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Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Anti-Turkish sentiment' |
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Edit summary/reason (summary) | 'Europe loves Turkiye. Please stop to generate hatred among NATO Countries. What you do is dangerous and detrimental to the peace of the people. Everyone loves the Turks. You are under an agenda of Russian Subversion. They hate Europe and they use Iran and the Turkic League against Turkiye and Europe. I am from Anatolia and so I know the truth. Thank you for understanding me. ' |
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Hostility, fear or intolerance against Turkish peoples}}
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
[[File:Saint Jean de Capistran Cathédrale Vienne.jpg|alt=The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascend toward heaven. The baroque apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna shows John of Capistrano, canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription '1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt' (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of Cardinal Franz König.|thumb|349x349px|"The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascending toward heaven. The [[baroque]] apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St Stephen's Cathedral]] in Vienna shows [[John of Capistrano]], canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription ''"1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt"'' (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of [[Franz König|Cardinal Franz König]]."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andre|first=Gingrich|date=April 2015|title=The Nearby Frontier: Structural Analyses of Myths of Orientalism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Photo-Humiliation-and-triumph-forever-and-ever-The-dying-half-naked-Turk-slips-down_fig1_275239710|website=Researchgate}}</ref>]]
'''Anti-Turkish sentiment''', also known as '''Anti-Turkism''' ({{lang-tr|Türk karşıtlığı}}), or '''Turkophobia''' ({{Lang-tr|Türkofobi}}) is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against [[Turkish people]], [[Culture of Turkey|Turkish culture]] and the [[Turkish language]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state |last=Libaridian |first=Gerard J. |year=2004 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-7658-0205-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba/page/193 193] |url=https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba |url-access=registration |quote=One consequence of the shift from anti-communism to anti-Turkism was that an important segment of the Diaspora lived through moments ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The origins of Arab nationalism |last=Khalidi |first=Rashid |year=1991 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-07435-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal/page/18 18] |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal |url-access=registration |quote=In the first place, Arabist ideology, including a bitter anti-Turkism, was fully formulated long before the Young Turk revolution}}</ref>
The term refers to not only against [[Turkish people|Turks]] across all regions, but also against the subjects of the [[Ottoman Empire]], as well as descendants of ethnic Turks such as [[Syrian Turkmen]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen]]. It is also applied to groups who developed in part under the influence of Turkish culture and traditions while converting to Islam, especially during the time of the Ottoman Empire, such as [[Albanians]], [[Bosniaks]] and other smaller ethnic groups around [[Balkans]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD0wAAAAYAAJ&q=anti-turkish|title=The Muslim World League Journal|publisher=Press and Publications Department, Muslim World League|year=1995|isbn=|volume=23|location=the University of Virginia|page=36|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK4TAQAAIAAJ|title=From Eastern Europe to Western China|isbn=978-0-8330-1374-3|last1=Fuller|first1=Graham E.|last2=Air Force|first2=United States|last3=Army|first3=United States|publisher=Rand Corporation|date=1993-04-01}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2020}}
{{toclimit|3}}
== Early modern period ==
In the [[Early modern period]], the [[fall of Constantinople]] and the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]—part of [[Christianity in Europe|European Christians]]' effort to stem the expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the predecessor to Turkey—helped fuel the development of anti-Turkism. By the middle of the 15th century, special [[Mass (liturgy)|masses]] called ''missa contra Turcos'' ([[Latin]] for "mass against Turks") were held in various places in Europe<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|last1=Jensen|first1=Janus Møller|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mWY_r7C2VsC&pg=PA117|title=Denmark and the Crusades|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|isbn=978-9004155794|location=|page=117}}</ref><ref name="sieps">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 2006|title=Turkey, Sweden and the EU: Experiences and Expectations|url=http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021813/http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-06|access-date=2015-09-06|website=|publisher=Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies|pages=6–8}}</ref> to spread the message that victory over the Ottomans was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the Turks.<ref name="books.google.com" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kirkman|first1=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skIG-CEe24cC&pg=PA121|title=The Cultural Life of the Early Polyphonic Mass|date=2010-04-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-11412-7|location=|page=121|access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref>
=== 16th century ===
As the Ottomans expanded their empire west, [[Western Europe]] came into more frequent contact with the Turks, often militarily.
During the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)|Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War]], the Ottomans conquered [[Ottoman conquest of Cyprus|Cyprus]].
In the 16th century, around 2,500 publications about the Turks—including more than 1,000 in [[German language|German]]—were released in Europe, spreading the image of the "bloodthirsty Turk". From 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat to Europe than about the discovery of the [[New World]]. Bishop [[Johann Faber]] of [[Vienna]] claimed, "There are no crueler and more audacious villains under the heavens than the Turks, who spare no age or sex and mercilessly cut down young and old alike and pluck unripe fruit from the wombs of mothers."<ref name="sieps" />
[[File:Die Osmanen in Europa.JPG|left|thumb|Original prints from the 16th century at the [[Hungarian National Museum]] depict a Turkish warrior butchering infants.]]
During this time, the Ottoman Empire also invaded the Balkans and [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|besieged Vienna]], sparking widespread fear in Europe, and especially in [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185 |title=Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert |date= 2004-01-04|access-date=2015-09-06|isbn=978-0-8028-2486-8 |last1=Wengert |first1=Timothy J. |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company }}</ref> [[Martin Luther]], the German leader of the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]], took advantage of these fears by asserting that the Turks were "the agents of the Devil who, along with the Antichrist located in the heart of the Catholic Church, Rome, would usher in the Last Days and the Apocalypse".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foley |first1=Sean |title=Muslims and Social Change in the Atlantic Basin |journal=Journal of World History |date=2009 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=377–398 |id={{Project MUSE|316491}} |doi=10.1353/jwh.0.0064 |s2cid=145391152 }}</ref>
Luther believed that the Ottoman invasion was God's punishment of Christians for allowing corruption in the [[Holy See]] and the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MDO/is_5_34/ai_n21053788/?tag=content;col1 Smith, R. O. (2007). Luther, the Turks, and Islam. Currents in Theology and Mission, 34(5), 351–365]: "Luther's statement of explanation created yet more contention. Indeed, it was singled out for condemnation in Exsurge Domine, the papal bull of ex-communication directed at Luther by Pope Leo X on 15 June 1520. Among the "destructive, pernicious, scandalous, and seductive" errors enumerated in the bull is an essentialized version of Luther's position: "To go to war against the Turks is to resist God who punishes our iniquities through them." (11) But even before Exsurge Domine, Luther tied his struggles with Rome to the war against the Turk. Prior to the beginning of the Leipzig Debate with Johannes Eck in June 1519, Luther wrote to his friend Wencenlaus Linck, "I think I can demonstrate that today Rome is worse than the Turk."</ref> In 1518, when he defended his [[Ninety-five Theses|95 Theses]], Luther claimed that God had sent the Turks to punish Christians just as he had sent war, [[Plague (disease)|plague]], and [[earthquake]]s. (In response, [[Pope Leo X]] issued [[Exsurge Domine|a papal bull]] in which he threatened Luther with [[excommunication]] and portrayed him as a troublemaker who advocated capitulation to the Turks.)<ref name="sieps" /> In his writings ''On War Against the Turk'' and ''Military Sermon Against the Turks'', Luther was "consistent in his theological conception of the Turks as a manifestation of God's chastising rod". He and his followers also espoused the view that the [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars|Ottoman–Habsburg Wars]] were a conflict "between Christ and Antichrist" or "between God and the devil".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185 |title=Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert |page=185 |date= 2004-01-04|access-date=2015-09-06|isbn=978-0-8028-2486-8 |last1=Wengert |first1=Timothy J. |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company }}</ref>
Spurred by this argument, the [[Portuguese Empire]], seeking to capture more land in [[East Africa]] and other parts of the world, used any encounter with the "Terrible Turk" as "a prime opportunity to establish credentials as champions of the faith on par with other Europeans".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Casale |first1=Giancarlo. |title=Global Politics in the 1580s: One Canal, Twenty Thousand Cannibals, and an Ottoman Plot to Rule the World |journal=Journal of World History |date=2007 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=267–296 |id={{Project MUSE|223606}} |doi=10.1353/jwh.2007.0020 |s2cid=144507249 }}</ref>
Stories of the "dog-Turk" reinforced the negative image. The dog-Turk was claimed to be a man-eating being, half-animal and half-human, with a [[dog]]'s head and tail. After the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683, the image of the dog-Turk became a figure used to ridicule Turks in carnival processions and masquerades, where "dog-Turk" characters began to appear alongside witches and clowns.<ref name="sieps" />
=== 17th–18th centuries ===
In [[Sweden]], the Turks were portrayed as the archenemies of Christianity. A book by the parish priest [[Erland Dryselius]] of [[Jönköping]], published in 1694, was titled ''Luna Turcica eller Turkeske måne, anwissjandes lika som uti en spegel det mahometiske vanskelige regementet, fördelter uti fyra qvarter eller böcker'' ("Turkish moon showing as in a mirror the dangerous Mohammedan rule, divided into four quarters or books"). In sermons, the Swedish clergy preached about the Turks' cruelty and bloodthirstiness, and how they systematically burned and plundered the areas they conquered. In a Swedish schoolbook published in 1795, [[Islam]] was described as "the false religion that had been fabricated by the great deceiver Muhammad, to which the Turks to this day universally confess"''.''<ref name="sieps" />
In 1718, [[James Puckle]] demonstrated two versions of his new invention, the [[Puckle gun]]: a tripod-mounted, single-barreled [[flintlock]] weapon fitted with a revolving cylinder, designed to prevent intruders from boarding a ship. The first version, intended for use against Christian enemies, fired conventional round bullets. The second, intended for use against the Muslim Ottomans, fired square bullets, designed by Kyle Tunis, which were believed to be more damaging and would, according to Puckle's [[patent]], convince the Turks of the "benefits of Christian civilization".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A876855|title=h2g2 – The Machine Gun 1718–1914 – Edited Entry|date=2003-01-27|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref>
[[Voltaire]] and other European writers described the Turks as tyrants who destroyed Europe's heritage; with Voltaire characterizing Turks as "tyrants of the women and enemies of arts" and "barbarian usurpers who must be chased out of Europe."<ref name="sieps" /> In his book ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'', [[Edward Said]] noted, "Until the end of the seventeenth century the 'Ottoman peril' lurked alongside Europe to represent for the whole of Christian civilization a constant danger, and in time European civilization incorporated that peril and its lore, its great events, figures, virtues, and vices, as something woven into the fabric of life."<ref>Edward Said. "[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]", (1978), p. 59–60</ref>
=== Anti-Turkism by Ottomans ===
{{see also|Turkish nationalism}}
Within the ruling class, Ottomans, called themselves "''Osmanlı''", to note a person of higher intellect and education with proficiency in Persian and Arabic literature, while the word "Turk" was used to discriminate against the nomad Turkomans of [[the steppes]] and [[Khurasan]], and the illiterate [[Anatolia]]n peasantry, and ethnic slurs such as ''Eşek Türk'' (donkey Turk) and ''Kaba Türk'' (rude Turk) were used to describe them. Other expressions included were "Turk-head" and "Turk-person".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moosa|first=Matti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYO1BqdvX9EC&q=donkey+turk|title=Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects|date=February 1, 1988|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2411-0|location=|page=430|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stavrianos|first=Leften Stavros|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&q=donkey+turk|title=The Balkans Since 1453|date=July 24, 2000|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-551-0|location=|page=93|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vucinich|first=Wayne S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIMqAQAAMAAJ&q=donkey+turk|title=The Ottoman Empire, its record and legacy|date=June 1, 1979|publisher=R. E. Krieger Pub. Co.|isbn=978-0-88275-785-8|location=|page=63|via=Google Books}}</ref> Within the Ottoman Empire, the term of "''Etrak-i bi-idrak''" was sometimes used to denote the [[Yörüks|Yörük]]''' '''[[wikt:backwoodsmen|backwoodsmen]], [[bumpkins]], and [[nomad]] Turkomans in [[Anatolia]]. "''Etrak-i bi-idrak''", an Ottoman play on words, meant "the ignorant Turk". Another similar phrase was "''Türk-i-bed-lika''" which meant "the ugly-faced Turk".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Aleksei I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8niIYSTqToC&q=Imperial+Rule,+Central+European+University+Press|title=Imperial Rule|last2=Rieber|first2=Alfred J.|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9241-98-5|location=|page=33|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fijnaut|first1=Cyrille|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XtKAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Etrak-i+bi-idrak%22&pg=PA206|title=Organised Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond|last2=Paoli|first2=Letizia|date=2007-01-21|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-2765-9|location=|page=206|language=en}}</ref>
[[Ozay Mehmet|Özay Mehmet]], an academic of [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] descent, wrote in his book ''Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery'':<ref>Ozay Mehmet, Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery, Routledge, 1990. pg 115</ref>
{{cquote|The ordinary Turks [Turkmen, or Yörüks] did not have a sense of belonging to a ruling ethnic group. In particular, they had a confused sense of self-image. Who were they: Turks, Muslims or Ottomans? Their literature was sometimes Persian, sometimes Arabic, but always courtly and elitist. There was always a huge social and cultural distance between the Imperial centre and the Anatolian periphery. As Bernard Lewis expressed it: "In the Imperial society of the Ottomans the ethnic term Turk was little used, and then chiefly in a rather derogatory sense, to designate the Turcoman nomads or, later, the ignorant and uncouth Turkish-speaking peasants of the Anatolian villages." (Lewis 1968: 1)
In the words of a [[British people|British]] observer of the Ottoman values and institutions at the start of the twentieth century: "The surest way to insult an Ottoman gentleman is to call him a 'Turk'. His face will straightway wear the expression a Londoner's assumes, when he hears himself frankly styled a [[Cockney]]. He is no Turk, no savage, he will assure you, but an Ottoman subject of the Sultan, by no means to be confounded with certain barbarians styled Turcomans, and from whom indeed, on the male side, he may possibly be descended." (Davey 1907: 209)
}}
== Modern history ==
{{See also|Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire|World War I}}
Before the 1960s, Turkey had a relatively low rate of emigration.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwartz, J. M.|date=1977|title=Review of the book ''Turkish workers in Europe, 1960–1975: A socio-economic reappraisal'', by Nermin Abadan-Unat|journal=Contemporary Sociology|volume=6 |issue=5|pages=559–560|jstor=2065344|doi=10.2307/2065344}}</ref> However, after the adoption of a [[Turkish Constitution of 1961|new constitution]] in 1961, Turkish citizens began to migrate elsewhere.<ref name="Unat, N. A. 1995 p. 279">Unat, N. A. (1995). Turkish migration to Europe. In R. Cohen (Ed.), ''The Cambridge survey of world migration'' (p. 279). Cambridge University Press.</ref> Gradually, Turks became a "prominent ethnic minority group" in some Western countries.<ref>Hübner, E., & Rohlfs, H. H. (1992). ''Jahrbuch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: 1992/93''. München: Beck. {{OCLC|28132828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Micallef | first1 = R | year = 2004 | title = Turkish Americans: Performing identities in a transnational setting | journal = Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs | volume = 24 | issue = 2| pages = 233–241 | doi = 10.1080/1360200042000296636 | s2cid = 144573280 }}</ref> But from the beginning, they were subject to discrimination. At times, when host countries adopted more immigrant-friendly policies, "only the Turkish workers were excluded" from them.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hahamovitch | first1 = C. | year = 2003 | title = Creating perfect immigrants: Guest workers of the world in historical perspective 1 | journal = Labor History | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 69–94 | doi=10.1080/0023656032000057010| s2cid = 143191894 }}</ref>
In various European languages, the word "Turk" has acquired a meaning similar to "[[barbarian]]" or "heathen",<ref name="sieps" /><ref name="aen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/1/1/fernando.html|title=AENJ 1.1: Stigma, racism and power|work=aen.org.nz|access-date=2007-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312225500/http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/1/1/fernando.html|archive-date=2012-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="telegraaf1">{{Cite web|url=http://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/archief/20011115/teksten/bin.dale.turk.officier.vrijuit.html |title=De Telegraaf-i [] Binnenland – Van Dale vrijuit |publisher=Krant.telegraaf.nl |date=2001-11-15 |access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> or is used as a slur or curse.<ref name="sieps" /><ref name="informatia">{{Cite web|url=http://htdig.informatia.ro/jurnalul/afisez.php?sid=145486&date=2009-03-03&afisez=local |access-date=May 18, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818025845/http://htdig.informatia.ro/jurnalul/afisez.php?sid=145486&date=2009-03-03&afisez=local|title=REACTII LA PROPUNEREA JURNALULUI NATIONAL/De la rom la referendum |archive-date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref> As a result, the word also has some negative connotations in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2QiAQAAMAAJ&q=turk|title=The Turk in America|isbn=978-1-60781-013-1|last1=McCarthy|first1=Justin|date=2010-08-15|publisher=University of Utah Press }}</ref>
=== Arab World ===
The [[Arab World]] has a long history of mixed relations with the Turks back from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In the past, the Ottoman conquest had absorbed a large number of Arab countries into its map, ultimately opened a chapter of a complicated relationship between Turks and Arabs. While both are Muslim majority, subsequent conflict of interests and the growing [[Turkification]] and [[Turkish nationalism|nationalist movement]] had led to growing [[anti-Arabism]] among Turks, especially following the [[Arab Revolt]] during the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meforum.org/7162/arabs-are-just-not-that-into-turkey|title=Turkey, the Arab World Is Just Not That into You|first=Burak|last=Bekdil|website=Middle East Forum|date=14 January 2018 }}</ref>
==== Iraq ====
{{See also|Iraqi Turkmen|Kirkuk Massacre of 1924|Gavurbağı massacre|Kirkuk Massacre of 1959|1991 Altun Kupri massacre|Iraqi Turkmen genocide|Erbil massacre}}
The fear of Turkish influence has always dominated Iraq and as such, relationship between Iraq and Turkey has always been tense.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Iraq|first=Joe Parkinson in Istanbul and Sam Dagher in Erbil|date=January 17, 2012|title=Iraq Lashes Out at Turkey as Sunni-Shiite Rift Grows|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203735304577165140234013650|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref>
The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the [[Ottoman Empire]] to an increasingly discriminated against minority.<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72">{{Harvnb|Stansfield|2007|loc=72}}.</ref> Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the [[Kirkuk Massacre of 1959]]. Furthermore, under the [[Ba'ath Party]], discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72" /> as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of [[Arabization]] policies by the state, and [[Kurdification]] by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=62">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=62}}.</ref> Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and [[ethnic cleansing]]. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile.<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72" />
In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmen were seen as a disloyal remnant of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with a natural tie to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the [[Republic of Turkey]].<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=63">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=63}}.</ref> The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of [[Kirkuk]] were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of [[King Faisal I]] to the Iraqi throne.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=63" /> On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the [[Iraq Levies]]- a levied force raised by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] after the [[World War I|First World War]] and consisting primarily of [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]- clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=63" />
Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, [[Kirkuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BARDAKÇI|first=Murat|title=Kerkük katliamlarını 'Irak'a ayıp olur' diye eskiden sansür ederdik|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kerkuk-katliamlarini-irak-a-ayip-olur-diye-eskiden-sansur-ederdik-292618|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=30 January 2005 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gâvurbağı Katliamı (12 Temmuz 1946) – Türkmen Basın Ajansı|url=https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.tbajansi.com|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120125806/https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Kirkuk Massacre of 1959|The Kirkuk massacre of 1959]] came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the [[Iraqi Communist Party]], which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen.<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72" /><ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=64">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=64}}.</ref> With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, fights broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=34">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=34}}.</ref> Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=34" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Ghanim|first=David|title=Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy|page=380|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref> Order was restored on 17 July by military units from [[Baghdad]]. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre"<ref>{{Citation|last=Entessar|first=Nader|title=Kurdish Politics in the Middle East|page=79|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=34" />
[[File:Iraqi Turkmen protest in Amsterdam.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Turks protesting in [[Amsterdam]], the banner reads: 'Kirkuk is an Iraqi city with Turkmen characteristics'.]]
