated substance— one God, omnipotent, co-equal and co-eternal.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} Though modern Mormons share with traditional Christianity a belief that the object of their worship comprises three distinct persons, Mormon theology disagrees with the idea that the three persons are the same substance and the same God.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22-23?lang=eng|title=Doctrine and Covenants 130|website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org}}</ref>
Mormons are constrained by the language of the Book of Mormon to regard the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as "one", but consider this a social unity rather than ontological. Mormons since the time of Joseph Smith have regarded God as plural.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|pp=68–69}}:"This image of God reinforces Dan Vogel's argument that 'Mormonism was never trinitarian but consistently preferred heterodox definitions of God.'" {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=310–12}} (developing from monotheism in the late 1820s and 30s, LDS Church theology was clearly tritheistic by 1916).</ref> They regard God the Father as the biblical god [[Elohim]], and they believe that the Son, a distinct being, is both Jesus and the biblical God [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|pp=36, 41}} (Jesus is regarded as Jehovah, the Old Testament god).</ref> The two of them, together with the Holy Spirit, are believed to form a heavenly council which Mormons call the "Godhead". They are "one" in the sense of being lovingly united in purpose or will, a view sometimes called [[Social trinity|social trinitarianism]].<ref>Mormons believe in what is sometimes called "social trinitarianism", meaning the three beings of the Godhead are blended in heart and mind like extremely close friends, but are not one being." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=6}}</ref> Unlike traditional Christians, modern Mormons generally regard the Son as subordinate to the Father during his mortality.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=331}} (In contrast to Christian orthodoxy, "[t]he Mormon Jesus is subordinate to the Father.").</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|title=Of Simplicity, Oversimplification, and Monotheism|last=Bickmore|first=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063705/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
Mormons since the 1840s have believed that God is changeable. They believe that the Father (like the Son) was twice "born"—once as a spirit, and again as a mortal man.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=119}} (Mormons believe that God was once a man.).</ref> After he lived a mortal life, Mormons believe that the Father died, was resurrected, and achieved his godhood<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=85}};{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=123–24}} (discussing instances where Smith taught that God was a resurrected man);{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}}; {{Harvtxt|Bloom|1992|p=101}} ("Smith's God, after all, began as a man, and struggled heroically in and with time and space, rather after the pattern of colonial and revolutionary Americans."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=535, 455–56, 535–37}}</ref> along with at least one wife whom Mormons refer to as the [[Heavenly Mother (Latter Day Saints)|Heavenly Mother]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}} (Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "We must also have a mother who possesses the attributes of Godhood.").</ref> Some believe that the Heavenly Father and Mother gave birth to the spirits of humanity through a sexual union.<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=137}} (20th century Mormon theologians retained Young's idea that spirit children were born in the same way that material children are born); {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}} (noting the Heavenly Mother doctrine, Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "[s]exual relations will continue into eternity both for joy and for procreation.")</ref> Modern Mormons believe that Jesus, the Son, was the first born of these spirits.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=305, 331}} (Mormon doctrine is that humans are born of a heavenly Father and Mother; Jesus is described as "literally our elder brother").</ref>
While Mormons might agree with the statement that the Father and the Son are "uncreated", their understanding of "creation" differs from that of traditional Christianity. Mormons do not believe, as do traditional Christians, that God created the universe ''[[ex nihilo]]'' (from nothing).<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=71}}</ref> Rather, to Mormons, the act of creation is to organize or reorganize pre-existing matter or intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grant |first=David |date=1992 |title=Matter |url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Matter |website=Encyclopedia of Mormonism }}</ref> Traditional Christians consider God to be a "necessary being", meaning that he cannot ''not'' exist, while all other creations are "contingent beings". In Mormonism, by contrast, God created the universe and everything in it from existing matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ricks |first=Stephen |date=1992 |title=Creation, Creation Accounts |url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Creation,_Creation_Accounts |website=Encyclopedia of Mormonism }}</ref>
The Mormon sense of "eternal" differs from that of traditional Christians, who believe that God's eternal nature exists outside of space and time. Very few in the LDS Church situate God outside of space and time.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=421}} ("Piece by piece, Joseph redefined the nature of God, giving Him a form and a body and locating Him in time and space."); {{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=119, 145}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=305}} ("The Mormon God exists within time; in traditional Christian theology, God is outside time."); Robson K (1992, "Time and Eternity"), Encyclopedia of Mormonism [https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Time_and_Eternity]</ref> However, Mormon scripture states that "time is measured only unto man."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165351/http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=7027 The Will of the Father in All Things], Jeffrey R. Holland (BYU president), 17 January 1989; (mis-)quoting Alma 40:8. Book of Mormon</ref> They believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are co-eternal, and they believe that all of humanity is co-eternal with the Father<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=305, 331}} (Mormon doctrine is that humans are coeternal with God, are of the same species.</ref> in the sense that the underlying spark of all intelligence has always existed (in space and time) and never was created.
Mormons believe that God is scrutable through revelation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God |title=Romans 1 |work=byu.edu |access-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144416/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God |archive-date=2014-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}} ("To the older New England the ways and 'providences' of God were inscrutable. To a rebellious son of New England, living in an age of secret societies with strange signs and special ceremonies, God was quite scrutable, but only to those who were initiated.")</ref> and anthropomorphic,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}} (describing Smith's doctrine as "material anthropomorphism"); {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=303}} ("Mormon tradition, from Joseph Smith on, has tended to interpret literally ... anthropomorphic descriptions of God.").</ref> in that he has a physical body of flesh and bone.<ref>{{cite wikisource
|last1= Pratt |first1= Orson |author-link1= Orson Pratt |title= Temples in Ancient America, etc. |wslink= Journal of Discourses/Volume 19/Temples in Ancient America, etc. |work= [[Journal of Discourses]] |volume= 19 |pages= 311-321}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|title=The Reality of the Resurrection|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224237/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Mormons believe in traditional Christian notions that God is omnipotent and omniscient, and also believe either:
(1) that "[e]ven God's omnipotence must conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|title=B. H. Roberts: The Book of Mormon and the Atonement|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144414/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|archive-date=2014-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}}</ref>, or,
(2) God chooses to "conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy" because he chooses to be good and will choose to be good, and for that reason we can trust and have confidence in Him, or Them, if talking about the Godhead as a group.
====Salvation====
{{See also|Christian soteriology|Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)}}
Although the LDS Church has never officially adopted a doctrine of soteriology,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=31–32}} (discussing reasons why the LDS Church never issued an official soteriological statement based on the writings of Roberts, Widtsoe, and Talmage).</ref> most Mormons accept the doctrine of salvation formulated by [[B. H. Roberts]], John A. Widstoe and James E. Talmage in the early 20th century.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=30}} (The soteriological orthodoxy created by Roberts, Widtsoe, and Talmage remained unchallenged until the advent of neo-orthodoxy).</ref> In contrast to early Mormons, modern Mormons generally reject the idea of original sin.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=70–71}}; {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|pp=30, 32}} (The rejection of original sin is a reversal of ideas implicit in the Book of Mormon.); {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=330–31}} ("All Mormon factions agree that LDS theology rejects the orthodox Christian doctrine of original sin.").</ref> The [[Fall of Man]] is viewed not as a curse but as part of God's [[Plan of Salvation (Latter Day Saints)|Plan of Salvation]].<ref>[[Gerald N. Lund]], [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1990/01/the-fall-of-man-and-his-redemption?lang=eng "The Fall of Man and His Redemption"], ''[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]'', January 1990.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1081&index=15&keyword=Fall%20of%20Man|title=Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224251/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1081&index=15&keyword=Fall%20of%20Man|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}};{{Harvtxt|White|1970|p=16}} (arguing that this Mormon orthodoxy "implies that the Fall is no fall".); {{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=71–72}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=332}} ("Mormons believe that Adam's fall was a good thing, not the tragic event of traditional Christian understanding.").</ref>
Mormons believe they must not only have faith and repent but also be baptized (by immersion and by an authorised [[priesthood (LDS Church)|priesthood holder within the Church]]) and bring forth good works.<ref>James 2:26; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=336}}.</ref> Mormons consider their weekly [[Eucharist]] (''the [[Sacrament (Latter Day Saints)|Sacrament]]'') as a means of renewing their baptismal covenant and being repeatedly cleansed from sin. Although the grace of Jesus plays a role in salvation, each Mormon must "work out his own salvation" through Jesus Christ.<ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/3?lang=eng Mosiah 3:17] (no other name whereby salvation can come but through Christ); {{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=80–81,83}} (quoting language of Philippians 2:12); {{Harvtxt|McMurrin|1965|pp=66–67}} (emphasis on works);{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=335}} ("On the faith-works scale, Mormons clearly tilt toward the works side.").</ref> Mormons believe that people not baptized during their lifetime may accept salvation in the afterlife through the Mormon practice of baptism for the dead.<ref name="Brodie 282" /> Although the Book of Mormon rejected the doctrine of universal reconciliation, Smith taught that damnation was a temporary state (for all but the [[Son of perdition (Mormonism)|Sons of Perdition]]) from which the wicked would ultimately escape after they had paid for their sins, to be resurrected into one of the two lesser kingdoms of glory.<ref name="Brodie 118" />
Mormonism takes an extended view of Christian perfection,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}} (Joseph Smith extended the idea of perfection extended beyond the Protestant orthodoxy).</ref> asserting that through the grace of Jesus, Mormons may become perfectly sanctified and thereby literally become gods or achieve a state known as [[exaltation (Latter Day Saints)|exaltation]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=312}} (noting that unlike Mormonism, the [[Methodism|Methodist]] view of sanctification "was thoroughly trinitarian and retained a distinction between the creature and the creator").</ref> To achieve exaltation, Mormons must remain obedient to the teachings of Jesus, receive all the [[ordinance (Latter Day Saints)|ordinances]] (or sacraments), which includes baptism, confirmation, receiving the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek priesthood]] (for males), the [[Endowment (Mormonism)|temple endowment]], and being [[celestial marriage|sealed to a spouse]].<ref name="Brooke 255" /> Smith also introduced a [[second anointing]] ritual,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=497–98}} (those who were married eternally were then "sealed by the Holy Spirit of Promise" through the second anointing); {{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|pp=256–57}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=199}} (citing research of David John Buerger, who assumes that the LDS Church does not consider the second anointing ritual to be a prerequisite for achieving godhood in the afterlife).</ref> whose participants, upon continued obedience, were sealed to exaltation, but this was not an essential ordinance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fairmormon|date=2020|title=What is the second anointing?|url=https://www.fairmormon.org/answers/Question:_What_is_the_%22second_anointing%22%3F|website=Fairmormon.org}}</ref>
====Role of the church====
{{See also|Ecclesiology}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2011}}
Like Catholicism and Orthodoxy, Mormonism assigns considerable authoritative status to church tradition and ecclesiastical leadership.<ref>[http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/strangers/chapter14.htm Paul Toscano, Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1990), Chapter 14] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023617/http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/strangers/chapter14.htm |date=2010-07-07 }}.</ref> Mormons emphasize the authority of an institutional church, which in all Mormon denominations derives from the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] established by Joseph Smith in 1830. Mormons believe this church to be the "only true and living church". Below Jesus as the head of the church is a single man chosen as the "[[Prophet, seer, and revelator|Prophet]]" who holds the position of [[President of the Church]]. The Prophet has been compared to the [[Pope]] in Catholicism because both, within their respective faiths, are regarded as the leading authority.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}
Mormons also believe in apostolic succession. However, Mormons believe the Catholic line of succession is invalid because of a [[Great Apostasy]] that occurred soon after era of the apostles. The line of succession was restored through Joseph Smith when biblical prophets and apostles appeared to him and ordained him through the [[laying on of hands]] with lost priesthood authority. Thus, Mormons believe that non-Mormon clergy have no heavenly authority and that sacraments performed by clergy of other faiths are of no effect in the eyes of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.19?lang=eng |title=Joseph Smith—History 1 |website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org}}</ref> Mormons reject the Protestant doctrine of the "[[priesthood of all believers]]", but they consider all [[Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)|confirmed]] Mormons to have the "Gift of the Holy Ghost" (also conveyed by the laying on of hands), which entitles believers to [[spiritual gifts]] but to no ecclesiastical authority.
===Mormon neo-orthodoxy===
Some claim that in the late-20th century, a conservative movement within the LDS Church (called "Mormon neo-orthodoxy" on the analogy of an earlier Protestant [[neo-orthodoxy]])<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|p=xvi}}; {{Harvtxt|McMurrin|1965|p=111}} (noting that Mormonism has become increasingly conservative, denying "the traditional liberalism of Mormon theology by favoring a negative description of human nature and the human predicament".); {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=32}} (the trend followed Protestant neo-orthodoxy but lacked "the vigor and certitude of its Protestant counterpart" because Mormons were limited by authoritative statements of Mormon progressives); {{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=142, 144}} (Mormon neo-orthodox scholars are "less extreme" than their Protestant counterparts).</ref> emphasized the Book of Mormon over later revelations<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=139–42}}.</ref> and embraced original sin, an absolute, eternal, and unchanging God, a pessimistic assessment of human nature, and a doctrine of salvation by grace rather than by works.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=xvi, 96–97}}; {{Harvtxt|White|1970|pp=12–17}}.</ref>
Despite the book's importance to early Mormonism, early Mormons rarely quoted from the Book of Mormon in their speeches and writings.<ref name="Riess 2005 xiii">{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005|p=xiii}}.</ref> Joseph Smith's later teachings and writings focused on the Bible, including his own revision and commentary of the [[Authorized King James Version]]. The book was not regularly cited in Mormon [[General conference (LDS Church)|conferences]] until the 1980s.<ref name="Riess 2005 xiii"/> Within the LDS Church, a movement to re-emphasize the Jesus-based elements of Mormonism in the 1980s included a rediscovery of the Book of Mormon.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005|p=xiii-xiv}}.</ref> In 1982, the church subtitled the book "Another Testament of Jesus Christ", to emphasize that Jesus was a central focus of the book<ref>{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005|p=xiv}}.</ref> and that the book is intended to be a complement to the Bible.
Although Mormon neo-orthodox scholars say they have faced "resistance" from Mormon orthodoxy,<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|p=140}}.</ref> some perceive the direction of the movement to be consistent with a broader trend among the LDS hierarchy to present Mormonism in terms more acceptable to mainline Christianity.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=174–75}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=330}}.</ref> Critics argue that because Mormonism is not based on an authoritative systematic theology,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=302}}.</ref> and much of Mormon scripture was written when Mormonism was "essentially trinitarian", Mormon leaders and apologists have been able to deny that at least some of 20th-century orthodox Mormonism represents official Mormon doctrine.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=301, 429–30}}</ref> It is also claimed that LDS Church publications and a few Mormon scholars have increasingly used the language of Nicene Christianity to describe the nature of God.<ref>{{Harvtxt|White|1987|pp=174–75}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=308, 330}} (noting writings by BYU scholars who describe God as omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent).</ref>
The existence and implications of the movement continues to be debated. Theologian [[Richard Mouw]] asserts that Mormons have downplayed some of its more "heretical" doctrines in order to obtain more effective dialogue with other Christians.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/05/mormons-approaching-orthodoxy|title=Mormons Approaching Orthodoxy |author=Richard J. Mouw |newspaper=First Things |access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> [[Terryl Givens]], a Mormon theologian, has rejected such claims, asserting instead that many Mormon "heresies" eventually become more accepted by much of Christianity. He consequently contends that "Christian consensus is fluid and, in some cases, has lagged behind the Mormon model."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/06/mormons-at-the-forefront |title=Mormons at the Forefront |author=Terryl Givens |newspaper=First Things |access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref>
==Christian views about Mormons==
In the past, most mainstream Christian denominations rejected Mormonism outright, frequently calling it a cult and characterizing it as "non-Christian".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Abanes|2007|p=253}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=2}}.</ref> According to [[Jan Shipps]], during the 1950s the attitude of mainstream Christians towards Mormonism changed from "vilification" to "veneration", with emphasis on positive Mormon traits such as "family orientation, clean-cut optimism, honesty and pleasant aggressiveness".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Kingdom Come |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |first=David |last=Van Biema |date=June 24, 2001}}</ref>
[[Richard Abanes]] attributes an "increasing lack of delineation between (Mormonism and mainstream Christianity)" to three primary causes:
#the willingness of some Mormon leaders to be less than candid about more controversial aspects of LDS history and theology,
#a trend among some Mormon scholars to make LDS belief sound more mainstream, and
#an evolution of Mormon thought toward doctrinal positions nearer those of [[evangelicalism|evangelicals]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Abanes|2007|p=10}}</ref>
[[Richard Bushman]] asserts that, for many people, Mormonism "conjures up an assortment of contradictory images". One set of images suggests that Mormons are "happy, uncomplicated, kindly and innocent—if perhaps naive". In contrast to this set of images, Bushman describes a set of associations that focuses on "a powerful religious hierarchy controlling the church from the top". This perspective views Mormons as "secretive, clannish and perhaps dangerous", often labeling the movement as a "cult rather than a church".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=1–2}}</ref>
Mormon [[apologist]] [[Stephen E. Robinson]] argued that Mormons are labeled heretics "for opinions and practices that are freely tolerated in other mainstream denominations".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Eliason|2001|p=102}}.</ref>
Mormonism has a particularly rocky relationship with American evangelical Christianity and the Catholic Church.<ref>According to John Pottenger, although both Mormon Christianity and evangelical Christianity claim to be preaching true Christianity, they are nonetheless "diametrically opposed in many of their beliefs, theologies and practices". {{Harvtxt|Pottenger|2007|p=143}}. However, according to {{Harv|Bloom|1992}}, Mormonism and American evangelicalism (and American religion in general) have more in common at a deep level than either of them do with traditional European Christianity.</ref> The Catholic Church declared Mormonism to be "non-Christian". Richard Mouw, President of [[Fuller Theological Seminary]], an evangelical school in [[Pasadena, California]], stated in a recent opinion piece for CNN, "[t]hose of us who have made the effort to engage Mormons in friendly and sustained give-and-take conversations have come to see them as good citizens whose life of faith often exhibits qualities that are worthy of the Christian label, even as we continue to engage in friendly arguments with them about crucial theological issues."<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard J. |last=Mouw |author-link=Richard J. Mouw|date=9 October 2011 |title=My Take: This evangelical says Mormonism isn't a cult |url=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/09/my-take-this-evangelical-says-mormonism-isnt-a-cult/ |publisher=CNN }}</ref> [[William Saletan]] has been more blunt about this, stating "[w]hy don't we challenge anti-Mormonism? Because it's the prejudice of our age."<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Saletan |author-link=William Saletan |date=10 October 2011 |title=Latter-Day Sins |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/frame_game/2011/10/mitt_romney_s_mormon_cult_controversy_anti_mormonism_is_the_prej.html |publisher=[[Slate.com]] }}</ref> [[Joe Scarborough]] has drawn analogies between the [[Pharisees]] in the [[New Testament]] and prominent evangelical religious leader [[Robert Jeffress]] calling Mormonism a cult.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Scarborough |author-link=Joe Scarborough |date=10 October 2011 |title=Jeffress throws Jesus under the bus |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/65562.html |newspaper=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]] }}</ref>
===Non-recognition of Mormon rites===
====LDS perspective====
Latter Day Saint history comes from the position that other churches were the product of the apostasy, as referenced in the Bible.<ref>See references given in the introductory paragraph.</ref> Mormons view other Christian churches as teaching some truth, doing good works, and acknowledge their strong faith in Christ.<ref>"Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'." {{cite book |title=Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith |page=316 |author=Joseph Fielding Smith |year=1993}}</ref> However, Mormons also maintain that all other churches lack the divine authority to perform the ordinances of the gospel because of the Great Apostasy. The LDS Church and most [[List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement|other Latter Day Saint factions]] do not accept the baptisms of other Christian denominations as valid.
