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[[File:Ouray, Ute Chief, Colorado, 1874.png|thumb|Ouray, Ute Chief, Colorado, 1874]]
'''Ouray''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|jʊər|eɪ}}, c. 1833 – August 20, 1880) was a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Tribal chief|chief]] of the [[Ute people#Northern Ute Tribe (Uinta Utes)|Tabeguache]] (Uncompahgre) band of the [[Ute Tribe|Ute tribe]], then located in western [[Colorado]]. Because of his leadership ability, Ouray was acknowledged by the [[United States government]] as a chief of the Ute and he traveled to Washington, D.C. to negotiate for the welfare of the Utes. Raised in the culturally diverse town of [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]], Ouray learned to speak many languages that helped him in the negotiations, which were complicated by the manipulation of his grief over his five-year-old son, abducted during an attack by the Sioux. Ouray met with Presidents Lincoln, Grant, and Hayes and was called the "man of peace" because he sought to make treaties with settlers and the government.
Following the [[Meeker Massacre]] (White River War) of 1879, he traveled in 1880 to [[Washington, D.C.]] He tried to secure a treaty for the [[Uncompahgre Ute]], who wanted to stay in Colorado; but, the following year, the United States forced the Uncompahgre and the White River Ute to the west to [[Indian reservations|reservations]] in present-day [[Utah]].
==Early life and education==
[[File:Taospueblo001.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of Taos Pueblo, 1893]]
Ouray was born in 1833 near the [[Taos Pueblo]] in [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]], now in the state of [[New Mexico]].<ref name="denverpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/library/2012/08/13/chief-ouray's-acclaim-underpinned-search-sorrow-kidnapped-apple/3107/|title=Chief Ouray's broken heart helped shape the West|website=Denver Post: The Archive|author=Joey Bunch|date=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Varnell" />{{efn|His year of birth is also given as 1820.<ref name="Appletons">{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Ouray|year=1900}}</ref>}}{{efn|According to oral history, he was born on a clear night of November 13, 1833, during the [[Leonid meteor shower]]s, which was taken as an omen.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Fayhee|title=The Colorado Mountain Companion: A Potpourri of Useful Miscellany from the Highest Parts of the Highest State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbDCCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|date=15 September 2012|publisher=Graphic Arts Books|isbn=978-0-87108-967-0|page=PT292}}</ref> In Ute, Ouray means “arrow,” drawn from the meteor shower that occurred during the time of his birth.<ref name="denverpost.com" />}} His father, Guera Murah, also called Salvador, was a [[Jicarilla Apache]] adopted into the Ute, and his mother was Uncompahgre Ute.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Kaelin p. 41">{{cite book|author=Celinda Reynolds Kaelin|title=Pikes Peak Backcountry: The Historic Saga of the Peak's West Slope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMigFG2g3uMC&pg=PA41|year=1999|publisher=Caxton Press|isbn=978-0-87004-391-8|pages=41, 43–44}}</ref>
His parents had another son named Quench, and then his mother died soon after. His father remarried and his stepmother left Ouray and his brother to live on a ranch with a Spanish-speaking couple around 1843 or 1845. His father returned to Colorado and became a leader of the ''[[Ute people#Historic Ute bands|Tabeguache]]'' Ute band and the boys remained in Taos. Ouray received a Catholic education<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /><ref name="Perry">{{cite book|author=Phyllis J. Perry|title=Colorado Vanguards: Historic Trailblazers and Their Local Legacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkm2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|year=2015|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-4671-1937-5|page=137}}</ref> and was raised in the Catholic faith. Living in a culturally diverse location, he learned Ute and [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Apache]] languages, sign language, Spanish, and English, which he found helpful later in life in negotiating with whites and Native Americans.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> He spent much of his youth working for Mexican sheepherders. He also hauled wood and packed mules that were bound for the [[Santa Fe Trail]].<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" />
In 1850, Ouray and his brother left Taos to join their father,<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> who died soon after.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> Ouray was the band's best rider, hunter, and fighter,<ref name="Varnell" /> and he became an enforcer (like a chief of police) and then sub-chief of the band.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> He fought both the [[Kiowa]] and the [[Sioux]] while living among the Tabeguache.
==Chief and negotiator==
===Chief===
In 1860, Ouray became chief of the band at the age of 27.<ref name="denverpost.com"/> That year, he engaged in a "fact-finding tour" to determine the number of whites that were settling in the Uncompahgre and Gunnison River valleys and was alarmed by the number of miners and settlers on ancestral lands of the Utes.<ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> He understood, though, that fighting the whites would not turn back the tide of immigrants. Instead, he believed that the solution was to engage in treaty negotiations to protect their interests.<ref name="Varnell" />
===Treaty negotiation===
{{quote box|align=right|width=35%|Long time ago, Utes always had plenty. On the prairie, antelope and buffalo, so many Ouray couldn't count. In the mountains, deer and bear everywhere. In the streams, trout, duck, beaver, everything… White man came, and now Utes grow hungry a heap… White man grow a heap, red man no grow—soon die all.|—Ouray, in an Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs<ref name="Perry PT128" />}}
Ouray was known as the "White man's friend," and his services were almost indispensable to the government in negotiating with his tribe, who kept in good faith all treaties that were made by him. He protected their interests as far as possible, and set them the example of living a civilized life.<ref name="Appletons" />
Although Ouray sought reconciliation between different peoples, with the belief that war with the whites likely meant the demise of the Ute tribe, other more militant Utes considered him a coward for his propensity to negotiate.<ref name="denverpost.com"/> Disturbed by the treaties that Ouray entered into, his brother-in-law "Hot Stuff" tried to kill him with an axe during his near-daily visit to the [[Los Piños Indian Agency]] in 1874.<ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Perry PT128" />
====Treaty of Conejos of 1863====
Colorado Territory was established on February 28, 1861.<ref name="Bennet1863">{{cite book|author=Hiram Pitt Bennet|title=Colorado Territory: Speech of Hon. H. P. Bennett in the House of Representatives, Feb. 28, 1863|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zE1OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1863|page=1}}</ref> In 1862, he convinced Utes to negotiate with the government to enter into a treaty to ensure the protection of hereditary lands of the Tabeguache.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> [[Kit Carson]] had noticed in 1862 that prospectors were mining and settling in areas that had been traditional hunting grounds for the Utes and game was becoming scarce. Carson helped him draft a treaty.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Ouray was part of the delegation and was the translator in a meeting with the new Territorial Governor [[John Evans (Colorado governor)|John Evans]], after which he traveled to Washington, D.C. to meet with President [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref name="Perry PT128" />
[[File:Future Manitou Springs, photograph 1874-1879.png|thumb|left|Valley of springs in present-day [[Manitou Springs, Colorado|Manitou Springs]], where [[Manitou Mineral Springs#History|Ute came to hunt and take the mineral springs]]. The center of the photograph shows a "lone encampment" of Ute Native Americans, between 1874 and 1879.]]