In 1980, [[Saddam Hussein]]'s government adopted a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region.<ref name="Jenkins 2008 loc=15">{{Harvnb|Jenkins|2008|loc=15}}.</ref> Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'ath regime recognized that the city of [[Kirkuk]] was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=64" /> Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the center and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=64" />
Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]".<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=65">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=65}}.</ref> In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=65" />
As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination.<ref name="International Crisis Group 2006 loc=5">{{Harvnb|International Crisis Group|2006|loc=5}}</ref> Thus, [[ethnic cleansing]] was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=66}}.</ref> Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies;<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66" /> school names, neighborhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66" /> Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighborhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66" />
Over 135 Turkmens were massacred in 1991 during the [[Gulf War]] by the [[Iraqi Army]].<ref>[http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/ms3.11.pdf Altunköprü the ancient name of Türkmen Township]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 March 2019|title=Al-Haddad offers condolences to Turkmen people on anniversary of Kirkuk, Altun Kupri, Tuzhurmatu and Taza massacres|url=https://en.parliament.iq/2019/03/27/al-haddad-offers-condolences-to-turkmen-people-on-anniversary-of-kirkuk-altun-kupri-tuzhurmatu-and-taza-massacres|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
[[File:Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard.jpg|left|thumb|266x266px|Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard written in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Kerkük'ü hiçbir güç Kürtleştiremez ("No power can Kurdify Kirkuk").]]
The Kurds claimed ''[[de facto]]'' [[sovereignty]] over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=67">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=67}}.</ref> Thus, it is claimed that the [[Kurdistan Region]] and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=67" /> The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in [[Tal Afar]]. The formation of the Kurdistan Region in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of [[Kurdification]], according to the Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of [[Erbil]], a city in which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]] of [[Massoud Barzani]].<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=68}}.</ref>
According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of [[Ankara]], a new political front of Turkmen parties, the [[Iraqi Turkmen Front]] (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68" /> The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68" /> In March 2000, the [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68" /> In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with [[Ankara]].<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=69">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=69}}.</ref> Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=69" /> Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Legacy of Iraq by Benjamin Isakhan Edinburgh University Press.</ref> According to United Nations reports, the KRG and [[Peshmerga]] were "illegally policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. A recognized [[Iraqi Turkmen genocide|genocide in 2014]] was done to Iraqi Turkmen by the [[Islamic State]].<ref name="ReferenceA" />
==== Libya ====
{{See also|Libyan Civil War (2014–present)}}
As for the result of the current Libyan conflict since 2014, Libya was divided into two, where the [[Government of National Accord]] in Tripoli enjoys military support from Turkey. This has fueled tensions between Ankara and [[House of Representatives (Libya)|the Tobruk-based government]], and anti-Turkish policies have been pursued by them, {{Example needed|date=February 2021}} In 2019, the Tobruk-based army had arrested Turkish nationals, accusing them of sponsoring terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haftar's forces down Turkish drone, arrest Turkish nationals|url=https://iranpress.com/content/12073|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=iranpress.com}}</ref> In 2020, over 15 Turkish nationals have been taken into custody for the same reason.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nordicmonitor.com/2020/04/15-turks-being-held-by-haftar-forces-in-libya-since-the-beginning-of-february/|title=15 Turks held by Haftar forces in Libya since February – Nordic Monitor|website=nordicmonitor.com|date=8 April 2020 }}</ref> Haftar had also ordered shooting down any Turkish ships and interests, banning flights to Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jun 29, 2019|title=Libya's Haftar orders forces to attack Turkish ships, bans flights to Turkey|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2019/06/29/Libya-s-Haftar-orders-forces-to-attack-Turkish-ships-interests|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref>
==== Saudi Arabia ====
{{See also|Wahhabi War}}
Saudi Arabia has a very tense relationship with Turkey, owing it to [[Ottoman-Saudi War]] when the Saudis were defeated by the Ottomans, which contributed to the Turkish rule for another century before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and its alliance with the [[Rashidi dynasty|Al-Rashid]] family against the [[House of Saud|Al-Saud]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Çiçek|first=M. Talha|date=May 24, 2017|title=The tribal partners of empire in Arabia: the Ottomans and the Rashidis of Najd, 1880–1918|journal=New Perspectives on Turkey|volume=56|pages=105–130|doi=10.1017/npt.2017.7|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Koru|first=Selim|date=July 24, 2015|title=Turkey's 200-Year War against 'ISIS'|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/turkeys-200-year-war-against-isis-13412|website=The National Interest}}</ref> The tensions rekindled in the 21st century with Erdoğan's desire to "revive the Ottoman Empire", which draws Saudi Arabia to be more antagonistic to Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2020|title=The Nonsense of "Neo-Ottomanism"|url=http://warontherocks.com/2020/05/the-nonsense-of-neo-ottomanism/|website=War on the Rocks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey's Dangerous New Exports: Pan-Islamist, Neo-Ottoman Visions and Regional Instability|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkeys-dangerous-new-exports-pan-islamist-neo-ottoman-visions-and-regional|website=Middle East Institute}}</ref> Saudi Arabia has since then made numerous policies, such as labeling the Ottoman Empire as the occupants of Arabia, financing movies that are deemed anti-Turkish,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wafy|first=Muhammed Nafih|title=Why Saudi Arabia's revisionist erasure of its Ottoman history will backfire|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2020/6/24/saudi-arabias-erasure-of-its-ottoman-history-will-backfire|website=alaraby|date=24 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Kingdoms of Fire' sheds light on dark Ottoman rule|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/kingdoms-of-fire-sheds-light-on-dark-ottoman-rule-1.68368684|website=gulfnews.com|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref> and recently, banning Turkish websites and leading boycotts against Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 17, 2018|title=Saudis call for boycott of Turkish products in protest against 'Ankara's plots'|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2018/12/17/Saudis-call-for-boycott-of-Turkish-products-in-protest-against-Ankara-s-plots-.html|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia blocks websites of two Turkish media|url=https://atalayar.com/en/content/saudi-arabia-blocks-websites-two-turkish-media|website=Atalayar|date=14 April 2020 }}</ref>
==== Syria ====
From the [[French mandate]] era to the Assad regime, the Turkish culture and language have perished for a section of the [[Syrian Turkmen]] community.<ref name="EnabBaladi2019">{{Citation|title=Turkmen: A Minority Influential in Syrian Culture|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/05/turkmen-a-minority-influential-in-syrian-culture/|year=2019|publisher=[[Enab Baladi]]}}</ref> Many Syrian Turkmen have become Arabized and assimilated in areas where they form a minority. Consequently, Arabization is mainly an exception in areas where the Syrian Turkmen live in areas where they form a significant population, where they have continued to maintain their Turkish identity and language despite discriminative state policies.<ref name="EnabBaladi2019" />
Since the Turkish annexation of [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]], there is a strong anti-Turkish sentiment among the Syrian population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syria's "Lost Province": The Hatay Question Returns|url=https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/54340|website=Carnegie Middle East Center}}</ref> For the Syrians, the annexation of Alexandretta became a national wound and a symbol of increasing Turkish meddling of Syrian affairs. This had led to the beginning of anti-Turkish discrimination, intensified under the government of Hafez al-Assad and the Arabization process. Syrian Turkmen, suffered discrimination over employment and education and were forbidden from writing and publishing in their native Turkish dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syrian Turkmen: Fighting to Survive|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2017/08/syrian-turkmen-fighting-survive-170806082405511.html|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by ''[[Al Bawaba]]'', it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Shiite religious minority. The report quoted [[Bayırbucak]] Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2016|title=Syria's Turkmen exception|publisher=[[Al Bawaba]] (English)|url=http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115190426/http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054|archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>
With the beginning of the [[Syrian Civil War]], Syrian Turkmen had sided with the [[Syrian opposition]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=al-Khateb|first=Khaled|date=August 6, 2019|title=Syrian Turkmen groups return from Turkey to support opposition|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/07/syria-turkmen-assembly-move-turkey-aleppo.html|website=Al-Monitor}}</ref> which fed the growth of anti-Turkism in Syria. The [[Syrian Armed Forces]], with Russian support, often bombed Syrian Turkmen positions as well as increased xenophobic attacks against Turkmen, accusing them of being Ankara's stooge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Turkmens: an ethnic group at the center of the Syrian conflict {{pipe}} DW {{pipe}} 25.11.2015|url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkmens-an-ethnic-group-at-the-center-of-the-syrian-conflict/a-18876277|website=DW.COM}}</ref>
==== United Arab Emirates ====
In December 2017, the UAE's foreign minister, [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], shared a tweet that claimed an Ottoman general had robbed [[Medina]] during Ottoman rule. Emirati diplomat [[Anwar Gargash]] then added, "The sectarian and partisan view is not an acceptable alternative, and the Arab world will not be led by Tehran or Ankara."<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 27, 2017|title=In first remarks since retweet feud, UAE diplomat says Arabs won't be led by Turkey|newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-emirates-idUSKBN1EL139|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>
=== Kurds ===
{{See also|Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|label 1=Kurdish-Turkish conflict}}
A 2013 study showed that 13.2% of the [[Kurds in Turkey]] had a negative view of Turks. Other numbers include 22.3% who would not accept a Turkish son/daughter-in-law and 5% who would not want to live next to a Turk. The study also showed that left-oriented Kurds were less likely to show tolerance towards Turks, while religious affiliation did not play any significance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarigil|first1=Zeki|last2=Karakoc|first2=Ekrem|date=2017|title=Inter-ethnic (In)tolerance between Turks and Kurds: Implications for Turkish Democratisation|journal=[[South European Society & Politics]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=22|issue=2|at=pages 207 & 209|doi=10.1080/13608746.2016.1164846|hdl=11693/37189|s2cid=155156303|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
== Europe ==
According to [[Fatma Müge Göçek]] the main reasons for anti-Turkish sentiment in Western Europe are [[Armenian genocide denial]] and the role of Turkish migrant workers in the economy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Göçek|first=Fatma Müge|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870211367|title=Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-933420-9|location=Oxford|page=32|oclc=870211367|author-link=Fatma Müge Göçek}}</ref>
=== Albania ===
In the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]], [[Islamic culture]] and life was destroyed through state policies and a group of Albanian historians, often with [[Nationalism|nationalist]] perspectives promoted in their literature "the Turkish savagery" and Albanian Christian resistance toward the Ottoman Empire. Scholars who opposed anti-Turkish and anti-Muslim narratives were subjected to ostracism and penalties.<ref name="Kopanski192">{{Cite journal|last=Kopanski|first=Atuallah Bogdan|title=Islamization of Albanians in the Middle Ages: The primary sources and the predicament of the modern historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1DrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Albanian+nationalist+historians+like+Ramadan+Marmallaku,+Kristo+Frasheri+Skender+Anamali,+Stefanaq+Polio,+Skender+Rizaj+and+Arben+Puto+%22|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=36|issue=2/3|year=1997|page=192}}</ref>
In the 2010s, opposition to Turkey building mosques in Albania or exerting its political influence exists among part of the population. They view Turkey as an interfering or autocratic power and Islam as a negative imposed Ottoman legacy.<ref name="ColbEdwa">{{Cite news|last1=Colborne|first1=Michael|last2=Edwards|first2=Maxim|title=In Albania, new Turkish mosque stirs old resentments|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2018/0912/In-Albania-new-Turkish-mosque-stirs-old-resentments|agency=The Christian Science Monitor|date=12 September 2018|access-date=10 January 2021|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Albsus">{{Cite web|title=Albania Suspended Between Gulen and Erdogan – Inside Over|date=18 September 2019 |url=https://www.insideover.com/reportage/politics/the-roots-of-the-albanian-crisis/disputed-albania-erdogans-pain-in-the-neck.html|access-date=Oct 28, 2020}}</ref>
=== Bulgaria ===
{{See also|Bulgarian Turks|Bulgarisation}}
[[File:Turkish Refugees from the district of Tirnova coming into Shumla.png|thumb|225x225px|Turkish refugees from the [[Veliko Tarnovo]] district coming into [[Shumen]] (1877).]]
[[File:Konstantin Makovsky - The Bulgarian martyresses.jpg|200px|thumb|''The Bulgarian Martyresses'', by [[Konstantin Makovsky]] (1877). A painting from the [[April Uprising]], it sparked outrage in the West against [[April Uprising#Outbreak and suppression|Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria]].]]