====Traditional perspective====
The Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant branches of Christianity reject Mormon claims of additional scriptures, and of the prophetic office of Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders; they disagree with Mormon charges that they have committed apostasy. Doctrines such as the beliefs about the existence of prophets in early American civilizations, which are unique to Mormon theology and not found in the teachings of other Christian churches are also causes of disagreement. Nonetheless, many Christian denominations treat Mormons with respect, while not minimizing the differences in belief.<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/february/14.18.html Winning them softly evangelicals try to reach Mormons with respect - and hard science.] John W. Kennedy, posted 2/01/2004 (February 2004, Vol. 48, No. 2) Christianity Today (Accessed:October 7, 2006)</ref>
In 2001, the [[Roman Curia|Vatican's]] [[Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith]] declared that LDS baptisms are invalid, and therefore null.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html|title=Response to a 'Dubium' on the validity of baptism conferred by 'The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints', called 'Mormons' |access-date=2006-08-15}}</ref> Because of differences in Mormon and Catholic beliefs concerning the Trinity, the Catholic Church stated that Mormon baptism was not the baptism that Christ instituted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ladaria |first1=Luis |title=The question of the validity of baptism conferred in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni-ladaria_en.html |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> In comparison, the Catholic Church does not require rebaptism for converts to Catholicism from most Protestant or Orthodox churches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religions - Mormons: Are Mormons Christians? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/beliefs/christian.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> The Catholic Bishop of Salt Lake City, [[George Hugh Niederauer]], stated that this ruling "should not be understood as either judging or measuring a spiritual relationship between Jesus Christ and the LDS Church".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Carrie A. |title=Bishop Niederauer's leadership recognized |url=https://www.deseret.com/2005/12/24/19929450/bishop-niederauer-s-leadership-recognized |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=[[Deseret News]] |date=24 December 2005}}</ref>
The [[Presbyterian Church USA]], the largest Presbyterian body in the United States, publishes a brochure describing the LDS Church as follows:
{{blockquote|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, like the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), declares allegiance to Jesus. Latter-day Saints and Presbyterians share use of the Bible as scripture, and members of both churches use common theological terms. Nevertheless, Mormonism is a new and emerging religious tradition distinct from the historic apostolic tradition of the Christian Church, of which Presbyterians are a part. ... It is the practice of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) to receive on profession of faith those coming directly from a Mormon background and to administer baptism. ... Presbyterian relationships with Latter-day Saints have changed throughout the twentieth century. By God's grace they may change further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcusa.org/interfaith/study/lds.htm|title=Presbyterians and Latter-day Saints|access-date=2007-01-30}}</ref>}}
The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], the largest Lutheran body in the US, notes that Lutherans have been among those Christians who do not re-baptize other baptized Christians; however, it publishes the following statement on the recognition of Mormon baptisms:
{{blockquote|Although Mormons may use water—and lots of it—and while they may say "Father, Son, and Holy Spirit", their teaching about the nature of God is substantially different from that of orthodox, creedal Christianity. Because the Mormon understanding of the Word of God is not the same as the Christian understanding, it is correct to say that Christian Baptism has not taken place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elca.org/dcm/worship/faq/baptism/rebaptize.html |title=Should Lutherans Rebaptize Former Mormons Who Are Joining the Congregation? |access-date=2006-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211010129/http://www.elca.org/dcm/worship/faq/baptism/rebaptize.html |archive-date=2006-02-11}}</ref>}}
In its 2000 General Conference, the [[United Methodist Church]] decided not to recognize Latter-day Saint baptisms, stating:
{{blockquote|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, by self-definition, does not fit within the bounds of the historic, apostolic tradition of Christian faith. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the LDS Church itself, while calling itself Christian, explicitly professes a distinction and separateness from the ecumenical community and is intentional about clarifying significant differences in doctrine. As United Methodists we agree with their assessment that the LDS Church is not a part of the historic, apostolic tradition of the Christian faith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gc2000.org/pets/cal/TEXT/c0806.asp|title=General Conference 2000 806-NonDis |access-date=2006-08-15}}</ref>{{bsn|reason=This reference is only a petition not to recognize LDS baptism. Does not address if it was adopted or not.|date=June 2021}}}}
The [[Episcopal Church (USA)]], part of the 80-million-member [[Anglican Communion]], does not have an official position on the validity of Mormon baptism; however, most traditional clergy would not accept Mormon baptism and require the baptism of Mormons entering into the Episcopal Church. Retired bishop [[Carolyn Tanner Irish]] of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Utah]] was baptized into the LDS Church at the age of 8; her baptism was deemed valid upon her entering into the Episcopal Church in 1977, where she was confirmed by bishop of [[Episcopal Diocese of Washington|Washington]], Rev. [[John T. Walker (bishop)|John T. Walker]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simpson |first1=James B. |title=Bishop-Elect Not an Issues Person |url=https://episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/the_living_church/TLCarticle.pl?volume=212&issue=21&article_id=2 |publisher=Archives of the Episcopal Church |access-date=9 July 2017 |date=May 26, 1996}}</ref> As with the United Methodist Church, the Episcopal Church does not recognize Mormons as historic Apostolic Christians, but rather as a new and unique religious movement that is an offshoot of Christianity.<ref>{{cite web |author=Douglas LeBlanc |url=http://www.getreligion.org/?p=847 |title=Latter-day politics |publisher=GetReligion |date=June 13, 2005 |access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref>
===Proselytizing of Mormons by evangelical Christians===
Many other Christian churches also seek to teach or convert Mormons when the opportunity arises. Some evangelical Christian leaders often encourage their followers to follow the admonition of Paul <ref>{{cite web |url=http://bible1.crosswalk.com/OnlineStudyBible/bible.cgi?word=1+Peter+3:15§ion=0&version=niv&new=1&showtools=1&oq=&NavBook=1pe&NavGo=3&NavCurrentChapter=31Peter3:15 |title=Read and Study the Bible Online - Search, Find Verses |website=Bible Study Tools}}</ref> and witness to others using gentleness and respect. Like their Mormon counterparts, those from the evangelical Christian religions assert that these proselytizing efforts arise out of love and genuine concern for others and not a desire to cause contention. Consequently, though the feelings may be strong, there is often a feeling of mutual appreciation and respect that accompanies missionary efforts on both sides (though this is not always the case). Some evangelical Christian denominations have ministries focused on Mormons, just as they also have ministries toward Jews, Native Americans, or other demographic groups.<ref>See{{cite web |url=http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/mormonministries.htm |title=Baptist Mid-Missions Mormon Ministries |access-date=2006-08-17}}</ref><ref>See{{cite web |url=http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/jewishministries.htm |title=Baptist Mid-Missions Jewish Ministries |access-date=2008-09-01}}</ref><ref>See{{cite web |url=http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/nativeamericans.htm |title=Baptist Mid-Missions Native American Ministries |access-date=2008-09-01}}</ref> For example, the 1998 convention of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] held in Salt Lake City had the stated aim to "bring Christianity to the Mormons".
There are also many independent evangelical ministries and organizations focused on Mormons.<ref>Examples of such ministries include [http://www.utlm.org/ Utah Lighthouse Ministries], [http://www.mrm.org/ Mormonism Research Ministries], [http://www.lhvm.org/LivingHope Ministries], [http://www.bcmmin.org/ Berean Christian Ministries], [http://www.lifeafter.org/ Life After Ministries], [http://www.tilm.org/ Truth in Love Ministry]</ref>
===Polls and attitudes===
A 2016 Pew Poll showed that only 51% of the general public in the United States believed that Mormons were Christians while another 32% said they were not, which was in stark contrast with the 97% of Mormons who considered themselves Christians.<ref name="6 facts about U.S. Mormons">{{cite web |last1=Sandstorm |first1=Aleksandra |title=6 facts about U.S. Mormons |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/30/6-facts-about-u-s-mormons/ |website=Pew Research Center |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Additionally, when asked to describe in one word to best represent Mormonism, Mormons typically replied "Christian", "Christ-Centered" or "Jesus", while most non-Mormons replied with "Cult".<ref name="6 facts about U.S. Mormons"/>
Similar polls have concluded that over two-thirds of the general public view Mormons as members of the larger Christian community, including many independent evangelical ministries and prominent evangelical leaders.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} However, in an October 2010 poll conducted by [[LifeWay Research]], three out of four American Protestant pastors did not believe that Mormons were Christians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian/2011/10/10/gIQAHdlkaL_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222125419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian/2011/10/10/gIQAHdlkaL_story.html |archive-date=22 December 2018 |title=Poll: Three in four pastors say Mormons aren't Christian |first=Josef |last=Kuhn |date=10 October 2011 |agency=[[Religion News Service]] |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] }}</ref>
==Mormon engagement with broader Christianity==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2011}}
In the 1960s, the LDS Church formed the Church Information Service with the goal of being ready to respond to media inquiries and generate positive media coverage. The organization kept a photo file to provide photos to the media for such events as [[temple (LDS Church)|temple]] dedications. It also would work to get stories covering [[Family Home Evening]], the church's welfare plan and the church's youth activities in various publications.<ref>[[Richard O. Cowan]]. ''The Church in the 20th Century'' (Bookcraft: Salt Lake City, 1985) p. 289</ref>
As part of the church's efforts to re-position its image, the church began to moderate its earlier [[Anti-Catholicism|anti-Catholic]] rhetoric. In [[Bruce R. McConkie]]'s 1958 edition of [[Mormon Doctrine (book)|''Mormon Doctrine'']], he had stated his opinion that the Catholic Church was part of "the church of the devil" and "the [[great and abominable church]]" because it was among organizations that misled people away from following God's laws. In his 1966 edition of the same book, the specific reference to the Catholic Church was removed.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994}}; {{Harvtxt|Sheperd|Sheperd|1984}}.</ref>
In 1973, the LDS Church recast its [[Mormon missionary|missionary]] lessons, making them more family-friendly and focused on building on common Christian ideals. The new lessons, named "A Uniform System for Teaching Families", de-emphasized the Great Apostasy, which previously held a prominent position just after the story of the [[First Vision]]. After a further revision in the early 1980s, the lessons dealt with the apostasy even less conspicuously by moving its discussion from the first lesson to later lessons. The lessons also became more family-friendly, including a flip chart with pictures, in part to encourage the participation of children.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}
In 1995, the church announced a new logo design that emphasized the words "JESUS CHRIST" in large capital letters. According to Bruce L. Olsen, director of public affairs for the church, "The logo re-emphasizes the official name of the church and the central position of the Savior in its theology. It stresses our allegiance to the Lord, Jesus Christ."<ref name="Riess 2005">{{Harvtxt|Riess|Tickle|2005}}.</ref>
In 2001, the church sent out a press release encouraging reporters to use the full name of the church at the beginning of news articles, with following references to the "Church of Jesus Christ". The release discouraged the use of the term "Mormon Church".<ref>[https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide "Style Guide – The Name of the Church"], mormonnewsroom.org, accessed 6 April 2016.</ref>
===Downplaying of differences===
Riess and Tickle assert that, starting in the late twentieth century, Mormons have focused their attention on Jesus Christ more than at any other time since the inception of their faith. Some critics of the LDS Church have accused church leaders of attempting to disingenuously portray the church as "just another Christian denomination" when, in fact, there are significant differences. Riess and Tickle argue that these critics are failing to grasp that this recent emphasis on Jesus Christ is part of a genuine theological evolution that concurrently involves a renewed interest in the Book of Mormon.<ref name="Riess 2005"/>
Ross Anderson asserts that, "(i)n public, LDS spokesmen downplay their Church's distinctive doctrines."<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Quick Christian Guide to the Mormon Holy Scripture |first=Ross |last=Anderson |publisher=Zondervan |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQb5qQvKDfgC&q=Mormonism+downplay+differences+Christianity&pg=PT7 |isbn=978-0-310-59068-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2020}}
Patricia Limerick suggests that future historians may conclude that, in the last four decades of the 20th, the [[general authorities]] of the LDS Church "undertook to standardize Mormon thought and practice". According to Limerick, this campaign of standardization has led to a retreat from the distinctive elements of Mormonism and an accentuation of the church's similarity to conventional Christianity.<ref>{{cite book |title=Something in the soil: legacies and reckonings in the New West |first=Patricia Nelson |last=Limerick |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2000 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAh_LfqgU8AC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+similarities&pg=PA251 |isbn=978-0-393-03788-3}}</ref>
According to [[Claudia Bushman]], "[t]he renewed emphasis on scripture study, especially the Book of Mormon, led the Church away from speculative theology. The freewheeling General Conference addresses of earlier years, elaborating unique LDS doctrines, were gradually replaced with a basic Christian message downplaying denominational differences."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bushman |first=Claudia |author-link=Claudia Lauper Bushman |year=2006 |title=Contemporary Mormonism: Latter-day Saints in Modern America |place=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Publishers]] |isbn=0-275-98933-X |oclc=61178156 |url=http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?isbn=9780275989330 |page=158 }}</ref>
Recent church presidents have tended to downplay those doctrines that served to distinguish Mormonism from mainline churches.<ref>{{cite book |title=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations |first1=Eugene V. |last1=Gallagher |first2=W. Michael |last2=Ashcraft |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+downplay&pg=RA1-PA36 |isbn=978-0-275-98717-6}}</ref> Richard Abanes asserts that President [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] "on numerous occasions demonstrated his willingness to seriously downplay any issues that might be construed as controversial".<ref>{{harvtxt|Abanes|2007|p=433}}</ref>
In 2001, Hinckley stated that message of the LDS Church was "Christ-centered. [Christ is] our leader. He's our head. His name is the name of our church."<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=Kingdom Come |first=David |last=Van Biema |date=June 24, 2001 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138108,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814124048/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138108,00.html |archive-date=August 14, 2009 |access-date=2011-01-24}}</ref>
When speaking about other faiths, modern LDS leaders have adopted a policy of avoiding the use of critical and judgmental language in official church publications, and encouraged members of the church to be respectful of the beliefs of others as they witness in their personal lives.<ref>[[M. Russell Ballard]], [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2008/06/news-of-the-church/sharing-the-gospel-using-the-internet?lang=eng "Sharing the Gospel Using the Internet"], ''[[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]]'', June 2008.</ref> When speaking about other faiths, church magazines are often complimentary and focus on providing factual information rather than on sensationalizing or otherwise seeking to undermine the creeds and practices of others.<ref>See these articles (published in the church magazines) on various other faiths: [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1972/03/islam-and-mormonism-a-comparison?lang=eng Islam], [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/04/roman-catholicism?lang=eng Catholicism] (see also these [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2005/04/opening-remarks?lang=eng remarks] by Hinckley about the passing of Pope John Paul II),
[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/09/the-church-of-england?lang=eng The Church of England].</ref>
Several presidents of the LDS Church over the years have emphasized the need for Mormons to recognize the good contributions those of other faiths make to the world.<ref>"We recognize the good in all churches. We recognize the value of religion generally. We say to everyone: live the teachings which you have received from your church. We invite you to come and learn from us, to see if we can add to those teachings and enhance your life and your understanding of things sacred and divine. Now we work with people of other faiths on common causes, many of them across the world. We recognize theological differences. We believe that we can disagree theologically without being disagreeable, and we hope to do so. We have been rather careful about surrendering in any way our doctrinal standards, anything of that kind as part of an ecumenical effort, but we certainly have worked with people, and do work with people, and want to work with other groups in tackling common social problems, things of that kind which are so much in need of attention these days throughout the world" (Gordon B. Hinckley, interview with Lawrence Spicer, London News Service, 28 August 1995).</ref>
<!-- Unclear that this text is really relevant or useful
;Comparable beliefs
[[File:USVA headstone emb-11.svg|thumb|"Emblem of belief", picturing the [[Angel Moroni]], available for placement on [[United States Veterans Administration]] headstones and markers for members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] in place of a cross.]]
From around the 2nd century A.D. onward (though widespread use did not really commence until the 4th or 5th centuries), most [[Christian]] denominations have used a [[crucifix]] or [[Christian cross|cross]] as a symbol of their faith. Mormons do not use the cross, although LDS military chaplains do wear the cross on their uniforms to indicate that they are Christian chaplains.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/cross|title=Cross |publisher=lds.org|access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref>
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===Cooperation with other Christian denominations===
{{further|California Proposition 8 (2008)}}
{{expand section|date=January 2011}}
Ron Rhodes asserts that, "The Mormon church has in recent years sought to downplay its exclusivism as the 'restored' church. Indeed, the Mormon church has increasingly become involved with the Interfaith movement, joining with various Christian denominations in various charities."<ref>{{cite book |title=The 10 Most Important Things You Can Say to a Mormon |first=Ron |last=Rhodes |publisher=Harvest House Publishers |year=2001 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0as2jKcboaIC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+downplay&pg=PA17 |isbn=978-0-7369-0534-3}}</ref>
Traditional Christian denominations and the LDS Church share work in providing welfare or humanitarian aid. In recent years, the LDS Church has opened its broadcasting facilities ([[Bonneville International]]) to other Christian groups, and has participated in the VISN Religious Interfaith Cable Television Network.
===Dialogue with other Christian denominations===
There have been independent activities among individuals from both traditions who attempt to discuss openly about issues of faith.<ref>See Craig L. Blomberg and [[Stephen E. Robinson]], ''How Wide the Divide? A Mormon & an Evangelical in Conversation'' Inter-Varsity Press, March 1997 and{{cite web |url=http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html|title=Faith Dialogue by Greg Johnson|access-date=2006-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010214339/http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html|archive-date=2006-10-10}}</ref> In November 2004, Fuller Theological Seminary President Richard Mouw and [[Ravi Zacharias]], a well known evangelical Christian philosophical apologist, addressed a congregation of Mormons and evangelicals gathered in the [[Salt Lake Tabernacle]] for an event sponsored by Standing Together Ministries that was well received despite the differences they acknowledged between Mormonism and evangelical perspectives.<ref>{{cite news |first=Carrie A.|last=Moore|url=https://www.deseret.com/2004/11/15/19861624/evangelical-preaches-at-salt-lake-tabernacle#christian-philosopher-ravi-zacharias-speaks-at-the-salt-lake-tabernacle-in-an-event-organized-by-standing-together-ministries |title=Evangelical preaches at Salt Lake Tabernacle |newspaper=Deseret Morning News |date=November 15, 2004 |access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref>
In the 1950s, President [[David O. McKay]] met with Bishop [[Duane G. Hunt]], of the [[Diocese of Salt Lake City]], several times in secret, at Holy Cross Hospital in [[Salt Lake City]], to avoid fears of scandalizing members of their respective churches. Their meetings consisted of discussions about community issues and tensions between the two groups in [[Utah]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walch |first1=Tad |title=Pope Francis meets with President Nelson in the Vatican |url=https://www.deseret.com/2019/3/10/20668250/pope-francis-meets-with-president-nelson-in-the-vatican/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |agency=<em>Deseret News</em> |date=10 March 2019}}</ref>
In 2019, while in Rome to dedicate the [[Rome Italy Temple]], President [[Russell M. Nelson]] met with [[Pope Francis]]. Nelson is the first Latter-day Saint prophet to meet with a Catholic [[pope]]. Nelson said that he and Francis spoke about the "importance of religious liberty, the importance of the family, our mutual concern for the youth of the church, for the secularization of the world, and the need for people to come to God, and worship him, pray to him and have the stability that faith in Jesus Christ will bring in their lives."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stack |first1=Peggy |last2=Noyce |first2=David |title=Pope Francis, Russell Nelson share a hug, discuss global relief in first-ever meeting between a Latter-day Saint prophet and a Catholic pontiff |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/03/09/pope-francis-latter-day/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
===Proselytization of other Christian denominations===
Mormons proselytize to all people, including members of other Christian churches, holding to the belief that God told Joseph Smith "that those professors [of religion] were all corrupt; that: 'they draw near to me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me, they teach for doctrines the commandments of men, having a form of godliness, but they deny the power thereof.'"<ref>Joseph Smith, ''[[History of the Church (Joseph Smith)|History of the Church]]'', vol. 1, ch. 1. "Corrupt" here is taken to refer to their beliefs rather than personal morality. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20151022001150/https://www.lds.org/manual/doctrine-and-covenants-student-manual/section-30-40/section-33-declare-my-gospel "Section 33: Declare My Gospel"], ''Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2002) p. 68.</ref> Because ministering to those of other Christian faiths can be a sensitive task when feelings on both sides are strong, leaders of the LDS Church have counseled members to be sensitive, to exercise caution, and to avoid contentions in their preaching. Despite the criticisms of other creeds, a tone of respect has consistently been encouraged by Mormon leaders. For example, [[Wilford Woodruff]], an early president of the church and a contemporary of Joseph Smith taught:
<blockquote>When you go into a neighborhood to preach the Gospel, never attempt to tear down a man's house, so to speak, before you build him a better one; never, in fact, attack any one's religion, wherever you go. Be willing to let every man enjoy his own religion. It is his right to do that. If he does not accept your testimony with regard to the Gospel of Christ, that is his affair, and not yours. Do not spend your time in pulling down other sects and parties. We haven't time to do that. It is never right to do that.<ref>''[[The Contributor (LDS magazine)|The Contributor]]'', August 1895, pp. 636–37.</ref></blockquote>
While the LDS Church has been clear about its disagreements with many of the theologies and practices of other religions and seeks actively to convert all people to its own teachings, it has also always adopted a policy of toleration for others and defended the rights of all people to worship God freely. Article 11 of the church's [[Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)|Articles of Faith]] written by Joseph Smith states, "We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where, or what they may."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1.11?lang=eng |title=Articles of Faith |publisher=lds.org |access-date=2008-11-22}}</ref> Smith spoke often of the need for Mormons to be civil and courteous in their treatment of others, particularly those who were not of their faith, and to be willing to defend the right of anyone to religious freedom. He said:
<blockquote>If we would secure and cultivate the love of others, we must love others, even our enemies as well as friends ... I possess the principle of love. All I can offer the world is a good heart and a good hand. The Saints can testify whether I am willing to lay down my life for my brethren. If it has been demonstrated that I have been willing to die for a "Mormon", I am bold to declare before Heaven that I am just as ready to die in defending the rights of a Presbyterian, a Baptist, or a good man of any other denomination. ... It is a love of liberty which inspires my soul.<ref>''History of the Church'', '''5''':498.</ref></blockquote>
Because [[Mormon missionaries]] proselytize to all, including other Christians, some Christian organizations have published tracts, brochures and books designed to counter these missionary efforts.<ref>"The Kingdom of the Cults" [[Walter Ralston Martin|Walter Martin]] (Revised 2003) [[Bethany House Publishers]], Grand Rapids Michigan</ref><ref>"Mormonism 101" Bill McKeever & Eric Johnson -Grand Rapids: [[Baker Publishing Group]], 2000</ref><ref>"Mormonism Unmasked" Phillip Roberts -Nashville: [[Broadman & Holman]] 1998</ref>
Conciliar Press, a department of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Church|Antiochian Orthodox Christian]] Archdiocese of North America, has published a brochure designed to inform Orthodox Christians of the proselytizing efforts of what it describes as "cultists" (Mormons and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]).