Ouray negotiated with the U.S. government for the Treaty of Conejos (1863), which reduced their lands to 50% of what it had been, losing all lands east of the [[Continental Divide]] that included healing waters at [[Manitou Springs, Colorado|Manitou Springs]] and the sacred land on [[Pikes Peak]]. It guaranteed that they would have the western one third of the state of the Colorado.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /><ref name="Johansen p. 811">{{cite book|author1=Bruce E. Johansen|author2=Barry M. Pritzker|title=Encyclopedia of American Indian History [4 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=RA4-PA53|date=23 July 2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-818-7|page=811}}</ref> The Utes agreed that they would allow roads and military forts to be built on the land. As an encouragement to take up farming, they were given sheep, cattle, and $10,000 in goods and provisions over ten years.<ref name="Perry PT128">{{cite book|author=Phyllis J. Perry|title=Colorado Vanguards: Historic Trailblazers and Their Local Legacies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtdCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|date=16 November 2015|publisher=Arcadia Publishing Incorporated|isbn=978-1-62585-693-7|chapter=Chief Ouray and Chipeta}}</ref> The government generally did not provide the goods, provisions, or livestock mentioned in the treaty, and since game was scarce<ref name="Perry PT128" /> many Ute continued to hunt on ancestral Ute lands until they were removed to reservations in 1880 and 1881.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" />{{efn|The Pikes Peak Historical Society created an endowment fund in 2001 so that Utes could return to sacred places on Pikes Peak, including the ancient scarred trees that has been using for various ceremonial purposes, prayer, burial, and medicine or healing trees. Some of the "living artifacts" of the Utes are about 800 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pikespeakhsmuseum.org/indians/ |title=Ute Indians |website=Pikes Peak Historical Society|date=17 May 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{clear left}}
====Treaty of 1868====
[[File:Territori Ute 1868.PNG|thumb|The Treaty of 1868 resulted in the creation of a reservation for the Utes in western Colorado]]
Around 1866, there were some Native Americans who had stolen livestock and otherwise upset new settlers.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Following an uprising by Chief Kaniatse, Colonel [[Kit Carson]] successfully negotiated a treaty with the Ouray and other Ute leaders in 1867.<ref name=SLVMA>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumtrail.org/StoryofFortGarland.asp |title=The Story of Fort Garland: 1858-1883 |publisher=San Luis Valley Museum Association |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> In the meantime, the government became interested in obtaining some more Ute land. Since the government had not lived up to its agreement to provide provisions for the winter months, Ouray was reluctant to give the government more land. Many Native Americans, though, were "in dire straits" and he agreed to be part of a delegation.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
In 1868, Ouray, [[Nicaagat]], with Kit Carson were among a delegation to negotiate a treaty that would result in the creation of a reservation for the Ute,<ref name="Johansen p. 811" /><ref name="Perry PT128" /> served by an Indian Agencies at White River and near Montrose with a school, blacksmith shop, sawmill, and warehouse. They lost a little land in the treaty, but Ouray hoped that having a government presence would mean that their lands would be protected. The treaty was signed by 47 Ute chiefs.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
====Brunot Treaty of 1873====
Silver deposits were found in the [[San Juan Mountains]] in 1872 and the government wanted again to negotiate for more land.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Feeding on his grief due to the unknown status of his son after the Utes were attacked by the Sioux, U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Felix Brunot had a 17-year-old orphan brought by [[Arapaho]] Chief Powder Face to meet Ouray and Chipeta in Washington, D.C. ten years after the abduction. This was the first of many attempts by Brunot to find his son and was conducted so that Ouray would relinquish mining property and keep treaty talks open. The boy was clearly not Ouray's son, he did not know anything from the Ute language, did not want to go with Ouray, and the details of his capture did not match the experience of Ouray's son. Tribal historians have stated that this meeting was upsetting to Ouray, but author Richard E. Wood states that the chief was impressed by the effort taken by the government. In 1873, with Ouray's help, the [[Brunot Agreement]] was ratified and the United States acquired the mineral-rich property they had been seeking. In exchange, the Native Americans were to receive provisions over time. Ouray was given land and a house in the Uncompahgre Valley near the Indian Agency. The government, though, was again reluctant to provide provisions.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Perry PT128" /> His negotiations had included a meeting with President [[Ulysses S. Grant]].<ref name="Perry PT128" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Gray-Kanatiiosh|title=Ute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl97AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|date=September 1, 2010|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-61784-899-5|page=26}}</ref>
===Meeker Massacre===
[[Image:The Meeker tragedy.jpg|thumb|left|An etching that appeared in the December 6, 1879 edition of ''Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper'' depicts the aftermath of the "Meeker Massacre." Meeker grave at lower left; W.H. Post grave at lower right]]
Tensions increased in the area following the [[Meeker Massacre]] (1879) at the White River Indian Agency. Not understanding the Utes' love of horses, [[Nathan Meeker]] had their race track plowed and tried to force the nomadic hunters and gatherers to farm, and Meeker sought military help. Seeking peace, a tribe of Ute men led by Chief Douglas asked Meeker for peace, but a fight ensued. This made further negotiations for peace between Native Americans and whites very difficult. Local settlers demanded that the Utes be moved.<ref name="Burke">{{cite web|title=Chief Ouray|url=http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100609/http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|author=Kathryn R. Burke|publisher=San Juan Silver Stage}}</ref><ref name="Varnell" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/white-river-ute-indian-agency|title=White River Indian Agency|date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Colorado Encyclopedia|access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> When Ouray found out about the massacre, he asked, as head of the Utes, for the warriors to disperse and release hostages to him. The hostages, including [[Josephine Meeker]], were delivered to Ouray's house at the Los Piños Indian Agency and were cared for by Chipeta.<ref name="Varnell" />
===Final treaty===
[[File:Ute delegation.jpg|thumb|Photo taken in 1880 in Washington D.C. when Ouray and other Utes traveled to Washington. D.C. to negotiate a treaty that would result in the removal of the White River and Tabeguache Utes from Colorado to the Uintah Basin in present-day Utah. Ouray died shortly after this trip. Seated from left to right: Ignacio of the Southern Utes, Carl Shurz, Secretary of the Interior, Ouray and his wife, Chipeta. Standing are Woretsiz and General Charles Adams.]]
The U.S. government appointed a commission to determine a reservation for the Ute and Ouray and Chipeta went to Washington, D.C. in 1880 for the final treaty for the Utes.<ref name="Varnell" /> Members of the commission were [[Alfred B. Meacham]], former U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon; [[Otto Mears]], a railroad executive, and [[George W. Manypenny]], former [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} When President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] met Ouray in Washington, DC, he said that the Ute was "the most intellectual man I've ever conversed with."<ref name="Varnell" />
When he had returned to Colorado, and while dying with [[Bright's disease]], Ouray traveled to the Ignacio Indian Agency office to have the treaty signed by the Southern Utes.<ref name="Varnell" />
Utes were later put on a reservation in Utah, [[Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation]],<ref name="Burke" /> as well as two reservations in Colorado: [[Ute Mountain Ute Tribe]] and [[Southern Ute Indian Reservation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greif|first1=Nancy S.|last2=Johnson|first2=Erin J.|title=The Good Neighbor Guidebook for Colorado: Necessary Information and Good Advice for Living in and Enjoying Today's Colorado|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXPklwSEocoC&pg=PA185|year=2000|publisher=Big Earth Publishing|isbn=978-1-55566-262-2|page=185}}</ref>
==Personal life==
[[File:Chipeta (Ute Tribe).jpg|thumb|left|[[Chipeta]]]]
Ouray's first wife, Black Mare, died after the birth of their only child, a boy named Queashegut, also known as Pahlone, and called ''Paron'' (apple) by his father because of his round, dimpled face. In 1859, Ouray married the sixteen-year old [[Chipeta]] ([[Ute language|Ute meaning]]: White Singing Bird), who had been caring for Ouray's son since Black Mare's death earlier that year.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell">{{cite book|author=Jeanne Varnell|title=Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ER_kf0pWJZUC&pg=PA32|year=1999|publisher=Big Earth Publishing|isbn=978-1-55566-214-1|pages=32–37}}</ref>
When Queashegut was five years old, Ouray took him along on a buffalo hunt with a total party of 31 men in 1860 or 1863. Their hunting camp, near [[Fort Lupton (Colorado)|Fort Lupton]], was attacked by 300 [[Sioux]] warriors and Queashegut left the tepee where he sought shelter with Chipeta to follow Ute warriors. After the fight, they were unable to find him.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Perry PT128" /> He had been captured and traded to an [[Arapaho]] band.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Ouray never saw his son again and remained in deep grief. He tried to find his son for the rest of his life and feared "he was raised to fight against his own."<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell" /> While visiting Kit Carson at [[Fort Garland]] in 1866, Ouray and Chipeta met and adopted two girls and two boys.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
Ouray's sister, [[Shawsheen]] (also Tsashin and Susan), was in [[Big Thompson River|Big Thompson Canyon]] in 1861 or 1863 when she was abducted by the [[Arapaho]]. Soldiers from [[Camp Collins|Fort Collins]] found her two years later in 1863 or 1865, but she was afraid of them and escaped. She was later found by Utes and returned to Ouray's tribe.<ref name="denverpost.com" /><ref name="Perry PT128" />
He had several homes in Colorado, one of them by the town of Ouray.<ref name="Burke" /> For twenty years, Ouray lived with Chipeta on a farm on the [[Uncompahgre River]] near Montrose. The 300-acre farm had pasture land and 50 acres of irrigated farm land. The six-room adobe house was well-furnished, including a piano and fine china.<ref name="Varnell" /> The [[Ute Indian Museum]] is located on their original 8.65 acre homestead in Montrose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitmontrose.com/186/Ute-Indian-Museum|title=Ute Indian Museum|publisher=City of Montrose Office of Business and Tourism|access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> Chipeta was a member of a Methodist church; Ouray was an Episcopalian.<ref name="Varnell" /> Ouray never cut his long Ute-fashion hair, though he often dressed in the European-American style.<ref name="Burke" />
[[Image:Ouray bones.jpg|thumb|Buckskin Charlie and John McCook at the reburial of Ouray, Ignacio, Colorado, 1925]]
Ouray died on August 24, 1880, near the Los Piños Indian Agency in Colorado. His people secretly buried him near [[Ignacio, Colorado]].<ref name="denverpost.com"/>{{efn|His date of death was also stated to have been August 20, 1880.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maxine Benson|author2=Duane A. Smith|author3=Carl Ubbelohde|title=A Colorado History, 10th Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ctCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|date=4 December 2015|publisher=Graphic Arts Books|isbn=978-0-87108-323-4|page=192}}</ref>}} Forty-five years later, in 1925, his bones were re-interred in a full ceremony led by [[Buckskin Charley]] and John McCook at the Ignacio cemetery.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Rosemary Fetter|title=Colorado's Legendary Lovers: Historic Scandals, Heartthrobs, and Haunting Romances|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhepDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing|isbn=978-1-938486-24-1|page=PT28}}</ref>
A 1928 article in the ''Denver Post'' reads in part, "He saw the shadow of doom on his people" and a 2012 article writes, "He sought peace among tribes and whites, and a fair shake for his people, though Ouray was dealt a sad task of liquidating a once-mighty force that ruled nearly 23 million acres of the Rocky Mountains."<ref name="denverpost.com"/>
==Legacy and honors==
Ouray's obituary in ''The Denver Tribune'' stated:
<blockquote>In the death of Ouray, one of the historical characters passes away. He has figured for many years as the greatest Indian of his time, and during his life has figured quite prominently. Ouray is in many respects...a remarkable Indian...pure instincts and keen perception. A friend to the white man and protector to the Indians alike.</blockquote>
==Places named for Ouray==
*[[Camp Chief Ouray]], located in Granby, Colorado.
*[[Mount Ouray]] in the [[Sawatch Range|Sawatch Mountain Range]] and [[Ouray Peak]] in [[Chaffee County, Colorado|Chaffee County]], both in Colorado, were named for him.
*[[Ouray County]] and its county seat, the town of [[Ouray, Colorado|Ouray]] in Colorado, as well as the community of [[Ouray, Utah]] are named for him.