Before 1878, Turks accounted for an estimated one-third of the population of Bulgaria.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Crampton|first1=R. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ylz4fe7757cC&q=%22a+third%22&pg=PA111|title=A Concise History of Bulgaria – R. J. Crampton|date=2005-11-24|isbn=978-0-521-61637-9|page=111|publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> In 1876, approximately 70% of the country's [[arable land]] belonged to Turks. This number declined from 1923 to 1949, when an estimated 220,000 Turks moved from Bulgaria to Turkey, a migration encouraged by the Turkish government. [[Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)|Another wave of about 155,000 left Bulgaria]] from 1949 to 1951, many of them forcibly expelled.<ref name="Minahan 2002 loc=1613">{{Harvnb|Minahan|2002|loc=1613}}.</ref><ref>R. J. Crampton, 2007, Bulgaria, pp. 431–433</ref>
In 1984, the government implemented [[Bulgarisation]] policies to culturally assimilate Bulgarian Turks. Approximately 800,000 Turks were forced to adopt Bulgarian names. Furthermore, Bulgarian Turks were not allowed to use their Muslim names, speak [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in public places, or attend Muslim ceremonies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Katsikas|2010|loc=65}}.</ref> This assimilation campaign was labelled as an attempt for [[national revival]] and was called "The Revival Process".<ref name="pdc.ceu.hu">Dr. Dainov, Evgenii: "Transition, Violence and the Role of NGOs: the Case of Bulgaria" [http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002060/01/transition,_violence.pdf]</ref>
On 24 December 1984, in the village of [[Mlechino]], Bulgarian police and security forces shot at Turkish protesters when some 200 Turkish villagers from nearby smaller towns gathered to protest for the return of their passports and reinstatement of their Turkish names.
In many Turkish populated areas in Bulgaria, People from smaller towns and villages attempted to gather in larger towns with a government official with greater jurisdiction, to protest against the assimilation policies. These towns were often barricaded by Bulgarian security forces.<ref name="segabg.com">{{Cite web|date=4 August 2011|title=СЕГА – Технология на злото|url=http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?sid=2001020700010050003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415163925/http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?sid=2001020700010050003|archive-date=15 April 2009|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=Segabg.com}}</ref>
On 25 December 1984, close to the town of [[Benkovski, Kardzhali Province|Benkovski]], some 3,000 Turkish protesters from the nearby smaller villages confronted Bulgarian security forces and demanded to have their original identification papers back. The Bulgarian security forces managed to disperse the crowd and urged them to go back to their villages and inquire from the local mayors. After returning to their towns and discovering that the local municipality didn't have their passports and ID documentation the crowd marched back towards the town of Benkovski on the next day (26 December 1984). About 500 armed personnel from Bulgarian security forces were in position. The police presence in the area was previously increased under the guise of "exercise manoeuvres". When the crowd of 2,000 Turkish villagers approached the Bulgarian security forces opened fire with automatic weapons, wounding 8 people and killing 4. One of the killed was a 17-month-old Turkish baby.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2001|title=България {{pipe}} ДПС и НДСВ почетоха жертвите на преименуването|url=http://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2001/12/26/123224_dps_i_ndsv_pochetoha_jertvite_na_preimenuvaneto|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=Dnevnik.bg}}</ref> The victims were from the villages of [[Kayaloba]], [[Kitna]] and Mogiljane. The [[gunshot wounds]] suggest that the security force had been aiming at the midsection of the bodies. The captured demonstrators were faced down on the snow for 2 hours and blasted with cold water coming from the fire fighting trucks. In a report by Atanas Kadirev the head of the Ministry of Interior Forces in [[Kardzhali]] stated ''"It was interesting how they endured the entire water from the fire fighters' cisterns''". The temperature that day was minus 15 degrees Celsius.<ref name="segabg.com" /><ref name="e-vestnik.bg">{{Cite web|date=2008-05-14|title=Кръвта от 1984 г. или защо в Момчилград има шведски граждани|url=https://e-vestnik.bg/3848/%25d0%25ba%25d1%2580%25d1%258a%25d0%25b2%25d1%2582%25d0%25b0-%25d0%25be%25d1%2582-1984-%25d0%25b3-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b8-%25d0%25b7%25d0%25b0%25d1%2589%25d0%25be-%25d0%25b2-%25d0%25bc%25d0%25be%25d0%25bc%25d1%2587%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b3%25d1%2580%25d0%25b0%25d0%25b4-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bc%25d0%25b0-%25d1%2588/|access-date=2022-11-20|website=e-vestnik.bg|language=bg-BG}}</ref>
On the same day, 26 December 1984, in the village of [[Gruevo]], situated in [[Momchilgrad]] county, the Turkish community temporarily resisted the entry of security forces vehicles into the village by burning truck tires on the main road, but the security forces returned at night with reinforcements. The electricity to the village was cut. The villagers organized at the village entrance but were blasted with water from [[fire trucks]]. The security forces opened fire at the villagers and several civilians were wounded and killed. The wounded were refused medical treatment. There are reports of incarcerated Turks allegedly committing suicide while held for police questioning.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulgaristan Türkü'nün 26 Aralık damgalı acı öyküsü|url=https://bnr.bg/tr/post/100180614/bulgaristan-trknn-26-aralik-damgali-aci-yks|access-date=2021-01-31|website=bnr.bg|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulgaristan Türklerinin 32 yıl önce yaşadığı acının yıl dönümü|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/bulgaristan-turklerinin-32-yil-once-yasadigi-acinin-yil-donumu-290312.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=www.trthaber.com|date=26 December 2016 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Bulgaristan Türkleri'nin acı yıldönümü {{!}} DW {{!}} 24.12.2014|url=https://www.dw.com/tr/bulgaristan-t%C3%BCrklerinin-ac%C4%B1-y%C4%B1ld%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC/a-18149760|access-date=2021-01-31|website=DW.COM|language=tr-TR}}</ref> In demonstrations in Momchilgrad at least one 16-year-old was shot and killed and there are reports of casualties also in [[Dzhebel]].
The [[Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian Ministry of Interior]] stated "during these few Christmas days there have been some 11 demonstrations in which approximately 11,000 Turks participated." A large number of the arrested protesters were later sent to the [[Belene labour camp]] at the gates of which it is written "''All Bulgarian citizens are equal under the laws of the People's Republic of Bulgaria"''<ref name="segabg.com" />
One of the most notable confrontations between the ethnic Turk population and the Bulgarian State Security apparatus and army was in the village of Yablanovo during January 1985 where the Turkish population resisted the tanks of the 3rd Bulgarian Army for 3 days. When the village was overrun the town hall was made into a temporary Command Centre where imprisoned Turks were tortured. The torture and violation was later continued in the underground cellars of the Ministry of Interior in the city of [[Sliven]].<ref>ХАЛИФ, Омар, ЦАНКОВА, Диана: "Апокрифната Ябланска епопея: Българи и турци заедно се възправиха срещу диктатурата на Тодор Живков II" www.sedembg.com {{Cite web|title=Апокрифната Ябланска епопея|url=http://www.sedembg.com/101/page16.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416083208/http://www.sedembg.com/101/page16.htm|archive-date=16 April 2009|access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> Over 30 people are reported killed during the events in Yablanovo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Curl-status=dead%257Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235751/http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Carchive-date=26|access-date=2022-11-20|website=www.imir-bg.org}}</ref>
These events led to the beginning of the revival of the Turkish minority identity in Bulgaria and protests took place in some of the bigger settlements in the southern and northern Turk enclaves. Moreover, the Turkish community received the solidarity of Bulgarian intellectuals and opponents of the regime.<ref name="pdc.ceu.hu" />
This led, a few years later, to the biggest exodus in Europe since [[World War II]]: After the Bulgaria–Turkey border was opened in June 1989, approximately 350,000 Turks left Bulgaria on tourist visas in the span of three months.<ref>{{Harvnb|Neuburger|2004|loc=82}}.</ref> Eventually, more than 150,000 Turks returned to Bulgaria—especially after the removal of [[Todor Zhivkov]] from power—but more than 200,000 chose to remain in Turkey permanently.<ref>{{Harvnb|Eminov|1997|loc=97}}.</ref>
Former Bulgarian prime minister, [[Boyko Borisov]], has been accused of having anti-Turkish tendencies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doran|first=Peter B|date=July 18, 2009|title=Bulgarian election raises red flags|newspaper=[[guardian.co.uk]]|publisher=[[Guardian News and Media Limited]]|location=[[United Kingdom]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jul/18/bulgaria-election-europe-far-right|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> In December 2009, he backed a referendum, proposed by the nationalist party [[Attack (political party)|Attack]] ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: Атака), on whether to allow daily Turkish-language news broadcasts on [[Bulgarian National Television]], although he later withdrew his support.<ref name="Ivan">{{Cite news|last=Dikov|first=Ivan|date=December 30, 2009|title=The Bulgaria 2009 Review: Domestic Politics|publisher=Novinite Ltd.|agency=[[Sofia News Agency]]|location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111462|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then the Turkish prime minister, "expressed his concern of rising anti-Turkish sentiments in Bulgaria"<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 18, 2009|title=Erdogan to Borisov: Radical Statements Target Turkish Minority in Bulgaria|publisher=Novinite Ltd.|agency=[[Sofia News Agency]]|location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111228|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> to the Bulgarian prime minister. The [[Turkish Foreign Ministry]] also "expressed its concern over the rising heated rhetoric in Bulgaria".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dikov|first=Ivan|date=December 30, 2009|title=The Bulgaria 2009 Review: Diplomacy|publisher=Novinite Ltd.|agency=[[Sofia News Agency]]|location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111464|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> According to a report by Ivan Dikov, "not just Атака but a large number of Bulgarians have resented the news in Turkish".<ref name="Ivan" />
Borisov also referred to Turks (and [[Romani people|Romani]]) as "bad human material" in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-02-06|title=Mayor of Sofia brands Roma, Turks and retirees 'bad human material'|publisher=Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2015-09-06}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The vice president of the [[Party of European Socialists]], [[Jan Marinus Wiersma]], said Borisov had "crossed the invisible line between right wing populism and extremism".<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2009|title=Challenge to EPP over leader's statement on bad human material|url=http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844§ion=NER&category=NEWS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323050511/http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844§ion=NER&category=NEWS|archive-date=23 March 2012|publisher=Socialistgroup.eu}}</ref>
Some Bulgarian historians consider [[Bulgars]], a semi-nomadic Turkic people, as Iranian. According to [[Raymond Detrez]], [[Fringe theory|the Iranian theory]] is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated.<ref name="Detrez">{{Cite book| first=Raymond| last=Detrez |author-link=Raymond Detrez |title=Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C |page=29| isbn=9789052012971 }}</ref> Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dobre|first1=Claudia-Florentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mp5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Quest+for+a+Suitable+Past%3A+Myths+and+Memory+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe|title=Quest for a Suitable Past: Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe|last2=Ghita|first2=Cristian Emilian|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-386-136-3|page=142|language=en}}</ref>
Example for recent confrontation between the Turkish population of Bulgaria and Bulgarian politicians is [[Banya Bashi Mosque clashes]]
=== Belgium ===
{{See also|Turks in Belgium|}}
There are approximately 290,000 [[Turks in Belgium|Turkish citizens living in Belgium]], The majority of whom left to Belgium in the 1950s. In the past several years, many right and left wings Belgian political parties criticized domestic Turkish politics and called for banning or deporting Turkish immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=infosheet|url=http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/05)_Pictures,_documents_and_external_sites/09)_Publications/%20KBS%E2%80%A2Belgian-Turks%20GB_All%20in(1).pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081218035921/http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/05)_Pictures,_documents_and_external_sites/09)_Publications/%20KBS%E2%80%A2Belgian-Turks%20GB_All%20in(1).pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/ispo/downloads/ISPO%202009-11%20Ongelijke%20kansen%20en%20ervaren%20discriminatie.pdf|title=Belgian Turks discrimination}}</ref>
In 2015, a female employee shouted "''Dirty Turk"'' (''in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: 'Vuile Turk')'' at a Supervisor of Turkish origin in the [[Volvo Car Gent|Volvo car factory in Ghent]], which led to a [[Strike action]] by Turkish workers at the factory.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Vuile Turk' kost Volvo Gent 600 auto's|url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20150501_01659696|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Het Nieuwsblad|date=2 May 2015 |language=nl-BE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Racisme-incident bij toeleverancier verlamt Volvo|url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20150501_01658997|access-date=2020-12-23|website=De Standaard|date=2 May 2015 |language=nl-BE}}</ref>
[[Filip Dewinter]] a right-wing Flemish [[Nationalism|nationalist]] party member said in May 2017 at [[TV-program]] De Zevende Dag,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peeters|first=Nick|date=2017-04-23|title=Dewinter: "Probleem niet bij Erdogan maar met gefaald multiculturalisme"|url=https://skeptr.eu/2017/04/dewinter-probleem-erdogan-gefaald-multiculturalisme/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=SCEPTR|language=nl}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The solution is for Turkish minorities in Flemish region, another method should be applied not only integrate Turks into Flemish culture but assimilate Turks. Leave identity behind leaving culture behind and fully assimilate in our society, if not so return to the country of origin is the only solution.|author=|title=|source=}}
=== Cyprus ===
{{See also|Bloody Christmas (1963)|Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre|Tochni massacre|}}
The island of [[Cyprus]] became an independent state in 1960, with power shared between [[Greek Cypriots]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]] under the [[London-Zürich Agreements|London–Zürich Agreements]]. But in December 1963, in events that became known as [[Bloody Christmas (1963)|Bloody Christmas]] in which 364 Turks were killed,<ref>{{Harvnb|Papadakis|2005|loc=82}}.</ref> Turkish Cypriots were ousted from the republic and Greek Cypriots began a military campaign against them, leading to 11 years of ethnic clashes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Demirtaş-Coşkun|2010|loc=39}}.</ref> Turkish Cypriots bore the heavier cost in terms of casualties, and some 25,000—about a fifth of the population of Turkish Cypriots—were [[Internally displaced person|internally displaced]].<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59">{{Harvnb|Kliot|2007|loc=59}}.</ref> Thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses left behind were ransacked or completely destroyed. They lived as refugees for at least ten years, until the 1974 Turkish invasion.<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59" /> By the late 1960s, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots had left their homes and [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|moved into enclaves]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Tocci|2004|loc=53}}.</ref> This resulted in an exodus of Turkish Cypriots, with the majority migrating to the [[United Kingdom]] and others to Turkey, [[North America]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hüssein|2007|loc=18}}.</ref>
On 13 February 1963 Greeks and Greek Cypriots attacked the Turkish Cypriot quarter of [[Limassol]] with tanks killing 16 and injuring 35 Turks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stephen|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJy6AAAAIAAJ&q=+Limassol|title=The Cyprus Question|date=1997|publisher=British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group|language=en}}</ref> Between 11 and 13 May 1964, Cypriot Police executed much as 28 Turkish Cypriot civilians in [[Famagusta]] and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]].<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|title=Katliam emrini Rum Genelkurmay'ı vermiş|url=https://www.cnnturk.com/dunya/katliam-emrini-rum-genelkurmayi-vermis|access-date=2020-03-24|website=CNN Türk|date=9 August 2018 |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=sabah|first=daily|date=2018-08-08|title='Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek,' Greek Cypriot forces told amid pre-division violence|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/08/08/kill-10-turks-for-each-slain-greek-greek-cypriot-forces-told-amid-pre-division-violence|access-date=2020-06-05|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref> On 14 and 15 November 1967, Greek Cypriots murdered 26 Turkish Cypriots during their retreat from [[Kofinou]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cy0023)|access-date=2022-11-20|website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Stephen|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJy6AAAAIAAJ|title=The Cyprus Question|date=1997|publisher=British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group|language=en}}</ref>
Numerous atrocities against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed in response to the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]. In the [[Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre]] by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974.<ref name="Oberling1">{{Cite book|last=Oberling|first=Pierre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jakLAAAAIAAJ&q=massacre|title=The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus|date=1982|publisher=Social Science Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-000-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cassia1">{{Cite book|last=Cassia|first=Paul Sant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Aloa&pg=PA69|title=Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus|date=2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-646-7|language=en}}</ref> The [[United Nations]] described the massacre as a [[crime against humanity]], by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Information|first=United Nations Office of Public|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zichAAAAMAAJ&q=Maratha|title=UN Monthly Chronicle|date=July 1974|publisher=United Nations, Office of Public Information.|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Tochni massacre]], 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.<ref name="Cassia2">{{Cite book|last=Cassia|first=Paul Sant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Tochni&pg=PA237|title=Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus|date=2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-646-7|language=en}}</ref>
''The Washington Post'' covered another atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."<ref>[[The Washington Post]], 23 July 1974</ref>
In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard on 20 July 1974, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts.<ref name="fof">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLghm1Ot0moC&q=Limassol+quarter|title=Facts on File Yearbook 1974|date=1975|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0-87196-033-7|page=590}}</ref><ref name="oberlinglim">{{Cite book|last1=Oberling|first1=Pierre|title=The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus|date=1982|publisher=Boulder: Social Science Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-000-8|pages=164–5|quote=[...] children were shot in the street and the Turkish quarter of Limassol was burnt out by the National Guard.}}</ref> 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.<ref name="ros1">{{Cite book|last1=Higgins|first1=Rosalyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNELAQAAIAAJ&q=Limassol+camp|title=United Nations Peacekeeping: Europe, 1946–1979|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1969|isbn=978-0-19-218322-4|page=375}}</ref>
On 12 July 2020, The primate of the Church of Cyprus, [[Archbishop Chrysostomos II]] has expressed his opinions regarding the reversion of the [[Hagia Sophia]] museum to a mosque stating that "The Turks have remained uncivilized, they are rude, and they will remain [this way]." He added that "Turkey has learned to destroy, it has learned to appropriate the cultures of others and sometimes, when it does not benefit it, it destroys them and falsely presents cultures as its own."<ref name="Greek City Times">{{Cite news|last1=Antonopoulos|first1=Paul|date=13 July 2020|title=Cypriot Archbishop: Turks remain uncivilized who only destroy and appropriate the cultures of others|publisher=Greek City Times|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/07/13/cypriot-archbishop-turks-remain-uncivilized-who-only-destroy-and-appropriate-the-cultures-of-others/|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
=== Germany ===
{{See also|Turks in Germany|1984 Duisburg arson attack|1992 Mölln arson attack|1993 Solingen arson attack}}
[[File:Brandanschlag solingen 1993.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Solingen arson attack of 1993]], in which [[neo-Nazi]]s set fire to a Turkish family's home, was one of the most severe instances of [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] violence in modern Germany.]]