In 2006, the Catholic bishops in Slovakia urged all Catholics in the country not to sign a petition allowing the LDS Church to be legally recognized in that country.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Slovakian Bishops Urge Rejection Of LDS Church |publisher=KUTV |date=2006-09-11 |url=http://kutv.com/topstories/local_story_254185802.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211822/http://kutv.com/topstories/local_story_254185802.html |archive-date=2007-09-26 |access-date=2006-09-12}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|Latter Day Saint movement}}
* [[Christian countercult movement]]
* [[Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
* [[Judaism and Mormonism]]
* [[Mormon apologetics]]
* [[Mormonism and Freemasonry]]
* [[Mormonism and Islam]]
* [[Moroni (Book of Mormon prophet)]]
* [[Catholic-Protestant relations]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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* {{cite book
| author=[[Stephen E. Robinson]]
| title=Are Mormons Christians?
| publisher=[[Bookcraft, Inc.]]
| isbn=0-88494-784-X
| year=1991
}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| editor1=Beckwith, Francis J. |editor2=Carl Mosser |editor3=Paul Owen
| year=2002
| title=The New Mormon Challenge: Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast-Growing Movement
| publisher=Zondervan
| isbn=0-310-23194-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Bloomberg
| first=Craig
| title=How Wide the Divide? A Mormon & an Evangelical in Conversation
| publisher=IVP Academic
| year=1997
| isbn=0-8308-1991-6
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Gellinek, Christian |author2=Hans-Wilhelm Kelling
| year=2001
| title=Avenues to Christianity: Mormonism in Comparative Church History
| series=Studies of the Latter-Day Saint Religion
| publisher=Global Publications, Binghamton University
| isbn=1-58684-128-9
}}
* {{cite book
| author=Hopkins, Richard R.
| year=1994
| title=Biblical Mormonism: Responding to Evangelical Criticism of L.D.S. Theology
| publisher=Harvest Publishers
| isbn=0-88290-482-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Shuster
| first=Eric
| title=Catholic roots, Mormon Harvest
| publisher=Cedar Fort, Inc.
| year=2009
| isbn=978-1-59955-257-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last=Robinson
| first=Stephen
| title=Are Mormons Christians?
| publisher=Bookcraft
| year=1998
| isbn=1-57008-409-2
}}
* {{cite web
| url = https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/christians
| title = Are Mormons Christian?
| work = lds.org
| publisher = LDS Church}}
* {{Cite journal
| last=Ricks |first=Stephen
| date=1992
| title=Creation, Creation Accounts
| url=https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Matter
| journal=Encyclopedia of Mormonism}}
==External links==
* [http://www.comeuntochrist.org ComeUntoChrist.org] official informational website of the [[LDS Church]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091113080904/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/09/003-is-mormonism-christian-31 "Is Mormonism Christian?"] A debate between [[Bruce D. Porter]] and Gerald R. McDermott, ''First Things'', October 2008
* [http://www.utlm.org/ Utah Lighthouse Ministry] - Protestant Christian website that defends their view of the Bible.
* [http://www.beliefnet.com/story/156/story_15656_1.html "We Have Sinned Against You"] - A leading evangelical speaks at the Salt Lake Tabernacle and says evangelicals have spread lies about LDS beliefs.
* [https://www.pbs.org/mormons/ "The Mormons"] - ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' + ''[[American Experience]]'' four-hour PBS documentary aired April 30 – May 1, 2007
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Mormons}}
{{Latter Day Saint movement}}
{{Latter-day Saints}}
{{Christianity footer}}
[[Category:Criticism of Mormonism|Christianity]]
[[Category:Mormon studies]]
[[Category:Mormonism and other religions|Christianity]]
[[Category:Nontrinitarianism]]
[[Category:Relations between Christian denominations]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@
In traditional Christianity, as expressed in the [[Athanasian Creed]], God is conceived both as a unity and a [[Trinity]]: God the Father, [[God the Son]] and God the Holy Spirit are three [[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|hypostases]] of one uncreated substance— one God, omnipotent, co-equal and co-eternal.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} Though modern Mormons share with traditional Christianity a belief that the object of their worship comprises three distinct persons, Mormon theology disagrees with the idea that the three persons are the same substance and the same God.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22-23?lang=eng|title=Doctrine and Covenants 130|website=ChurchofJesusChrist.org}}</ref>
-Mormons are constrained by the language of the Book of Mormon to regard the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as "one", but consider this a social unity rather than ontological. Mormons since the time of Joseph Smith have regarded God as plural.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|pp=68–69}}:"This image of God reinforces Dan Vogel's argument that 'Mormonism was never trinitarian but consistently preferred heterodox definitions of God.'" {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=310–12}} (developing from monotheism in the late 1820s and 30s, LDS Church theology was clearly tritheistic by 1916).</ref> They regard God the Father as the biblical god [[Elohim]], and they believe that the Son, a distinct being, is both Jesus and the biblical God [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|pp=36, 41}} (Jesus is regarded as Jehovah, the Old Testament god).</ref> The two of them, together with the Holy Spirit, are believed to form a heavenly council which Mormons call the "Godhead". They are "one" in the sense of being lovingly united in purpose or will, a view sometimes called [[Social trinity|social trinitarianism]].<ref>Mormons believe in what is sometimes called "social trinitarianism", meaning the three beings of the Godhead are blended in heart and mind like extremely close friends, but are not one being." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=6}}</ref> Unlike traditional Christians, modern Mormons generally regard the Son as subordinate to the Father.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=331}} (In contrast to Christian orthodoxy, "[t]he Mormon Jesus is subordinate to the Father.").</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|title=Of Simplicity, Oversimplification, and Monotheism|last=Bickmore|first=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063705/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
+Mormons are constrained by the language of the Book of Mormon to regard the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as "one", but consider this a social unity rather than ontological. Mormons since the time of Joseph Smith have regarded God as plural.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|pp=68–69}}:"This image of God reinforces Dan Vogel's argument that 'Mormonism was never trinitarian but consistently preferred heterodox definitions of God.'" {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=310–12}} (developing from monotheism in the late 1820s and 30s, LDS Church theology was clearly tritheistic by 1916).</ref> They regard God the Father as the biblical god [[Elohim]], and they believe that the Son, a distinct being, is both Jesus and the biblical God [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|pp=36, 41}} (Jesus is regarded as Jehovah, the Old Testament god).</ref> The two of them, together with the Holy Spirit, are believed to form a heavenly council which Mormons call the "Godhead". They are "one" in the sense of being lovingly united in purpose or will, a view sometimes called [[Social trinity|social trinitarianism]].<ref>Mormons believe in what is sometimes called "social trinitarianism", meaning the three beings of the Godhead are blended in heart and mind like extremely close friends, but are not one being." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=6}}</ref> Unlike traditional Christians, modern Mormons generally regard the Son as subordinate to the Father during his mortality.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=331}} (In contrast to Christian orthodoxy, "[t]he Mormon Jesus is subordinate to the Father.").</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|title=Of Simplicity, Oversimplification, and Monotheism|last=Bickmore|first=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063705/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
Mormons since the 1840s have believed that God is changeable. They believe that the Father (like the Son) was twice "born"—once as a spirit, and again as a mortal man.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=119}} (Mormons believe that God was once a man.).</ref> After he lived a mortal life, Mormons believe that the Father died, was resurrected, and achieved his godhood<ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=85}};{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|pp=123–24}} (discussing instances where Smith taught that God was a resurrected man);{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}}; {{Harvtxt|Bloom|1992|p=101}} ("Smith's God, after all, began as a man, and struggled heroically in and with time and space, rather after the pattern of colonial and revolutionary Americans."); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=535, 455–56, 535–37}}</ref> along with at least one wife whom Mormons refer to as the [[Heavenly Mother (Latter Day Saints)|Heavenly Mother]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}} (Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "We must also have a mother who possesses the attributes of Godhood.").</ref> Some believe that the Heavenly Father and Mother gave birth to the spirits of humanity through a sexual union.<ref name=":0">{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=137}} (20th century Mormon theologians retained Young's idea that spirit children were born in the same way that material children are born); {{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=31}} (noting the Heavenly Mother doctrine, Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "[s]exual relations will continue into eternity both for joy and for procreation.")</ref> Modern Mormons believe that Jesus, the Son, was the first born of these spirits.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=305, 331}} (Mormon doctrine is that humans are born of a heavenly Father and Mother; Jesus is described as "literally our elder brother").</ref>
@@ -55,5 +55,7 @@
Mormons believe that God is scrutable through revelation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God |title=Romans 1 |work=byu.edu |access-date=2014-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144416/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God |archive-date=2014-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}} ("To the older New England the ways and 'providences' of God were inscrutable. To a rebellious son of New England, living in an age of secret societies with strange signs and special ceremonies, God was quite scrutable, but only to those who were initiated.")</ref> and anthropomorphic,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=27}} (describing Smith's doctrine as "material anthropomorphism"); {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=303}} ("Mormon tradition, from Joseph Smith on, has tended to interpret literally ... anthropomorphic descriptions of God.").</ref> in that he has a physical body of flesh and bone.<ref>{{cite wikisource
-|last1= Pratt |first1= Orson |author-link1= Orson Pratt |title= Temples in Ancient America, etc. |wslink= Journal of Discourses/Volume 19/Temples in Ancient America, etc. |work= [[Journal of Discourses]] |volume= 19 |pages= 311-321}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|title=The Reality of the Resurrection|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224237/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Mormons believe in traditional Christian notions that God is omnipotent and omniscient, and also believe that "[e]ven God's omnipotence must conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|title=B. H. Roberts: The Book of Mormon and the Atonement|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144414/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|archive-date=2014-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}}.</ref>
+|last1= Pratt |first1= Orson |author-link1= Orson Pratt |title= Temples in Ancient America, etc. |wslink= Journal of Discourses/Volume 19/Temples in Ancient America, etc. |work= [[Journal of Discourses]] |volume= 19 |pages= 311-321}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|title=The Reality of the Resurrection|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224237/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Mormons believe in traditional Christian notions that God is omnipotent and omniscient, and also believe either:
+(1) that "[e]ven God's omnipotence must conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|title=B. H. Roberts: The Book of Mormon and the Atonement|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144414/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|archive-date=2014-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}}</ref>, or,
+(2) God chooses to "conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy" because he chooses to be good and will choose to be good, and for that reason we can trust and have confidence in Him, or Them, if talking about the Godhead as a group.
====Salvation====
' |
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0 => 'Mormons are constrained by the language of the Book of Mormon to regard the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as "one", but consider this a social unity rather than ontological. Mormons since the time of Joseph Smith have regarded God as plural.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|pp=68–69}}:"This image of God reinforces Dan Vogel's argument that 'Mormonism was never trinitarian but consistently preferred heterodox definitions of God.'" {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=310–12}} (developing from monotheism in the late 1820s and 30s, LDS Church theology was clearly tritheistic by 1916).</ref> They regard God the Father as the biblical god [[Elohim]], and they believe that the Son, a distinct being, is both Jesus and the biblical God [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|pp=36, 41}} (Jesus is regarded as Jehovah, the Old Testament god).</ref> The two of them, together with the Holy Spirit, are believed to form a heavenly council which Mormons call the "Godhead". They are "one" in the sense of being lovingly united in purpose or will, a view sometimes called [[Social trinity|social trinitarianism]].<ref>Mormons believe in what is sometimes called "social trinitarianism", meaning the three beings of the Godhead are blended in heart and mind like extremely close friends, but are not one being." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=6}}</ref> Unlike traditional Christians, modern Mormons generally regard the Son as subordinate to the Father during his mortality.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=331}} (In contrast to Christian orthodoxy, "[t]he Mormon Jesus is subordinate to the Father.").</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|title=Of Simplicity, Oversimplification, and Monotheism|last=Bickmore|first=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063705/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>',
1 => '|last1= Pratt |first1= Orson |author-link1= Orson Pratt |title= Temples in Ancient America, etc. |wslink= Journal of Discourses/Volume 19/Temples in Ancient America, etc. |work= [[Journal of Discourses]] |volume= 19 |pages= 311-321}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|title=The Reality of the Resurrection|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224237/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Mormons believe in traditional Christian notions that God is omnipotent and omniscient, and also believe either:',
2 => '(1) that "[e]ven God's omnipotence must conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|title=B. H. Roberts: The Book of Mormon and the Atonement|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144414/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|archive-date=2014-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}}</ref>, or,',
3 => '(2) God chooses to "conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy" because he chooses to be good and will choose to be good, and for that reason we can trust and have confidence in Him, or Them, if talking about the Godhead as a group.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'Mormons are constrained by the language of the Book of Mormon to regard the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as "one", but consider this a social unity rather than ontological. Mormons since the time of Joseph Smith have regarded God as plural.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Davies|2003|pp=68–69}}:"This image of God reinforces Dan Vogel's argument that 'Mormonism was never trinitarian but consistently preferred heterodox definitions of God.'" {{Harvtxt|DePillis|1966|p=84}}; {{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|pp=310–12}} (developing from monotheism in the late 1820s and 30s, LDS Church theology was clearly tritheistic by 1916).</ref> They regard God the Father as the biblical god [[Elohim]], and they believe that the Son, a distinct being, is both Jesus and the biblical God [[Jehovah]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kirkland|1984|pp=36, 41}} (Jesus is regarded as Jehovah, the Old Testament god).</ref> The two of them, together with the Holy Spirit, are believed to form a heavenly council which Mormons call the "Godhead". They are "one" in the sense of being lovingly united in purpose or will, a view sometimes called [[Social trinity|social trinitarianism]].<ref>Mormons believe in what is sometimes called "social trinitarianism", meaning the three beings of the Godhead are blended in heart and mind like extremely close friends, but are not one being." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=6}}</ref> Unlike traditional Christians, modern Mormons generally regard the Son as subordinate to the Father.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Ostling|Ostling|2007|p=331}} (In contrast to Christian orthodoxy, "[t]he Mormon Jesus is subordinate to the Father.").</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|title=Of Simplicity, Oversimplification, and Monotheism|last=Bickmore|first=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063705/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html|archive-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>',
1 => '|last1= Pratt |first1= Orson |author-link1= Orson Pratt |title= Temples in Ancient America, etc. |wslink= Journal of Discourses/Volume 19/Temples in Ancient America, etc. |work= [[Journal of Discourses]] |volume= 19 |pages= 311-321}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|title=The Reality of the Resurrection|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224237/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone|archive-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Mormons believe in traditional Christian notions that God is omnipotent and omniscient, and also believe that "[e]ven God's omnipotence must conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|title=B. H. Roberts: The Book of Mormon and the Atonement|work=byu.edu|access-date=2014-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144414/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence|archive-date=2014-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Alexander|1980|p=29}}.</ref>'
] |
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32 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165351/http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=7027',
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111 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8.12,13,14?lang=eng',
112 => 'https://www.pewforum.org/2012/01/12/mormons-in-america-executive-summary/',
113 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf',
114 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/si/institute/manuals?lang=eng&cid=rdb_v_si-institute_eng_manuals',
115 => 'https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/real-differences-real-similarities-and-biblical-christianity',
116 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/2007/12/04/public-opinion-about-mormons/',
117 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fw8DIziwEDsC&pg=PA65',
118 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146238056',
119 => 'https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhead',
120 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=jsokQJDKJ7cC&pg=PA76',
121 => 'https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75',
122 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181130060403/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75',
123 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181222125419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian/2011/10/10/gIQAHdlkaL_story.html',
124 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=b53HUe_NRVgC&pg=PA102',
125 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=nd8-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8',
126 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090814124048/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138108,00.html',
127 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=SuCrKAc6i6kC',
128 => 'https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=mormonhistory',
129 => 'https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni-ladaria_en.html',
130 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/beliefs/christian.shtml',
131 => 'https://www.deseret.com/2005/12/24/19929450/bishop-niederauer-s-leadership-recognized',
132 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246616088',
133 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/30/6-facts-about-u-s-mormons/',
134 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.75',
135 => 'https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513818X.003.0002',
136 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028168787',
137 => 'https://lccn.loc.gov/2001040537',
138 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140',
139 => 'https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004310780_022',
140 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691',
141 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61178156',
142 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/438764483',
143 => 'https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.40.3.0068',
144 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3511040',
145 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3511040',
146 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses/Volume_19/Temples_in_Ancient_America,_etc.',
147 => 'https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/03/09/pope-francis-latter-day/',
148 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224861',
149 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/45224861',
150 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254314595',
151 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225125',
152 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225125',
153 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227341',
154 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/45227341',
155 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254301981',
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162 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227723',
163 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/45227723',
164 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254303352',
165 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224197',
166 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/45224197',
167 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254388331',
168 => 'https://www.deseret.com/2019/3/10/20668250/pope-francis-meets-with-president-nelson-in-the-vatican/'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comparison of Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/220px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/330px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> as two distinct beings appearing to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Smith, Jr.">Joseph Smith, Jr.</a> during his "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a>", reflecting Mormonism's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Non-trinitarian theology</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a></b> (often called mainstream Christianity)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> have a complex theological, historical, and sociological relationship. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> express their doctrines using biblical terminology. They have similar views about the nature of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_resurrection#Christianity" title="Universal resurrection">bodily resurrection</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> as mainstream <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>. Nevertheless, most Mormons do not accept the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctrine#Religious_usage" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinity</a> as codified in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> of 325 and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicene-Constantinopolitan_Creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed">Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed</a> of 381.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Although Mormons consider the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bible</a> to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">holy scripture</a>, they do not believe in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">biblical inerrancy</a>. They have also adopted additional scriptures that they believe to have been <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">divinely revealed</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givens_2003-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noll_2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll_2002-5">[5]</a></sup> including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givens_2003-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noll_2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll_2002-5">[5]</a></sup> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup> Mormons practice <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptism_in_Mormonism" title="Baptism in Mormonism">baptism</a> and celebrate the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacrament#Latter-day_Saints" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Lord's Supper</a>, but they also participate in other religious <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>. Mormons self-identify as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Focusing on differences, some Christians consider <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> non-Christian; others, focusing on similarities, consider it to be a Christian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Opinions differ among <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">scholars of religion</a> on whether to categorize Mormonism as a separate branch of Christianity or as the "fourth <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religion</a>" (alongside <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, Christianity and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shipps_2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipps_2001-9">[9]</a></sup> Mormons do not accept non-Mormon baptism and most non-Mormon Christians do not accept Mormon baptism. Mormons regularly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytize</a> individuals actually or nominally within the Christian tradition, and some traditional Christians, especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a>, proselytize Mormons. Some view Mormonism as a form of Christianity, but distinct enough from traditional Christianity so as to form a new religious tradition, much as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">Christianity is more than just a sect of Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The early Mormonism that originated with Joseph Smith in the 1820s shared strong similarities with some elements of 19th-century <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">American Protestantism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givens_2003-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Mormons believe that God, through Smith and his successors, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restoration_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (Latter Day Saints)">restored</a> various doctrines and practices that were lost from the original Christianity taught by Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliason_2001-12">[12]</a></sup> For example, Smith, as a result of his "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a>", primarily rejected the Nicene doctrine of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and instead taught that God the Father, his son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three distinct "personages".<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoM_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> While the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormon denomination</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), acknowledges its differences with mainstream Christianity, it also focuses on its commonalities such as its focus on faith in Christ, following the teachings of Jesus Christ, the miracle of the atonement, and many other doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Doctrinal_comparison"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Doctrinal comparison</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_Joseph_Smith_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Joseph Smith era</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Book_of_Mormon"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Book of Mormon</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Nature_of_God"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nature of God</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Other_points_of_doctrine"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other points of doctrine</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Late_Joseph_Smith_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Late Joseph Smith era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pioneer_Mormonism"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pioneer Mormonism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Modern_LDS_Church_orthodoxy"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Modern LDS Church orthodoxy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Nature_of_God_and_humanity"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nature of God and humanity</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Salvation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Salvation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Role_of_the_church"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Role of the church</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Mormon_neo-orthodoxy"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Mormon neo-orthodoxy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Christian_views_about_Mormons"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Christian views about Mormons</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Non-recognition_of_Mormon_rites"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Non-recognition of Mormon rites</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#LDS_perspective"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">LDS perspective</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Traditional_perspective"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional perspective</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Proselytizing_of_Mormons_by_evangelical_Christians"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Proselytizing of Mormons by evangelical Christians</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Polls_and_attitudes"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Polls and attitudes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Mormon_engagement_with_broader_Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Mormon engagement with broader Christianity</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Downplaying_of_differences"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Downplaying of differences</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cooperation_with_other_Christian_denominations"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cooperation with other Christian denominations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Dialogue_with_other_Christian_denominations"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Dialogue with other Christian denominations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Proselytization_of_other_Christian_denominations"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Proselytization of other Christian denominations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Doctrinal_comparison">Doctrinal comparison</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Doctrinal comparison"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>While <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> recognize the roots of Mormonism in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">American Protestantism</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> of the 1820s and 1830s,<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Mormonism has also been identified as "a radical departure from traditional"—i.e. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline</a>—"Protestant Christianity"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> and a "profoundly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian primitivism">primitivist</a> tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliason_2001-12">[12]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Mormonism falls within the scope of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestantism</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> in the United States (1800–1840).<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givens_2003-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noll_2002_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noll_2002-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charles_2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_2016-19">[19]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">conception of God in early Mormonism</a> was very similar to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">conception of the Christian God</a> held within Protestant Christianity, although early Mormons had already begun developing their own distinct doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Joseph_Smith_era">Early Joseph Smith era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Early Joseph Smith era"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Mormonism arose in the 1820s during a period of radical reform and experimentation within American Protestantism and Mormonism is integrally connected to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burned-over_district" title="Burned-over district">that religious environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason_2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliason_2001-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> As a form of Christian primitivism, the new faith was one among several contemporary religious movements that claimed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restore</a> Christianity to its condition at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">time of the Twelve Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliason_2001-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Book_of_Mormon">The Book of Mormon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: The Book of Mormon"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/220px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/330px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg/440px-The_Book_of_Mormon-_An_Account_Written_by_the_Hand_of_Mormon_upon_Plates_Taken_from_the_Plates_of_Nephi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Cover page of The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> from an original 1830 edition, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a><br />(Image from the U.S. Library of Congress <i>Rare Book and Special Collections Division</i>.)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (1830), which codifies the earliest Mormon doctrine, was intended, in part, to settle ongoing doctrinal disputes among contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> and to create a single shared theology.