* SS ''Chief Ouray'', a World War II liberty ship, now named [[USS Deimos (AK-78)|USS ''Deimos'']]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Bueler, Gladys R. ''Colorado's Colorful Characters'' Pruett Publishing Company: Boulder, Colorado, 1981.
*Grant, Bruce. ''The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian'' 3rd ed., Wings Books: New York, 2000.
*Jenson, H. Bert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720102912/http://www.uintahbasin.usu.edu/johnbarton/files/chipeta.pdf Chipeta: Glory and Heartache"], ''The Outlaw Trail Journal'', n.d., Salt Lake City, Utah, on Utah State University, Unintah Basin Education Center Website
* {{Cite magazine |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Some_Experiences_with_Indians |title=Some Experiences with Indians. |last=Schurz |first=Carl |date=September 23, 1897 |magazine=The Youth's Companion|via=Wikisource |access-date=2018-06-14}} See "Danger of Bloody Collisions", "Chief Ouray, the Statesman", and "The Gift to the Great Father"
*Smith, P. David. ''Ouray Chief of the Utes'' Wayfinder Press: Ouray, Colorado, 1990.
*Wyss, Thelma Hatch. ''Bear Dancer the Story of a Ute Girl'' Margaret K. McElderry Books: New York, 2010.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Chief Ouray}}
{{Wikisource|Some Experiences with Indians}}
*{{Find a Grave|13863746}}
*[http://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/chronology/ "Chief Ouray"], Southern Ute
*[http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/chiefouray.html "Chief Ouray"], ''History to Go'', Utah State Website
*[http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/251/ouray-son?page=1&scrollTo=1220 "Ouray´s son... or not?"], American-Tribes.com
*[http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/511/old-photos-ute?page=1&scrollTo=3328 "Old Photos - Ute"], American-Tribes.com
{{Ute people}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ouray}}
[[Category:1830s births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Native Americans]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:People from Taos, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Ute people]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Native American leader}}
[[File:Ouray, Ute Chief, Colorado, 1874.png|thumb|Ouray, Ute Chief, Colorado, 1874]]
'''Ouray''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|jʊər|eɪ}}, c. 1833 – August 20, 1880) was a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Tribal chief|chief]] of the [[Ute people#Northern Ute Tribe (Uinta Utes)|Tabeguache]] (Uncompahgre) band of the [[Ute Tribe|Ute tribe]], then located in western [[Colorado]]. Because of his leadership ability, Ouray was acknowledged by the [[United States government]] as a chief of the Ute and he traveled to Washington, D.C. to negotiate for the welfare of the Utes. Raised in the culturally diverse town of [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]], Ouray learned to speak many languages that helped him in the negotiations, which were complicated by the manipulation of his grief over his five-year-old son, abducted during an attack by the Sioux. Ouray met with Presidents Lincoln, Grant, and Hayes and was called the "man of peace" because he sought to make treaties with settlers and the government.
Following the [[Meeker Massacre]] (White River War) of 1879, he traveled in 1880 to [[Washington, D.C.]] He tried to secure a treaty for the [[Uncompahgre Ute]], who wanted to stay in Colorado; but, the following year, the United States forced the Uncompahgre and the White River Ute to the west to [[Indian reservations|reservations]] in present-day [[Utah]].
==Chief and negotiator==
===Chief===
In 1860, Ouray became chief of the band at the age of 27.<ref name="denverpost.com"/> That year, he engaged in a "fact-finding tour" to determine the number of whites that were settling in the Uncompahgre and Gunnison River valleys and was alarmed by the number of miners and settlers on ancestral lands of the Utes.<ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> He understood, though, that fighting the whites would not turn back the tide of immigrants. Instead, he believed that the solution was to engage in treaty negotiations to protect their interests.<ref name="Varnell" />
===Treaty negotiation===
{{quote box|align=right|width=35%|Long time ago, Utes always had plenty. On the prairie, antelope and buffalo, so many Ouray couldn't count. In the mountains, deer and bear everywhere. In the streams, trout, duck, beaver, everything… White man came, and now Utes grow hungry a heap… White man grow a heap, red man no grow—soon die all.|—Ouray, in an Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs<ref name="Perry PT128" />}}
Ouray was known as the "White man's friend," and his services were almost indispensable to the government in negotiating with his tribe, who kept in good faith all treaties that were made by him. He protected their interests as far as possible, and set them the example of living a civilized life.<ref name="Appletons" />
Although Ouray sought reconciliation between different peoples, with the belief that war with the whites likely meant the demise of the Ute tribe, other more militant Utes considered him a coward for his propensity to negotiate.<ref name="denverpost.com"/> Disturbed by the treaties that Ouray entered into, his brother-in-law "Hot Stuff" tried to kill him with an axe during his near-daily visit to the [[Los Piños Indian Agency]] in 1874.<ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Perry PT128" />
====Treaty of Conejos of 1863====
Colorado Territory was established on February 28, 1861.<ref name="Bennet1863">{{cite book|author=Hiram Pitt Bennet|title=Colorado Territory: Speech of Hon. H. P. Bennett in the House of Representatives, Feb. 28, 1863|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zE1OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1863|page=1}}</ref> In 1862, he convinced Utes to negotiate with the government to enter into a treaty to ensure the protection of hereditary lands of the Tabeguache.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> [[Kit Carson]] had noticed in 1862 that prospectors were mining and settling in areas that had been traditional hunting grounds for the Utes and game was becoming scarce. Carson helped him draft a treaty.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Ouray was part of the delegation and was the translator in a meeting with the new Territorial Governor [[John Evans (Colorado governor)|John Evans]], after which he traveled to Washington, D.C. to meet with President [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref name="Perry PT128" />
[[File:Future Manitou Springs, photograph 1874-1879.png|thumb|left|Valley of springs in present-day [[Manitou Springs, Colorado|Manitou Springs]], where [[Manitou Mineral Springs#History|Ute came to hunt and take the mineral springs]]. The center of the photograph shows a "lone encampment" of Ute Native Americans, between 1874 and 1879.]]
Ouray negotiated with the U.S. government for the Treaty of Conejos (1863), which reduced their lands to 50% of what it had been, losing all lands east of the [[Continental Divide]] that included healing waters at [[Manitou Springs, Colorado|Manitou Springs]] and the sacred land on [[Pikes Peak]]. It guaranteed that they would have the western one third of the state of the Colorado.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /><ref name="Johansen p. 811">{{cite book|author1=Bruce E. Johansen|author2=Barry M. Pritzker|title=Encyclopedia of American Indian History [4 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=RA4-PA53|date=23 July 2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-818-7|page=811}}</ref> The Utes agreed that they would allow roads and military forts to be built on the land. As an encouragement to take up farming, they were given sheep, cattle, and $10,000 in goods and provisions over ten years.<ref name="Perry PT128">{{cite book|author=Phyllis J. Perry|title=Colorado Vanguards: Historic Trailblazers and Their Local Legacies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtdCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128|date=16 November 2015|publisher=Arcadia Publishing Incorporated|isbn=978-1-62585-693-7|chapter=Chief Ouray and Chipeta}}</ref> The government generally did not provide the goods, provisions, or livestock mentioned in the treaty, and since game was scarce<ref name="Perry PT128" /> many Ute continued to hunt on ancestral Ute lands until they were removed to reservations in 1880 and 1881.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" />{{efn|The Pikes Peak Historical Society created an endowment fund in 2001 so that Utes could return to sacred places on Pikes Peak, including the ancient scarred trees that has been using for various ceremonial purposes, prayer, burial, and medicine or healing trees. Some of the "living artifacts" of the Utes are about 800 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pikespeakhsmuseum.org/indians/ |title=Ute Indians |website=Pikes Peak Historical Society|date=17 May 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref>}}
{{clear left}}
====Treaty of 1868====
[[File:Territori Ute 1868.PNG|thumb|The Treaty of 1868 resulted in the creation of a reservation for the Utes in western Colorado]]
Around 1866, there were some Native Americans who had stolen livestock and otherwise upset new settlers.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Following an uprising by Chief Kaniatse, Colonel [[Kit Carson]] successfully negotiated a treaty with the Ouray and other Ute leaders in 1867.<ref name=SLVMA>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumtrail.org/StoryofFortGarland.asp |title=The Story of Fort Garland: 1858-1883 |publisher=San Luis Valley Museum Association |access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> In the meantime, the government became interested in obtaining some more Ute land. Since the government had not lived up to its agreement to provide provisions for the winter months, Ouray was reluctant to give the government more land. Many Native Americans, though, were "in dire straits" and he agreed to be part of a delegation.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
In 1868, Ouray, [[Nicaagat]], with Kit Carson were among a delegation to negotiate a treaty that would result in the creation of a reservation for the Ute,<ref name="Johansen p. 811" /><ref name="Perry PT128" /> served by an Indian Agencies at White River and near Montrose with a school, blacksmith shop, sawmill, and warehouse. They lost a little land in the treaty, but Ouray hoped that having a government presence would mean that their lands would be protected. The treaty was signed by 47 Ute chiefs.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
====Brunot Treaty of 1873====
Silver deposits were found in the [[San Juan Mountains]] in 1872 and the government wanted again to negotiate for more land.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Feeding on his grief due to the unknown status of his son after the Utes were attacked by the Sioux, U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Felix Brunot had a 17-year-old orphan brought by [[Arapaho]] Chief Powder Face to meet Ouray and Chipeta in Washington, D.C. ten years after the abduction. This was the first of many attempts by Brunot to find his son and was conducted so that Ouray would relinquish mining property and keep treaty talks open. The boy was clearly not Ouray's son, he did not know anything from the Ute language, did not want to go with Ouray, and the details of his capture did not match the experience of Ouray's son. Tribal historians have stated that this meeting was upsetting to Ouray, but author Richard E. Wood states that the chief was impressed by the effort taken by the government. In 1873, with Ouray's help, the [[Brunot Agreement]] was ratified and the United States acquired the mineral-rich property they had been seeking. In exchange, the Native Americans were to receive provisions over time. Ouray was given land and a house in the Uncompahgre Valley near the Indian Agency. The government, though, was again reluctant to provide provisions.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Perry PT128" /> His negotiations had included a meeting with President [[Ulysses S. Grant]].<ref name="Perry PT128" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Gray-Kanatiiosh|title=Ute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl97AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|date=September 1, 2010|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-61784-899-5|page=26}}</ref>
===Meeker Massacre===
[[Image:The Meeker tragedy.jpg|thumb|left|An etching that appeared in the December 6, 1879 edition of ''Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper'' depicts the aftermath of the "Meeker Massacre." Meeker grave at lower left; W.H. Post grave at lower right]]
Tensions increased in the area following the [[Meeker Massacre]] (1879) at the White River Indian Agency. Not understanding the Utes' love of horses, [[Nathan Meeker]] had their race track plowed and tried to force the nomadic hunters and gatherers to farm, and Meeker sought military help. Seeking peace, a tribe of Ute men led by Chief Douglas asked Meeker for peace, but a fight ensued. This made further negotiations for peace between Native Americans and whites very difficult. Local settlers demanded that the Utes be moved.<ref name="Burke">{{cite web|title=Chief Ouray|url=http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100609/http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|author=Kathryn R. Burke|publisher=San Juan Silver Stage}}</ref><ref name="Varnell" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/white-river-ute-indian-agency|title=White River Indian Agency|date=29 April 2016 |publisher=Colorado Encyclopedia|access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> When Ouray found out about the massacre, he asked, as head of the Utes, for the warriors to disperse and release hostages to him. The hostages, including [[Josephine Meeker]], were delivered to Ouray's house at the Los Piños Indian Agency and were cared for by Chipeta.<ref name="Varnell" />
===Final treaty===
[[File:Ute delegation.jpg|thumb|Photo taken in 1880 in Washington D.C. when Ouray and other Utes traveled to Washington. D.C. to negotiate a treaty that would result in the removal of the White River and Tabeguache Utes from Colorado to the Uintah Basin in present-day Utah. Ouray died shortly after this trip. Seated from left to right: Ignacio of the Southern Utes, Carl Shurz, Secretary of the Interior, Ouray and his wife, Chipeta. Standing are Woretsiz and General Charles Adams.]]