Turks are "the most prominent ethnic minority group in contemporary Germany",<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Klink | first1 = A. | last2 = Wagner | first2 = U. | year = 1999 | title = Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: Going back to the field | journal = Journal of Applied Social Psychology | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 402–423 | doi = 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x }}</ref> and discrimination and violence against them are common.<ref name="psycontent.com">{{Cite journal | last1 = Shohat | first1 = M. | last2 = Musch | first2 = J. | year = 2003 | title = Online auctions as a research tool: A field experiment on ethnic discrimination | journal = Swiss Journal of Psychology | volume = 62 | issue = 2| pages = 139–145 | doi = 10.1024//1421-0185.62.2.139}}</ref><ref>R. Cohen. (1995). Labour migration to western Europe after 1945. In R. Cohen (Ed.), ''The Cambridge survey of world migration''. (p. 279). Cambridge University Press.</ref> In public discourse and popular jokes, they are often portrayed as "ludicrously different in their food tastes, dress, names, and even in their ability to develop survival techniques".<ref>[[Toelken, B.]] (1985). "Turkenrein" and "Turken, Rausl"—Images of fear and aggression in German Gastarbeitterwitze. In N. Furniss & I. Basgoz (Eds.), ''Turkish workers in Europe: An interdisciplinary study''. (p. 155). Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Studies.</ref>
The number of violent acts by [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]] in Germany increased dramatically between 1990 and 1992.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramet|1999|loc=72}}.</ref> On November 25, 1992, three Turkish residents were killed in a [[firebombing]] in [[Mölln]], a town in northern Germany.<ref>{{Harvnb|Solsten|1999|loc=406}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Staab|1998|loc=144}}.</ref> And on May 29, 1993, in an [[1993 Solingen arson attack|arson attack in Solingen]], five members of a Turkish family that had resided in Germany for 23 years were burnt to death.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dummett|2001|loc=142}}.</ref> Several neighbors heard someone shout "[[Heil Hitler]]!" before dousing the front porch and door with gasoline and setting fire to the home.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lee|1999|loc=331}}.</ref> Most Germans condemned these attacks, and many marched in candlelight processions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cornelius|Martin|Hollifield|1994|loc=213}}</ref>
According to Greg Nees, "because Turks are both darker-skinned and Muslim, conservative Germans are largely against granting them citizenship".<ref>{{Harvnb|Nees|2000|loc=155}}.</ref>
=== Greece ===
{{See also|Turks of the Dodecanese|Cretan Turks|Turks in Western Thrace|1990 Komotini events|Navarino massacre|Massacre of Tripoli|Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)#Greek massacres of Turks|Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)#Greek scorched-earth policy|Yalova Peninsula massacres|Menemen massacre|Fire of Manisa}}
A member of the European parliament from the Greek far-right [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] party, former army lieutenant general [[Eleftherios Synadinos]] has been expelled from a European Parliament plenary session after a racist remark, stating that "As it has been expressed in scientific literature, the Turks are dirty and polluted. Turks are like wild dogs when they play but when they have to fight against their enemies they run away. The only effective way to deal with the Turks is with decisive and resolute attitudes."<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 2016|title=Schulz expels Golden Dawn MEP from EU Parliament|publisher=Neos Kosmos|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/35192/golden-dawn-mep-eleftherios-synadinos-expelled-by-eu-parliament-by-martin-schulz/|website=europarl.europa.eu |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
[[Ioannis Lagos]], who has been a Greek lawmaker serving as a Member of the [[European Parliament]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEPs European Parliament – Ioannis LAGOS |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197737/IOANNIS_LAGOS/home |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> has tore a Turkish flag made of paper into pieces in January 2020 during a session of debate for the humanitarian situation on the Greek islands due to illegal immigrations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neo-Nazi MEP penalized for tearing up Turkish flag |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/249452/neo-nazi-mep-penalized-for-tearing-up-turkish-flag/ |website=ekathimerini.com |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref>
The former Greek [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Theodoros Pangalos (politician)|Theodoros Pangalos]] stated in 2002 that Turks have been being allowed "to drag their bloodstained boots across the carpet" in the [[European Union]] capitals and has labelled Turks as "bandits, murderers, and rapists".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Island of troubles |url=https://www.economist.com/news/2002/12/19/island-of-troubles |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>
=== Netherlands ===
{{See also|Turks in the Netherlands}}
Turks are the largest ethnic minority group in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?fromstatweb | title=CBS Statline }}</ref> The first recorded attack on Turks in the Netherlands were the [[Afrikaanderwijk riots]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Safety cannot improve with just the law and a baton" {{!}} Erasmus School of Law {{!}} Erasmus University Rotterdam |url=https://www.eur.nl/en/esl/news/safety-cannot-improve-just-law-and-baton |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.eur.nl |language=en}}</ref> Although policies toward Turks in the Netherlands are more progressive than those in many other European countries, such as Germany,<ref>Mendes, H. F. (1994). ''Managing the multicultural society: The policy making process''. Paper presented at the Conference on Today's Youth and Xenophobia: Breaking the Cycle. Wassenaar, Netherlands: Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study.</ref> in a report on the Netherlands in 2008, the [[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]] wrote that the Turkish minority had been particularly affected by "stigmatization of and discrimination against members of minority groups".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|publisher=ECRI|date=2008|title=''Third report on the Netherlands''. Strasbourg, FRANCE: The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance|url=http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/NLD-CbC-III-2008-3-ENG.pdf|access-date=2015-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214011219/http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/NLD-CbC-III-2008-3-ENG.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> The report also noted that "the tone of Dutch political and public debate around integration and other issues relevant to ethnic minorities has experienced a dramatic deterioration".<ref name=":1" />
According to the [[European Network Against Racism]], an international organization supported by the [[European Commission]], half of all Turks in the Netherlands report having experienced racial discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Dinsbach, W.|author2=Walz, G.|author3=Boog, I.|date=2009|title=''ENAR shadow report 2008: Racism in the Netherlands''. Brussels, Netherlands: ENAR Netherlands|url=http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Netherlands%20-%20SR%202008.pdf|publisher=Cms.horus.be|access-date=2015-09-06|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040153/http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Netherlands%20-%20SR%202008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The network also noted "dramatic growth" of [[Islamophobia]]. In 2001, another international organization, the [[Fundamental Rights Agency|European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia]], highlighted a negative trend in Dutch attitudes towards minorities, compared with average [[European Union]] results.<ref>Thalhammer, E., Zucha, V., Enzenhofer, E., Salfinger, B., & Ogris, G. (2001). ''Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union: A special analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 survey on behalf of the European Monitoring Centre on racism and xenophobia''. Vienna, Austria: EUMC Sora. {{Cite web|url=http://www3.northamptonshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B83E8576-C738-4B93-8191-F36EF740A051/0/europeanunion.pdf |title=Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union |access-date=2010-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110071706/http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B83E8576-C738-4B93-8191-F36EF740A051/0/europeanunion.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-10 }}</ref> That analysis also noted that, compared to other Europeans, the Dutch were "more in favor of cultural assimilation of minorities" rather than "cultural enrichment by minority groups".
=== Malta ===
The [[Malta|Maltese]] have a colourful vocabulary stemming from their fight against the Ottoman Empire during the [[Great Siege of Malta]] in 1565. For example, the expression ''tgħammed tork'' is used when the sun is visible during rainfall; it means "a Turk has been baptised", which was considered a rare event. The phrase ''twieled tork'' ("a Turk was born") is also used. Another expression is ''ħaqq għat-torok'' ("curse on the Turks"), used when something goes wrong.<ref name="Maltaturks">{{Cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426194826/http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-26|access-date=2015-09-06|publisher=Thinksite.eu}}</ref>
== Former Soviet Union ==
{{See also|Turks in the former Soviet Union|Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks|Deportation of the Crimean Tatars}}
=== Armenia ===
{{See also|Armenian genocide|Armenian genocide denial|Hamidian massacres|Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07|Adana massacre|Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|Armenia–Turkey relations|Late Ottoman genocides|List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations}}
According to a 2007 survey, 78% of [[Armenia]]ns see Turkey as a threat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20January%2022%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20October%2027-November%203,%202007.pdf|title=pdf}}</ref>
=== Georgia ===
{{See also|Meskhetian Turks}}
[[Georgians]] look with a wary eye to Turkey's growing [[Neo-Ottomanism]] and the rise in popularity of [[Irredentism|irredentist]] maps showing Turkey with borders expanded into the former [[Ottoman Empire]], usually including [[Adjara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=eurasianet.org – Georgians Wary of Turkey's Rising Influence in Batumi|url=https://eurasianet.org/s/georgians-wary-of-turkeys-rising-influence-in-batumi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104247/https://eurasianet.org/s/georgians-wary-of-turkeys-rising-influence-in-batumi|archive-date=2018-05-21|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>
Although some Turks have since come back to Meskheti (which is near the Turkish-Georgian border), the Georgians and Armenians who settled in their homes have vowed to take up arms against any who return. Many Georgians have also argued that the [[Meskhetian Turks]] should be sent to Turkey, ''"where they belong"''.<ref name="Cornell 2001 loc=183">{{Harvnb|Cornell|2001|loc=183}}.</ref>
=== Russia ===
{{See also|Tatarophobia}}
[[File:Russian poster.JPG|thumb|300px|A [[World War I]] Russian [[propaganda]] poster depicting a Turk running away from a Russian]]
According to [[Stanford University]] history professor Robert D. Crews, Russia has been historically more tolerant towards Turkic people than any other European administrations, and many Turkic people ([[Volga Tatars]], [[Bashkirs]], [[Karachays]], [[Nogai people|Nogais]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], for example), most of them Muslims, were fairly treated under [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]]. However, not all Turkic peoples received such generous treatment, for instance, [[Crimean Tatars]] under Russian Tsarist administration were forced to leave their houses for Turkey due to Russian colonial politics in the [[Crimean peninsula]].
In the [[Soviet Union]], the [[NKVD]] and the [[Red Army]] carried out [[ethnic cleansing]] during World War II through [[Deportation|mass deportations]] of Turks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ther|Siljak|2001|loc=4}}.</ref> In June 1945, [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], the Soviet minister of foreign affairs, formally demanded that Turkey surrender three provinces ([[Kars Province|Kars]], [[Ardahan Province|Ardahan]], and [[Artvin Province|Artvin]]), and Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other provinces. War against Turkey seemed possible, and [[Joseph Stalin]] wanted to drive out Turks (especially in [[Meskheti]]) who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bennigsen|Broxup|1983|loc=30}}.</ref> The campaign is relatively poorly documented, but Soviet sources suggest that 115,000 Turks were deported, mainly to [[Central Asia]]. Most of them settled in [[Uzbekistan]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Cohen|Deng|1998|loc=263}}.</ref> but many others died along the way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meskhetian Genocide by Russia|url=http://www.topix.com/forum/world/russia/TCPIR4NKRT7T1ADGF|work=Topix}}</ref>
More recently, some Turks in Russia, especially Meskhetian Turks in [[Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar]], have faced human rights violations, including deprivation of citizenship and prohibitions on employment and owning property.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barton|Heffernan|Armstrong|2002|loc=9}}</ref> Since 2004, many Turks have left the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Coşkun|2009|loc=5}}.</ref>
=== Uzbekistan ===
{{See also|Meskhetian Turks#1989 deportation from Uzbekistan to other Soviet countries}}
While Turkey and [[Uzbekistan]] have a fair relationship for being commonly [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], some tensions were witnessed.
In 1989, 103 people died and more than 1,000 were wounded in ethnic clashes between Turks and [[Uzbeks]]. Some 700 houses were destroyed, and more than 90,000 Meskhetian Turks were driven out of Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schnabel|Carment|2004|loc=63}}.</ref> Many Turks see these events as their "second deportation". Those who remained in Uzbekistan complained of ethnic discrimination.<ref>{{Harvnb|Drobizheva|Gottemoeller|Kelleher|1998|loc=296}}</ref>
== Former Yugoslavia ==
{{See also|Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Turks in Croatia|Turks in Kosovo|Turks in North Macedonia|Turks in Montenegro|Turks in Serbia|Turk (term for Muslims)}}
[[File:Ottoman figures, Iconostasis in the Church of Sveti Spas, Northern Macedonia.jpg|thumb|right|425px|[[Iconostasis]] in the [[Church of the Ascension of Jesus, Skopje]] from 1867, [[North Macedonia]]. The [[Beheading of John the Baptist]] is carried out by figures stylized like Ottoman Turks.]]