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Joseph Smith believed in the Bible<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> and shared the Protestant tradition that the Bible (excluding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>) was originally revealed by God to humanity<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> and had contained the "fulness of the gospel.” Nevertheless, Smith believed the Bible of his era had degenerated from its original form. Smith blamed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> for the loss of biblical books and for introducing corruptions and obfuscations in the biblical text.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Smith said that the Book of Mormon revealed "plain and precious things that had been taken away" from the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Smith also completed an unpublished <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">revision of the Bible</a> in 1833,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> which he said corrected many of these errors,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and added inspired commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Smith endowed the Book of Mormon with status equal to the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nature_of_God">Nature of God</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Nature of God"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The faith's earliest theology, as reflected in the Book of Mormon and contemporaneous writings by Joseph Smith, was an unsophisticated version of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> But according to Kurt Widmer, "early Mormons were reacting against a heavily intellectualized and theologized Trinitarian concept of God" and the nature of God was not at first of central importance to Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1834, Smith and his associate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a> developed a series of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a> that they incorporated into the faith's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> (1835). These lectures described "two personages" in the heavens: the Father, "a personage of spirit, glory, and power," and the Son, "a personage of tabernacle" who "received the fulness of the glory of the Father—possessing the same mind with the Father, which mind is the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> This has sometimes been described as a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_points_of_doctrine">Other points of doctrine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Other points of doctrine"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Early Mormon <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>, although not following a preexisting tradition, was generally <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> in tendency.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Early Mormonism agreed with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a> in rejecting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calvinistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic">Calvinistic</a> doctrines in favor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> (called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agency_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency (LDS Church)">free agency</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Also, while the Book of Mormon affirmed the doctrine of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> it also agrees with other Arminian denominations that children are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infant_baptism#Arguments_against_infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">incapable of sin</a> and in a state of grace.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Like other Christian primitivists, Smith located the authority of Christianity in correct interpretation of the Bible<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>—although he also maintained (as did the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a>) that interpretation of the Bible should be guided by new and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continuing_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing revelation">continuing revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> Initially, the authority of Smith's faith was based on correct doctrine<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> and his own claim of prophethood.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Then during the early 1830s, Smith added to this authority <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>, represented by angelic apostles and prophets who Smith said <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">had ordained him</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Late_Joseph_Smith_era">Late Joseph Smith era</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Late Joseph Smith era"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>From the mid-1830s to his death in 1844, Smith continued to introduce ideas and practices which differed significantly from traditional Protestantism. First, Smith pressed Christian perfection beyond Protestant orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> He followed non-Protestant Christians in rejecting the doctrine of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith alone</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> and moved toward <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universalism</a> by introducing a hierarchy of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">three glorious heavens</a>, in which even the wicked had a place.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_118_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie_118-49">[49]</a></sup> In the late 1830s, Smith introduced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">baptism for the dead</a> by proxy as a means for unredeemed souls to accept salvation in the afterlife,<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_282_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie_282-50">[50]</a></sup> and he also taught that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">ordinance of marriage</a> was required to reach the highest level of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_255_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke_255-51">[51]</a></sup> Smith also introduced a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">second anointing</a> ritual, after which a participant was guaranteed virtually unconditional salvation. This has been seen as an attempt to retain the Calvinistic ideas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">assured salvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his later years Smith also differed from traditional Protestantism in his views on the nature of God and humanity. Eventually Smith reduced the difference between God and man to one of degree. Both God and man are coeternal and uncreated. He taught that humans could progress to an exalted state in which they became coequal with a God who was material, plural, and himself a glorified man existing within time.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Smith taught that both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> were distinct beings with physical bodies, and that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> was a personage of Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Because God had once been a man who had risen to a high position in heaven,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> humans too could progress to godhood. Such a teaching implied a vast hierarchy of gods who would rule kingdoms of inferior intelligences, and so forth in an eternal hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Unlike the god of traditional Christianity, the god envisioned by Smith did not create the eternal spirits of humanity—he only organized them and provided them with a plan to follow in his footsteps.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> God was God not because he was an <i>ex nihilo</i> creator, but because he had the greatest intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pioneer_Mormonism">Pioneer Mormonism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Pioneer Mormonism"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>After Smith's death, his successor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> and others built upon Smith's late teachings and introduced more significant doctrinal innovations. The resulting religious tradition defined the Mormonism of the Mormon pioneer era in the 19th century. An important part of this pioneer Mormonism is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a>, which became the most prominent (but not exclusive) theology of 19th-century Mormonism.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> Young taught that God the Father was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, a mortal man resurrected and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">exalted</a> to godhood.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Proponents of this doctrine believed that Father Adam, as the subordinate member of a three-god council, created the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> Adam was both the common ancestor and the father of all spirits born on the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> After ascending again to his heavenly throne,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Adam returned to physically father Jesus by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some elements of Mormonism from the pioneer era, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">polygamy</a> and the Adam–God doctrine, were renounced around the turn of the 20th century by the LDS Church.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> However, these elements have been retained within the small branch of Mormonism known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_LDS_Church_orthodoxy">Modern LDS Church orthodoxy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Modern LDS Church orthodoxy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Near the turn of the 20th century there was a movement to codify LDS theology with official statements of Church leaders — which served to quash speculative ideas that persisted as sub rosa concepts among some Mormons. This coincided with an effort to stop new plural marriages — mostly forbidden in 1890 and completely forbidden after 1904. Prominent Mormons such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_F._Smith" title="Joseph F. Smith">Joseph F. Smith</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_A._Widstoe" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Widstoe">John A. Widstoe</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">James E. Talmage</a> formulated the outlines of Mormon orthodoxy with publications that significantly narrowed the realm of acceptable speculative Mormon theology.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Nature_of_God_and_humanity">Nature of God and humanity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Nature of God and humanity"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></div>
<p>In traditional Christianity, as expressed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a>, God is conceived both as a unity and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>: God the Father, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> and God the Holy Spirit are three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a> of one uncreated substance— one God, omnipotent, co-equal and co-eternal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though modern Mormons share with traditional Christianity a belief that the object of their worship comprises three distinct persons, Mormon theology disagrees with the idea that the three persons are the same substance and the same God.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mormons are constrained by the language of the Book of Mormon to regard the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as "one", but consider this a social unity rather than ontological. Mormons since the time of Joseph Smith have regarded God as plural.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> They regard God the Father as the biblical god <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>, and they believe that the Son, a distinct being, is both Jesus and the biblical God <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> The two of them, together with the Holy Spirit, are believed to form a heavenly council which Mormons call the "Godhead". They are "one" in the sense of being lovingly united in purpose or will, a view sometimes called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social trinity">social trinitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> Unlike traditional Christians, modern Mormons generally regard the Son as subordinate to the Father during his mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mormons since the 1840s have believed that God is changeable. They believe that the Father (like the Son) was twice "born"—once as a spirit, and again as a mortal man.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> After he lived a mortal life, Mormons believe that the Father died, was resurrected, and achieved his godhood<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> along with at least one wife whom Mormons refer to as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly Mother (Latter Day Saints)">Heavenly Mother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> Some believe that the Heavenly Father and Mother gave birth to the spirits of humanity through a sexual union.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[75]</a></sup> Modern Mormons believe that Jesus, the Son, was the first born of these spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>While Mormons might agree with the statement that the Father and the Son are "uncreated", their understanding of "creation" differs from that of traditional Christianity. Mormons do not believe, as do traditional Christians, that God created the universe <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">ex nihilo</a></i> (from nothing).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Rather, to Mormons, the act of creation is to organize or reorganize pre-existing matter or intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> Traditional Christians consider God to be a "necessary being", meaning that he cannot <i>not</i> exist, while all other creations are "contingent beings". In Mormonism, by contrast, God created the universe and everything in it from existing matter.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Mormon sense of "eternal" differs from that of traditional Christians, who believe that God's eternal nature exists outside of space and time. Very few in the LDS Church situate God outside of space and time.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> However, Mormon scripture states that "time is measured only unto man."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> They believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are co-eternal, and they believe that all of humanity is co-eternal with the Father<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> in the sense that the underlying spark of all intelligence has always existed (in space and time) and never was created.
</p><p>Mormons believe that God is scrutable through revelation,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> and anthropomorphic,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> in that he has a physical body of flesh and bone.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> Mormons believe in traditional Christian notions that God is omnipotent and omniscient, and also believe either:
(1) that "[e]ven God's omnipotence must conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup>, or,
(2) God chooses to "conform to the attributes of truth and wisdom and justice and mercy" because he chooses to be good and will choose to be good, and for that reason we can trust and have confidence in Him, or Them, if talking about the Godhead as a group.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Salvation">Salvation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Salvation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_soteriology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian soteriology">Christian soteriology</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)</a></div>
<p>Although the LDS Church has never officially adopted a doctrine of soteriology,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> most Mormons accept the doctrine of salvation formulated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B._H._Roberts" title="B. H. Roberts">B. H. Roberts</a>, John A. Widstoe and James E. Talmage in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> In contrast to early Mormons, modern Mormons generally reject the idea of original sin.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall of Man</a> is viewed not as a curse but as part of God's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plan_of_Salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of Salvation (Latter Day Saints)">Plan of Salvation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mormons believe they must not only have faith and repent but also be baptized (by immersion and by an authorised <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">priesthood holder within the Church</a>) and bring forth good works.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> Mormons consider their weekly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> (<i>the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacrament_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament (Latter Day Saints)">Sacrament</a></i>) as a means of renewing their baptismal covenant and being repeatedly cleansed from sin. Although the grace of Jesus plays a role in salvation, each Mormon must "work out his own salvation" through Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> Mormons believe that people not baptized during their lifetime may accept salvation in the afterlife through the Mormon practice of baptism for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_282_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie_282-50">[50]</a></sup> Although the Book of Mormon rejected the doctrine of universal reconciliation, Smith taught that damnation was a temporary state (for all but the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Sons of Perdition</a>) from which the wicked would ultimately escape after they had paid for their sins, to be resurrected into one of the two lesser kingdoms of glory.<sup id="cite_ref-Brodie_118_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brodie_118-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mormonism takes an extended view of Christian perfection,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> asserting that through the grace of Jesus, Mormons may become perfectly sanctified and thereby literally become gods or achieve a state known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exaltation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaltation (Latter Day Saints)">exaltation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> To achieve exaltation, Mormons must remain obedient to the teachings of Jesus, receive all the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">ordinances</a> (or sacraments), which includes baptism, confirmation, receiving the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a> (for males), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">temple endowment</a>, and being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">sealed to a spouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_255_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke_255-51">[51]</a></sup> Smith also introduced a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">second anointing</a> ritual,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> whose participants, upon continued obedience, were sealed to exaltation, but this was not an essential ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Role_of_the_church">Role of the church</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Role of the church"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Like Catholicism and Orthodoxy, Mormonism assigns considerable authoritative status to church tradition and ecclesiastical leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> Mormons emphasize the authority of an institutional church, which in all Mormon denominations derives from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a> established by Joseph Smith in 1830. Mormons believe this church to be the "only true and living church". Below Jesus as the head of the church is a single man chosen as the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophet,_seer,_and_revelator" title="Prophet, seer, and revelator">Prophet</a>" who holds the position of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_Church" title="President of the Church">President of the Church</a>. The Prophet has been compared to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in Catholicism because both, within their respective faiths, are regarded as the leading authority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Mormons also believe in apostolic succession. However, Mormons believe the Catholic line of succession is invalid because of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a> that occurred soon after era of the apostles. The line of succession was restored through Joseph Smith when biblical prophets and apostles appeared to him and ordained him through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a> with lost priesthood authority. Thus, Mormons believe that non-Mormon clergy have no heavenly authority and that sacraments performed by clergy of other faiths are of no effect in the eyes of God.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> Mormons reject the Protestant doctrine of the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>", but they consider all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">confirmed</a> Mormons to have the "Gift of the Holy Ghost" (also conveyed by the laying on of hands), which entitles believers to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spiritual_gifts" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual gifts">spiritual gifts</a> but to no ecclesiastical authority.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mormon_neo-orthodoxy">Mormon neo-orthodoxy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Mormon neo-orthodoxy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Some claim that in the late-20th century, a conservative movement within the LDS Church (called "Mormon neo-orthodoxy" on the analogy of an earlier Protestant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">neo-orthodoxy</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> emphasized the Book of Mormon over later revelations<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup> and embraced original sin, an absolute, eternal, and unchanging God, a pessimistic assessment of human nature, and a doctrine of salvation by grace rather than by works.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the book's importance to early Mormonism, early Mormons rarely quoted from the Book of Mormon in their speeches and writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Riess_2005_xiii_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riess_2005_xiii-107">[107]</a></sup> Joseph Smith's later teachings and writings focused on the Bible, including his own revision and commentary of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a>. The book was not regularly cited in Mormon <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_conference_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="General conference (LDS Church)">conferences</a> until the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Riess_2005_xiii_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riess_2005_xiii-107">[107]</a></sup> Within the LDS Church, a movement to re-emphasize the Jesus-based elements of Mormonism in the 1980s included a rediscovery of the Book of Mormon.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> In 1982, the church subtitled the book "Another Testament of Jesus Christ", to emphasize that Jesus was a central focus of the book<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup> and that the book is intended to be a complement to the Bible.
</p><p>Although Mormon neo-orthodox scholars say they have faced "resistance" from Mormon orthodoxy,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> some perceive the direction of the movement to be consistent with a broader trend among the LDS hierarchy to present Mormonism in terms more acceptable to mainline Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> Critics argue that because Mormonism is not based on an authoritative systematic theology,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> and much of Mormon scripture was written when Mormonism was "essentially trinitarian", Mormon leaders and apologists have been able to deny that at least some of 20th-century orthodox Mormonism represents official Mormon doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> It is also claimed that LDS Church publications and a few Mormon scholars have increasingly used the language of Nicene Christianity to describe the nature of God.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
</p><p>The existence and implications of the movement continues to be debated. Theologian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Mouw" title="Richard Mouw">Richard Mouw</a> asserts that Mormons have downplayed some of its more "heretical" doctrines in order to obtain more effective dialogue with other Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terryl_Givens" title="Terryl Givens">Terryl Givens</a>, a Mormon theologian, has rejected such claims, asserting instead that many Mormon "heresies" eventually become more accepted by much of Christianity. He consequently contends that "Christian consensus is fluid and, in some cases, has lagged behind the Mormon model."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Christian_views_about_Mormons">Christian views about Mormons</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Christian views about Mormons"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In the past, most mainstream Christian denominations rejected Mormonism outright, frequently calling it a cult and characterizing it as "non-Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Shipps" title="Jan Shipps">Jan Shipps</a>, during the 1950s the attitude of mainstream Christians towards Mormonism changed from "vilification" to "veneration", with emphasis on positive Mormon traits such as "family orientation, clean-cut optimism, honesty and pleasant aggressiveness".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Abanes" title="Richard Abanes">Richard Abanes</a> attributes an "increasing lack of delineation between (Mormonism and mainstream Christianity)" to three primary causes:
</p>
<ol><li>the willingness of some Mormon leaders to be less than candid about more controversial aspects of LDS history and theology,</li>
<li>a trend among some Mormon scholars to make LDS belief sound more mainstream, and</li>
<li>an evolution of Mormon thought toward doctrinal positions nearer those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup></li></ol>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Richard Bushman</a> asserts that, for many people, Mormonism "conjures up an assortment of contradictory images". One set of images suggests that Mormons are "happy, uncomplicated, kindly and innocent—if perhaps naive". In contrast to this set of images, Bushman describes a set of associations that focuses on "a powerful religious hierarchy controlling the church from the top". This perspective views Mormons as "secretive, clannish and perhaps dangerous", often labeling the movement as a "cult rather than a church".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mormon <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologist">apologist</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_E._Robinson" title="Stephen E. Robinson">Stephen E. Robinson</a> argued that Mormons are labeled heretics "for opinions and practices that are freely tolerated in other mainstream denominations".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mormonism has a particularly rocky relationship with American evangelical Christianity and the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> The Catholic Church declared Mormonism to be "non-Christian". Richard Mouw, President of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a>, an evangelical school in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, stated in a recent opinion piece for CNN, "[t]hose of us who have made the effort to engage Mormons in friendly and sustained give-and-take conversations have come to see them as good citizens whose life of faith often exhibits qualities that are worthy of the Christian label, even as we continue to engage in friendly arguments with them about crucial theological issues."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Saletan" title="William Saletan">William Saletan</a> has been more blunt about this, stating "[w]hy don't we challenge anti-Mormonism? Because it's the prejudice of our age."<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Joe Scarborough</a> has drawn analogies between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and prominent evangelical religious leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Jeffress" title="Robert Jeffress">Robert Jeffress</a> calling Mormonism a cult.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-recognition_of_Mormon_rites">Non-recognition of Mormon rites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Non-recognition of Mormon rites"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="LDS_perspective">LDS perspective</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: LDS perspective"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Latter Day Saint history comes from the position that other churches were the product of the apostasy, as referenced in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> Mormons view other Christian churches as teaching some truth, doing good works, and acknowledge their strong faith in Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> However, Mormons also maintain that all other churches lack the divine authority to perform the ordinances of the gospel because of the Great Apostasy. The LDS Church and most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sects_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement">other Latter Day Saint factions</a> do not accept the baptisms of other Christian denominations as valid.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_perspective">Traditional perspective</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Traditional perspective"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant branches of Christianity reject Mormon claims of additional scriptures, and of the prophetic office of Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders; they disagree with Mormon charges that they have committed apostasy. Doctrines such as the beliefs about the existence of prophets in early American civilizations, which are unique to Mormon theology and not found in the teachings of other Christian churches are also causes of disagreement. Nonetheless, many Christian denominations treat Mormons with respect, while not minimizing the differences in belief.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Vatican's</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith</a> declared that LDS baptisms are invalid, and therefore null.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> Because of differences in Mormon and Catholic beliefs concerning the Trinity, the Catholic Church stated that Mormon baptism was not the baptism that Christ instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> In comparison, the Catholic Church does not require rebaptism for converts to Catholicism from most Protestant or Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> The Catholic Bishop of Salt Lake City, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Hugh_Niederauer" title="George Hugh Niederauer">George Hugh Niederauer</a>, stated that this ruling "should not be understood as either judging or measuring a spiritual relationship between Jesus Christ and the LDS Church".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church USA">Presbyterian Church USA</a>, the largest Presbyterian body in the United States, publishes a brochure describing the LDS Church as follows:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, like the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), declares allegiance to Jesus. Latter-day Saints and Presbyterians share use of the Bible as scripture, and members of both churches use common theological terms. Nevertheless, Mormonism is a new and emerging religious tradition distinct from the historic apostolic tradition of the Christian Church, of which Presbyterians are a part. ... It is the practice of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) to receive on profession of faith those coming directly from a Mormon background and to administer baptism. ... Presbyterian relationships with Latter-day Saints have changed throughout the twentieth century. By God's grace they may change further.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, the largest Lutheran body in the US, notes that Lutherans have been among those Christians who do not re-baptize other baptized Christians; however, it publishes the following statement on the recognition of Mormon baptisms:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although Mormons may use water—and lots of it—and while they may say "Father, Son, and Holy Spirit", their teaching about the nature of God is substantially different from that of orthodox, creedal Christianity. Because the Mormon understanding of the Word of God is not the same as the Christian understanding, it is correct to say that Christian Baptism has not taken place.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>In its 2000 General Conference, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> decided not to recognize Latter-day Saint baptisms, stating:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, by self-definition, does not fit within the bounds of the historic, apostolic tradition of Christian faith. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the LDS Church itself, while calling itself Christian, explicitly professes a distinction and separateness from the ecumenical community and is intentional about clarifying significant differences in doctrine. As United Methodists we agree with their assessment that the LDS Church is not a part of the historic, apostolic tradition of the Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This reference is only a petition not to recognize LDS baptism. Does not address if it was adopted or not. (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church (USA)">Episcopal Church (USA)</a>, part of the 80-million-member <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, does not have an official position on the validity of Mormon baptism; however, most traditional clergy would not accept Mormon baptism and require the baptism of Mormons entering into the Episcopal Church. Retired bishop <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carolyn_Tanner_Irish" title="Carolyn Tanner Irish">Carolyn Tanner Irish</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Utah" title="Episcopal Diocese of Utah">Episcopal Diocese of Utah</a> was baptized into the LDS Church at the age of 8; her baptism was deemed valid upon her entering into the Episcopal Church in 1977, where she was confirmed by bishop of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Washington" title="Episcopal Diocese of Washington">Washington</a>, Rev. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_T._Walker_(bishop)" title="John T. Walker (bishop)">John T. Walker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup> As with the United Methodist Church, the Episcopal Church does not recognize Mormons as historic Apostolic Christians, but rather as a new and unique religious movement that is an offshoot of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Proselytizing_of_Mormons_by_evangelical_Christians">Proselytizing of Mormons by evangelical Christians</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Proselytizing of Mormons by evangelical Christians"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Many other Christian churches also seek to teach or convert Mormons when the opportunity arises. Some evangelical Christian leaders often encourage their followers to follow the admonition of Paul <sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> and witness to others using gentleness and respect. Like their Mormon counterparts, those from the evangelical Christian religions assert that these proselytizing efforts arise out of love and genuine concern for others and not a desire to cause contention. Consequently, though the feelings may be strong, there is often a feeling of mutual appreciation and respect that accompanies missionary efforts on both sides (though this is not always the case). Some evangelical Christian denominations have ministries focused on Mormons, just as they also have ministries toward Jews, Native Americans, or other demographic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> For example, the 1998 convention of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> held in Salt Lake City had the stated aim to "bring Christianity to the Mormons".