The U.S. government appointed a commission to determine a reservation for the Ute and Ouray and Chipeta went to Washington, D.C. in 1880 for the final treaty for the Utes.<ref name="Varnell" /> Members of the commission were [[Alfred B. Meacham]], former U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon; [[Otto Mears]], a railroad executive, and [[George W. Manypenny]], former [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]].{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} When President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] met Ouray in Washington, DC, he said that the Ute was "the most intellectual man I've ever conversed with."<ref name="Varnell" />
When he had returned to Colorado, and while dying with [[Bright's disease]], Ouray traveled to the Ignacio Indian Agency office to have the treaty signed by the Southern Utes.<ref name="Varnell" />
Utes were later put on a reservation in Utah, [[Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation]],<ref name="Burke" /> as well as two reservations in Colorado: [[Ute Mountain Ute Tribe]] and [[Southern Ute Indian Reservation]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greif|first1=Nancy S.|last2=Johnson|first2=Erin J.|title=The Good Neighbor Guidebook for Colorado: Necessary Information and Good Advice for Living in and Enjoying Today's Colorado|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXPklwSEocoC&pg=PA185|year=2000|publisher=Big Earth Publishing|isbn=978-1-55566-262-2|page=185}}</ref>
==Personal life==
[[File:Chipeta (Ute Tribe).jpg|thumb|left|[[Chipeta]]]]
Ouray's first wife, Black Mare, died after the birth of their only child, a boy named Queashegut, also known as Pahlone, and called ''Paron'' (apple) by his father because of his round, dimpled face. In 1859, Ouray married the sixteen-year old [[Chipeta]] ([[Ute language|Ute meaning]]: White Singing Bird), who had been caring for Ouray's son since Black Mare's death earlier that year.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell">{{cite book|author=Jeanne Varnell|title=Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ER_kf0pWJZUC&pg=PA32|year=1999|publisher=Big Earth Publishing|isbn=978-1-55566-214-1|pages=32–37}}</ref>
When Queashegut was five years old, Ouray took him along on a buffalo hunt with a total party of 31 men in 1860 or 1863. Their hunting camp, near [[Fort Lupton (Colorado)|Fort Lupton]], was attacked by 300 [[Sioux]] warriors and Queashegut left the tepee where he sought shelter with Chipeta to follow Ute warriors. After the fight, they were unable to find him.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell" /><ref name="Perry PT128" /> He had been captured and traded to an [[Arapaho]] band.<ref name="Perry PT128" /> Ouray never saw his son again and remained in deep grief. He tried to find his son for the rest of his life and feared "he was raised to fight against his own."<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref name="Varnell" /> While visiting Kit Carson at [[Fort Garland]] in 1866, Ouray and Chipeta met and adopted two girls and two boys.<ref name="Perry PT128" />
Ouray's sister, [[Shawsheen]] (also Tsashin and Susan), was in [[Big Thompson River|Big Thompson Canyon]] in 1861 or 1863 when she was abducted by the [[Arapaho]]. Soldiers from [[Camp Collins|Fort Collins]] found her two years later in 1863 or 1865, but she was afraid of them and escaped. She was later found by Utes and returned to Ouray's tribe.<ref name="denverpost.com" /><ref name="Perry PT128" />
He had several homes in Colorado, one of them by the town of Ouray.<ref name="Burke" /> For twenty years, Ouray lived with Chipeta on a farm on the [[Uncompahgre River]] near Montrose. The 300-acre farm had pasture land and 50 acres of irrigated farm land. The six-room adobe house was well-furnished, including a piano and fine china.<ref name="Varnell" /> The [[Ute Indian Museum]] is located on their original 8.65 acre homestead in Montrose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitmontrose.com/186/Ute-Indian-Museum|title=Ute Indian Museum|publisher=City of Montrose Office of Business and Tourism|access-date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> Chipeta was a member of a Methodist church; Ouray was an Episcopalian.<ref name="Varnell" /> Ouray never cut his long Ute-fashion hair, though he often dressed in the European-American style.<ref name="Burke" />
[[Image:Ouray bones.jpg|thumb|Buckskin Charlie and John McCook at the reburial of Ouray, Ignacio, Colorado, 1925]]
Ouray died on August 24, 1880, near the Los Piños Indian Agency in Colorado. His people secretly buried him near [[Ignacio, Colorado]].<ref name="denverpost.com"/>{{efn|His date of death was also stated to have been August 20, 1880.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maxine Benson|author2=Duane A. Smith|author3=Carl Ubbelohde|title=A Colorado History, 10th Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ctCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|date=4 December 2015|publisher=Graphic Arts Books|isbn=978-0-87108-323-4|page=192}}</ref>}} Forty-five years later, in 1925, his bones were re-interred in a full ceremony led by [[Buckskin Charley]] and John McCook at the Ignacio cemetery.<ref name="denverpost.com"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Rosemary Fetter|title=Colorado's Legendary Lovers: Historic Scandals, Heartthrobs, and Haunting Romances|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhepDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT28|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing|isbn=978-1-938486-24-1|page=PT28}}</ref>
A 1928 article in the ''Denver Post'' reads in part, "He saw the shadow of doom on his people" and a 2012 article writes, "He sought peace among tribes and whites, and a fair shake for his people, though Ouray was dealt a sad task of liquidating a once-mighty force that ruled nearly 23 million acres of the Rocky Mountains."<ref name="denverpost.com"/>
==Legacy and honors==
Ouray's obituary in ''The Denver Tribune'' stated:
<blockquote>In the death of Ouray, one of the historical characters passes away. He has figured for many years as the greatest Indian of his time, and during his life has figured quite prominently. Ouray is in many respects...a remarkable Indian...pure instincts and keen perception. A friend to the white man and protector to the Indians alike.</blockquote>
==Places named for Ouray==
*[[Camp Chief Ouray]], located in Granby, Colorado.
*[[Mount Ouray]] in the [[Sawatch Range|Sawatch Mountain Range]] and [[Ouray Peak]] in [[Chaffee County, Colorado|Chaffee County]], both in Colorado, were named for him.
*[[Ouray County]] and its county seat, the town of [[Ouray, Colorado|Ouray]] in Colorado, as well as the community of [[Ouray, Utah]] are named for him.
* SS ''Chief Ouray'', a World War II liberty ship, now named [[USS Deimos (AK-78)|USS ''Deimos'']]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*Bueler, Gladys R. ''Colorado's Colorful Characters'' Pruett Publishing Company: Boulder, Colorado, 1981.
*Grant, Bruce. ''The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian'' 3rd ed., Wings Books: New York, 2000.