After the [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire fell]] in the early 20th century, many Turks fled as [[Muhacir]]s (refugees). Others intermarried or simply identified themselves as [[Yugoslavs]] or [[Albanians]] to avoid stigma and persecution.<ref name="Knowlton 2005 loc=66">{{Harvnb|Knowlton|2005|loc=66}}.</ref>
Historically, from the Ottoman conquest through the 19th century, many ethnically non-Turkish groups—especially the Muslim Slavs of the [[Balkans]]—were referred to in local languages as [[Turks (term for Muslims)|Turks]]. This usage is common in literature, including in the works of [[Ivan Mažuranić]] and [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš]]. The religious ideology of [[Christoslavism]], coined by [[Michael Sells]], holds that "[[Slavs]] are [[Christianity|Christian]] by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race".<ref name="Jacobs2009">{{Cite book|author=Steven L. Jacobs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gwunFdWfNsC&pg=PA82|title=Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7391-3589-1|pages=82–}}</ref> Under this ideology, as seen in [[Croatian nationalism|Croatian]] and [[Serbian nationalism]], South Slavic Muslims are not regarded as part of their ethnic kin; by virtue of their [[Islam|Muslim faith]], they become "Turks".<ref name="BartovMack2001">{{Cite book|author1=Omer Bartov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpPf_AxWEgC&pg=PA183|title=In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century|author2=Phyllis Mack|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-302-2|pages=183–}}</ref>
=== North Macedonia ===
When North Macedonia [[Independence Day (North Macedonia)|proclaimed its independence]] in 1991, the Macedonian state implemented [[Macedonian nationalism|nationalist]] politics, which aimed to assimilate [[Islam in North Macedonia|Macedonian Muslims]] into a broader category of "[[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]]". The government banned education in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in all regions to "prevent [[Turkification]]". This, however, was met with resistance by Muslims who did not support the association and wanted to learn Turkish and continue their education in Turkish. The protests failed, although one person applied to the [[European Court of Human Rights]]. The case revolved around rights to education in the mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zadrożna|first=Anna|date=2017|title=Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context|journal=Nationalities Papers|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=524–539|doi=10.1080/00905992.2017.1287690|issn=0090-5992|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Serbia ===
During the [[Great Eastern Crisis]] more than [[Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)|10,000 Muslims, including Turks]], were forced to left the territory of the [[Principality of Serbia|Serbian Principality]] in 1862.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Özkan |first=Ayşe |title=Kanlıca Konferansı Sonrasında Müslümanların Sırbistan'dan Çıkarılmaları ve Osmanlı Devleti'nin Sırbistan'dan Çekilişi (1862-1867) |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/73930 |journal=Akademik Bakış |volume=5 |issue=11}}</ref>
=== Bosnian War ===
[[Ratko Mladić]], [[Radovan Karadžić]]'s military chief and fellow convicted criminal of [[Bosnian genocide|genocide]], crimes against humanity and war crimes,<ref>''Daily report: East Europe, Issues 191-210''. Front Cover United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 38.</ref> described the conquest of Srebrenica and the [[Srebrenica massacre|ensuing massacre]] as an opportunity for "the [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbs]] to avenge themselves on the Turks".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karadzic predicted Muslim bloodbath, Bosnian war crimes trial hears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/27/un-prosecutors-open-case-karadzic |website=The Guardian |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
On July 11, 1995, the town of [[Srebrenica]] fell to the [[Bosnian Serb Army]]. Its commander Ratko Mladić made his infamous statement at the same day, which has been used against him during [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]], while he and his entourage posing for cameras with the town in the background:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Survivors recount Bosnia's Srebrenica genocide, 25 years on |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/11/survivors-recount-bosnias-srebrenica-genocide-25-years-on |website=The Aljazeera |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suljagic |first1=Emir |title=How the Bosnian Serb Assembly Redefined Bosniaks as Enemy 'Turks' |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/10/19/how-the-bosnian-serb-assembly-redefined-bosniaks-as-enemy-turks/ |website=The Balkan Transitional Justice programme |date=19 October 2020 |publisher=Balkan Investigate Reporting Network |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Boghani |first1=Priyanka |title=Timeline: Ratko Mladić and His Role in War Crimes During the Bosnian War |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-ratko-mladic-and-his-role-in-war-crimes-during-the-bosnian-war/ |website=FRONTLINE |publisher=PBS |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
{{quotation | Here we are, on July 11, 1995, in Serb Srebrenica. On the eve of yet another great Serb holiday, we give this town to the Serb people as a gift. Finally, after the [[First Serbian Uprising|Rebellion]] against the [[Dahije|Dahis]], the time has come to take revenge on the Turks in this region.}}
== Other countries ==
=== United States ===
Anti-Turkism first appeared in the United States during [[World War I]], when the [[Armenian genocide]] began and was reported by American newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview – New York Times|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html?mcubz=1|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> These reports had reinforced a sense of solidarity to Armenians and increasingly anti-Turkish rhetorics in the United States, with the Turks being equally seen as a barbaric people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Payaslian|first1=Simon|year=2005|title=The US and the Armenian Genocide: Review Article|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=59|issue=1|pages=132–140|jstor=4330101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=STATISTICS OF TURKEY'S GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref>
=== Israel ===
{{See also|Antisemitism in Turkey}}
As a result of the increasing [[Anti-Zionism|Anti-Zionist]] and antisemitic sentiment by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, [[Turkish-Israeli relations]] have been greatly damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Erdogan's Anti-Semitism Has Done Great Harm to Turkey|url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/06/16/erdogans-anti-semitism-has-done-great-harm-to-turkey/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Israelhayom}}</ref> However, Israelis have generally reserved criticism for only the Turkish government.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
In 2019, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s son, [[Yair Netanyahu]], published a tweet remarking that [[Istanbul]] was once called [[Constantinople]], a centre of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] before "Turkish occupation" of the city, sparking a political crisis between Turkey and Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Mar 19, 2019|title=Erdogan slams Israel PM and son over anti-Turkey tweets|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190319-erdogan-slams-israel-pm-and-son-over-anti-turkey-tweets/|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref>
On 12 July 2020, a group of nine Israelis made up of Christians and Jews burned the Turkish flag at the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in response to Erdoğan's decision to convert [[Hagia Sophia]] back into a mosque. They were later detained by Israeli police.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Firat|first=Esat|date=13 July 2020|title=Israeli group burns Turkish flag over Hagia Sophia move|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-group-burns-turkish-flag-over-hagia-sophia-move/1909334|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
After the [[Gaza flotilla raid]] in 2010, where 10 Turks were killed, and the subsequent diplomatic crisis between Israel and Turkey, the number of Israeli tourists to Turkey shrunk to 100,000 as Israelis preferred to "refrain from visiting the country that was seen to be hostile to them".
By 2019, however, 500,000 Israelis visited Turkey, making it one of the most popular destinations for Israelis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldman|first=Mordechai|date=2020-08-05|title=Coronavirus not stopping flow of Israeli tourists to Turkey|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/08/israel-turkey-donald-trump-mavi-marmara-flotilla-tourism.html|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref>
On 10 February 2023, Israeli top rabbi [[Shmuel Eliyahu]] claimed that the earthquake that devastated Turkey was "a divine punishment" because the Turkish government had "defamed" Israel. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-national-religious-rabbi-says-deadly-quake-in-turkey-syria-is-divine-justice/ | title=Top national religious rabbi says deadly quake in Turkey, Syria is divine justice | website=[[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref>
=== New Zealand ===
{{See also|Christchurch mosque shootings|New Zealand–Turkey relations}}
The guns and [[Magazine (firearms)|magazines]] used by Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]], were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand mosque shooter names his 'idols' on weapons he used in massacre|newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]]|location=Istanbul|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315161334/https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Coalson|first=Robert|title=Christchurch Attacks: Suspect Took Inspiration From Former Yugoslavia's Ethnically Fueled Wars|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html|access-date=15 March 2019|newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zivanovic|first=Maja|title=New Zealand Mosque Gunman 'Inspired by Balkan Nationalists'|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists/|access-date=15 March 2019|website=Balkaninsight.com|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Balkaninsight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315215856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|website=www.aljazeera.com|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand terror suspect wrote Italian shooter's name on his gun|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20190315/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-luca-traini-italy-shooter-macerate|access-date=17 March 2019|website=www.thelocal.it}}</ref> Notable references from Ottoman history included [[Skanderbeg]] (an Albanian nobleman who led an uprising against the Ottoman Empire), [[Marco Antonio Bragadin|Antonio Bragadin]] (a [[Venice|Venetian]] officer who broke an agreement and killed Turkish captives), 1683 (which is the date of the [[Second Siege of Vienna]]), [[Miloš Obilić]] (who is said to have killed the Ottoman Emperor [[Murad I|Murat I]] in [[Battle of Kosovo]] in 1389), [[János Hunyadi]] (who had blocked Ottoman attempts to take [[Belgrade]]), [[Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg]] (who defeated the Ottomans in 1683), the [[Battle of Kahlenberg]] (which marked the beginning of the Ottoman withdrawal from the Siege of Vienna) and "Turkofagos" (Turk eater), the nickname of [[Greek War of Independence]] revolutionary [[Nikitaras]],<ref name=":3" /> which he used to shoot 91 people with, 51 fatal (one Turkish<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkish man wounded in Christchurch mosque attack dies|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/3/turkish-man-wounded-in-christchurch-mosque-attack-dies|access-date=2020-10-18|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>) and 40 wounded.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Why is Turkey at the heart of the Christchurch terrorist's anger?|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/why-is-turkey-at-the-heart-of-the-christchurch-terrorist-s-anger-25120|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Why is Turkey at the heart of the Christchurch terrorist's anger?|language=en}}</ref>
His 'manifesto' specifically refers to Turks and utters threats against Turkey, that [[Istanbul]]'s mosques will be destroyed and [[Hagia Sophia]] will be [[Christianization|Christianized]].<ref name=":4" />
He also identifies himself as a "kebab removalist", referencing to the [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] '[[Remove Kebab|remove kebab]]' meme often used by the far-right [[Ultra nationalist|ultra-nationalists]] and [[Islamophobia|Islamophobes]], that originated from [[Serbia]] and the [[Fourteen Words]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purtill|first=James|date=2019-03-15|title=Fuelled by a toxic, alt-right echo chamber, Christchurch shooter's views were celebrated online|url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/christchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online/10907056|access-date=2020-10-18|website=triple j|language=en}}</ref> He was also playing an associated propaganda song in his car before the shooting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/15/mosque-shooter-brandished-material-glorifying-serb-nationalism|access-date=2020-10-18|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>
== In contemporary media ==
=== Movies ===
==== ''Dracula Untold'' ====
{{See also|Dracula Untold}}
The film has been accused of Islamophobia for the vilification of [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]] and for portraying the figure of [[Vlad the Impaler]] as a hero even though, according to Turkish journalist Elest Ali Korkmaz, he "indiscriminately killed Turks and [[Bulgarians]]" in real history.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Ali|first=Elest|date=2014-10-24|title=Is 'Dracula Untold' An Islamophobic Movie?|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119991/dracula-untold-islamophobic|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0028-6583}}</ref>
==== ''Midnight Express'' ====
{{See also|Midnight Express (film)}}
''Midnight Express'' is criticized for its unfavorable portrayal of Turkish people.
In her 1991 book ''Turkish Reflections: A Biography of Place'', [[Mary Lee Settle]] wrote: 'The Turks I saw in ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' and ''Midnight Express'' were like cartoon caricatures, compared to the people I had known and lived among for three of the happiest years of my life.'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Settle, Mary Lee.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23357619|title=Turkish reflections : a biography of a place|date=1991|publisher=Prentice Hall Press|isbn=0-13-917675-6|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=23357619}}</ref>
[[Pauline Kael]], in reviewing the film for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', commented, 'This story could have happened in almost any country, but if Billy Hayes had planned to be arrested to get the maximum commercial benefit from it, where else could he get the advantages of a Turkish jail? Who wants to defend Turks? (They don't even constitute enough of a movie market for [[Columbia Pictures]] to be concerned about how they are represented.)'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kael, Pauline.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5286142|title=When the Lights Go Down|year=1980|isbn=0-03-042511-5|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=5286142}}</ref>
One reviewer, writing for ''World Film Directors'', wrote: "''Midnight Express'' is 'more violent, as a national hate-film than anything I can remember', 'a cultural form that narrows horizons, confirming the audience's meanest fears and prejudices and resentments'."<ref name="fer22">{{Cite book|editor=John Wakeman|title=World Film Directors|publisher=T.H. W. Wilson Co|year=1988|location=New York}}</ref>
[[David Denby (film critic)|David Denby]] of ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' criticized ''Midnight Express'' as 'merely anti-Turkish, and hardly a defense of prisoners' rights or a protest against prison conditions'.<ref>{{Citation|title=Author's preface|date=1978-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110801057-002|work=Mishpokhe|pages=11–16|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110801057-002|isbn=978-3-11-080105-7|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref> Denby said also that all Turks in the movie — guardian or prisoner — were portrayed as 'losers' and 'swine', and that 'without exception [all the Turks] are presented as degenerate, stupid slobs'.
[[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] film director [[Derviş Zaim]] wrote a thesis at the [[University of Warwick]] on the representation of Turks in the film, in which he concluded that the one-dimensional portrayal of the Turks as 'terrifying' and 'brutal' served merely to reinforce the sensational outcome, and was likely influenced by such factors as [[Orientalism]] and capitalism.<ref>{{Citation|title=APPENDIX A – CORRECTIVE TURKISH VIEWER COMMENT (IMDb)|date=2010-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463225735-009|work=The Midnight Express Phenomenon|pages=143–144|place=Piscataway, NJ, USA|publisher=Gorgias Press|doi=10.31826/9781463225735-009|isbn=978-1-4632-2573-5|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref>
==== ''Saturday Night Live'' ====
{{See also|Saturday Night Live}}
Greek actress [[Nia Vardalos]], participated in a ''Saturday Night Live'' episode where Turks were portrayed as dirty, smoking, Arabic speaking, ragtag, nose picking and anti-Armenian characters, which was heavily criticized by the Turkish Forum, a network of expat Turks which protested NBC and asked for a public apology, and the show received heavy criticism by the Turks on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABD Televizyonu NBC'de Türkiye'ye ağır hakaret|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/abd-televizyonu-nbc-de-turkiye-ye-agir-hakaret-38429798|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=12 November 2002 |language=tr}}</ref>
== Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages ==
* {{FRA}}: In old French, terms such as "''C'est un vrai Turc"'' ("A true Turk") were used to refer to brutish and cruel individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arşivlenmiş kopya|url=http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15%3A74.%2Fvar%2Fartfla%2Fdicos%2FACAD_1694%2FIMAGE%2F|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221814/http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15%3A74.%2Fvar%2Fartfla%2Fdicos%2FACAD_1694%2FIMAGE%2F|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
* {{ITA}}: In contemporary Italian, phrases such as "''bestemmia come un Turco''" ("Cursing like a Turk") and "''puzza come un Turco''" ("Stinking like a Turk") are often used.<ref name="sieps" /> The phrase "''Mamma li Turchi!''" ("Mommy, Turks are coming!") is used to disclaim fear and upheaval, is often used in media headlines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The View from Bologna: Mama, the Turks! European integration and the burden of history|url=http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/blogs/view_from_bologna/archives/2004/12/mama_the_turks.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127190910/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/mama-the-turks-european-integration-and-the-burden-of-history/|archive-date=27 January 2018|access-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> The phrase "fumare come un turco" ("Smoking like a Turk) is used to indicate excessive consumption of tobacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perché si dice fumare come un turco? |url=https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/perche-si-dice-fumare-come-un-turco |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Focus.it |language=it}}</ref>
* {{NLD}}: Some offensive expressions are ''"Eruit zien als een Turk"'' ("to look like a Turk"), which means to "seem filthy", "repulsive", or ''"Rijden als een Turk"'' ("to drive like a Turk"), meaning "to drive recklessly".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Van Dale vrijuit.|url=https://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/archief/20011115/teksten/bin.dale.turk.officier.vrijuit.html|access-date=19 October 2021|date=15 November 2001|newspaper=[[De Telegraaf]]|language=nl}}</ref>
* {{NOR}}: In Norwegian is used the expression ''"Sint som en tyrker"'' which means "angry as a Turk".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fra hav og strand: en tylt fortællinger|author=Just W. Flood|page=24|language=no|year=1884}}</ref>
* {{ROU}}: In Romanian language it is common to call "a Turk" somebody who's stubborn, who is not able to understand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=turc – definiție și paradigmă|url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/turc|access-date=19 October 2021|website=Dexonline|publisher=[[Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române]]|language=ro}}</ref>
* {{ESP}}: Spanish people used to say ''"turco"'' when they wanted to insult another person.<ref name="sieps" />
* {{GBR}}: In English, phrases such as "[[wikt:Johnny Turk|Johnny Turk]]", "[[:wikt:out-paramour the Turk|out-paramour the Turk]]", "[[:wikt:turn Turk|turn Turk]]" and "[[:wikt:young Turk|young Turk]]" were historically used.
* {{SWE}}: In Swedish there is a racist ryhme phrase "turk på burk smakar urk" (literally "canned Turk tastes bleh"), which has been associated with anti-Turkish sentiment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Priftis |first1=Marcus |title=Turk på burk och svensk rasism |url=https://www.svd.se/a/b974dd8d-2bec-3bb9-9fa2-6456b745b97f/turk-pa-burk-och-svensk-rasism |website=Svenska Dagbladet |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Turkey}}
* [[Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment]]
*[[Anti-Hungarian sentiment]]
*[[Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment]]
*[[Anti-Mongolianism]]
*[[Index of racism-related articles]]
*[[Insulting Turkishness]]
*[[Islamophobia]]
*[[List of massacres of Turkish people]]
*[[Persecution of Muslims]]
*[[Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction]]
*[[Racism against Asians]]
*[[Red Jews]]
*[[Remove Kebab]]
*[[Tatarophobia]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography ==
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{{refend}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070606230704/http://www.hum.au.dk/cek/kontur/pdf/kontur_10/sinan.yasar.pdf Turkey in the Eye of the Beholder:Tracking Perceptions on Turkey through Political Cartoons by Sinan Erensü and Yaşar Adanalı]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050217213603/http://www.hetq.am/eng/society/h-0203-vharutiunyan.html Patriotism versus Patria by Vartan Harutiunyan]
*[http://www.brown.edu/Students/Turkish/old/Gelenler/Turkishness_in_Hollywood.pdf Representation of Turkishness in Hollywood by Aslihan Tokgoz]
*[http://tatar.yuldash.com/eng_098.html TURKOPHOBIA:Its Social and Historical Roots By Sabirzyan BADRETDIN]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30678/30678-h/30678-h.htm The Unspeakable Turk political cartoons]
*{{in lang|tr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090501120701/http://www.haberturk.com/haber.asp?id=61182&cat=180&dt=2008%2F03%2F14 Marco Türklere ders vermek istemiş!]