</p><p>There are also many independent evangelical ministries and organizations focused on Mormons.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Polls_and_attitudes">Polls and attitudes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Polls and attitudes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A 2016 Pew Poll showed that only 51% of the general public in the United States believed that Mormons were Christians while another 32% said they were not, which was in stark contrast with the 97% of Mormons who considered themselves Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-6_facts_about_U.S._Mormons_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_facts_about_U.S._Mormons-143">[143]</a></sup> Additionally, when asked to describe in one word to best represent Mormonism, Mormons typically replied "Christian", "Christ-Centered" or "Jesus", while most non-Mormons replied with "Cult".<sup id="cite_ref-6_facts_about_U.S._Mormons_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6_facts_about_U.S._Mormons-143">[143]</a></sup>
</p><p>Similar polls have concluded that over two-thirds of the general public view Mormons as members of the larger Christian community, including many independent evangelical ministries and prominent evangelical leaders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in an October 2010 poll conducted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LifeWay_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="LifeWay Research">LifeWay Research</a>, three out of four American Protestant pastors did not believe that Mormons were Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mormon_engagement_with_broader_Christianity">Mormon engagement with broader Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Mormon engagement with broader Christianity"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In the 1960s, the LDS Church formed the Church Information Service with the goal of being ready to respond to media inquiries and generate positive media coverage. The organization kept a photo file to provide photos to the media for such events as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temple</a> dedications. It also would work to get stories covering <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a>, the church's welfare plan and the church's youth activities in various publications.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup>
</p><p>As part of the church's efforts to re-position its image, the church began to moderate its earlier <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a> rhetoric. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">Bruce R. McConkie</a>'s 1958 edition of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_Doctrine_(book)" title="Mormon Doctrine (book)"><i>Mormon Doctrine</i></a>, he had stated his opinion that the Catholic Church was part of "the church of the devil" and "the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_and_abominable_church" title="Great and abominable church">great and abominable church</a>" because it was among organizations that misled people away from following God's laws. In his 1966 edition of the same book, the specific reference to the Catholic Church was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1973, the LDS Church recast its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">missionary</a> lessons, making them more family-friendly and focused on building on common Christian ideals. The new lessons, named "A Uniform System for Teaching Families", de-emphasized the Great Apostasy, which previously held a prominent position just after the story of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a>. After a further revision in the early 1980s, the lessons dealt with the apostasy even less conspicuously by moving its discussion from the first lesson to later lessons. The lessons also became more family-friendly, including a flip chart with pictures, in part to encourage the participation of children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 1995, the church announced a new logo design that emphasized the words "JESUS CHRIST" in large capital letters. According to Bruce L. Olsen, director of public affairs for the church, "The logo re-emphasizes the official name of the church and the central position of the Savior in its theology. It stresses our allegiance to the Lord, Jesus Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-Riess_2005_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riess_2005-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2001, the church sent out a press release encouraging reporters to use the full name of the church at the beginning of news articles, with following references to the "Church of Jesus Christ". The release discouraged the use of the term "Mormon Church".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Downplaying_of_differences">Downplaying of differences</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Downplaying of differences"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Riess and Tickle assert that, starting in the late twentieth century, Mormons have focused their attention on Jesus Christ more than at any other time since the inception of their faith. Some critics of the LDS Church have accused church leaders of attempting to disingenuously portray the church as "just another Christian denomination" when, in fact, there are significant differences. Riess and Tickle argue that these critics are failing to grasp that this recent emphasis on Jesus Christ is part of a genuine theological evolution that concurrently involves a renewed interest in the Book of Mormon.<sup id="cite_ref-Riess_2005_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riess_2005-147">[147]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ross Anderson asserts that, "(i)n public, LDS spokesmen downplay their Church's distinctive doctrines."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Patricia Limerick suggests that future historians may conclude that, in the last four decades of the 20th, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="General authorities">general authorities</a> of the LDS Church "undertook to standardize Mormon thought and practice". According to Limerick, this campaign of standardization has led to a retreat from the distinctive elements of Mormonism and an accentuation of the church's similarity to conventional Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudia_Bushman" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudia Bushman">Claudia Bushman</a>, "[t]he renewed emphasis on scripture study, especially the Book of Mormon, led the Church away from speculative theology. The freewheeling General Conference addresses of earlier years, elaborating unique LDS doctrines, were gradually replaced with a basic Christian message downplaying denominational differences."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>Recent church presidents have tended to downplay those doctrines that served to distinguish Mormonism from mainline churches.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup> Richard Abanes asserts that President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. Hinckley">Gordon B. Hinckley</a> "on numerous occasions demonstrated his willingness to seriously downplay any issues that might be construed as controversial".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2001, Hinckley stated that message of the LDS Church was "Christ-centered. [Christ is] our leader. He's our head. His name is the name of our church."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>When speaking about other faiths, modern LDS leaders have adopted a policy of avoiding the use of critical and judgmental language in official church publications, and encouraged members of the church to be respectful of the beliefs of others as they witness in their personal lives.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> When speaking about other faiths, church magazines are often complimentary and focus on providing factual information rather than on sensationalizing or otherwise seeking to undermine the creeds and practices of others.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several presidents of the LDS Church over the years have emphasized the need for Mormons to recognize the good contributions those of other faiths make to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooperation_with_other_Christian_denominations">Cooperation with other Christian denominations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Cooperation with other Christian denominations"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 8 (2008)">California Proposition 8 (2008)</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Ron Rhodes asserts that, "The Mormon church has in recent years sought to downplay its exclusivism as the 'restored' church. Indeed, the Mormon church has increasingly become involved with the Interfaith movement, joining with various Christian denominations in various charities."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup>
</p><p>Traditional Christian denominations and the LDS Church share work in providing welfare or humanitarian aid. In recent years, the LDS Church has opened its broadcasting facilities (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a>) to other Christian groups, and has participated in the VISN Religious Interfaith Cable Television Network.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dialogue_with_other_Christian_denominations">Dialogue with other Christian denominations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Dialogue with other Christian denominations"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There have been independent activities among individuals from both traditions who attempt to discuss openly about issues of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup> In November 2004, Fuller Theological Seminary President Richard Mouw and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a>, a well known evangelical Christian philosophical apologist, addressed a congregation of Mormons and evangelicals gathered in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tabernacle" title="Salt Lake Tabernacle">Salt Lake Tabernacle</a> for an event sponsored by Standing Together Ministries that was well received despite the differences they acknowledged between Mormonism and evangelical perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 1950s, President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_O._McKay" title="David O. McKay">David O. McKay</a> met with Bishop <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duane_G._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Duane G. Hunt">Duane G. Hunt</a>, of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocese_of_Salt_Lake_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Salt Lake City">Diocese of Salt Lake City</a>, several times in secret, at Holy Cross Hospital in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, to avoid fears of scandalizing members of their respective churches. Their meetings consisted of discussions about community issues and tensions between the two groups in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, while in Rome to dedicate the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rome_Italy_Temple" title="Rome Italy Temple">Rome Italy Temple</a>, President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a> met with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>. Nelson is the first Latter-day Saint prophet to meet with a Catholic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>. Nelson said that he and Francis spoke about the "importance of religious liberty, the importance of the family, our mutual concern for the youth of the church, for the secularization of the world, and the need for people to come to God, and worship him, pray to him and have the stability that faith in Jesus Christ will bring in their lives."<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Proselytization_of_other_Christian_denominations">Proselytization of other Christian denominations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Proselytization of other Christian denominations"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Mormons proselytize to all people, including members of other Christian churches, holding to the belief that God told Joseph Smith "that those professors [of religion] were all corrupt; that: 'they draw near to me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me, they teach for doctrines the commandments of men, having a form of godliness, but they deny the power thereof.'"<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup> Because ministering to those of other Christian faiths can be a sensitive task when feelings on both sides are strong, leaders of the LDS Church have counseled members to be sensitive, to exercise caution, and to avoid contentions in their preaching. Despite the criticisms of other creeds, a tone of respect has consistently been encouraged by Mormon leaders. For example, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a>, an early president of the church and a contemporary of Joseph Smith taught:
</p>
<blockquote><p>When you go into a neighborhood to preach the Gospel, never attempt to tear down a man's house, so to speak, before you build him a better one; never, in fact, attack any one's religion, wherever you go. Be willing to let every man enjoy his own religion. It is his right to do that. If he does not accept your testimony with regard to the Gospel of Christ, that is his affair, and not yours. Do not spend your time in pulling down other sects and parties. We haven't time to do that. It is never right to do that.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>While the LDS Church has been clear about its disagreements with many of the theologies and practices of other religions and seeks actively to convert all people to its own teachings, it has also always adopted a policy of toleration for others and defended the rights of all people to worship God freely. Article 11 of the church's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a> written by Joseph Smith states, "We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where, or what they may."<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup> Smith spoke often of the need for Mormons to be civil and courteous in their treatment of others, particularly those who were not of their faith, and to be willing to defend the right of anyone to religious freedom. He said:
</p>
<blockquote><p>If we would secure and cultivate the love of others, we must love others, even our enemies as well as friends ... I possess the principle of love. All I can offer the world is a good heart and a good hand. The Saints can testify whether I am willing to lay down my life for my brethren. If it has been demonstrated that I have been willing to die for a "Mormon", I am bold to declare before Heaven that I am just as ready to die in defending the rights of a Presbyterian, a Baptist, or a good man of any other denomination. ... It is a love of liberty which inspires my soul.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Because <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon missionaries">Mormon missionaries</a> proselytize to all, including other Christians, some Christian organizations have published tracts, brochures and books designed to counter these missionary efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup>
</p><p>Conciliar Press, a department of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Church">Antiochian Orthodox Christian</a> Archdiocese of North America, has published a brochure designed to inform Orthodox Christians of the proselytizing efforts of what it describes as "cultists" (Mormons and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>).
</p><p>In 2006, the Catholic bishops in Slovakia urged all Catholics in the country not to sign a petition allowing the LDS Church to be legally recognized in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: See also"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPrakashan2009" class="citation book cs1">Prakashan, Jnanada (2009). <i>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: Global interfaith movement</i>. p. 733.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopaedia+of+Interfaith+Studies%3A+Global+interfaith+movement&rft.pages=733&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Prakashan&rft.aufirst=Jnanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, pp. 148–49) (arguing that "Mormonism differs from traditional Christianity in much the same fashion that traditional Christianity ... came to differ from Judaism.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mason_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_2015_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMason2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Q._Mason" title="Patrick Q. Mason">Mason, Patrick Q.</a> (3 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75">"Mormonism"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.75">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.75</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-934037-8"><bdi>978-0-19-934037-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130060403/https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormonism&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.75&rft.isbn=978-0-19-934037-8&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Givens_2003-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Givens_2003_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGivens2003" class="citation book cs1">Givens, Terryl L. (2003) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nd8-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Seer Shall the Lord My God Raise Up": The Prophet and the Plates"</a>. <i>By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 8–42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513818X.003.0002">10.1093/019513818X.003.0002</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513818-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513818-4"><bdi>978-0-19-513818-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028168787">1028168787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22A+Seer+Shall+the+Lord+My+God+Raise+Up%22%3A+The+Prophet+and+the+Plates&rft.btitle=By+the+Hand+of+Mormon%3A+The+American+Scripture+that+Launched+a+New+World+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8-42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028168787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F019513818X.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513818-4&rft.aulast=Givens&rft.aufirst=Terryl+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnd8-DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Noll_2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_2002_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_2002_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noll_2002_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Noll, Mark A.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b53HUe_NRVgC&pg=PA102">"The High Tide of Protestantism, 1830-1865"</a>. <i>The Old Religion in a New World: The History of North American Christianity</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge, UK</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 102–103. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4948-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-4948-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001040537">2001040537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+High+Tide+of+Protestantism%2C+1830-1865&rft.btitle=The+Old+Religion+in+a+New+World%3A+The+History+of+North+American+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan+and+Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001040537&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4948-9&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db53HUe_NRVgC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/01/12/mormons-in-america-executive-summary/">Mormons in America: Certain in Their Beliefs, Uncertain of Their Place in Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 2012, p.10: Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosentiel2007" class="citation web cs1">Rosentiel, Tom (4 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/2007/12/04/public-opinion-about-mormons/">"Public Opinion About Mormons"</a>. Pew Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Opinion+About+Mormons&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Rosentiel&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2F2007%2F12%2F04%2Fpublic-opinion-about-mormons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkNeilson2005">Stark & Neilson (2005</a>, p. 14).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shipps_2001-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shipps_2001_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShipps2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Shipps" title="Jan Shipps">Shipps, Jan</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jsokQJDKJ7cC&pg=PA76">"Is Mormonism Christian? Reflections on a Complicated Question"</a>. In Eliason, Eric A. (ed.). <i>Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. 76–98. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02609-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02609-8"><bdi>0-252-02609-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142892455">142892455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Mormonism+Christian%3F+Reflections+on+a+Complicated+Question&rft.btitle=Mormons+and+Mormonism%3A+An+Introduction+to+an+American+World+Religion&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago&rft.pages=76-98&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142892455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=0-252-02609-8&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjsokQJDKJ7cC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShipps2000">Shipps (2000</a>, p. 338).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2016" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John G. (2016). <i>The Mormon Jesus: A Biography</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 5. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73743-3"><bdi>978-0-674-73743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Jesus%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73743-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eliason_2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eliason_2001_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2001" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Richard T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jsokQJDKJ7cC&pg=PA23">"Soaring with the Gods: Early Mormons and the Eclipse of Religious Pluralism"</a>. In Eliason, Eric A. (ed.). <i>Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. 23–46. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02609-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02609-8"><bdi>0-252-02609-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142892455">142892455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soaring+with+the+Gods%3A+Early+Mormons+and+the+Eclipse+of+Religious+Pluralism&rft.btitle=Mormons+and+Mormonism%3A+An+Introduction+to+an+American+World+Religion&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago&rft.pages=23-46&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142892455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=0-252-02609-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjsokQJDKJ7cC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Davies_2003-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies (2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fw8DIziwEDsC&pg=PA65"><i>Divine–human transformations</i>, pp. 65–90<i></i></a><i>)</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EoM-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoM_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1992" class="citation cs2">Dahl, Paul E. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhead">"Godhead"</a>, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H.</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 552–553, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Godhead&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=552-553&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FGodhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Fielding_Smith" title="Joseph Fielding Smith">Smith, Joseph Fielding</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/si/institute/manuals?lang=eng&cid=rdb_v_si-institute_eng_manuals"><i>Doctrines of Salvation</i></a>. Bookcraft. p. 1:38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+Salvation&rft.pages=1%3A38&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Fielding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fsi%2Finstitute%2Fmanuals%3Flang%3Deng%26cid%3Drdb_v_si-institute_eng_manuals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, commentary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/real-differences-real-similarities-and-biblical-christianity">"Real Differences, Real Similarities and Biblical Christianity"</a>. Mormon News Room. October 11, 2007.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, p. xv) ("Mormonism springs from the sectarian tradition of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>, in fact from its most extreme fringe.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, p. 200) (describing Smith's theology as "a radical departure from traditional Protestant Christianity".)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Charles_2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charles_2016_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2016" class="citation book cs1">Charles, Carter (2016). "Mormonism in America: Itinerary to Allegiance from Joseph Smith to Mitt Romney". In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_J._Hunt" title="Stephen J. Hunt">Hunt, Stephen J.</a> (ed.). <i>Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 12. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 441–460. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004310780_022">10.1163/9789004310780_022</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26539-4"><bdi>978-90-04-26539-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormonism+in+America%3A+Itinerary+to+Allegiance+from+Joseph+Smith+to+Mitt+Romney&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Global+Contemporary+Christianity%3A+Movements%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Allegiance&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=441-460&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004310780_022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26539-4&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2002">Gordon (2002</a>, p. 11); <a href="#CITEREFShipps1985">Shipps (1985</a>, p. 7).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_C._Gutjahr2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul C. Gutjahr (March 25, 2012). <i><span></span></i>The Book of Mormon: A Biography (Lives of Great Religious Books)<i><span></span></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14480-1"><bdi>978-0-691-14480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Mormon%3A+A+Biography+%28Lives+of+Great+Religious+Books%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14480-1&rft.au=Paul+C.+Gutjahr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1969">Hill (1969</a>, pp. 1–4) (describing the background of Christian primitivism in New England).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 4) ("The Book of Mormon settles doctrinal differences among those who accept the Christ it presents. Mormon's purpose is to make clear the true doctrine and to dissolve doctrinal disputes by explaining the gospel of Christ"); <a href="#CITEREFFord2005">Ford (2005</a>, pp. 75–76) ("[T]he Book of Mormon decides controversies in a number of areas, including those argued among early nineteenth century American theologians.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 88) (noting that the Book of Mormon expresses contempt for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>, and arguing that establishing the one true fold and one true faith are the "only real theological themes of the book"); <a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 32) (the Book of Mormon "would seek to heal the wounds of sectarianism and defend God against deism, rationalism, and sectarianism".)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, pp. 153–54); <a href="#CITEREFHill1969">Hill (1969</a>, p. 5).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 154); <a href="#CITEREFHill1969">Hill (1969</a>, p. 5).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 154).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1969">Hill (1969</a>, p. 5); <a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, pp. 154–55).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 142) (noting that though Smith declared his revision of the Bible complete in 1833, though the church lacked funds to publish it during his lifetime).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The LDS Church has canonized only a small part of this translation. However, see <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 296) (noting that the most significant parts of Smith's revision of the Bible are found as footnotes and study materials in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">LDS Church edition</a> of the Authorized King James Version).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/1977/04/qa-questions-and-answers?lang=eng">"Q&A: Questions and Answers"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Era_(magazine)" title="New Era (magazine)">New Era</a></i>. April 1977<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Questions+and+Answers&rft.date=1977-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fnew-era%2F1977%2F04%2Fqa-questions-and-answers%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, pp. 154–55) ("To defend the Bible's status as revelation, the Book of Mormon demanded equal status.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, pp. 24–25) (describing the pre-1835 theology as "essentially trinitarian"); <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 30, 59) (calling <i>Book of Mormon</i> theology "layman's Trinitarianism"); <a href="#CITEREFKirkland1986">Kirkland (1986</a>, p. 77) ("The Book of Mormon, revelations in the Doctrine and Covenants prior to 1835, and Smith's 1832 account of his First Vision all reflect 'trinitarian' perceptions."); <a href="#CITEREFKirkland1984">Kirkland (1984</a>, p. 37) ("While the Book of Mormon theology does not reflect a truly orthodox trinitarian view as codified in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athanasian_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasian creed">Athanasian creed</a>, it does reflect the common Christian layman's perception that is some manner, the Father and the Son were both representations of one God."); <a href="#CITEREFLindgren1986">Lindgren (1986</a>, pp. 72–73) (noting that Book of Mormon theology was similar to trinitarianism, but ultimately was "modalistic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a>").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 30, 31) ("What is apparent is that early Mormons were reacting against a heavily intellectualized and theologized Trinitarian concept of God.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028025249/http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/lectures_on_faith.htm">"Lectures On Faith"</a>. <i>mormonbeliefs.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormonbeliefs.com/lectures_on_faith.htm#LECTURE%20FIFTH">the original</a> on 2005-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mormonbeliefs.com&rft.atitle=Lectures+On+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mormonbeliefs.com%2Flectures_on_faith.htm%23LECTURE%2520FIFTH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 59) ("By the close of the Kirtland era, in 1839, the Church would have shifted from modalism to a binatarian position on God."); <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds (2005</a>, p. 30) ("Some writers on Joseph Smith and the development of LDS theology point to Lecture 5 as leading evidence that in the mid-1830s Joseph was following the binitarian doctrine of the godhead being promoted by Christian Primitivists of that decade."); <a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies (2003</a>, p. 77) ("These <i>Lectures on Faith</i>...are more Binitarian than Trinitarian....").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 26) (noting that early Mormon doctrine "saw man as a creature of God, but capable of sanctification"); <a href="#CITEREFMatzko2007">Matzko (2007</a>, p. 73) (noting similarities with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>, and disagreeing that the Book of Mormon incorporates <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> doctrine); <a href="#CITEREFFord2005">Ford (2005</a>, p. 77) (arguing that while the Book of Mormon agrees with some tenets of Arminianism, it "integrates doctrines from a variety of preexisting theological perspectives and some apparently unique teachings").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, pp. 26–27); <a href="#CITEREFMatzko2007">Matzko (2007</a>, p. 73) (noting, in addition, that the "Book of Mormon seems to contradict all five points of Calvinism"); <a href="#CITEREFFord2005">Ford (2005</a>, p. 88) ("[I]n the debate over human freedom, the Book of Mormon tends to resolve the issues similarly but not identically to the Methodist brand of Arminianism.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord2005">Ford (2005</a>, p. 83) (Book of Mormon "affirms original sin (2 Ne. 2), [and] <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">human depravity</a> (Mosiah 16:3) ..."); <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 26); <a href="#CITEREFOstler1991">Ostler (1991</a>, p. 61) ("[A]lthough the Book of Mormon promulgates a notion of 'original sin', it is a 'hypothetical original sin' which does not actually afflict persons unless they reject the atonement."); <a href="#CITEREFLindgren1986">Lindgren (1986</a>, p. 72) (describing the Book of Mormon as pessimistic about fundamental human nature, and the inability to overcome depravity through willfulness alone).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/sdg/warfield/warfield_children.html">"Warfield - The Children in the Hands of the Arminians"</a>. <i>monergism.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monergism.com&rft.atitle=Warfield+-+The+Children+in+the+Hands+of+the+Arminians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monergism.com%2Fthethreshold%2Fsdg%2Fwarfield%2Fwarfield_children.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8.12,13,14?lang=eng">"Moroni 8"</a>. <i>ChurchofJesusChrist.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=Moroni+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fbofm%2Fmoro%2F8.12%2C13%2C14%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 32) (comparing the earliest Mormonism with the Disciples of Christ's view of Biblical authority).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 32) ("Like Shakers, [Smith] would restore the church and be led to the correct interpretation by new and constant revelation.