*Jenson, H. Bert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720102912/http://www.uintahbasin.usu.edu/johnbarton/files/chipeta.pdf Chipeta: Glory and Heartache"], ''The Outlaw Trail Journal'', n.d., Salt Lake City, Utah, on Utah State University, Unintah Basin Education Center Website
* {{Cite magazine |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Some_Experiences_with_Indians |title=Some Experiences with Indians. |last=Schurz |first=Carl |date=September 23, 1897 |magazine=The Youth's Companion|via=Wikisource |access-date=2018-06-14}} See "Danger of Bloody Collisions", "Chief Ouray, the Statesman", and "The Gift to the Great Father"
*Smith, P. David. ''Ouray Chief of the Utes'' Wayfinder Press: Ouray, Colorado, 1990.
*Wyss, Thelma Hatch. ''Bear Dancer the Story of a Ute Girl'' Margaret K. McElderry Books: New York, 2010.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Chief Ouray}}
{{Wikisource|Some Experiences with Indians}}
*{{Find a Grave|13863746}}
*[http://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/chronology/ "Chief Ouray"], Southern Ute
*[http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/chiefouray.html "Chief Ouray"], ''History to Go'', Utah State Website
*[http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/251/ouray-son?page=1&scrollTo=1220 "Ouray´s son... or not?"], American-Tribes.com
*[http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/511/old-photos-ute?page=1&scrollTo=3328 "Old Photos - Ute"], American-Tribes.com
{{Ute people}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ouray}}
[[Category:1830s births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Native Americans]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:People from Taos, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Ute people]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -4,12 +4,4 @@
Following the [[Meeker Massacre]] (White River War) of 1879, he traveled in 1880 to [[Washington, D.C.]] He tried to secure a treaty for the [[Uncompahgre Ute]], who wanted to stay in Colorado; but, the following year, the United States forced the Uncompahgre and the White River Ute to the west to [[Indian reservations|reservations]] in present-day [[Utah]].
-
-==Early life and education==
-[[File:Taospueblo001.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of Taos Pueblo, 1893]]
-Ouray was born in 1833 near the [[Taos Pueblo]] in [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]], now in the state of [[New Mexico]].<ref name="denverpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/library/2012/08/13/chief-ouray's-acclaim-underpinned-search-sorrow-kidnapped-apple/3107/|title=Chief Ouray's broken heart helped shape the West|website=Denver Post: The Archive|author=Joey Bunch|date=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Varnell" />{{efn|His year of birth is also given as 1820.<ref name="Appletons">{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Ouray|year=1900}}</ref>}}{{efn|According to oral history, he was born on a clear night of November 13, 1833, during the [[Leonid meteor shower]]s, which was taken as an omen.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Fayhee|title=The Colorado Mountain Companion: A Potpourri of Useful Miscellany from the Highest Parts of the Highest State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbDCCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|date=15 September 2012|publisher=Graphic Arts Books|isbn=978-0-87108-967-0|page=PT292}}</ref> In Ute, Ouray means “arrow,” drawn from the meteor shower that occurred during the time of his birth.<ref name="denverpost.com" />}} His father, Guera Murah, also called Salvador, was a [[Jicarilla Apache]] adopted into the Ute, and his mother was Uncompahgre Ute.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Kaelin p. 41">{{cite book|author=Celinda Reynolds Kaelin|title=Pikes Peak Backcountry: The Historic Saga of the Peak's West Slope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMigFG2g3uMC&pg=PA41|year=1999|publisher=Caxton Press|isbn=978-0-87004-391-8|pages=41, 43–44}}</ref>
-
-His parents had another son named Quench, and then his mother died soon after. His father remarried and his stepmother left Ouray and his brother to live on a ranch with a Spanish-speaking couple around 1843 or 1845. His father returned to Colorado and became a leader of the ''[[Ute people#Historic Ute bands|Tabeguache]]'' Ute band and the boys remained in Taos. Ouray received a Catholic education<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /><ref name="Perry">{{cite book|author=Phyllis J. Perry|title=Colorado Vanguards: Historic Trailblazers and Their Local Legacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkm2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|year=2015|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-4671-1937-5|page=137}}</ref> and was raised in the Catholic faith. Living in a culturally diverse location, he learned Ute and [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Apache]] languages, sign language, Spanish, and English, which he found helpful later in life in negotiating with whites and Native Americans.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> He spent much of his youth working for Mexican sheepherders. He also hauled wood and packed mules that were bound for the [[Santa Fe Trail]].<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" />
-
-In 1850, Ouray and his brother left Taos to join their father,<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> who died soon after.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> Ouray was the band's best rider, hunter, and fighter,<ref name="Varnell" /> and he became an enforcer (like a chief of police) and then sub-chief of the band.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> He fought both the [[Kiowa]] and the [[Sioux]] while living among the Tabeguache.
==Chief and negotiator==
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1 => '==Early life and education==',
2 => '[[File:Taospueblo001.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of Taos Pueblo, 1893]]',
3 => 'Ouray was born in 1833 near the [[Taos Pueblo]] in [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]], now in the state of [[New Mexico]].<ref name="denverpost.com">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.denverpost.com/library/2012/08/13/chief-ouray's-acclaim-underpinned-search-sorrow-kidnapped-apple/3107/|title=Chief Ouray's broken heart helped shape the West|website=Denver Post: The Archive|author=Joey Bunch|date=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Varnell" />{{efn|His year of birth is also given as 1820.<ref name="Appletons">{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Ouray|year=1900}}</ref>}}{{efn|According to oral history, he was born on a clear night of November 13, 1833, during the [[Leonid meteor shower]]s, which was taken as an omen.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Fayhee|title=The Colorado Mountain Companion: A Potpourri of Useful Miscellany from the Highest Parts of the Highest State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbDCCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|date=15 September 2012|publisher=Graphic Arts Books|isbn=978-0-87108-967-0|page=PT292}}</ref> In Ute, Ouray means “arrow,” drawn from the meteor shower that occurred during the time of his birth.<ref name="denverpost.com" />}} His father, Guera Murah, also called Salvador, was a [[Jicarilla Apache]] adopted into the Ute, and his mother was Uncompahgre Ute.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Kaelin p. 41">{{cite book|author=Celinda Reynolds Kaelin|title=Pikes Peak Backcountry: The Historic Saga of the Peak's West Slope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMigFG2g3uMC&pg=PA41|year=1999|publisher=Caxton Press|isbn=978-0-87004-391-8|pages=41, 43–44}}</ref>',
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5 => 'His parents had another son named Quench, and then his mother died soon after. His father remarried and his stepmother left Ouray and his brother to live on a ranch with a Spanish-speaking couple around 1843 or 1845. His father returned to Colorado and became a leader of the ''[[Ute people#Historic Ute bands|Tabeguache]]'' Ute band and the boys remained in Taos. Ouray received a Catholic education<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /><ref name="Perry">{{cite book|author=Phyllis J. Perry|title=Colorado Vanguards: Historic Trailblazers and Their Local Legacies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkm2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|year=2015|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-4671-1937-5|page=137}}</ref> and was raised in the Catholic faith. Living in a culturally diverse location, he learned Ute and [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Apache]] languages, sign language, Spanish, and English, which he found helpful later in life in negotiating with whites and Native Americans.<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> He spent much of his youth working for Mexican sheepherders. He also hauled wood and packed mules that were bound for the [[Santa Fe Trail]].<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" />',
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7 => 'In 1850, Ouray and his brother left Taos to join their father,<ref name="Burke" /><ref name="Perry" /> who died soon after.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> Ouray was the band's best rider, hunter, and fighter,<ref name="Varnell" /> and he became an enforcer (like a chief of police) and then sub-chief of the band.<ref name="Kaelin p. 41" /> He fought both the [[Kiowa]] and the [[Sioux]] while living among the Tabeguache.'
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12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ctCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=nhepDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT28',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110720102912/http://www.uintahbasin.usu.edu/johnbarton/files/chipeta.pdf',
15 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Some_Experiences_with_Indians',
16 => 'https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13863746',
17 => 'http://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/chronology/',
18 => 'http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/chiefouray.html',
19 => 'http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/251/ouray-son?page=1&scrollTo=1220',
20 => 'http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/511/old-photos-ute?page=1&scrollTo=3328'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html',
1 => 'http://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/chronology/',
2 => 'http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/chiefouray.html',
3 => 'http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/251/ouray-son?page=1&scrollTo=1220',
4 => 'http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/511/old-photos-ute?page=1&scrollTo=3328',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110720102912/http://www.uintahbasin.usu.edu/johnbarton/files/chipeta.pdf',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100609/http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html',
7 => 'https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13863746',
8 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl97AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26',
9 => 'https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/white-river-ute-indian-agency',
10 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Some_Experiences_with_Indians',
11 => 'http://www.pikespeakhsmuseum.org/indians/',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=zE1OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WtdCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=RA4-PA53',
15 => 'http://www.museumtrail.org/StoryofFortGarland.asp',
16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dXPklwSEocoC&pg=PA185',
17 => 'http://blogs.denverpost.com/library/2012/08/13/chief-ouray's-acclaim-underpinned-search-sorrow-kidnapped-apple/3107/',
18 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons'_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Ouray',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American leader</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ouray,_Ute_Chief,_Colorado,_1874.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ouray%2C_Ute_Chief%2C_Colorado%2C_1874.png/220px-Ouray%2C_Ute_Chief%2C_Colorado%2C_1874.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ouray%2C_Ute_Chief%2C_Colorado%2C_1874.png/330px-Ouray%2C_Ute_Chief%2C_Colorado%2C_1874.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ouray%2C_Ute_Chief%2C_Colorado%2C_1874.png/440px-Ouray%2C_Ute_Chief%2C_Colorado%2C_1874.png 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Ouray, Ute Chief, Colorado, 1874</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Ouray</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/jʊər/: 'ure' in 'cure'">jʊər</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, c. 1833 – August 20, 1880) was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chief</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_people#Northern_Ute_Tribe_(Uinta_Utes)" title="Ute people">Tabeguache</a> (Uncompahgre) band of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Tribe">Ute tribe</a>, then located in western <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. Because of his leadership ability, Ouray was acknowledged by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> as a chief of the Ute and he traveled to Washington, D.C. to negotiate for the welfare of the Utes. Raised in the culturally diverse town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a>, Ouray learned to speak many languages that helped him in the negotiations, which were complicated by the manipulation of his grief over his five-year-old son, abducted during an attack by the Sioux. Ouray met with Presidents Lincoln, Grant, and Hayes and was called the "man of peace" because he sought to make treaties with settlers and the government.