{{Turkey topics}}
{{Turkic topics}}
{{Racism}}
{{Discrimination}}
[[Category:Anti-Turkish sentiment| ]]
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Turkish]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Hostility, fear or intolerance against Turkish peoples}}
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
[[File:Saint Jean de Capistran Cathédrale Vienne.jpg|alt=The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascend toward heaven. The baroque apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna shows John of Capistrano, canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription '1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt' (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of Cardinal Franz König.|thumb|349x349px|"The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascending toward heaven. The [[baroque]] apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St Stephen's Cathedral]] in Vienna shows [[John of Capistrano]], canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription ''"1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt"'' (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of [[Franz König|Cardinal Franz König]]."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andre|first=Gingrich|date=April 2015|title=The Nearby Frontier: Structural Analyses of Myths of Orientalism|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Photo-Humiliation-and-triumph-forever-and-ever-The-dying-half-naked-Turk-slips-down_fig1_275239710|website=Researchgate}}</ref>]]
'''Anti-Turkish sentiment''', also known as '''Anti-Turkism''' ({{lang-tr|Türk karşıtlığı}}), or '''Turkophobia''' ({{Lang-tr|Türkofobi}}) is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against [[Turkish people]], [[Culture of Turkey|Turkish culture]] and the [[Turkish language]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Modern Armenia: people, nation, state |last=Libaridian |first=Gerard J. |year=2004 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-7658-0205-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba/page/193 193] |url=https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba |url-access=registration |quote=One consequence of the shift from anti-communism to anti-Turkism was that an important segment of the Diaspora lived through moments ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The origins of Arab nationalism |last=Khalidi |first=Rashid |year=1991 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-07435-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal/page/18 18] |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal |url-access=registration |quote=In the first place, Arabist ideology, including a bitter anti-Turkism, was fully formulated long before the Young Turk revolution}}</ref>
The term refers to not only against [[Turkish people|Turks]] across all regions, but also against the subjects of the [[Ottoman Empire]], as well as descendants of ethnic Turks such as [[Syrian Turkmen]] and [[Iraqi Turkmen]]. It is also applied to groups who developed in part under the influence of Turkish culture and traditions while converting to Islam, especially during the time of the Ottoman Empire, such as [[Albanians]], [[Bosniaks]] and other smaller ethnic groups around [[Balkans]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD0wAAAAYAAJ&q=anti-turkish|title=The Muslim World League Journal|publisher=Press and Publications Department, Muslim World League|year=1995|isbn=|volume=23|location=the University of Virginia|page=36|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NK4TAQAAIAAJ|title=From Eastern Europe to Western China|isbn=978-0-8330-1374-3|last1=Fuller|first1=Graham E.|last2=Air Force|first2=United States|last3=Army|first3=United States|publisher=Rand Corporation|date=1993-04-01}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2020}}
{{toclimit|3}}
== Early modern period ==
In the [[Early modern period]], the [[fall of Constantinople]] and the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]]—part of [[Christianity in Europe|European Christians]]' effort to stem the expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the predecessor to Turkey—helped fuel the development of anti-Turkism. By the middle of the 15th century, special [[Mass (liturgy)|masses]] called ''missa contra Turcos'' ([[Latin]] for "mass against Turks") were held in various places in Europe<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|last1=Jensen|first1=Janus Møller|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mWY_r7C2VsC&pg=PA117|title=Denmark and the Crusades|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|isbn=978-9004155794|location=|page=117}}</ref><ref name="sieps">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 2006|title=Turkey, Sweden and the EU: Experiences and Expectations|url=http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021813/http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-06|access-date=2015-09-06|website=|publisher=Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies|pages=6–8}}</ref> to spread the message that victory over the Ottomans was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the Turks.<ref name="books.google.com" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kirkman|first1=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skIG-CEe24cC&pg=PA121|title=The Cultural Life of the Early Polyphonic Mass|date=2010-04-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-11412-7|location=|page=121|access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref>
=== 16th century ===
As the Ottomans expanded their empire west, [[Western Europe]] came into more frequent contact with the Turks, often militarily.
During the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)|Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War]], the Ottomans conquered [[Ottoman conquest of Cyprus|Cyprus]].
In the 16th century, around 2,500 publications about the Turks—including more than 1,000 in [[German language|German]]—were released in Europe, spreading the image of the "bloodthirsty Turk". From 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat to Europe than about the discovery of the [[New World]]. Bishop [[Johann Faber]] of [[Vienna]] claimed, "There are no crueler and more audacious villains under the heavens than the Turks, who spare no age or sex and mercilessly cut down young and old alike and pluck unripe fruit from the wombs of mothers."<ref name="sieps" />
[[File:Die Osmanen in Europa.JPG|left|thumb|Original prints from the 16th century at the [[Hungarian National Museum]] depict a Turkish warrior butchering infants.]]
During this time, the Ottoman Empire also invaded the Balkans and [[Siege of Vienna (1529)|besieged Vienna]], sparking widespread fear in Europe, and especially in [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185 |title=Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert |date= 2004-01-04|access-date=2015-09-06|isbn=978-0-8028-2486-8 |last1=Wengert |first1=Timothy J. |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company }}</ref> [[Martin Luther]], the German leader of the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]], took advantage of these fears by asserting that the Turks were "the agents of the Devil who, along with the Antichrist located in the heart of the Catholic Church, Rome, would usher in the Last Days and the Apocalypse".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Foley |first1=Sean |title=Muslims and Social Change in the Atlantic Basin |journal=Journal of World History |date=2009 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=377–398 |id={{Project MUSE|316491}} |doi=10.1353/jwh.0.0064 |s2cid=145391152 }}</ref>
Luther believed that the Ottoman invasion was God's punishment of Christians for allowing corruption in the [[Holy See]] and the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MDO/is_5_34/ai_n21053788/?tag=content;col1 Smith, R. O. (2007). Luther, the Turks, and Islam. Currents in Theology and Mission, 34(5), 351–365]: "Luther's statement of explanation created yet more contention. Indeed, it was singled out for condemnation in Exsurge Domine, the papal bull of ex-communication directed at Luther by Pope Leo X on 15 June 1520. Among the "destructive, pernicious, scandalous, and seductive" errors enumerated in the bull is an essentialized version of Luther's position: "To go to war against the Turks is to resist God who punishes our iniquities through them." (11) But even before Exsurge Domine, Luther tied his struggles with Rome to the war against the Turk. Prior to the beginning of the Leipzig Debate with Johannes Eck in June 1519, Luther wrote to his friend Wencenlaus Linck, "I think I can demonstrate that today Rome is worse than the Turk."</ref> In 1518, when he defended his [[Ninety-five Theses|95 Theses]], Luther claimed that God had sent the Turks to punish Christians just as he had sent war, [[Plague (disease)|plague]], and [[earthquake]]s. (In response, [[Pope Leo X]] issued [[Exsurge Domine|a papal bull]] in which he threatened Luther with [[excommunication]] and portrayed him as a troublemaker who advocated capitulation to the Turks.)<ref name="sieps" /> In his writings ''On War Against the Turk'' and ''Military Sermon Against the Turks'', Luther was "consistent in his theological conception of the Turks as a manifestation of God's chastising rod". He and his followers also espoused the view that the [[Ottoman–Habsburg wars|Ottoman–Habsburg Wars]] were a conflict "between Christ and Antichrist" or "between God and the devil".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185 |title=Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert |page=185 |date= 2004-01-04|access-date=2015-09-06|isbn=978-0-8028-2486-8 |last1=Wengert |first1=Timothy J. |publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company }}</ref>
Spurred by this argument, the [[Portuguese Empire]], seeking to capture more land in [[East Africa]] and other parts of the world, used any encounter with the "Terrible Turk" as "a prime opportunity to establish credentials as champions of the faith on par with other Europeans".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Casale |first1=Giancarlo. |title=Global Politics in the 1580s: One Canal, Twenty Thousand Cannibals, and an Ottoman Plot to Rule the World |journal=Journal of World History |date=2007 |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=267–296 |id={{Project MUSE|223606}} |doi=10.1353/jwh.2007.0020 |s2cid=144507249 }}</ref>
Stories of the "dog-Turk" reinforced the negative image. The dog-Turk was claimed to be a man-eating being, half-animal and half-human, with a [[dog]]'s head and tail. After the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683, the image of the dog-Turk became a figure used to ridicule Turks in carnival processions and masquerades, where "dog-Turk" characters began to appear alongside witches and clowns.<ref name="sieps" />
=== 17th–18th centuries ===
In [[Sweden]], the Turks were portrayed as the archenemies of Christianity. A book by the parish priest [[Erland Dryselius]] of [[Jönköping]], published in 1694, was titled ''Luna Turcica eller Turkeske måne, anwissjandes lika som uti en spegel det mahometiske vanskelige regementet, fördelter uti fyra qvarter eller böcker'' ("Turkish moon showing as in a mirror the dangerous Mohammedan rule, divided into four quarters or books"). In sermons, the Swedish clergy preached about the Turks' cruelty and bloodthirstiness, and how they systematically burned and plundered the areas they conquered. In a Swedish schoolbook published in 1795, [[Islam]] was described as "the false religion that had been fabricated by the great deceiver Muhammad, to which the Turks to this day universally confess"''.''<ref name="sieps" />
In 1718, [[James Puckle]] demonstrated two versions of his new invention, the [[Puckle gun]]: a tripod-mounted, single-barreled [[flintlock]] weapon fitted with a revolving cylinder, designed to prevent intruders from boarding a ship. The first version, intended for use against Christian enemies, fired conventional round bullets. The second, intended for use against the Muslim Ottomans, fired square bullets, designed by Kyle Tunis, which were believed to be more damaging and would, according to Puckle's [[patent]], convince the Turks of the "benefits of Christian civilization".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A876855|title=h2g2 – The Machine Gun 1718–1914 – Edited Entry|date=2003-01-27|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref>
[[Voltaire]] and other European writers described the Turks as tyrants who destroyed Europe's heritage; with Voltaire characterizing Turks as "tyrants of the women and enemies of arts" and "barbarian usurpers who must be chased out of Europe."<ref name="sieps" /> In his book ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'', [[Edward Said]] noted, "Until the end of the seventeenth century the 'Ottoman peril' lurked alongside Europe to represent for the whole of Christian civilization a constant danger, and in time European civilization incorporated that peril and its lore, its great events, figures, virtues, and vices, as something woven into the fabric of life."<ref>Edward Said. "[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]", (1978), p. 59–60</ref>
=== Anti-Turkism by Ottomans ===
{{see also|Turkish nationalism}}
Within the ruling class, Ottomans, called themselves "''Osmanlı''", to note a person of higher intellect and education with proficiency in Persian and Arabic literature, while the word "Turk" was used to discriminate against the nomad Turkomans of [[the steppes]] and [[Khurasan]], and the illiterate [[Anatolia]]n peasantry, and ethnic slurs such as ''Eşek Türk'' (donkey Turk) and ''Kaba Türk'' (rude Turk) were used to describe them. Other expressions included were "Turk-head" and "Turk-person".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moosa|first=Matti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYO1BqdvX9EC&q=donkey+turk|title=Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects|date=February 1, 1988|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2411-0|location=|page=430|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stavrianos|first=Leften Stavros|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&q=donkey+turk|title=The Balkans Since 1453|date=July 24, 2000|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-551-0|location=|page=93|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vucinich|first=Wayne S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIMqAQAAMAAJ&q=donkey+turk|title=The Ottoman Empire, its record and legacy|date=June 1, 1979|publisher=R. E. Krieger Pub. Co.|isbn=978-0-88275-785-8|location=|page=63|via=Google Books}}</ref> Within the Ottoman Empire, the term of "''Etrak-i bi-idrak''" was sometimes used to denote the [[Yörüks|Yörük]]''' '''[[wikt:backwoodsmen|backwoodsmen]], [[bumpkins]], and [[nomad]] Turkomans in [[Anatolia]]. "''Etrak-i bi-idrak''", an Ottoman play on words, meant "the ignorant Turk". Another similar phrase was "''Türk-i-bed-lika''" which meant "the ugly-faced Turk".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Aleksei I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8niIYSTqToC&q=Imperial+Rule,+Central+European+University+Press|title=Imperial Rule|last2=Rieber|first2=Alfred J.|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9241-98-5|location=|page=33|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fijnaut|first1=Cyrille|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XtKAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Etrak-i+bi-idrak%22&pg=PA206|title=Organised Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond|last2=Paoli|first2=Letizia|date=2007-01-21|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-2765-9|location=|page=206|language=en}}</ref>
[[Ozay Mehmet|Özay Mehmet]], an academic of [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] descent, wrote in his book ''Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery'':<ref>Ozay Mehmet, Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery, Routledge, 1990. pg 115</ref>
{{cquote|The ordinary Turks [Turkmen, or Yörüks] did not have a sense of belonging to a ruling ethnic group. In particular, they had a confused sense of self-image. Who were they: Turks, Muslims or Ottomans? Their literature was sometimes Persian, sometimes Arabic, but always courtly and elitist. There was always a huge social and cultural distance between the Imperial centre and the Anatolian periphery. As Bernard Lewis expressed it: "In the Imperial society of the Ottomans the ethnic term Turk was little used, and then chiefly in a rather derogatory sense, to designate the Turcoman nomads or, later, the ignorant and uncouth Turkish-speaking peasants of the Anatolian villages." (Lewis 1968: 1)
In the words of a [[British people|British]] observer of the Ottoman values and institutions at the start of the twentieth century: "The surest way to insult an Ottoman gentleman is to call him a 'Turk'. His face will straightway wear the expression a Londoner's assumes, when he hears himself frankly styled a [[Cockney]]. He is no Turk, no savage, he will assure you, but an Ottoman subject of the Sultan, by no means to be confounded with certain barbarians styled Turcomans, and from whom indeed, on the male side, he may possibly be descended." (Davey 1907: 209)
}}
== Modern history ==
{{See also|Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire|World War I}}
Before the 1960s, Turkey had a relatively low rate of emigration.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwartz, J. M.|date=1977|title=Review of the book ''Turkish workers in Europe, 1960–1975: A socio-economic reappraisal'', by Nermin Abadan-Unat|journal=Contemporary Sociology|volume=6 |issue=5|pages=559–560|jstor=2065344|doi=10.2307/2065344}}</ref> However, after the adoption of a [[Turkish Constitution of 1961|new constitution]] in 1961, Turkish citizens began to migrate elsewhere.<ref name="Unat, N. A. 1995 p. 279">Unat, N. A. (1995). Turkish migration to Europe. In R. Cohen (Ed.), ''The Cambridge survey of world migration'' (p. 279). Cambridge University Press.</ref> Gradually, Turks became a "prominent ethnic minority group" in some Western countries.<ref>Hübner, E., & Rohlfs, H. H. (1992). ''Jahrbuch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: 1992/93''. München: Beck. {{OCLC|28132828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Micallef | first1 = R | year = 2004 | title = Turkish Americans: Performing identities in a transnational setting | journal = Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs | volume = 24 | issue = 2| pages = 233–241 | doi = 10.1080/1360200042000296636 | s2cid = 144573280 }}</ref> But from the beginning, they were subject to discrimination. At times, when host countries adopted more immigrant-friendly policies, "only the Turkish workers were excluded" from them.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hahamovitch | first1 = C. | year = 2003 | title = Creating perfect immigrants: Guest workers of the world in historical perspective 1 | journal = Labor History | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 69–94 | doi=10.1080/0023656032000057010| s2cid = 143191894 }}</ref>
In various European languages, the word "Turk" has acquired a meaning similar to "[[barbarian]]" or "heathen",<ref name="sieps" /><ref name="aen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/1/1/fernando.html|title=AENJ 1.1: Stigma, racism and power|work=aen.org.nz|access-date=2007-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312225500/http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/1/1/fernando.html|archive-date=2012-03-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="telegraaf1">{{Cite web|url=http://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/archief/20011115/teksten/bin.dale.turk.officier.vrijuit.html |title=De Telegraaf-i [] Binnenland – Van Dale vrijuit |publisher=Krant.telegraaf.nl |date=2001-11-15 |access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> or is used as a slur or curse.<ref name="sieps" /><ref name="informatia">{{Cite web|url=http://htdig.informatia.ro/jurnalul/afisez.php?sid=145486&date=2009-03-03&afisez=local |access-date=May 18, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818025845/http://htdig.informatia.ro/jurnalul/afisez.php?sid=145486&date=2009-03-03&afisez=local|title=REACTII LA PROPUNEREA JURNALULUI NATIONAL/De la rom la referendum |archive-date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref> As a result, the word also has some negative connotations in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2QiAQAAMAAJ&q=turk|title=The Turk in America|isbn=978-1-60781-013-1|last1=McCarthy|first1=Justin|date=2010-08-15|publisher=University of Utah Press }}</ref>
=== Arab World ===
The [[Arab World]] has a long history of mixed relations with the Turks back from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In the past, the Ottoman conquest had absorbed a large number of Arab countries into its map, ultimately opened a chapter of a complicated relationship between Turks and Arabs. While both are Muslim majority, subsequent conflict of interests and the growing [[Turkification]] and [[Turkish nationalism|nationalist movement]] had led to growing [[anti-Arabism]] among Turks, especially following the [[Arab Revolt]] during the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meforum.org/7162/arabs-are-just-not-that-into-turkey|title=Turkey, the Arab World Is Just Not That into You|first=Burak|last=Bekdil|website=Middle East Forum|date=14 January 2018 }}</ref>
==== Iraq ====
{{See also|Iraqi Turkmen|Kirkuk Massacre of 1924|Gavurbağı massacre|Kirkuk Massacre of 1959|1991 Altun Kupri massacre|Iraqi Turkmen genocide|Erbil massacre}}
The fear of Turkish influence has always dominated Iraq and as such, relationship between Iraq and Turkey has always been tense.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Iraq|first=Joe Parkinson in Istanbul and Sam Dagher in Erbil|date=January 17, 2012|title=Iraq Lashes Out at Turkey as Sunni-Shiite Rift Grows|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203735304577165140234013650|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref>
The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the [[Ottoman Empire]] to an increasingly discriminated against minority.<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72">{{Harvnb|Stansfield|2007|loc=72}}.</ref> Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the [[Kirkuk Massacre of 1959]]. Furthermore, under the [[Ba'ath Party]], discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72" /> as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of [[Arabization]] policies by the state, and [[Kurdification]] by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=62">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=62}}.</ref> Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and [[ethnic cleansing]]. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile.<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72" />
In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmen were seen as a disloyal remnant of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with a natural tie to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the [[Republic of Turkey]].<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=63">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=63}}.</ref> The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of [[Kirkuk]] were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of [[King Faisal I]] to the Iraqi throne.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=63" /> On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the [[Iraq Levies]]- a levied force raised by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] after the [[World War I|First World War]] and consisting primarily of [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]- clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=63" />
Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, [[Kirkuk]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=BARDAKÇI|first=Murat|title=Kerkük katliamlarını 'Irak'a ayıp olur' diye eskiden sansür ederdik|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kerkuk-katliamlarini-irak-a-ayip-olur-diye-eskiden-sansur-ederdik-292618|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=30 January 2005 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gâvurbağı Katliamı (12 Temmuz 1946) – Türkmen Basın Ajansı|url=https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.tbajansi.com|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120125806/https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[Kirkuk Massacre of 1959|The Kirkuk massacre of 1959]] came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the [[Iraqi Communist Party]], which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen.<ref name="Stansfield 2007 loc=72" /><ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=64">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=64}}.</ref> With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, fights broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=34">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=34}}.</ref> Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=34" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Ghanim|first=David|title=Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy|page=380|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref> Order was restored on 17 July by military units from [[Baghdad]]. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre"<ref>{{Citation|last=Entessar|first=Nader|title=Kurdish Politics in the Middle East|page=79|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=34" />
[[File:Iraqi Turkmen protest in Amsterdam.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Turks protesting in [[Amsterdam]], the banner reads: 'Kirkuk is an Iraqi city with Turkmen characteristics'.]]