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 32) ("Like other Protestants, he would see correct doctrine as a mark of the true church.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, p. 7) (describing Smith's earliest authority as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a>); <a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, pp. 77–78) (noting that Smith based his authority, in part, on signs of divine approbation and special revelations, and that "[a]t first the Prophet had little to offer [converts] beyond baptism and his own impressive personality.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHullinger1992">Hullinger (1992</a>, p. 32) ("Like other Protestants, he would see correct doctrine as a mark of the true church. But Smith added something else: a new scripture and a dual priesthood based not on apostolic succession, as in the case of the Roman Catholic claim to authority, but on prophetic succession."); <a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, pp. 77, 81) (Smith "claimed <i>prophetic</i> succession through a dual priesthood that allegedly existed among the Hebrews."); <a href="#CITEREFQuinn1994">Quinn (1994</a>, p. 7) (In 1834, Smith first began claiming that his authority arose within a line of succession through angelic visitors.).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 27).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 85) ("Mormonism as it evolved between Kirtland, Ohio and Nauvoo, Illinois, also rejected the pre-eminence of faith over works.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brodie_118-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_118_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_118_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 118) ("[E]ven the 'liars, sorcerers, adulterers, and whoremongers' were guaranteed telestial glory, and only a handful of unregenerates called the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Sons of Perdition</a> were to be eternally damned.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brodie_282-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_282_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brodie_282_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 421–22); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 282).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brooke_255-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_255_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_255_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, p. 255); <a href="#CITEREFBrodie1971">Brodie (1971</a>, p. 300); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 443) (noting that a modern Mormon interpretation of Smith's 1843 polygamy revelation ties both polygamy and monogamy to degrees of exaltation).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuerger1983">Buerger (1983</a>, pp. 13–14, 36–37); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 497–98) (Second anointing was Smith's "attempt to deal with the theological problem of assurance" over which Calvinist theologians had argued for centuries.); <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, pp. 256–60) (arguing that unlike Calvinism, the power to grant unconditional salvation resided in the priest, rather than God alone, and therefore incorporated elements of Smith's magical tradition); <a href="#CITEREFOstler1991">Ostler (1991</a>, pp. 77–78) (noting differences with the Calvinistic notion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">persevering grace</a>); <a href="#CITEREFPrince1995">Prince (1995</a>, pp. 190–91) (Unlike other Mormon rituals necessary for salvation, "the second anointing guaranteed one's exaltation, and thus may be viewed as the crowning ordinance of Smith's ministry.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 119, 145).<a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 84) ("To the older New England the ways and 'providences' of God were inscrutable. To a rebellious son of New England, living in an age of secret societies with strange signs and special ceremonies, God was quite scrutable, but only to those who were initiated.")<a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 84);<a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119); <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 27) (describing Smith's doctrine as "material anthropomorphism"); <a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom (1992</a>, p. 101) ("Smith's God, after all, began as a man, and struggled heroically in and with time and space, rather after the pattern of colonial and revolutionary Americans.")<a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 421) ("Piece by piece, Joseph redefined the nature of God, giving Him a form and a body and locating Him in time and space."); <a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom (1992</a>, p. 101) ("Joseph Smith's God ... is finite. ... Exalted now into the heavens, God necessarily is still subject to the contingencies of time and space.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1909">Roberts (1909</a>, p. 325).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 85); <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 123–24) (discussing instances where Smith taught that God was a resurrected man).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 535, 455–56, 535–37)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 420–21); <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 119).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 455–56).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 131).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergera1980">Bergera (1980</a>, p. 15).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 131–33) (describing Michael as a "lesser God in the Council of Gods".); <a href="#CITEREFKirkland1984">Kirkland (1984</a>, p. 38) (noting that in Joseph Smith's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">endowment</a> ceremony, the gods involved in the creation were "Elohim, Jehovah, and Michael", but unlike in modern Mormon theology, this "Jehovah" was not identified as Jesus).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergera1980">Bergera (1980</a>, p. 41) (describing the Adam–God doctrine as "that Adam was at once the spiritual as well as the physical father of all persons born on this world, including Jesus Christ"); <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 131) (Adam "was the father of the spirits in Heaven, as well as the father of their mortal bodies.").<a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 132–33); <a href="#CITEREFKirkland1984">Kirkland (1984</a>, p. 39) (Young apparently believed that while Adam was mortal on the earth, his father Elohim, the "Grandfather in Heaven", temporarily took over Adam's role as the god of this planet).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkland1984">Kirkland (1984</a>, p. 39) ("After his death Adam returned to his exalted station as God the Father, and as such presided over Israel designated by the divine names <i>Elohim</i> or <i>Jehovah</i>.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 131); <a href="#CITEREFBergera1980">Bergera (1980</a>, p. 41) (describing the Adam–God doctrine as "that Adam was at once the spiritual as well as the physical father of all persons born on this world, including Jesus Christ"); <a href="#CITEREFKirkland1984">Kirkland (1984</a>, p. 39) (Adam "later begot Jesus, his firstborn spirit son, in the flesh").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 139); <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 29) (noting that in 1912, the LDS <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> explicitly instructed missionaries to teach that Mormons worship God the Father, and not Adam, and discussing the official First Presidency statement of 1916).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/130.22-23?lang=eng">"Doctrine and Covenants 130"</a>. <i>ChurchofJesusChrist.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants+130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F130.22-23%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies (2003</a>, pp. 68–69):"This image of God reinforces Dan Vogel's argument that 'Mormonism was never trinitarian but consistently preferred heterodox definitions of God.'" <a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 84); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, pp. 310–12) (developing from monotheism in the late 1820s and 30s, LDS Church theology was clearly tritheistic by 1916).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirkland1984">Kirkland (1984</a>, pp. 36, 41) (Jesus is regarded as Jehovah, the Old Testament god).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mormons believe in what is sometimes called "social trinitarianism", meaning the three beings of the Godhead are blended in heart and mind like extremely close friends, but are not one being." <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 6)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 331) (In contrast to Christian orthodoxy, "[t]he Mormon Jesus is subordinate to the Father.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBickmore" class="citation web cs1">Bickmore, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118063705/http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html">"Of Simplicity, Oversimplification, and Monotheism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/review/15/1/S00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html">the original</a> on 2017-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+Simplicity%2C+Oversimplification%2C+and+Monotheism&rft.aulast=Bickmore&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.mi.byu.edu%2Fpublications%2Freview%2F15%2F1%2FS00012-Of_Simplicity_Oversimplification_and_Monotheism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 119) (Mormons believe that God was once a man.).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 85);<a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 123–24) (discussing instances where Smith taught that God was a resurrected man);<a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 27); <a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom (1992</a>, p. 101) ("Smith's God, after all, began as a man, and struggled heroically in and with time and space, rather after the pattern of colonial and revolutionary Americans."); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 535, 455–56, 535–37)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 31) (Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "We must also have a mother who possesses the attributes of Godhood.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, p. 137) (20th century Mormon theologians retained Young's idea that spirit children were born in the same way that material children are born); <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 31) (noting the Heavenly Mother doctrine, Roberts and Widtsoe taught that "[s]exual relations will continue into eternity both for joy and for procreation.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, pp. 305, 331) (Mormon doctrine is that humans are born of a heavenly Father and Mother; Jesus is described as "literally our elder brother").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 71)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1992" class="citation web cs1">Grant, David (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Matter">"Matter"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.atitle=Matter&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FMatter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRicks1992" class="citation web cs1">Ricks, Stephen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Creation,_Creation_Accounts">"Creation, Creation Accounts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.atitle=Creation%2C+Creation+Accounts&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ricks&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FCreation%2C_Creation_Accounts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, p. 421) ("Piece by piece, Joseph redefined the nature of God, giving Him a form and a body and locating Him in time and space."); <a href="#CITEREFWidmer2000">Widmer (2000</a>, pp. 119, 145); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 305) ("The Mormon God exists within time; in traditional Christian theology, God is outside time."); Robson K (1992, "Time and Eternity"), Encyclopedia of Mormonism <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Time_and_Eternity">[1]</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901165351/http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=7027">The Will of the Father in All Things</a>, Jeffrey R. Holland (BYU president), 17 January 1989; (mis-)quoting Alma 40:8. Book of Mormon</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, pp. 305, 331) (Mormon doctrine is that humans are coeternal with God, are of the same species.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144416/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God">"Romans 1"</a>. <i>byu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1120&index=7&keyword=Understanding%20God">the original</a> on 2014-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=byu.edu&rft.atitle=Romans+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Ffullscreen%2F%3Fpub%3D1120%26index%3D7%26keyword%3DUnderstanding%2520God&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 84) ("To the older New England the ways and 'providences' of God were inscrutable. To a rebellious son of New England, living in an age of secret societies with strange signs and special ceremonies, God was quite scrutable, but only to those who were initiated.")</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 27) (describing Smith's doctrine as "material anthropomorphism"); <a href="#CITEREFDePillis1966">DePillis (1966</a>, p. 84); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 303) ("Mormon tradition, from Joseph Smith on, has tended to interpret literally ... anthropomorphic descriptions of God.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPratt" class="citation cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orson_Pratt" title="Orson Pratt">Pratt, Orson</a>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Journal of Discourses/Volume 19/Temples in Ancient America, etc."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses/Volume_19/Temples_in_Ancient_America,_etc.">"Temples in Ancient America, etc." </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses" title="Journal of Discourses">Journal of Discourses</a></i>. Vol. 19. pp. 311–321 – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Discourses&rft.atitle=Temples+in+Ancient+America%2C+etc.&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=311-321&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Orson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224237/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone">"The Reality of the Resurrection"</a>. <i>byu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1033&index=1&keyword=flesh%20and%20bone">the original</a> on 2015-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=byu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Reality+of+the+Resurrection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Ffullscreen%2F%3Fpub%3D1033%26index%3D1%26keyword%3Dflesh%2520and%2520bone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210144414/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence">"B. H. Roberts: The Book of Mormon and the Atonement"</a>. <i>byu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=929&index=1&keyword=Omnipotence">the original</a> on 2014-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=byu.edu&rft.atitle=B.+H.+Roberts%3A+The+Book+of+Mormon+and+the+Atonement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Ffullscreen%2F%3Fpub%3D929%26index%3D1%26keyword%3DOmnipotence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 29)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, pp. 31–32) (discussing reasons why the LDS Church never issued an official soteriological statement based on the writings of Roberts, Widtsoe, and Talmage).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 30) (The soteriological orthodoxy created by Roberts, Widtsoe, and Talmage remained unchallenged until the advent of neo-orthodoxy).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. 70–71); <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, pp. 30, 32) (The rejection of original sin is a reversal of ideas implicit in the Book of Mormon.); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, pp. 330–31) ("All Mormon factions agree that LDS theology rejects the orthodox Christian doctrine of original sin.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerald_N._Lund" title="Gerald N. Lund">Gerald N. Lund</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1990/01/the-fall-of-man-and-his-redemption?lang=eng">"The Fall of Man and His Redemption"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, January 1990.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021224251/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1081&index=15&keyword=Fall%20of%20Man">"Glimpses of Lehi's Jerusalem"</a>. <i>byu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1081&index=15&keyword=Fall%20of%20Man">the original</a> on 2015-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=byu.edu&rft.atitle=Glimpses+of+Lehi%27s+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Ffullscreen%2F%3Fpub%3D1081%26index%3D15%26keyword%3DFall%2520of%2520Man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 31);<a href="#CITEREFWhite1970">White (1970</a>, p. 16) (arguing that this Mormon orthodoxy "implies that the Fall is no fall".); <a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. 71–72); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 332) ("Mormons believe that Adam's fall was a good thing, not the tragic event of traditional Christian understanding.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James 2:26; <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 336).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/3?lang=eng">Mosiah 3:17</a> (no other name whereby salvation can come but through Christ); <a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. 80–81, 83) (quoting language of Philippians 2:12); <a href="#CITEREFMcMurrin1965">McMurrin (1965</a>, pp. 66–67) (emphasis on works);<a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 335) ("On the faith-works scale, Mormons clearly tilt toward the works side.").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 27) (Joseph Smith extended the idea of perfection extended beyond the Protestant orthodoxy).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 312) (noting that unlike Mormonism, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> view of sanctification "was thoroughly trinitarian and retained a distinction between the creature and the creator").</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2005">Bushman (2005</a>, pp. 497–98) (those who were married eternally were then "sealed by the Holy Spirit of Promise" through the second anointing); <a href="#CITEREFBrooke1994">Brooke (1994</a>, pp. 256–57); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 199) (citing research of David John Buerger, who assumes that the LDS Church does not consider the second anointing ritual to be a prerequisite for achieving godhood in the afterlife).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFairmormon2020" class="citation web cs1">Fairmormon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairmormon.org/answers/Question:_What_is_the_%22second_anointing%22%3F">"What is the second anointing?"</a>. <i>Fairmormon.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fairmormon.org&rft.atitle=What+is+the+second+anointing%3F&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Fairmormon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairmormon.org%2Fanswers%2FQuestion%3A_What_is_the_%2522second_anointing%2522%253F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/strangers/chapter14.htm">Paul Toscano, Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1990), Chapter 14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023617/http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/strangers/chapter14.htm">Archived</a> 2010-07-07 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.19?lang=eng">"Joseph Smith—History 1"</a>. <i>ChurchofJesusChrist.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith%E2%80%94History+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fpgp%2Fjs-h%2F1.19%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, p. xvi); <a href="#CITEREFMcMurrin1965">McMurrin (1965</a>, p. 111) (noting that Mormonism has become increasingly conservative, denying "the traditional liberalism of Mormon theology by favoring a negative description of human nature and the human predicament".); <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1980">Alexander (1980</a>, p. 32) (the trend followed Protestant neo-orthodoxy but lacked "the vigor and certitude of its Protestant counterpart" because Mormons were limited by authoritative statements of Mormon progressives); <a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. 142, 144) (Mormon neo-orthodox scholars are "less extreme" than their Protestant counterparts).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. 139–42).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. xvi, 96–97); <a href="#CITEREFWhite1970">White (1970</a>, pp. 12–17).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Riess_2005_xiii-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riess_2005_xiii_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riess_2005_xiii_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiessTickle2005">Riess & Tickle (2005</a>, p. xiii).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiessTickle2005">Riess & Tickle (2005</a>, p. xiii-xiv).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiessTickle2005">Riess & Tickle (2005</a>, p. xiv).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, p. 140).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. 174–75); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 330).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, p. 302).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, pp. 301, 429–30)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1987">White (1987</a>, pp. 174–75); <a href="#CITEREFOstlingOstling2007">Ostling & Ostling (2007</a>, pp. 308, 330) (noting writings by BYU scholars who describe God as omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Mouw" class="citation news cs1">Richard J. Mouw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/05/mormons-approaching-orthodoxy">"Mormons Approaching Orthodoxy"</a>. <i>First Things</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Mormons+Approaching+Orthodoxy&rft.au=Richard+J.+Mouw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F05%2Fmormons-approaching-orthodoxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTerryl_Givens" class="citation news cs1">Terryl Givens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/06/mormons-at-the-forefront">"Mormons at the Forefront"</a>. <i>First Things</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=Mormons+at+the+Forefront&rft.au=Terryl+Givens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F06%2Fmormons-at-the-forefront&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbanes2007">Abanes (2007</a>, p. 253); <a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, p. 2).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Biema2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Van Biema, David (June 24, 2001). "Kingdom Come". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Kingdom+Come&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft.aulast=Van+Biema&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbanes2007">Abanes (2007</a>, p. 10)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBushman2008">Bushman (2008</a>, pp. 1–2)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEliason2001">Eliason (2001</a>, p. 102).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to John Pottenger, although both Mormon Christianity and evangelical Christianity claim to be preaching true Christianity, they are nonetheless "diametrically opposed in many of their beliefs, theologies and practices". <a href="#CITEREFPottenger2007">Pottenger (2007</a>, p. 143). However, according to (<a href="#CITEREFBloom1992">Bloom 1992</a>), Mormonism and American evangelicalism (and American religion in general) have more in common at a deep level than either of them do with traditional European Christianity.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMouw2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_J._Mouw" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Mouw">Mouw, Richard J.</a> (9 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/10/09/my-take-this-evangelical-says-mormonism-isnt-a-cult/">"My Take: This evangelical says Mormonism isn't a cult"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=My+Take%3A+This+evangelical+says+Mormonism+isn%27t+a+cult&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft.aulast=Mouw&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2011%2F10%2F09%2Fmy-take-this-evangelical-says-mormonism-isnt-a-cult%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSaletan2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Saletan" title="William Saletan">Saletan, William</a> (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/frame_game/2011/10/mitt_romney_s_mormon_cult_controversy_anti_mormonism_is_the_prej.html">"Latter-Day Sins"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slate.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate.com">Slate.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Latter-Day+Sins&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.aulast=Saletan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fframe_game%2F2011%2F10%2Fmitt_romney_s_mormon_cult_controversy_anti_mormonism_is_the_prej.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFScarborough2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Scarborough, Joe</a> (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/65562.html">"Jeffress throws Jesus under the bus"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politico (newspaper)">Politico</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Jeffress+throws+Jesus+under+the+bus&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.aulast=Scarborough&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F1011%2F65562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See references given in the introductory paragraph.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Fielding_Smith1993" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Fielding Smith (1993). <i>Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith</i>. p. 316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+the+Prophet+Joseph+Smith&rft.pages=316&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Joseph+Fielding+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2004/february/14.18.html">Winning them softly evangelicals try to reach Mormons with respect - and hard science.</a> John W. Kennedy, posted 2/01/2004 (February 2004, Vol. 48, No. 2) Christianity Today (Accessed:October 7, 2006)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html">"Response to a 'Dubium' on the validity of baptism conferred by 'The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints', called 'Mormons'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response+to+a+%27Dubium%27+on+the+validity+of+baptism+conferred+by+%27The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints%27%2C+called+%27Mormons%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLadaria" class="citation web cs1">Ladaria, Luis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni-ladaria_en.html">"The question of the validity of baptism conferred in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+question+of+the+validity+of+baptism+conferred+in+The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.aulast=Ladaria&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20010605_battesimo_mormoni-ladaria_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/mormon/beliefs/christian.shtml">"Religions - Mormons: Are Mormons Christians?"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+-+Mormons%3A+Are+Mormons+Christians%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fmormon%2Fbeliefs%2Fchristian.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2005" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Carrie A. (24 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2005/12/24/19929450/bishop-niederauer-s-leadership-recognized">"Bishop Niederauer's leadership recognized"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Bishop+Niederauer%27s+leadership+recognized&rft.date=2005-12-24&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Carrie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2005%2F12%2F24%2F19929450%2Fbishop-niederauer-s-leadership-recognized&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcusa.org/interfaith/study/lds.htm">"Presbyterians and Latter-day Saints"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presbyterians+and+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcusa.org%2Finterfaith%2Fstudy%2Flds.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211010129/http://www.elca.org/dcm/worship/faq/baptism/rebaptize.html">"Should Lutherans Rebaptize Former Mormons Who Are Joining the Congregation?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elca.org/dcm/worship/faq/baptism/rebaptize.html">the original</a> on 2006-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+Lutherans+Rebaptize+Former+Mormons+Who+Are+Joining+the+Congregation%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elca.org%2Fdcm%2Fworship%2Ffaq%2Fbaptism%2Frebaptize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gc2000.org/pets/cal/TEXT/c0806.asp">"General Conference 2000 806-NonDis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Conference+2000+806-NonDis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc2000.org%2Fpets%2Fcal%2FTEXT%2Fc0806.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1996" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, James B. (May 26, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/the_living_church/TLCarticle.pl?volume=212&issue=21&article_id=2">"Bishop-Elect Not an Issues Person"</a>. Archives of the Episcopal Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishop-Elect+Not+an+Issues+Person&rft.pub=Archives+of+the+Episcopal+Church&rft.date=1996-05-26&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepiscopalarchives.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fthe_living_church%2FTLCarticle.pl%3Fvolume%3D212%26issue%3D21%26article_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_LeBlanc2005" class="citation web cs1">Douglas LeBlanc (June 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getreligion.org/?p=847">"Latter-day politics"</a>. GetReligion<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latter-day+politics&rft.pub=GetReligion&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft.au=Douglas+LeBlanc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getreligion.org%2F%3Fp%3D847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible1.crosswalk.com/OnlineStudyBible/bible.cgi?word=1+Peter+3:15&section=0&version=niv&new=1&showtools=1&oq=&NavBook=1pe&NavGo=3&NavCurrentChapter=31Peter3:15">"Read and Study the Bible Online - Search, Find Verses"</a>. <i>Bible Study Tools</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Study+Tools&rft.atitle=Read+and+Study+the+Bible+Online+-+Search%2C+Find+Verses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbible1.crosswalk.com%2FOnlineStudyBible%2Fbible.cgi%3Fword%3D1%2BPeter%2B3%3A15%26section%3D0%26version%3Dniv%26new%3D1%26showtools%3D1%26oq%3D%26NavBook%3D1pe%26NavGo%3D3%26NavCurrentChapter%3D31Peter3%3A15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/mormonministries.htm">"Baptist Mid-Missions Mormon Ministries"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptist+Mid-Missions+Mormon+Ministries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmm.org%2FBMM%2FWhereWeServe%2FNorthAmerica%2Fmormonministries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/jewishministries.htm">"Baptist Mid-Missions Jewish Ministries"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptist+Mid-Missions+Jewish+Ministries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmm.org%2FBMM%2FWhereWeServe%2FNorthAmerica%2Fjewishministries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/NorthAmerica/nativeamericans.htm">"Baptist Mid-Missions Native American Ministries"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptist+Mid-Missions+Native+American+Ministries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmm.org%2FBMM%2FWhereWeServe%2FNorthAmerica%2Fnativeamericans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples of such ministries include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/">Utah Lighthouse Ministries</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrm.org/">Mormonism Research Ministries</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhvm.org/LivingHope">Ministries</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcmmin.org/">Berean Christian Ministries</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeafter.org/">Life After Ministries</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tilm.org/">Truth in Love Ministry</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6_facts_about_U.S._Mormons-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6_facts_about_U.S._Mormons_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6_facts_about_U.S._Mormons_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSandstorm" class="citation web cs1">Sandstorm, Aleksandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/30/6-facts-about-u-s-mormons/">"6 facts about U.S. Mormons"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=6+facts+about+U.S.+Mormons&rft.aulast=Sandstorm&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2F6-facts-about-u-s-mormons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2011" class="citation news cs1">Kuhn, Josef (10 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222125419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian/2011/10/10/gIQAHdlkaL_story.html">"Poll: Three in four pastors say Mormons aren't Christian"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/poll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian/2011/10/10/gIQAHdlkaL_story.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Three+in+four+pastors+say+Mormons+aren%27t+Christian&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fon-faith%2Fpoll-three-in-four-pastors-say-mormons-arent-christian%2F2011%2F10%2F10%2FgIQAHdlkaL_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_O._Cowan" title="Richard O. Cowan">Richard O. Cowan</a>. <i>The Church in the 20th Century</i> (Bookcraft: Salt Lake City, 1985) p. 289</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMauss1994">Mauss (1994)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSheperdSheperd1984">Sheperd & Sheperd (1984)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Riess_2005-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riess_2005_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riess_2005_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiessTickle2005">Riess & Tickle (2005)</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide">"Style Guide – The Name of the Church"</a>, mormonnewsroom.org, accessed 6 April 2016.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Ross (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQb5qQvKDfgC&q=Mormonism+downplay+differences+Christianity&pg=PT7"><i>Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Quick Christian Guide to the Mormon Holy Scripture</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-59068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-59068-2"><bdi>978-0-310-59068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Book+of+Mormon%3A+A+Quick+Christian+Guide+to+the+Mormon+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-310-59068-2&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQb5qQvKDfgC%26q%3DMormonism%2Bdownplay%2Bdifferences%2BChristianity%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLimerick2000" class="citation book cs1">Limerick, Patricia Nelson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JAh_LfqgU8AC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+similarities&pg=PA251"><i>Something in the soil: legacies and reckonings in the New West</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 251. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03788-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03788-3"><bdi>978-0-393-03788-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+in+the+soil%3A+legacies+and+reckonings+in+the+New+West&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03788-3&rft.aulast=Limerick&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJAh_LfqgU8AC%26q%3DMormonism%2BChristianity%2Bsimilarities%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudia_Lauper_Bushman" title="Claudia Lauper Bushman">Bushman, Claudia</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc-clio.com/product.aspx?isbn=9780275989330"><i>Contemporary Mormonism: Latter-day Saints in Modern America</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Publishers</a>. p. 158. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98933-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98933-X"><bdi>0-275-98933-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61178156">61178156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Mormonism%3A+Latter-day+Saints+in+Modern+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61178156&rft.isbn=0-275-98933-X&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc-clio.com%2Fproduct.aspx%3Fisbn%3D9780275989330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherAshcraft2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+downplay&pg=RA1-PA36"><i>Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98717-6"><bdi>978-0-275-98717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+New+and+Alternative+Religions+in+America%3A+African+diaspora+traditions+and+other+American+innovations&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98717-6&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&rft.au=Ashcraft%2C+W.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClaySHbUEogC%26q%3DMormonism%2BChristianity%2Bdownplay%26pg%3DRA1-PA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbanes2007">Abanes (2007</a>, p. 433)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Biema2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Van Biema, David (June 24, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814124048/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138108,00.html">"Kingdom Come"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,138108,00.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Kingdom+Come&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft.aulast=Van+Biema&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C138108%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._Russell_Ballard" title="M. Russell Ballard">M. Russell Ballard</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2008/06/news-of-the-church/sharing-the-gospel-using-the-internet?lang=eng">"Sharing the Gospel Using the Internet"</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona</a></i>, June 2008.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See these articles (published in the church magazines) on various other faiths: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1972/03/islam-and-mormonism-a-comparison?lang=eng">Islam</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/04/roman-catholicism?lang=eng">Catholicism</a> (see also these <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/2005/04/opening-remarks?lang=eng">remarks</a> by Hinckley about the passing of Pope John Paul II),