</p><p>Following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a> (White River War) of 1879, he traveled in 1880 to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> He tried to secure a treaty for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uncompahgre_Ute" title="Uncompahgre Ute">Uncompahgre Ute</a>, who wanted to stay in Colorado; but, the following year, the United States forced the Uncompahgre and the White River Ute to the west to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">reservations</a> in present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Chief_and_negotiator"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Chief and negotiator</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Chief"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Chief</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Treaty_negotiation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Treaty negotiation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Treaty_of_Conejos_of_1863"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Treaty of Conejos of 1863</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Treaty_of_1868"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Treaty of 1868</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Brunot_Treaty_of_1873"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Brunot Treaty of 1873</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Meeker_Massacre"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Meeker Massacre</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Final_treaty"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Final treaty</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Legacy_and_honors"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy and honors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Places_named_for_Ouray"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Places named for Ouray</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Chief_and_negotiator">Chief and negotiator</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chief and negotiator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Chief">Chief</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1860, Ouray became chief of the band at the age of 27.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup> That year, he engaged in a "fact-finding tour" to determine the number of whites that were settling in the Uncompahgre and Gunnison River valleys and was alarmed by the number of miners and settlers on ancestral lands of the Utes.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaelin_p._41-3">[3]</a></sup> He understood, though, that fighting the whites would not turn back the tide of immigrants. Instead, he believed that the solution was to engage in treaty negotiations to protect their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Treaty_negotiation">Treaty negotiation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treaty negotiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1210818076">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{background-color:#F9F9F9;text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;">
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<p>Long time ago, Utes always had plenty. On the prairie, antelope and buffalo, so many Ouray couldn't count. In the mountains, deer and bear everywhere. In the streams, trout, duck, beaver, everything… White man came, and now Utes grow hungry a heap… White man grow a heap, red man no grow—soon die all.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0em;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Ouray, in an Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup></cite></p>
</div>
<p>Ouray was known as the "White man's friend," and his services were almost indispensable to the government in negotiating with his tribe, who kept in good faith all treaties that were made by him. He protected their interests as far as possible, and set them the example of living a civilized life.<sup id="cite_ref-Appletons_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appletons-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although Ouray sought reconciliation between different peoples, with the belief that war with the whites likely meant the demise of the Ute tribe, other more militant Utes considered him a coward for his propensity to negotiate.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup> Disturbed by the treaties that Ouray entered into, his brother-in-law "Hot Stuff" tried to kill him with an axe during his near-daily visit to the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Los_Pi%C3%B1os_Indian_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Piños Indian Agency (page does not exist)">Los Piños Indian Agency</a> in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Treaty_of_Conejos_of_1863">Treaty of Conejos of 1863</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treaty of Conejos of 1863"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Colorado Territory was established on February 28, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennet1863_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennet1863-6">[6]</a></sup> In 1862, he convinced Utes to negotiate with the government to enter into a treaty to ensure the protection of hereditary lands of the Tabeguache.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaelin_p._41-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> had noticed in 1862 that prospectors were mining and settling in areas that had been traditional hunting grounds for the Utes and game was becoming scarce. Carson helped him draft a treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> Ouray was part of the delegation and was the translator in a meeting with the new Territorial Governor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Evans_(Colorado_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Evans (Colorado governor)">John Evans</a>, after which he traveled to Washington, D.C. to meet with President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Future_Manitou_Springs,_photograph_1874-1879.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Future_Manitou_Springs%2C_photograph_1874-1879.png/220px-Future_Manitou_Springs%2C_photograph_1874-1879.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Future_Manitou_Springs%2C_photograph_1874-1879.png/330px-Future_Manitou_Springs%2C_photograph_1874-1879.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Future_Manitou_Springs%2C_photograph_1874-1879.png/440px-Future_Manitou_Springs%2C_photograph_1874-1879.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Valley of springs in present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitou_Springs,_Colorado" title="Manitou Springs, Colorado">Manitou Springs</a>, where <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitou_Mineral_Springs#History" title="Manitou Mineral Springs">Ute came to hunt and take the mineral springs</a>. The center of the photograph shows a "lone encampment" of Ute Native Americans, between 1874 and 1879.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Ouray negotiated with the U.S. government for the Treaty of Conejos (1863), which reduced their lands to 50% of what it had been, losing all lands east of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> that included healing waters at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitou_Springs,_Colorado" title="Manitou Springs, Colorado">Manitou Springs</a> and the sacred land on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pikes_Peak" title="Pikes Peak">Pikes Peak</a>. It guaranteed that they would have the western one third of the state of the Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaelin_p._41-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johansen_p._811_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johansen_p._811-7">[7]</a></sup> The Utes agreed that they would allow roads and military forts to be built on the land. As an encouragement to take up farming, they were given sheep, cattle, and $10,000 in goods and provisions over ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> The government generally did not provide the goods, provisions, or livestock mentioned in the treaty, and since game was scarce<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> many Ute continued to hunt on ancestral Ute lands until they were removed to reservations in 1880 and 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaelin_p._41-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:left;" class=""></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Treaty_of_1868">Treaty of 1868</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of 1868"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Territori_Ute_1868.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Territori_Ute_1868.PNG/220px-Territori_Ute_1868.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Territori_Ute_1868.PNG/330px-Territori_Ute_1868.PNG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Territori_Ute_1868.PNG/440px-Territori_Ute_1868.PNG 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The Treaty of 1868 resulted in the creation of a reservation for the Utes in western Colorado</figcaption></figure>
<p>Around 1866, there were some Native Americans who had stolen livestock and otherwise upset new settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> Following an uprising by Chief Kaniatse, Colonel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> successfully negotiated a treaty with the Ouray and other Ute leaders in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-SLVMA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLVMA-10">[9]</a></sup> In the meantime, the government became interested in obtaining some more Ute land. Since the government had not lived up to its agreement to provide provisions for the winter months, Ouray was reluctant to give the government more land. Many Native Americans, though, were "in dire straits" and he agreed to be part of a delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1868, Ouray, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicaagat" title="Nicaagat">Nicaagat</a>, with Kit Carson were among a delegation to negotiate a treaty that would result in the creation of a reservation for the Ute,<sup id="cite_ref-Johansen_p._811_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johansen_p._811-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> served by an Indian Agencies at White River and near Montrose with a school, blacksmith shop, sawmill, and warehouse. They lost a little land in the treaty, but Ouray hoped that having a government presence would mean that their lands would be protected. The treaty was signed by 47 Ute chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Brunot_Treaty_of_1873">Brunot Treaty of 1873</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brunot Treaty of 1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Silver deposits were found in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Juan_Mountains" title="San Juan Mountains">San Juan Mountains</a> in 1872 and the government wanted again to negotiate for more land.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> Feeding on his grief due to the unknown status of his son after the Utes were attacked by the Sioux, U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Felix Brunot had a 17-year-old orphan brought by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> Chief Powder Face to meet Ouray and Chipeta in Washington, D.C. ten years after the abduction. This was the first of many attempts by Brunot to find his son and was conducted so that Ouray would relinquish mining property and keep treaty talks open. The boy was clearly not Ouray's son, he did not know anything from the Ute language, did not want to go with Ouray, and the details of his capture did not match the experience of Ouray's son. Tribal historians have stated that this meeting was upsetting to Ouray, but author Richard E. Wood states that the chief was impressed by the effort taken by the government. In 1873, with Ouray's help, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunot Agreement">Brunot Agreement</a> was ratified and the United States acquired the mineral-rich property they had been seeking. In exchange, the Native Americans were to receive provisions over time. Ouray was given land and a house in the Uncompahgre Valley near the Indian Agency. The government, though, was again reluctant to provide provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> His negotiations had included a meeting with President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Meeker_Massacre">Meeker Massacre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meeker Massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Meeker_tragedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Meeker_tragedy.jpg/220px-The_Meeker_tragedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Meeker_tragedy.jpg/330px-The_Meeker_tragedy.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Meeker_tragedy.jpg/440px-The_Meeker_tragedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>An etching that appeared in the December 6, 1879 edition of <i>Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</i> depicts the aftermath of the "Meeker Massacre." Meeker grave at lower left; W.H. Post grave at lower right</figcaption></figure>