In 1980, [[Saddam Hussein]]'s government adopted a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region.<ref name="Jenkins 2008 loc=15">{{Harvnb|Jenkins|2008|loc=15}}.</ref> Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'ath regime recognized that the city of [[Kirkuk]] was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=64" /> Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the center and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=64" />
Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]".<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=65">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=65}}.</ref> In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=65" />
As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination.<ref name="International Crisis Group 2006 loc=5">{{Harvnb|International Crisis Group|2006|loc=5}}</ref> Thus, [[ethnic cleansing]] was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=66}}.</ref> Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies;<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66" /> school names, neighborhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66" /> Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighborhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=66" />
Over 135 Turkmens were massacred in 1991 during the [[Gulf War]] by the [[Iraqi Army]].<ref>[http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/ms3.11.pdf Altunköprü the ancient name of Türkmen Township]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 March 2019|title=Al-Haddad offers condolences to Turkmen people on anniversary of Kirkuk, Altun Kupri, Tuzhurmatu and Taza massacres|url=https://en.parliament.iq/2019/03/27/al-haddad-offers-condolences-to-turkmen-people-on-anniversary-of-kirkuk-altun-kupri-tuzhurmatu-and-taza-massacres|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
[[File:Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard.jpg|left|thumb|266x266px|Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard written in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: Kerkük'ü hiçbir güç Kürtleştiremez ("No power can Kurdify Kirkuk").]]
The Kurds claimed ''[[de facto]]'' [[sovereignty]] over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=67">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=67}}.</ref> Thus, it is claimed that the [[Kurdistan Region]] and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=67" /> The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in [[Tal Afar]]. The formation of the Kurdistan Region in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of [[Kurdification]], according to the Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of [[Erbil]], a city in which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]] of [[Massoud Barzani]].<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=68}}.</ref>
According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of [[Ankara]], a new political front of Turkmen parties, the [[Iraqi Turkmen Front]] (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68" /> The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68" /> In March 2000, the [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=68" /> In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with [[Ankara]].<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=69">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=69}}.</ref> Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=69" /> Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Legacy of Iraq by Benjamin Isakhan Edinburgh University Press.</ref> According to United Nations reports, the KRG and [[Peshmerga]] were "illegally policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. A recognized [[Iraqi Turkmen genocide|genocide in 2014]] was done to Iraqi Turkmen by the [[Islamic State]].<ref name="ReferenceA" />
==== Libya ====
{{See also|Libyan Civil War (2014–present)}}
As for the result of the current Libyan conflict since 2014, Libya was divided into two, where the [[Government of National Accord]] in Tripoli enjoys military support from Turkey. This has fueled tensions between Ankara and [[House of Representatives (Libya)|the Tobruk-based government]], and anti-Turkish policies have been pursued by them, {{Example needed|date=February 2021}} In 2019, the Tobruk-based army had arrested Turkish nationals, accusing them of sponsoring terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haftar's forces down Turkish drone, arrest Turkish nationals|url=https://iranpress.com/content/12073|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=iranpress.com}}</ref> In 2020, over 15 Turkish nationals have been taken into custody for the same reason.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nordicmonitor.com/2020/04/15-turks-being-held-by-haftar-forces-in-libya-since-the-beginning-of-february/|title=15 Turks held by Haftar forces in Libya since February – Nordic Monitor|website=nordicmonitor.com|date=8 April 2020 }}</ref> Haftar had also ordered shooting down any Turkish ships and interests, banning flights to Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jun 29, 2019|title=Libya's Haftar orders forces to attack Turkish ships, bans flights to Turkey|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/north-africa/2019/06/29/Libya-s-Haftar-orders-forces-to-attack-Turkish-ships-interests|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref>
==== Saudi Arabia ====
{{See also|Wahhabi War}}
Saudi Arabia has a very tense relationship with Turkey, owing it to [[Ottoman-Saudi War]] when the Saudis were defeated by the Ottomans, which contributed to the Turkish rule for another century before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and its alliance with the [[Rashidi dynasty|Al-Rashid]] family against the [[House of Saud|Al-Saud]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Çiçek|first=M. Talha|date=May 24, 2017|title=The tribal partners of empire in Arabia: the Ottomans and the Rashidis of Najd, 1880–1918|journal=New Perspectives on Turkey|volume=56|pages=105–130|doi=10.1017/npt.2017.7|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Koru|first=Selim|date=July 24, 2015|title=Turkey's 200-Year War against 'ISIS'|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/turkeys-200-year-war-against-isis-13412|website=The National Interest}}</ref> The tensions rekindled in the 21st century with Erdoğan's desire to "revive the Ottoman Empire", which draws Saudi Arabia to be more antagonistic to Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2020|title=The Nonsense of "Neo-Ottomanism"|url=http://warontherocks.com/2020/05/the-nonsense-of-neo-ottomanism/|website=War on the Rocks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey's Dangerous New Exports: Pan-Islamist, Neo-Ottoman Visions and Regional Instability|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkeys-dangerous-new-exports-pan-islamist-neo-ottoman-visions-and-regional|website=Middle East Institute}}</ref> Saudi Arabia has since then made numerous policies, such as labeling the Ottoman Empire as the occupants of Arabia, financing movies that are deemed anti-Turkish,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wafy|first=Muhammed Nafih|title=Why Saudi Arabia's revisionist erasure of its Ottoman history will backfire|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2020/6/24/saudi-arabias-erasure-of-its-ottoman-history-will-backfire|website=alaraby|date=24 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Kingdoms of Fire' sheds light on dark Ottoman rule|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/kingdoms-of-fire-sheds-light-on-dark-ottoman-rule-1.68368684|website=gulfnews.com|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref> and recently, banning Turkish websites and leading boycotts against Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 17, 2018|title=Saudis call for boycott of Turkish products in protest against 'Ankara's plots'|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2018/12/17/Saudis-call-for-boycott-of-Turkish-products-in-protest-against-Ankara-s-plots-.html|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia blocks websites of two Turkish media|url=https://atalayar.com/en/content/saudi-arabia-blocks-websites-two-turkish-media|website=Atalayar|date=14 April 2020 }}</ref>
==== Syria ====
From the [[French mandate]] era to the Assad regime, the Turkish culture and language have perished for a section of the [[Syrian Turkmen]] community.<ref name="EnabBaladi2019">{{Citation|title=Turkmen: A Minority Influential in Syrian Culture|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/05/turkmen-a-minority-influential-in-syrian-culture/|year=2019|publisher=[[Enab Baladi]]}}</ref> Many Syrian Turkmen have become Arabized and assimilated in areas where they form a minority. Consequently, Arabization is mainly an exception in areas where the Syrian Turkmen live in areas where they form a significant population, where they have continued to maintain their Turkish identity and language despite discriminative state policies.<ref name="EnabBaladi2019" />
Since the Turkish annexation of [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]], there is a strong anti-Turkish sentiment among the Syrian population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syria's "Lost Province": The Hatay Question Returns|url=https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/54340|website=Carnegie Middle East Center}}</ref> For the Syrians, the annexation of Alexandretta became a national wound and a symbol of increasing Turkish meddling of Syrian affairs. This had led to the beginning of anti-Turkish discrimination, intensified under the government of Hafez al-Assad and the Arabization process. Syrian Turkmen, suffered discrimination over employment and education and were forbidden from writing and publishing in their native Turkish dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syrian Turkmen: Fighting to Survive|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2017/08/syrian-turkmen-fighting-survive-170806082405511.html|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by ''[[Al Bawaba]]'', it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Shiite religious minority. The report quoted [[Bayırbucak]] Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 February 2016|title=Syria's Turkmen exception|publisher=[[Al Bawaba]] (English)|url=http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115190426/http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054|archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref>
With the beginning of the [[Syrian Civil War]], Syrian Turkmen had sided with the [[Syrian opposition]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=al-Khateb|first=Khaled|date=August 6, 2019|title=Syrian Turkmen groups return from Turkey to support opposition|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/07/syria-turkmen-assembly-move-turkey-aleppo.html|website=Al-Monitor}}</ref> which fed the growth of anti-Turkism in Syria. The [[Syrian Armed Forces]], with Russian support, often bombed Syrian Turkmen positions as well as increased xenophobic attacks against Turkmen, accusing them of being Ankara's stooge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Turkmens: an ethnic group at the center of the Syrian conflict {{pipe}} DW {{pipe}} 25.11.2015|url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkmens-an-ethnic-group-at-the-center-of-the-syrian-conflict/a-18876277|website=DW.COM}}</ref>
==== United Arab Emirates ====
In December 2017, the UAE's foreign minister, [[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], shared a tweet that claimed an Ottoman general had robbed [[Medina]] during Ottoman rule. Emirati diplomat [[Anwar Gargash]] then added, "The sectarian and partisan view is not an acceptable alternative, and the Arab world will not be led by Tehran or Ankara."<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 27, 2017|title=In first remarks since retweet feud, UAE diplomat says Arabs won't be led by Turkey|newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-emirates-idUSKBN1EL139|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>
=== Kurds ===
{{See also|Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|label 1=Kurdish-Turkish conflict}}
A 2013 study showed that 13.2% of the [[Kurds in Turkey]] had a negative view of Turks. Other numbers include 22.3% who would not accept a Turkish son/daughter-in-law and 5% who would not want to live next to a Turk. The study also showed that left-oriented Kurds were less likely to show tolerance towards Turks, while religious affiliation did not play any significance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarigil|first1=Zeki|last2=Karakoc|first2=Ekrem|date=2017|title=Inter-ethnic (In)tolerance between Turks and Kurds: Implications for Turkish Democratisation|journal=[[South European Society & Politics]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=22|issue=2|at=pages 207 & 209|doi=10.1080/13608746.2016.1164846|hdl=11693/37189|s2cid=155156303|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
=== Bulgaria ===
{{See also|Bulgarian Turks|Bulgarisation}}
[[File:Turkish Refugees from the district of Tirnova coming into Shumla.png|thumb|225x225px]]
[[File:Konstantin Makovsky - The Bulgarian martyresses.jpg|200px|thumb|''The Bulgarian Martyresses'', by [[Konstantin Makovsky]] (1877). A painting from the [[April Uprising]], it sparked outrage in the West against [[April Uprising#Outbreak and suppression|Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria]].]]
Before 1878, Turks accounted for an estimated one-third of the population of Bulgaria.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Crampton|first1=R. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ylz4fe7757cC&q=%22a+third%22&pg=PA111|title=A Concise History of Bulgaria – R. J. Crampton|date=2005-11-24|isbn=978-0-521-61637-9|page=111|publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=2015-09-06}}</ref> In 1876, approximately 70% of the country's [[arable land]] belonged to Turks. This number declined from 1923 to 1949, when an estimated 220,000 Turks moved from Bulgaria to Turkey, a migration encouraged by the Turkish government. [[Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)|Another wave of about 155,000 left Bulgaria]] from 1949 to 1951, many of them forcibly expelled.<ref name="Minahan 2002 loc=1613">{{Harvnb|Minahan|2002|loc=1613}}.</ref><ref>R. J. Crampton, 2007, Bulgaria, pp. 431–433</ref>
In 1984, the government implemented [[Bulgarisation]] policies to culturally assimilate Bulgarian Turks. Approximately 800,000 Turks were forced to adopt Bulgarian names. Furthermore, Bulgarian Turks were not allowed to use their Muslim names, speak [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in public places, or attend Muslim ceremonies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Katsikas|2010|loc=65}}.</ref> This assimilation campaign was labelled as an attempt for [[national revival]] and was called "The Revival Process".<ref name="pdc.ceu.hu">Dr. Dainov, Evgenii: "Transition, Violence and the Role of NGOs: the Case of Bulgaria" [http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002060/01/transition,_violence.pdf]</ref>
On 24 December 1984, in the village of [[Mlechino]], Bulgarian police and security forces shot at Turkish protesters when some 200 Turkish villagers from nearby smaller towns gathered to protest for the return of their passports and reinstatement of their Turkish names.