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/09/the-church-of-england?lang=eng">The Church of England</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We recognize the good in all churches. We recognize the value of religion generally. We say to everyone: live the teachings which you have received from your church. We invite you to come and learn from us, to see if we can add to those teachings and enhance your life and your understanding of things sacred and divine. Now we work with people of other faiths on common causes, many of them across the world. We recognize theological differences. We believe that we can disagree theologically without being disagreeable, and we hope to do so. We have been rather careful about surrendering in any way our doctrinal standards, anything of that kind as part of an ecumenical effort, but we certainly have worked with people, and do work with people, and want to work with other groups in tackling common social problems, things of that kind which are so much in need of attention these days throughout the world" (Gordon B. Hinckley, interview with Lawrence Spicer, London News Service, 28 August 1995).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2001" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Ron (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0as2jKcboaIC&q=Mormonism+Christianity+downplay&pg=PA17"><i>The 10 Most Important Things You Can Say to a Mormon</i></a>. Harvest House Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-0534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-0534-3"><bdi>978-0-7369-0534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+10+Most+Important+Things+You+Can+Say+to+a+Mormon&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-0534-3&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0as2jKcboaIC%26q%3DMormonism%2BChristianity%2Bdownplay%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Craig L. Blomberg and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_E._Robinson" title="Stephen E. Robinson">Stephen E. Robinson</a>, <i>How Wide the Divide? A Mormon & an Evangelical in Conversation</i> Inter-Varsity Press, March 1997 and<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010214339/http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html">"Faith Dialogue by Greg Johnson"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standingtogether.org/dialogue.html">the original</a> on 2006-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith+Dialogue+by+Greg+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standingtogether.org%2Fdialogue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2004" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Carrie A. (November 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2004/11/15/19861624/evangelical-preaches-at-salt-lake-tabernacle#christian-philosopher-ravi-zacharias-speaks-at-the-salt-lake-tabernacle-in-an-event-organized-by-standing-together-ministries">"Evangelical preaches at Salt Lake Tabernacle"</a>. <i>Deseret Morning News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Evangelical+preaches+at+Salt+Lake+Tabernacle&rft.date=2004-11-15&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Carrie+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2004%2F11%2F15%2F19861624%2Fevangelical-preaches-at-salt-lake-tabernacle%23christian-philosopher-ravi-zacharias-speaks-at-the-salt-lake-tabernacle-in-an-event-organized-by-standing-together-ministries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWalch2019" class="citation news cs1">Walch, Tad (10 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2019/3/10/20668250/pope-francis-meets-with-president-nelson-in-the-vatican/">"Pope Francis meets with President Nelson in the Vatican"</a>. <em>Deseret News</em><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+meets+with+President+Nelson+in+the+Vatican&rft.date=2019-03-10&rft.aulast=Walch&rft.aufirst=Tad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2019%2F3%2F10%2F20668250%2Fpope-francis-meets-with-president-nelson-in-the-vatican%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStackNoyce2019" class="citation news cs1">Stack, Peggy; Noyce, David (9 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/03/09/pope-francis-latter-day/">"Pope Francis, Russell Nelson share a hug, discuss global relief in first-ever meeting between a Latter-day Saint prophet and a Catholic pontiff"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis%2C+Russell+Nelson+share+a+hug%2C+discuss+global+relief+in+first-ever+meeting+between+a+Latter-day+Saint+prophet+and+a+Catholic+pontiff&rft.date=2019-03-09&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft.au=Noyce%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Freligion%2F2019%2F03%2F09%2Fpope-francis-latter-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Smith, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Church_(Joseph_Smith)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Church (Joseph Smith)">History of the Church</a></i>, vol. 1, ch. 1. "Corrupt" here is taken to refer to their beliefs rather than personal morality. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022001150/https://www.lds.org/manual/doctrine-and-covenants-student-manual/section-30-40/section-33-declare-my-gospel">"Section 33: Declare My Gospel"</a>, <i>Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual</i> (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2002) p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Contributor_(LDS_magazine)" title="The Contributor (LDS magazine)">The Contributor</a></i>, August 1895, pp. 636–37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1.11?lang=eng">"Articles of Faith"</a>. lds.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Faith&rft.pub=lds.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fpgp%2Fa-of-f%2F1.11%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Church</i>, <b>5</b>:498.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Kingdom of the Cults" <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter Martin</a> (Revised 2003) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bethany_House_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany House Publishers">Bethany House Publishers</a>, Grand Rapids Michigan</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mormonism 101" Bill McKeever & Eric Johnson -Grand Rapids: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baker_Publishing_Group" title="Baker Publishing Group">Baker Publishing Group</a>, 2000</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mormonism Unmasked" Phillip Roberts -Nashville: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadman_%26_Holman" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadman & Holman">Broadman & Holman</a> 1998</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926211822/http://kutv.com/topstories/local_story_254185802.html">"Slovakian Bishops Urge Rejection Of LDS Church"</a>. KUTV. Associated Press. 2006-09-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kutv.com/topstories/local_story_254185802.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slovakian+Bishops+Urge+Rejection+Of+LDS+Church&rft.date=2006-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkutv.com%2Ftopstories%2Flocal_story_254185802.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAbanes2007" class="citation book cs1">Abanes, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuCrKAc6i6kC"><i>Inside Today's Mormonism</i></a>. Harvest House Publishers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-1968-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7369-1968-5"><bdi>978-0-7369-1968-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Today%27s+Mormonism&rft.pub=Harvest+House+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7369-1968-5&rft.aulast=Abanes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuCrKAc6i6kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1980" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_G._Alexander" title="Thomas G. Alexander">Alexander, Thomas G.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/022-24-33.pdf">"The Reconstruction of Mormon Doctrine: From Joseph Smith to Progressive Theology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)">Sunstone</a></i>. Vol. 5, no. 4. pp. 24–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunstone&rft.atitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Mormon+Doctrine%3A+From+Joseph+Smith+to+Progressive+Theology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=24-33&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstonemagazine.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2F022-24-33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBergera1980" class="citation journal cs1">Bergera, Gary James (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014538/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C2878">"The Orson Pratt-Brigham Young Controversies: Conflict Within the Quorums, 1853 to 1868"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>13</b> (2): 7–49. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224861">10.2307/45224861</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45224861">45224861</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254314595">254314595</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,2878">the original</a> on 2011-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Orson+Pratt-Brigham+Young+Controversies%3A+Conflict+Within+the+Quorums%2C+1853+to+1868&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-49&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254314595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45224861%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45224861&rft.aulast=Bergera&rft.aufirst=Gary+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fdialogue%2C2878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Craig_L._Blomberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig L. Blomberg">Craig L. Blomberg</a> & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_E._Robinson" title="Stephen E. Robinson">Stephen E. Robinson</a>; <i>How Wide the Divide?: A Mormon & an Evangelical in Conversation</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inter-Varsity_Press" title="Inter-Varsity Press">Inter-Varsity Press</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1991-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1991-6">0-8308-1991-6</a>; (Softcover April 1997)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanreligio000bloo"><i>The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67997-2"><bdi>978-0-671-67997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Religion%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Post-Christian+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-671-67997-2&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanreligio000bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fawn_M._Brodie" title="Fawn M. Brodie">Brodie, Fawn M.</a> (1971). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_Man_Knows_My_History:_The_Life_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith">No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith</a></i> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-46967-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-46967-4"><bdi>0-394-46967-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Man+Knows+My+History%3A+The+Life+of+Joseph+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-394-46967-4&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Fawn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1994" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, John L. (1994). <i>The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Refiner%27s+Fire%3A+The+Making+of+Mormon+Cosmology%2C+1644%E2%80%931844&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBuerger1983" class="citation journal cs1">Buerger, David John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808135336/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C18194">"The Fulness of the Priesthood": The Second Anointing in Latter-day Saint Theology and Practice"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225125">10.2307/45225125</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225125">45225125</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,18194">the original</a> on 2011-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Fulness+of+the+Priesthood%22%3A+The+Second+Anointing+in+Latter-day+Saint+Theology+and+Practice&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45225125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45225125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buerger&rft.aufirst=David+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fdialogue%2C18194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Bushman, Richard Lyman</a> (2008). <i>Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531030-6"><bdi>978-0-19-531030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531030-6&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBushman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Bushman" title="Richard Bushman">Bushman, Richard Lyman</a> (2005). <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith:_Rough_Stone_Rolling" title="Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling">Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling</a></i>. New York: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-4270-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-4270-4"><bdi>1-4000-4270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%3A+Rough+Stone+Rolling&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4000-4270-4&rft.aulast=Bushman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCharles1993" class="citation book cs1">Charles, Melodie Moench (1993). "Book of Mormon Christology". In Metcalfe, Brent Lee (ed.). <i>New Approaches to the Book of Mormon</i>. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. pp. 81–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+of+Mormon+Christology&rft.btitle=New+Approaches+to+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=81-114&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Melodie+Moench&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Douglas_Davies" title="Douglas Davies">Davies, Douglas J.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo0000davi"><i>An Introduction to Mormonism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81738-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81738-7"><bdi>978-0-521-81738-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/438764483">438764483</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146238056">146238056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Mormonism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F438764483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146238056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81738-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontomo0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDePillis1966" class="citation journal cs1">DePillis, Mario S. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V01N01_70.pdf">"The Quest for Religious Authority and the Rise of Mormonism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Religious+Authority+and+the+Rise+of+Mormonism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=DePillis&rft.aufirst=Mario+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V01N01_70.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Duffy, John-Charles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/132%2022-55.pdf">"Defending the Kingdom, Rethinking the Faith: How Apologetics is Reshaping Mormon Orthodoxy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)">Sunstone</a></i>. Vol. 132, no. May. pp. 22–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunstone&rft.atitle=Defending+the+Kingdom%2C+Rethinking+the+Faith%3A+How+Apologetics+is+Reshaping+Mormon+Orthodoxy&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=May&rft.pages=22-55&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=John-Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstonemagazine.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2F132%252022-55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEliason2001" class="citation book cs1">Eliason, Eric Alden (2001). <i>Mormons and Mormonism: an introduction to an American world religion</i>. University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormons+and+Mormonism%3A+an+introduction+to+an+American+world+religion&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Eliason&rft.aufirst=Eric+Alden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFord2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ford, Clyde D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V38N04_83.pdf">"Lehi on the Great Issues: Book of Mormon Theology in Early Nineteenth-Century Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>38</b> (4): 75–96. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227341">10.2307/45227341</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45227341">45227341</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254301981">254301981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Lehi+on+the+Great+Issues%3A+Book+of+Mormon+Theology+in+Early+Nineteenth-Century+Perspective&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=75-96&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254301981%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45227341%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45227341&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Clyde+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V38N04_83.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Sarah Barringer (2002). <i>The Mormon question: polygamy and constitutional conflict in nineteenth century America</i>. UNC Press Books. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+question%3A+polygamy+and+constitutional+conflict+in+nineteenth+century+America&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Barringer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHill1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marvin_S._Hill" title="Marvin S. Hill">Hill, Marvin S.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://byustudies.byu.edu/articleDownload.aspx?title=4845&linkURL=9.3Hill.pdf">"The Shaping of the Mormon Mind in New England and New York"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>BYU Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 363–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYU+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Shaping+of+the+Mormon+Mind+in+New+England+and+New+York&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-65&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Marvin+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbyustudies.byu.edu%2FarticleDownload.aspx%3Ftitle%3D4845%26linkURL%3D9.3Hill.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHill1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marvin_S._Hill" title="Marvin S. Hill">Hill, Marvin S.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116062900/http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/quest/acknowledgements.htm"><i>Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism</i></a>. Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/quest/acknowledgements.htm">the original</a> on 2010-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Refuge%3A+The+Mormon+Flight+from+American+Pluralism&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Marvin+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signaturebookslibrary.org%2Fquest%2Facknowledgements.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHullinger1992" class="citation book cs1">Hullinger, Robert N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707004814/http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/skeptic/preface.htm"><i>Joseph Smith's Response to Skepticism</i></a>. Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/skeptic/preface.htm">the original</a> on 2010-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Smith%27s+Response+to+Skepticism&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hullinger&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signaturebookslibrary.org%2Fskeptic%2Fpreface.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKirkland1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Kirkland, Boyd (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/044-36-44.pdf">"Jehovah as the Father: The Development of the Mormon Jehovah Doctrine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)">Sunstone</a></i>. Vol. 44, no. Autumn. pp. 36–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunstone&rft.atitle=Jehovah+as+the+Father%3A+The+Development+of+the+Mormon+Jehovah+Doctrine&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=Autumn&rft.pages=36-44&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kirkland&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunstonemagazine.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2F044-36-44.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKirkland1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkland, Boyd (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613225251/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fdialogue%2C16653">"Elohim and Jehovah in Mormonism and the Bible"</a>. <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 77–93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225454">10.2307/45225454</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225454">45225454</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254341289">254341289</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,16653">the original</a> on 2011-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Elohim+and+Jehovah+in+Mormonism+and+the+Bible&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-93&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254341289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45225454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45225454&rft.aulast=Kirkland&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fdialogue%2C16653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stan_Larson" title="Stan Larson">Larson, Stan</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826024132/http://byustudies.byu.edu/showTitle.aspx?title=5321">"The King Follett Discourse: A Newly Amalgamated Text"</a>. <i>BYU Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 193–208. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://byustudies.byu.edu/showTitle.aspx?title=5321">the original</a> on 2010-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYU+Studies&rft.atitle=The+King+Follett+Discourse%3A+A+Newly+Amalgamated+Text&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-208&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbyustudies.byu.edu%2FshowTitle.aspx%3Ftitle%3D5321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLindgren1986" class="citation journal cs1">Lindgren, A. Bruce (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211135522/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,16645">"Sign or Scripture: Approaches to the Book of Mormon"</a>. <i>Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 69. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45225452">10.2307/45225452</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45225452">45225452</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254330519">254330519</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,16645">the original</a> on 2012-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Sign+or+Scripture%3A+Approaches+to+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254330519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45225452%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45225452&rft.aulast=Lindgren&rft.aufirst=A.+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fdialogue%2C16645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow1992" class="citation book cs1">Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo03ludl"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-904040-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-904040-X"><bdi>0-02-904040-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-02-904040-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo03ludl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Martin Marty; <i>Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies</i>; Mercer University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-116-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-116-9">978-0-88146-116-9</a>;(Softcover December 2007).</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatzko2007" class="citation journal cs1">Matzko, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V40N03_78.pdf">"The Encounter of the Young Joseph Smith with Presbyterianism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 68–84. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.40.3.0068">10.5406/dialjmormthou.40.3.0068</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246616088">246616088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Encounter+of+the+Young+Joseph+Smith+with+Presbyterianism&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=68-84&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fdialjmormthou.40.3.0068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246616088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matzko&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V40N03_78.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMauss1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armand_Mauss" title="Armand Mauss">Mauss, Armand</a> (1994). <i>The Angel and the Beehive: The Mormon Struggle with Assimilation</i>. Urbana: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02071-5"><bdi>0-252-02071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Angel+and+the+Beehive%3A+The+Mormon+Struggle+with+Assimilation&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-252-02071-5&rft.aulast=Mauss&rft.aufirst=Armand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurrin1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sterling_M._McMurrin" title="Sterling M. McMurrin">McMurrin, Sterling M.</a> (1965). <i>The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion</i>. Salt Lake City: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-135-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-135-X"><bdi>1-56085-135-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theological+Foundations+of+the+Mormon+Religion&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=1-56085-135-X&rft.aulast=McMurrin&rft.aufirst=Sterling+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Robert L. Millet & Gerald R. McDermott; <i>Claiming Christ: A Mormon–Evangelical Debate</i>; Brazos Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58743-209-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58743-209-5">978-1-58743-209-5</a>; (Softcover November 1, 2007)</li>