<p>Tensions increased in the area following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a> (1879) at the White River Indian Agency. Not understanding the Utes' love of horses, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathan_Meeker" title="Nathan Meeker">Nathan Meeker</a> had their race track plowed and tried to force the nomadic hunters and gatherers to farm, and Meeker sought military help. Seeking peace, a tribe of Ute men led by Chief Douglas asked Meeker for peace, but a fight ensued. This made further negotiations for peace between Native Americans and whites very difficult. Local settlers demanded that the Utes be moved.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-12">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> When Ouray found out about the massacre, he asked, as head of the Utes, for the warriors to disperse and release hostages to him. The hostages, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josephine_Meeker" title="Josephine Meeker">Josephine Meeker</a>, were delivered to Ouray's house at the Los Piños Indian Agency and were cared for by Chipeta.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Final_treaty">Final treaty</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Final treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ute_delegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ute_delegation.jpg/220px-Ute_delegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ute_delegation.jpg/330px-Ute_delegation.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ute_delegation.jpg/440px-Ute_delegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Photo taken in 1880 in Washington D.C. when Ouray and other Utes traveled to Washington. D.C. to negotiate a treaty that would result in the removal of the White River and Tabeguache Utes from Colorado to the Uintah Basin in present-day Utah. Ouray died shortly after this trip. Seated from left to right: Ignacio of the Southern Utes, Carl Shurz, Secretary of the Interior, Ouray and his wife, Chipeta. Standing are Woretsiz and General Charles Adams.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The U.S. government appointed a commission to determine a reservation for the Ute and Ouray and Chipeta went to Washington, D.C. in 1880 for the final treaty for the Utes.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup> Members of the commission were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_B._Meacham" title="Alfred B. Meacham">Alfred B. Meacham</a>, former U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Oregon; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_Mears" title="Otto Mears">Otto Mears</a>, a railroad executive, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Manypenny" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Manypenny">George W. Manypenny</a>, former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commissioner_of_Indian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> met Ouray in Washington, DC, he said that the Ute was "the most intellectual man I've ever conversed with."<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>When he had returned to Colorado, and while dying with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bright%27s_disease" title="Bright's disease">Bright's disease</a>, Ouray traveled to the Ignacio Indian Agency office to have the treaty signed by the Southern Utes.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Utes were later put on a reservation in Utah, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uintah_and_Ouray_Indian_Reservation" title="Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation">Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-12">[11]</a></sup> as well as two reservations in Colorado: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Tribe" title="Ute Mountain Ute Tribe">Ute Mountain Ute Tribe</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Chipeta_(Ute_Tribe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chipeta_%28Ute_Tribe%29.jpg/220px-Chipeta_%28Ute_Tribe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chipeta_%28Ute_Tribe%29.jpg/330px-Chipeta_%28Ute_Tribe%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chipeta_%28Ute_Tribe%29.jpg/440px-Chipeta_%28Ute_Tribe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chipeta" title="Chipeta">Chipeta</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Ouray's first wife, Black Mare, died after the birth of their only child, a boy named Queashegut, also known as Pahlone, and called <i>Paron</i> (apple) by his father because of his round, dimpled face. In 1859, Ouray married the sixteen-year old <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chipeta" title="Chipeta">Chipeta</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute language">Ute meaning</a>: White Singing Bird), who had been caring for Ouray's son since Black Mare's death earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>When Queashegut was five years old, Ouray took him along on a buffalo hunt with a total party of 31 men in 1860 or 1863. Their hunting camp, near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Lupton_(Colorado)" title="Fort Lupton (Colorado)">Fort Lupton</a>, was attacked by 300 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> warriors and Queashegut left the tepee where he sought shelter with Chipeta to follow Ute warriors. After the fight, they were unable to find him.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> He had been captured and traded to an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> band.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup> Ouray never saw his son again and remained in deep grief. He tried to find his son for the rest of his life and feared "he was raised to fight against his own."<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup> While visiting Kit Carson at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Garland" title="Fort Garland">Fort Garland</a> in 1866, Ouray and Chipeta met and adopted two girls and two boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Ouray's sister, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shawsheen" title="Shawsheen">Shawsheen</a> (also Tsashin and Susan), was in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Thompson_River" title="Big Thompson River">Big Thompson Canyon</a> in 1861 or 1863 when she was abducted by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>. Soldiers from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camp_Collins" title="Camp Collins">Fort Collins</a> found her two years later in 1863 or 1865, but she was afraid of them and escaped. She was later found by Utes and returned to Ouray's tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry_PT128-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>He had several homes in Colorado, one of them by the town of Ouray.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-12">[11]</a></sup> For twenty years, Ouray lived with Chipeta on a farm on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uncompahgre_River" title="Uncompahgre River">Uncompahgre River</a> near Montrose. The 300-acre farm had pasture land and 50 acres of irrigated farm land. The six-room adobe house was well-furnished, including a piano and fine china.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Indian_Museum" title="Ute Indian Museum">Ute Indian Museum</a> is located on their original 8.65 acre homestead in Montrose.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> Chipeta was a member of a Methodist church; Ouray was an Episcopalian.<sup id="cite_ref-Varnell_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varnell-2">[2]</a></sup> Ouray never cut his long Ute-fashion hair, though he often dressed in the European-American style.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-12">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ouray_bones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ouray_bones.jpg/220px-Ouray_bones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ouray_bones.jpg/330px-Ouray_bones.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ouray_bones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Buckskin Charlie and John McCook at the reburial of Ouray, Ignacio, Colorado, 1925</figcaption></figure>
<p>Ouray died on August 24, 1880, near the Los Piños Indian Agency in Colorado. His people secretly buried him near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ignacio,_Colorado" title="Ignacio, Colorado">Ignacio, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a></sup> Forty-five years later, in 1925, his bones were re-interred in a full ceremony led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buckskin_Charley" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckskin Charley">Buckskin Charley</a> and John McCook at the Ignacio cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 1928 article in the <i>Denver Post</i> reads in part, "He saw the shadow of doom on his people" and a 2012 article writes, "He sought peace among tribes and whites, and a fair shake for his people, though Ouray was dealt a sad task of liquidating a once-mighty force that ruled nearly 23 million acres of the Rocky Mountains."<sup id="cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denverpost.com-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Ouray's obituary in <i>The Denver Tribune</i> stated:
</p>
<blockquote><p>In the death of Ouray, one of the historical characters passes away. He has figured for many years as the greatest Indian of his time, and during his life has figured quite prominently. Ouray is in many respects...a remarkable Indian...pure instincts and keen perception. A friend to the white man and protector to the Indians alike.</p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Places_named_for_Ouray">Places named for Ouray</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Places named for Ouray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Camp_Chief_Ouray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camp Chief Ouray (page does not exist)">Camp Chief Ouray</a>, located in Granby, Colorado.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Ouray" title="Mount Ouray">Mount Ouray</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawatch_Range" title="Sawatch Range">Sawatch Mountain Range</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouray_Peak" title="Ouray Peak">Ouray Peak</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaffee_County,_Colorado" title="Chaffee County, Colorado">Chaffee County</a>, both in Colorado, were named for him.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouray_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouray County">Ouray County</a> and its county seat, the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouray,_Colorado" title="Ouray, Colorado">Ouray</a> in Colorado, as well as the community of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ouray,_Utah" title="Ouray, Utah">Ouray, Utah</a> are named for him.</li>
<li>SS <i>Chief Ouray</i>, a World War II liberty ship, now named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Deimos_(AK-78)" title="USS Deimos (AK-78)">USS <i>Deimos</i></a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pikes Peak Historical Society created an endowment fund in 2001 so that Utes could return to sacred places on Pikes Peak, including the ancient scarred trees that has been using for various ceremonial purposes, prayer, burial, and medicine or healing trees. Some of the "living artifacts" of the Utes are about 800 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His date of death was also stated to have been August 20, 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup></span>
</li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-denverpost.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denverpost.com_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>denverpost.com</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Varnell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varnell_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJeanne_Varnell1999" class="citation book cs1">Jeanne Varnell (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ER_kf0pWJZUC&pg=PA32"><i>Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame</i></a>. Big Earth Publishing. pp. 32–37. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55566-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55566-214-1"><bdi>978-1-55566-214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Consequence%3A+The+Colorado+Women%27s+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pages=32-37&rft.pub=Big+Earth+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55566-214-1&rft.au=Jeanne+Varnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DER_kf0pWJZUC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kaelin_p._41-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaelin_p._41_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Kaelin p. 41</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Perry_PT128-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_PT128_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPhyllis_J._Perry2015" class="citation book cs1">Phyllis J. Perry (16 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WtdCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128">"Chief Ouray and Chipeta"</a>. <i>Colorado Vanguards: Historic Trailblazers and Their Local Legacies</i>. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62585-693-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62585-693-7"><bdi>978-1-62585-693-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chief+Ouray+and+Chipeta&rft.btitle=Colorado+Vanguards%3A+Historic+Trailblazers+and+Their+Local+Legacies&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing+Incorporated&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft.isbn=978-1-62585-693-7&rft.au=Phyllis+J.+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtdCCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Appletons-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appletons_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Appletons</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bennet1863-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bennet1863_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHiram_Pitt_Bennet1863" class="citation book cs1">Hiram Pitt Bennet (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zE1OAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Colorado Territory: Speech of Hon. H. P. Bennett in the House of Representatives, Feb. 28, 1863</i></a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado+Territory%3A+Speech+of+Hon.+H.+P.+Bennett+in+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+Feb.+28%2C+1863&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Hiram+Pitt+Bennet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzE1OAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Johansen_p._811-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johansen_p._811_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johansen_p._811_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_E._JohansenBarry_M._Pritzker2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce E. Johansen; Barry M. Pritzker (23 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=RA4-PA53"><i>Encyclopedia of American Indian History [4 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 811. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-818-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Indian+History+%26%2391%3B4+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=811&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-818-7&rft.au=Bruce+E.+Johansen&rft.au=Barry+M.+Pritzker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGKL6E9_J6IC%26pg%3DRA4-PA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pikespeakhsmuseum.org/indians/">"Ute Indians"</a>. <i>Pikes Peak Historical Society</i>. 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pikes+Peak+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Ute+Indians&rft.date=2014-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pikespeakhsmuseum.org%2Findians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SLVMA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SLVMA_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumtrail.org/StoryofFortGarland.asp">"The Story of Fort Garland: 1858-1883"</a>. San Luis Valley Museum Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Fort+Garland%3A+1858-1883&rft.pub=San+Luis+Valley+Museum+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumtrail.org%2FStoryofFortGarland.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_A._Gray-Kanatiiosh2010" class="citation book cs1">Barbara A. Gray-Kanatiiosh (September 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl97AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Ute</i></a>. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 26. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61784-899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61784-899-5"><bdi>978-1-61784-899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ute&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=ABDO+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61784-899-5&rft.au=Barbara+A.+Gray-Kanatiiosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCl97AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Burke-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_R._Burke" class="citation web cs1">Kathryn R. Burke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100609/http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html">"Chief Ouray"</a>. San Juan Silver Stage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanjuansilverstage.com/07heritage/native/ute/ute_chief_ouray.html">the original</a> on March 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chief+Ouray&rft.pub=San+Juan+Silver+Stage&rft.au=Kathryn+R.+Burke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanjuansilverstage.com%2F07heritage%2Fnative%2Fute%2Fute_chief_ouray.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/white-river-ute-indian-agency">"White River Indian Agency"</a>. Colorado Encyclopedia. 29 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+River+Indian+Agency&rft.pub=Colorado+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2016-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradoencyclopedia.org%2Fimage%2Fwhite-river-ute-indian-agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGreifJohnson2000" class="citation book cs1">Greif, Nancy S.; Johnson, Erin J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dXPklwSEocoC&pg=PA185"><i>The Good Neighbor Guidebook for Colorado: Necessary Information and Good Advice for Living in and Enjoying Today's Colorado</i></a>. Big Earth Publishing. p. 185. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55566-262-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55566-262-2"><bdi>978-1-55566-262-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Neighbor+Guidebook+for+Colorado%3A+Necessary+Information+and+Good+Advice+for+Living+in+and+Enjoying+Today%27s+Colorado&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Big+Earth+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55566-262-2&rft.aulast=Greif&rft.aufirst=Nancy+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Erin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdXPklwSEocoC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitmontrose.com/186/Ute-Indian-Museum">"Ute Indian Museum"</a>. City of Montrose Office of Business and Tourism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ute+Indian+Museum&rft.pub=City+of+Montrose+Office+of+Business+and+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitmontrose.com%2F186%2FUte-Indian-Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaxine_BensonDuane_A._SmithCarl_Ubbelohde2015" class="citation book cs1">Maxine Benson; Duane A. Smith; Carl Ubbelohde (4 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ctCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192"><i>A Colorado History, 10th Edition</i></a>. Graphic Arts Books. p. 192. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87108-323-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87108-323-4"><bdi>978-0-87108-323-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Colorado+History%2C+10th+Edition&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Graphic+Arts+Books&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-87108-323-4&rft.au=Maxine+Benson&rft.au=Duane+A.+Smith&rft.au=Carl+Ubbelohde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9ctCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosemary_Fetter2004" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary Fetter (1 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhepDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT28"><i>Colorado's Legendary Lovers: Historic Scandals, Heartthrobs, and Haunting Romances</i></a>. Fulcrum Publishing. p. PT28. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938486-24-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938486-24-1"><bdi>978-1-938486-24-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colorado%27s+Legendary+Lovers%3A+Historic+Scandals%2C+Heartthrobs%2C+and+Haunting+Romances&rft.pages=PT28&rft.pub=Fulcrum+Publishing&rft.date=2004-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-938486-24-1&rft.au=Rosemary+Fetter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhepDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Bueler, Gladys R. <i>Colorado's Colorful Characters</i> Pruett Publishing Company: Boulder, Colorado, 1981.</li>
<li>Grant, Bruce. <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian</i> 3rd ed., Wings Books: New York, 2000.</li>
<li>Jenson, H. Bert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720102912/http://www.uintahbasin.usu.edu/johnbarton/files/chipeta.pdf">Chipeta: Glory and Heartache"</a>, <i>The Outlaw Trail Journal</i>, n.d., Salt Lake City, Utah, on Utah State University, Unintah Basin Education Center Website</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchurz1897" class="citation magazine cs1">Schurz, Carl (September 23, 1897). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Some_Experiences_with_Indians">"Some Experiences with Indians"</a>. <i>The Youth's Companion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-14</span></span> – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Youth%27s+Companion&rft.atitle=Some+Experiences+with+Indians.&rft.date=1897-09-23&rft.aulast=Schurz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FSome_Experiences_with_Indians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOuray+%28Ute+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span> See "Danger of Bloody Collisions", "Chief Ouray, the Statesman", and "The Gift to the Great Father"</li>
<li>Smith, P. David. <i>Ouray Chief of the Utes</i> Wayfinder Press: Ouray, Colorado, 1990.</li>
<li>Wyss, Thelma Hatch. <i>Bear Dancer the Story of a Ute Girl</i> Margaret K. McElderry Books: New York, 2010.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouray_(Ute_leader)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/13863746">Ouray</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/chronology/">"Chief Ouray"</a>, Southern Ute</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historytogo.utah.gov/people/chiefouray.html">"Chief Ouray"</a>, <i>History to Go</i>, Utah State Website</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/251/ouray-son?page=1&scrollTo=1220">"Ouray´s son... or not?"</a>, American-Tribes.com</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amertribes.proboards.com/thread/511/old-photos-ute?page=1&scrollTo=3328">"Old Photos - Ute"</a>, American-Tribes.com</li></ul>
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class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ute_people" title="Template talk:Ute people"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ute_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ute people"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ute_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute mythology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic bands<br />within contemporary<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Uintah_and_Ouray_Reservation" title="Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_Pitch_Utes" title="San Pitch Utes">San Pitch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seuvarits_Utes" title="Seuvarits Utes">Seuvarits</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timpanogos" title="Timpanogos">Timpanogos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uncompahgre_Ute" title="Uncompahgre Ute">Uncompahgre</a> (Tabeguache)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Uintah_and_Ouray_Reservation" title="Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation">Uintah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_River_Utes" title="White River Utes">White River Utes</a> (Parianuche, Yampa)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capote_Band_of_Utes" class="mw-redirect" title="Capote Band of Utes">Capote</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muache_Band_of_Utes" class="mw-redirect" title="Muache Band of Utes">Muache</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Tribe" title="Ute Mountain Ute Tribe">Ute Mountain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weeminuche" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeminuche">Weeminuche</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Integrated with<br />the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah" title="Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah">Paiute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moanunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Moanunts">Moanunts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahvant" title="Pahvant">Pahvant</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br /> religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ceremonies<br /> and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ancestral lands<br /> and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument" title="Bears Ears National Monument">Bears Ears National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_Pintado" title="Cañon Pintado">Cañon Pintado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manitou_Mineral_Springs#History" title="Manitou Mineral Springs">Mineral springs at Manitou Springs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Ute Trail</a> (later Old Spanish Trail)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_Creek_Archeological_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Creek Archeological District">Spring Creek Archeological District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Mancos_Canyon_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Mancos Canyon Historic District">Ute Mountain Ute Mancos Canyon Historic District</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Pass_(Rampart_Range)" title="Ute Pass (Rampart Range)">Ute Pass</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a> (leader during the Black Hawk War)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sapiah" title="Sapiah">Buckskin Charley</a>, also called Sapiah, (Ute chief)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chipeta" title="Chipeta">Chipeta</a> (Ouray's wife and Ute delegate)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorow_(Ute_chief)" title="Colorow (Ute chief)">Colorow</a> (Ute chief)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Ignacio" title="Chief Ignacio">Chief Ignacio</a> (Weeminuche band chief)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Jack_House" title="Chief Jack House">Chief Jack House</a> (last traditional chief)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R._Carlos_Nakai" title="R. Carlos Nakai">R. Carlos Nakai</a> (flutist)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicaagat" title="Nicaagat">Nicaagat</a> (leader during Battle of Milk Creek)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Ouray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ouray">Chief Ouray</a> (Uncompahgre band leader)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Polk</a> (Ute-Paiute chief)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey</a> (Ute-Paiute chief)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Rael" title="Joseph Rael">Joseph Rael</a> (dancer, author, and spiritualist)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanpitch_(Ute_chief)" title="Sanpitch (Ute chief)">Sanpitch</a> (Sanpete tribe chief)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raoul_Trujillo" title="Raoul Trujillo">Raoul Trujillo</a> (performer)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walkara" title="Walkara">Chief Walkara, also called Chief Walker</a> (leader during the Walker War)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westward_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion">Westward expansion</a><br /> and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#West_of_the_Mississippi_(1811–1924)" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars § West of the Mississippi</a> (1811–1924)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute Wars</a> (1848–1923)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walker_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker War">Walker War</a> (1853)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a> (1863–1865)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(1865%E2%80%9372)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk War (1865–72)">Black Hawk War</a> (1865–72)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a> (1879)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute</a> (Southwestern Colorado)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Uintah_and_Ouray_Reservation" title="Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation">Uintah and Ouray</a> (Northern Ute Tribe, Utah)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Tribe" title="Ute Mountain Ute Tribe">Ute Mountain Tribe</a> (West-southwest Colorado)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ute_Cultural_Center_and_Museum" title="Southern Ute Cultural Center and Museum">Southern Ute Cultural Center and Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Indian_Museum" title="Ute Indian Museum">Ute Indian Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ute_Indian_Rights_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Indian Rights Settlement">Ute Indian Rights Settlement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714155866' |