<li>Robert L. Millet & Gregory C. V. Johnson; <i>Bridging the Divide: The Continuing Conversation between a Mormon and an Evangelical</i>; Monkfish Book Publishing; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9766843-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9766843-6-7">978-0-9766843-6-7</a>; (Softcover November 13, 2007)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOstler1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ostler, Blake T. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V24N01_59.pdf">"Development of the Mormon Concept of Grace"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): 57–84. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45227723">10.2307/45227723</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45227723">45227723</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254303352">254303352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+Mormon+Concept+of+Grace&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-84&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254303352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45227723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45227723&rft.aulast=Ostler&rft.aufirst=Blake+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V24N01_59.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOstlingOstling2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_and_Joan_Ostling" title="Richard and Joan Ostling">Ostling, Richard</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_and_Joan_Ostling" title="Richard and Joan Ostling">Ostling, Joan K.</a> (2007). <i>Mormon America: The Power and the Promise</i>. New York: HarperOne. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143295-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-143295-8"><bdi>978-0-06-143295-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+America%3A+The+Power+and+the+Promise&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-143295-8&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Ostling%2C+Joan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPottenger2007" class="citation book cs1">Pottenger, John R. (2007). <i>Reaping the whirlwind: liberal democracy and the religious axis</i>. Georgetown University Press. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaping+the+whirlwind%3A+liberal+democracy+and+the+religious+axis&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pottenger&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrince1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregory_Prince" title="Gregory Prince">Prince, Gregory A</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=4986"><i>Power From On High: The Development of Mormon Priesthood</i></a>. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-071-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-071-X"><bdi>1-56085-071-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+From+On+High%3A+The+Development+of+Mormon+Priesthood&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56085-071-X&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsignaturebookslibrary.org%2F%3Fp%3D4986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2005" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Noel B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=mormonhistory">"The Case for Sidney Rigdon as the Author of the Lectures on Faith"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>32</b> (3): 1–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Sidney+Rigdon+as+the+Author+of+the+Lectures+on+Faith&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Noel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1078%26context%3Dmormonhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D._Michael_Quinn" title="D. Michael Quinn">Quinn, D. Michael</a> (1994). <i>The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power</i>. Salt Lake City: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56085-056-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56085-056-6"><bdi>1-56085-056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Hierarchy%3A+Origins+of+Power&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56085-056-6&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRiessTickle2005" class="citation book cs1">Riess, Jana; Tickle, Phyllis (2005). <i>The book of Mormon: selections annotated & explained</i>. SkyLight Paths Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+Mormon%3A+selections+annotated+%26+explained&rft.pub=SkyLight+Paths+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Riess&rft.aufirst=Jana&rft.au=Tickle%2C+Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B._H._Roberts" title="B. H. Roberts">Roberts, B. H.</a>, ed. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vLgUAAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</i></a>. Vol. 5. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87747-688-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87747-688-8"><bdi>0-87747-688-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=0-87747-688-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvLgUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSheperdSheperd1984" class="citation journal cs1">Sheperd, Gordon; Sheperd, Gary (September 1984). "Mormonism in Secular Society: Changing Patterns in Official Ecclesiastical Rhetoric". <i>Review of Religious Research</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 28–42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3511040">10.2307/3511040</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3511040">3511040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=Mormonism+in+Secular+Society%3A+Changing+Patterns+in+Official+Ecclesiastical+Rhetoric&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-42&rft.date=1984-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3511040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3511040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sheperd&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Sheperd%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShipps1985" class="citation book cs1">Shipps, Jan (1985). <i>Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01417-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01417-0"><bdi>0-252-01417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism%3A+The+Story+of+a+New+Religious+Tradition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-252-01417-0&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShipps1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shipps, Jan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107125610/http://byustudies.byu.edu/showtitle.aspx?title=6183">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Is Mormonism Christian?' Reflections on a Complicated Question"</a>. <i>BYU Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://byustudies.byu.edu/showTitle.aspx?title=6183">the original</a> on 2011-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYU+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Is+Mormonism+Christian%3F%27+Reflections+on+a+Complicated+Question&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbyustudies.byu.edu%2FshowTitle.aspx%3Ftitle%3D6183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShipps2000" class="citation book cs1">Shipps, Jan (2000). <i>Sojourner in the promised land: forty years among the Mormons</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02590-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02590-3"><bdi>0-252-02590-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sojourner+in+the+promised+land%3A+forty+years+among+the+Mormons&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-252-02590-3&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1980" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stephen L. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,9997">"The Book of Mormon in a Biblical Culture"</a>. <i>Journal of Mormon History</i>. <b>7</b>: 3–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Mormon+in+a+Biblical+Culture&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=3-21&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.utah.edu%2Fu%3F%2Fjmh%2C9997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStarkNeilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Rodney; Neilson, Reid Larkin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IN4QeS38Qk0C&q=Mormonism+Christianity&pg=PA14"><i>The rise of Mormonism</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13634-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13634-1"><bdi>978-0-231-13634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+Mormonism&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13634-1&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Neilson%2C+Reid+Larkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIN4QeS38Qk0C%26q%3DMormonism%2BChristianity%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFToscanoToscano1990" class="citation book cs1">Toscano, Margaret; Toscano, Paul (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=3813"><i>Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology</i></a>. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+Paradox%3A+Explorations+in+Mormon+Theology&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Toscano&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Toscano%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsignaturebookslibrary.org%2F%3Fp%3D3813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2016" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John G. (2016). <i>The Mormon Jesus: A Biography</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73743-3"><bdi>978-0-674-73743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mormon+Jesus%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73743-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1993" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Dan (1993). "Anti-Universal Rhetoric in the Book of Mormon". In Metcalfe, Brent Lee (ed.). <i>New Approaches to the Book of Mormon</i>. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. pp. 21–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Universal+Rhetoric+in+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.btitle=New+Approaches+to+the+Book+of+Mormon&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=21-52&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1970" class="citation journal cs1">White, O. Kendall Jr. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V05N02_11.pdf">"The Transformation of Mormon Theology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought">Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): 9–24. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45224197">10.2307/45224197</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45224197">45224197</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254388331">254388331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue%3A+A+Journal+of+Mormon+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+Mormon+Theology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9-24&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254388331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45224197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45224197&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=O.+Kendall+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V05N02_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1987" class="citation book cs1">White, O. Kendall Jr. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707010446/http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/theology/preface.htm#preface"><i>Mormon Neo-Orthodoxy: A Crisis Theology</i></a>. Salt Lake City: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Signature_Books" title="Signature Books">Signature Books</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941214-52-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-941214-52-4"><bdi>0-941214-52-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/theology/preface.htm#preface">the original</a> on 2010-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Neo-Orthodoxy%3A+A+Crisis+Theology&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-941214-52-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=O.+Kendall+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signaturebookslibrary.org%2Ftheology%2Fpreface.htm%23preface&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWidmer2000" class="citation book cs1">Widmer, Kurt (2000). <i>Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+and+the+Nature+of+God%3A+A+Theological+Evolution%2C+1830%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Widmer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_E._Robinson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_E._Robinson" title="Stephen E. Robinson">Stephen E. Robinson</a> (1991). <i>Are Mormons Christians?</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bookcraft,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Bookcraft, Inc.">Bookcraft, Inc.</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88494-784-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88494-784-X"><bdi>0-88494-784-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Mormons+Christians%3F&rft.pub=Bookcraft%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88494-784-X&rft.au=Stephen+E.+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Further reading"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith,_Francis_J.Carl_MosserPaul_Owen2002" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Francis J.; Carl Mosser; Paul Owen, eds. (2002). <i>The New Mormon Challenge: Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast-Growing Movement</i>. Zondervan. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-23194-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-23194-9"><bdi>0-310-23194-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Mormon+Challenge%3A+Responding+to+the+Latest+Defenses+of+a+Fast-Growing+Movement&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-310-23194-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBloomberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Bloomberg, Craig (1997). <i>How Wide the Divide? A Mormon & an Evangelical in Conversation</i>. IVP Academic. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-1991-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-1991-6"><bdi>0-8308-1991-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Wide+the+Divide%3F+A+Mormon+%26+an+Evangelical+in+Conversation&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8308-1991-6&rft.aulast=Bloomberg&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGellinek,_ChristianHans-Wilhelm_Kelling2001" class="citation book cs1">Gellinek, Christian; Hans-Wilhelm Kelling (2001). <i>Avenues to Christianity: Mormonism in Comparative Church History</i>. Studies of the Latter-Day Saint Religion. Global Publications, Binghamton University. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58684-128-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58684-128-9"><bdi>1-58684-128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avenues+to+Christianity%3A+Mormonism+in+Comparative+Church+History&rft.series=Studies+of+the+Latter-Day+Saint+Religion&rft.pub=Global+Publications%2C+Binghamton+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-58684-128-9&rft.au=Gellinek%2C+Christian&rft.au=Hans-Wilhelm+Kelling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins,_Richard_R.1994" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Richard R. (1994). <i>Biblical Mormonism: Responding to Evangelical Criticism of L.D.S. Theology</i>. Harvest Publishers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88290-482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88290-482-5"><bdi>0-88290-482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Mormonism%3A+Responding+to+Evangelical+Criticism+of+L.D.S.+Theology&rft.pub=Harvest+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-88290-482-5&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShuster2009" class="citation book cs1">Shuster, Eric (2009). <i>Catholic roots, Mormon Harvest</i>. Cedar Fort, Inc. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59955-257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59955-257-6"><bdi>978-1-59955-257-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+roots%2C+Mormon+Harvest&rft.pub=Cedar+Fort%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59955-257-6&rft.aulast=Shuster&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1998" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Stephen (1998). <i>Are Mormons Christians?</i>. Bookcraft. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57008-409-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57008-409-2"><bdi>1-57008-409-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Mormons+Christians%3F&rft.pub=Bookcraft&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57008-409-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/christians">"Are Mormons Christian?"</a>. <i>lds.org</i>. LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lds.org&rft.atitle=Are+Mormons+Christian%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Fchristians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRicks1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ricks, Stephen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Matter">"Creation, Creation Accounts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.atitle=Creation%2C+Creation+Accounts&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ricks&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FMatter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comeuntochrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a> official informational website of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Church">LDS Church</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113080904/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/09/003-is-mormonism-christian-31">"Is Mormonism Christian?"</a> A debate between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruce_D._Porter" title="Bruce D. Porter">Bruce D. Porter</a> and Gerald R. McDermott, <i>First Things</i>, October 2008</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utlm.org/">Utah Lighthouse Ministry</a> - Protestant Christian website that defends their view of the Bible.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/story/156/story_15656_1.html">"We Have Sinned Against You"</a> - A leading evangelical speaks at the Salt Lake Tabernacle and says evangelicals have spread lies about LDS beliefs.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/mormons/">"The Mormons"</a> - <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></i> + <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i> four-hour PBS documentary aired April 30 – May 1, 2007</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Mormons"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Mormons">"Mormons" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mormons&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMormonism+and+Nicene+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template talk:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">Extermination Order</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of the LDS Church</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Community of Christ history</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amboy_Conference" title="Amboy Conference">Amboy Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sacred texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Criticism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord" title="Book of the Law of the Lord">Book of the Law of the Lord</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangites only</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Word_of_the_Lord" title="The Word of the Lord">The Word of the Lord</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Fettingites and offshoots</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">outline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granville_Hedrick" title="Granville Hedrick">Granville Hedrick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">LDS denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">outline</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Bickertonite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Hedrickite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_fellowships_of_%22the_Remnants%22_movement" title="Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement">Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_Reorganization_movement" title="List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement">List of Reorganized Restorationist churches</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agency_in_Mormonism" title="Agency in Mormonism">Agency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_in_19th-century_Mormonism" title="Death in 19th-century Mormonism">Early views on death</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Spirit_in_Mormonism" title="Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism">Gifts of the Spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Views on God</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriarchal_blessing" title="Patriarchal blessing">Patriarchal blessing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Son of perdition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temples</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Women and Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">current state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">origin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_people_and_early_Mormonism" title="Black people and early Mormonism">Black people and early Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_rights_and_Mormonism" title="Civil rights and Mormonism">Civil rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phrenology_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement">Phrenology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historicity of the Book of Mormon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_art" title="Mormon art">Mormon art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Mormon blogosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Mormon cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_folklore" title="Mormon folklore">Mormon folklore</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_literature" title="Mormon literature">Mormon literature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_poetry" title="Mormon poetry">Mormon poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_fiction" title="Mormon fiction">Mormon fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_for_Mormon_Letters" title="Association for Mormon Letters">Association for Mormon Letters</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Mormon music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_folk_music" title="Mormon folk music">Mormon folk music</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Mormon Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Latter Day Saints in popular culture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portrayal_of_Mormons_in_comics" title="Portrayal of Mormons in comics">Portrayal of Mormons in comics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">Smith Family Farm</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Bibliography of the Latter Day Saint movement">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolob" title="Kolob">Kolob</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_history" title="Mormonism and history">Mormonism and history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_architecture_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple architecture (LDS Church)">Temple architecture (LDS Church)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voree_plates" title="Voree plates">Voree plates</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Latter-day_Saints" title="Template talk:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day_Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter-day Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">1838 Mormon War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthon_Transcript" title="Anthon Transcript">Anthon Transcript</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy_(LDS_Church)" title="Good Neighbor policy (LDS Church)">Good Neighbor policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_historic_sites_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of historic sites of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Historic sites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">death</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">succession crisis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT Mormon timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Handcart companies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Name_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Name of the church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_pioneers" title="Mormon pioneers">Pioneers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism and violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_works" title="Standard works"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Sacred texts</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LDS_edition_of_the_Bible" title="LDS edition of the Bible">King James Version</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93History" title="Joseph Smith–History">Joseph Smith–History</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Beliefs<br />and practices</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">Apostolic succession</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Apostasy and restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_calling#Latter-day_Saints" title="Religious calling">Calling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_in_Mormonism" title="Adam and Eve in Mormonism">Adam and Eve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_views_on_evolution" title="Mormon views on evolution">Evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_Home_Evening" title="Family Home Evening">Family Home Evening</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_Sunday" title="Fast Sunday">Fast Sunday</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/For_the_Strength_of_Youth_(pamphlet)" title="For the Strength of Youth (pamphlet)">For the Strength of Youth</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Gender</a>
<ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">Family Proclamation</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_minorities_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Gender minorities and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Transgender</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministering" title="Ministering">Ministering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Marriage in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Marriage</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interracial_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Interracial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">Ordinances</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptism_for_the_dead" title="Baptism for the dead">Baptism for the dead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Marriage sealing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endowment_(Mormonism)" title="Endowment (Mormonism)">Temple endowment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priesthood_(LDS_Church)" title="Priesthood (LDS Church)">Priesthood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Mormons" title="Black Mormons">Black Mormons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_people_and_temple_and_priesthood_policies_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Black temple and priesthood restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curses_of_Cain_and_Ham_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Curses of Cain and Ham and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Curses of Cain and Ham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Sexuality</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Views_on_birth_control_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on birth control in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Birth control</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_chastity" title="Law of chastity">Law of chastity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Homosexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Views_on_masturbation_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Masturbation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soaking_(sexual_practice)" title="Soaking (sexual practice)">Soaking</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">Temple garment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Views_on_suicide_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Views on suicide in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Suicide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Culture<br />and worship</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Cultural depictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Especially_for_Youth" title="Especially for Youth">Especially for Youth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Films</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of films of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Foodways</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Conference_(LDS_Church)" title="General Conference (LDS Church)">General Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services" title="LDS Humanitarian Services">Humanitarian services</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hymns_in_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Hymns in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Hymns</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hymns_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(1985_book)" title="Hymns of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1985 book)">Book</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latter-day_Saints_Channel" title="Latter-day Saints Channel">Latter-day Saints Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)"><i>Liahona</i> magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_missionary" title="Mormon missionary">Missionary service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_pageants_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of pageants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Pageants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_Day" title="Pioneer Day">Pioneer Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabernacle_(LDS_Church)" title="Tabernacle (LDS Church)">Tabernacles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabernacle_Choir" title="Tabernacle Choir">Tabernacle Choir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">Temples</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_temples_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of temples of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Worship_services_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Worship services of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Worship services</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacrament_(LDS_Church)" title="Sacrament (LDS Church)">Sacrament</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AgReserves" title="AgReserves">AgReserves</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_Ranches" title="Deseret Ranches">Deseret Ranches</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Educational_System" title="Church Educational System">Church Educational System</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">BYU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Idaho" title="Brigham Young University–Idaho">BYU-Idaho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brigham_Young_University%E2%80%93Hawaii" title="Brigham Young University–Hawaii">BYU-Hawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BYU%E2%80%93Pathway_Worldwide" title="BYU–Pathway Worldwide">BYU–Pathway Worldwide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensign_College" title="Ensign College">Ensign College</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Congregational
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/District_(LDS_Church)" title="District (LDS Church)">District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stake_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Stake (Latter Day Saints)">Stake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">Ward</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Congregations" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_Management_Corporation" title="Deseret Management Corporation">Deseret Management Corporation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_Book_Company" title="Deseret Book Company">Deseret Book Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_Industries" title="Deseret Industries">Deseret Industries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_Digital_Media" title="Deseret Digital Media">Deseret Digital Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_Square_Hospitality" title="Temple Square Hospitality">Temple Square Hospitality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deseret_News_Publishing_Company" title="Deseret News Publishing Company">Deseret News Publishing Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonneville_International" title="Bonneville International">Bonneville International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beneficial_Financial_Group" title="Beneficial Financial Group">Beneficial Financial Group</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Finances_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Finances of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Finances</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensign_Peak_Advisors" title="Ensign Peak Advisors">Ensign Peak Advisors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perpetual_Emigration_Fund" title="Perpetual Emigration Fund">Perpetual Emigration Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perpetual_Education_Fund" title="Perpetual Education Fund">Perpetual Education Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utah_Property_Management_Associates" title="Utah Property Management Associates">Utah Property Management Associates</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primary_(LDS_Church)" title="Primary (LDS Church)">Primary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philanthropies" title="Philanthropies">Philanthropies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relief_Society" title="Relief Society">Relief Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunday_School_(LDS_Church)" title="Sunday School (LDS Church)">Sunday School</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_Men_(organization)" title="Young Men (organization)">Young Men</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_Women_(organization)" title="Young Women (organization)">Young Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_authority" title="General authority"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Leadership</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">President</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="List of presidents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)" title="Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)">Quorum of the Twelve Apostles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seventy_(LDS_Church)" title="Seventy (LDS Church)">Quorums of the Seventy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Demographics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Membership_history_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Membership history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Membership_statistics_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Membership statistics of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Statistics by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Less-active_Mormon" title="Less-active Mormon">Less-active Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Criticism</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Genetics and the Book of Mormon">Genetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historical authenticity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguistics_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Linguistics and the Book of Mormon">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">Origin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_Stories_Podcast" title="Mormon Stories Podcast">Mormon Stories Podcast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salamander_letter" title="Salamander letter">Salamander letter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_Six" title="September Six">September Six</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truth_%26_Transparency_Foundation" title="Truth & Transparency Foundation">Truth & Transparency Foundation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Related</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ComeUntoChrist.org" title="ComeUntoChrist.org">ComeUntoChrist.org</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialogue:_A_Journal_of_Mormon_Thought" title="Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought"><i>Dialogue</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FAIR_(Mormon_apologetics_organization)" title="FAIR (Mormon apologetics organization)">FAIR organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foundation_for_Ancient_Research_and_Mormon_Studies" title="Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies">FARMS organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I%27m_a_Mormon" title="I'm a Mormon"><i>I'm a Mormon</i> campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_History_Association" title="Mormon History Association">Mormon History Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Relationship to U.S. politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senkyoshigo" title="Senkyoshigo">Senkyoshigo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunstone_(magazine)" title="Sunstone (magazine)"><i>Sunstone</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #002E5D; color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Category</span></a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Latter Day Saint Movement</span></a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span style="background-color: #003058; color:white;">Outline</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li>
<li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Angel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">Sacraments</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Christianity">Marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and evolution">Evolution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian art">Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714060634' |