In many Turkish populated areas in Bulgaria, People from smaller towns and villages attempted to gather in larger towns with a government official with greater jurisdiction, to protest against the assimilation policies. These towns were often barricaded by Bulgarian security forces.<ref name="segabg.com">{{Cite web|date=4 August 2011|title=СЕГА – Технология на злото|url=http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?sid=2001020700010050003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415163925/http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?sid=2001020700010050003|archive-date=15 April 2009|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=Segabg.com}}</ref>
On 25 December 1984, close to the town of [[Benkovski, Kardzhali Province|Benkovski]], some 3,000 Turkish protesters from the nearby smaller villages confronted Bulgarian security forces and demanded to have their original identification papers back. The Bulgarian security forces managed to disperse the crowd and urged them to go back to their villages and inquire from the local mayors. After returning to their towns and discovering that the local municipality didn't have their passports and ID documentation the crowd marched back towards the town of Benkovski on the next day (26 December 1984). About 500 armed personnel from Bulgarian security forces were in position. The police presence in the area was previously increased under the guise of "exercise manoeuvres". When the crowd of 2,000 Turkish villagers approached the Bulgarian security forces opened fire with automatic weapons, wounding 8 people and killing 4. One of the killed was a 17-month-old Turkish baby.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2001|title=България {{pipe}} ДПС и НДСВ почетоха жертвите на преименуването|url=http://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2001/12/26/123224_dps_i_ndsv_pochetoha_jertvite_na_preimenuvaneto|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=Dnevnik.bg}}</ref> The victims were from the villages of [[Kayaloba]], [[Kitna]] and Mogiljane. The [[gunshot wounds]] suggest that the security force had been aiming at the midsection of the bodies. The captured demonstrators were faced down on the snow for 2 hours and blasted with cold water coming from the fire fighting trucks. In a report by Atanas Kadirev the head of the Ministry of Interior Forces in [[Kardzhali]] stated ''"It was interesting how they endured the entire water from the fire fighters' cisterns''". The temperature that day was minus 15 degrees Celsius.<ref name="segabg.com" /><ref name="e-vestnik.bg">{{Cite web|date=2008-05-14|title=Кръвта от 1984 г. или защо в Момчилград има шведски граждани|url=https://e-vestnik.bg/3848/%25d0%25ba%25d1%2580%25d1%258a%25d0%25b2%25d1%2582%25d0%25b0-%25d0%25be%25d1%2582-1984-%25d0%25b3-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b8-%25d0%25b7%25d0%25b0%25d1%2589%25d0%25be-%25d0%25b2-%25d0%25bc%25d0%25be%25d0%25bc%25d1%2587%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b3%25d1%2580%25d0%25b0%25d0%25b4-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bc%25d0%25b0-%25d1%2588/|access-date=2022-11-20|website=e-vestnik.bg|language=bg-BG}}</ref>
On the same day, 26 December 1984, in the village of [[Gruevo]], situated in [[Momchilgrad]] county, the Turkish community temporarily resisted the entry of security forces vehicles into the village by burning truck tires on the main road, but the security forces returned at night with reinforcements. The electricity to the village was cut. The villagers organized at the village entrance but were blasted with water from [[fire trucks]]. The security forces opened fire at the villagers and several civilians were wounded and killed. The wounded were refused medical treatment. There are reports of incarcerated Turks allegedly committing suicide while held for police questioning.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulgaristan Türkü'nün 26 Aralık damgalı acı öyküsü|url=https://bnr.bg/tr/post/100180614/bulgaristan-trknn-26-aralik-damgali-aci-yks|access-date=2021-01-31|website=bnr.bg|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bulgaristan Türklerinin 32 yıl önce yaşadığı acının yıl dönümü|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/bulgaristan-turklerinin-32-yil-once-yasadigi-acinin-yil-donumu-290312.html|access-date=2021-01-31|website=www.trthaber.com|date=26 December 2016 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Bulgaristan Türkleri'nin acı yıldönümü {{!}} DW {{!}} 24.12.2014|url=https://www.dw.com/tr/bulgaristan-t%C3%BCrklerinin-ac%C4%B1-y%C4%B1ld%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC/a-18149760|access-date=2021-01-31|website=DW.COM|language=tr-TR}}</ref> In demonstrations in Momchilgrad at least one 16-year-old was shot and killed and there are reports of casualties also in [[Dzhebel]].
The [[Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian Ministry of Interior]] stated "during these few Christmas days there have been some 11 demonstrations in which approximately 11,000 Turks participated." A large number of the arrested protesters were later sent to the [[Belene labour camp]] at the gates of which it is written "''All Bulgarian citizens are equal under the laws of the People's Republic of Bulgaria"''<ref name="segabg.com" />
One of the most notable confrontations between the ethnic Turk population and the Bulgarian State Security apparatus and army was in the village of Yablanovo during January 1985 where the Turkish population resisted the tanks of the 3rd Bulgarian Army for 3 days. When the village was overrun the town hall was made into a temporary Command Centre where imprisoned Turks were tortured. The torture and violation was later continued in the underground cellars of the Ministry of Interior in the city of [[Sliven]].<ref>ХАЛИФ, Омар, ЦАНКОВА, Диана: "Апокрифната Ябланска епопея: Българи и турци заедно се възправиха срещу диктатурата на Тодор Живков II" www.sedembg.com {{Cite web|title=Апокрифната Ябланска епопея|url=http://www.sedembg.com/101/page16.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416083208/http://www.sedembg.com/101/page16.htm|archive-date=16 April 2009|access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> Over 30 people are reported killed during the events in Yablanovo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=StackPath|url=http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Curl-status=dead%257Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235751/http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Carchive-date=26|access-date=2022-11-20|website=www.imir-bg.org}}</ref>
These events led to the beginning of the revival of the Turkish minority identity in Bulgaria and protests took place in some of the bigger settlements in the southern and northern Turk enclaves. Moreover, the Turkish community received the solidarity of Bulgarian intellectuals and opponents of the regime.<ref name="pdc.ceu.hu" />
This led, a few years later, to the biggest exodus in Europe since [[World War II]]: After the Bulgaria–Turkey border was opened in June 1989, approximately 350,000 Turks left Bulgaria on tourist visas in the span of three months.<ref>{{Harvnb|Neuburger|2004|loc=82}}.</ref> Eventually, more than 150,000 Turks returned to Bulgaria—especially after the removal of [[Todor Zhivkov]] from power—but more than 200,000 chose to remain in Turkey permanently.<ref>{{Harvnb|Eminov|1997|loc=97}}.</ref>
Former Bulgarian prime minister, [[Boyko Borisov]], has been accused of having anti-Turkish tendencies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doran|first=Peter B|date=July 18, 2009|title=Bulgarian election raises red flags|newspaper=[[guardian.co.uk]]|publisher=[[Guardian News and Media Limited]]|location=[[United Kingdom]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jul/18/bulgaria-election-europe-far-right|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> In December 2009, he backed a referendum, proposed by the nationalist party [[Attack (political party)|Attack]] ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: Атака), on whether to allow daily Turkish-language news broadcasts on [[Bulgarian National Television]], although he later withdrew his support.<ref name="Ivan">{{Cite news|last=Dikov|first=Ivan|date=December 30, 2009|title=The Bulgaria 2009 Review: Domestic Politics|publisher=Novinite Ltd.|agency=[[Sofia News Agency]]|location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111462|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then the Turkish prime minister, "expressed his concern of rising anti-Turkish sentiments in Bulgaria"<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 18, 2009|title=Erdogan to Borisov: Radical Statements Target Turkish Minority in Bulgaria|publisher=Novinite Ltd.|agency=[[Sofia News Agency]]|location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111228|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> to the Bulgarian prime minister. The [[Turkish Foreign Ministry]] also "expressed its concern over the rising heated rhetoric in Bulgaria".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dikov|first=Ivan|date=December 30, 2009|title=The Bulgaria 2009 Review: Diplomacy|publisher=Novinite Ltd.|agency=[[Sofia News Agency]]|location=[[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111464|access-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> According to a report by Ivan Dikov, "not just Атака but a large number of Bulgarians have resented the news in Turkish".<ref name="Ivan" />
Borisov also referred to Turks (and [[Romani people|Romani]]) as "bad human material" in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-02-06|title=Mayor of Sofia brands Roma, Turks and retirees 'bad human material'|publisher=Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2015-09-06}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The vice president of the [[Party of European Socialists]], [[Jan Marinus Wiersma]], said Borisov had "crossed the invisible line between right wing populism and extremism".<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2009|title=Challenge to EPP over leader's statement on bad human material|url=http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844§ion=NER&category=NEWS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323050511/http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844§ion=NER&category=NEWS|archive-date=23 March 2012|publisher=Socialistgroup.eu}}</ref>
Some Bulgarian historians consider [[Bulgars]], a semi-nomadic Turkic people, as Iranian. According to [[Raymond Detrez]], [[Fringe theory|the Iranian theory]] is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated.<ref name="Detrez">{{Cite book| first=Raymond| last=Detrez |author-link=Raymond Detrez |title=Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C |page=29| isbn=9789052012971 }}</ref> Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dobre|first1=Claudia-Florentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mp5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Quest+for+a+Suitable+Past%3A+Myths+and+Memory+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe|title=Quest for a Suitable Past: Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe|last2=Ghita|first2=Cristian Emilian|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-386-136-3|page=142|language=en}}</ref>
Example for recent confrontation between the Turkish population of Bulgaria and Bulgarian politicians is [[Banya Bashi Mosque clashes]]
=== Belgium ===
{{See also|Turks in Belgium|}}
There are approximately 290,000 [[Turks in Belgium|Turkish citizens living in Belgium]], The majority of whom left to Belgium in the 1950s. In the past several years, many right and left wings Belgian political parties criticized domestic Turkish politics and called for banning or deporting Turkish immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=infosheet|url=http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/05)_Pictures,_documents_and_external_sites/09)_Publications/%20KBS%E2%80%A2Belgian-Turks%20GB_All%20in(1).pdf|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081218035921/http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/05)_Pictures,_documents_and_external_sites/09)_Publications/%20KBS%E2%80%A2Belgian-Turks%20GB_All%20in(1).pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/ispo/downloads/ISPO%202009-11%20Ongelijke%20kansen%20en%20ervaren%20discriminatie.pdf|title=Belgian Turks discrimination}}</ref>
In 2015, a female employee shouted "''Dirty Turk"'' (''in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: 'Vuile Turk')'' at a Supervisor of Turkish origin in the [[Volvo Car Gent|Volvo car factory in Ghent]], which led to a [[Strike action]] by Turkish workers at the factory.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Vuile Turk' kost Volvo Gent 600 auto's|url=https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20150501_01659696|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Het Nieuwsblad|date=2 May 2015 |language=nl-BE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Racisme-incident bij toeleverancier verlamt Volvo|url=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20150501_01658997|access-date=2020-12-23|website=De Standaard|date=2 May 2015 |language=nl-BE}}</ref>
[[Filip Dewinter]] a right-wing Flemish [[Nationalism|nationalist]] party member said in May 2017 at [[TV-program]] De Zevende Dag,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peeters|first=Nick|date=2017-04-23|title=Dewinter: "Probleem niet bij Erdogan maar met gefaald multiculturalisme"|url=https://skeptr.eu/2017/04/dewinter-probleem-erdogan-gefaald-multiculturalisme/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=SCEPTR|language=nl}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The solution is for Turkish minorities in Flemish region, another method should be applied not only integrate Turks into Flemish culture but assimilate Turks. Leave identity behind leaving culture behind and fully assimilate in our society, if not so return to the country of origin is the only solution.|author=|title=|source=}}
=== Cyprus ===
{{See also|Bloody Christmas (1963)|Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre|Tochni massacre|}}
The island of [[Cyprus]] became an independent state in 1960, with power shared between [[Greek Cypriots]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]] under the [[London-Zürich Agreements|London–Zürich Agreements]]. But in December 1963, in events that became known as [[Bloody Christmas (1963)|Bloody Christmas]] in which 364 Turks were killed,<ref>{{Harvnb|Papadakis|2005|loc=82}}.</ref> Turkish Cypriots were ousted from the republic and Greek Cypriots began a military campaign against them, leading to 11 years of ethnic clashes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Demirtaş-Coşkun|2010|loc=39}}.</ref> Turkish Cypriots bore the heavier cost in terms of casualties, and some 25,000—about a fifth of the population of Turkish Cypriots—were [[Internally displaced person|internally displaced]].<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59">{{Harvnb|Kliot|2007|loc=59}}.</ref> Thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses left behind were ransacked or completely destroyed. They lived as refugees for at least ten years, until the 1974 Turkish invasion.<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59" /> By the late 1960s, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots had left their homes and [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|moved into enclaves]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Tocci|2004|loc=53}}.</ref> This resulted in an exodus of Turkish Cypriots, with the majority migrating to the [[United Kingdom]] and others to Turkey, [[North America]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hüssein|2007|loc=18}}.</ref>
On 13 February 1963 Greeks and Greek Cypriots attacked the Turkish Cypriot quarter of [[Limassol]] with tanks killing 16 and injuring 35 Turks.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stephen|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJy6AAAAIAAJ&q=+Limassol|title=The Cyprus Question|date=1997|publisher=British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group|language=en}}</ref> Between 11 and 13 May 1964, Cypriot Police executed much as 28 Turkish Cypriot civilians in [[Famagusta]] and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]].<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|title=Katliam emrini Rum Genelkurmay'ı vermiş|url=https://www.cnnturk.com/dunya/katliam-emrini-rum-genelkurmayi-vermis|access-date=2020-03-24|website=CNN Türk|date=9 August 2018 |language=tr}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=sabah|first=daily|date=2018-08-08|title='Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek,' Greek Cypriot forces told amid pre-division violence|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/08/08/kill-10-turks-for-each-slain-greek-greek-cypriot-forces-told-amid-pre-division-violence|access-date=2020-06-05|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref> On 14 and 15 November 1967, Greek Cypriots murdered 26 Turkish Cypriots during their retreat from [[Kofinou]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cy0023)|access-date=2022-11-20|website=lcweb2.loc.gov}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Stephen|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJy6AAAAIAAJ|title=The Cyprus Question|date=1997|publisher=British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group|language=en}}</ref>
Numerous atrocities against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed in response to the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]. In the [[Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre]] by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974.<ref name="Oberling1">{{Cite book|last=Oberling|first=Pierre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jakLAAAAIAAJ&q=massacre|title=The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus|date=1982|publisher=Social Science Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-000-8|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cassia1">{{Cite book|last=Cassia|first=Paul Sant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Aloa&pg=PA69|title=Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus|date=2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-646-7|language=en}}</ref> The [[United Nations]] described the massacre as a [[crime against humanity]], by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Information|first=United Nations Office of Public|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zichAAAAMAAJ&q=Maratha|title=UN Monthly Chronicle|date=July 1974|publisher=United Nations, Office of Public Information.|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Tochni massacre]], 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.<ref name="Cassia2">{{Cite book|last=Cassia|first=Paul Sant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Tochni&pg=PA237|title=Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus|date=2005|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-646-7|language=en}}</ref>
''The Washington Post'' covered another atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."<ref>[[The Washington Post]], 23 July 1974</ref>
In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard on 20 July 1974, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts.<ref name="fof">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLghm1Ot0moC&q=Limassol+quarter|title=Facts on File Yearbook 1974|date=1975|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0-87196-033-7|page=590}}</ref><ref name="oberlinglim">{{Cite book|last1=Oberling|first1=Pierre|title=The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus|date=1982|publisher=Boulder: Social Science Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-000-8|pages=164–5|quote=[...] children were shot in the street and the Turkish quarter of Limassol was burnt out by the National Guard.}}</ref> 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.<ref name="ros1">{{Cite book|last1=Higgins|first1=Rosalyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNELAQAAIAAJ&q=Limassol+camp|title=United Nations Peacekeeping: Europe, 1946–1979|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1969|isbn=978-0-19-218322-4|page=375}}</ref>
On 12 July 2020, The primate of the Church of Cyprus, [[Archbishop Chrysostomos II]] has expressed his opinions regarding the reversion of the [[Hagia Sophia]] museum to a mosque stating that "The Turks have remained uncivilized, they are rude, and they will remain [this way]." He added that "Turkey has learned to destroy, it has learned to appropriate the cultures of others and sometimes, when it does not benefit it, it destroys them and falsely presents cultures as its own."<ref name="Greek City Times">{{Cite news|last1=Antonopoulos|first1=Paul|date=13 July 2020|title=Cypriot Archbishop: Turks remain uncivilized who only destroy and appropriate the cultures of others|publisher=Greek City Times|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/07/13/cypriot-archbishop-turks-remain-uncivilized-who-only-destroy-and-appropriate-the-cultures-of-others/|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
=== Germany ===
{{See also|Turks in Germany|1984 Duisburg arson attack|1992 Mölln arson attack|1993 Solingen arson attack}}
[[File:Brandanschlag solingen 1993.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Solingen arson attack of 1993]], in which [[neo-Nazi]]s set fire to a Turkish family's home, was one of the most severe instances of [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] violence in modern Germany.]]
Turks are "the most prominent ethnic minority group in contemporary Germany",<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Klink | first1 = A. | last2 = Wagner | first2 = U. | year = 1999 | title = Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: Going back to the field | journal = Journal of Applied Social Psychology | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 402–423 | doi = 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x }}</ref> and discrimination and violence against them are common.<ref name="psycontent.com">{{Cite journal | last1 = Shohat | first1 = M. | last2 = Musch | first2 = J. | year = 2003 | title = Online auctions as a research tool: A field experiment on ethnic discrimination | journal = Swiss Journal of Psychology | volume = 62 | issue = 2| pages = 139–145 | doi = 10.1024//1421-0185.62.2.139}}</ref><ref>R. Cohen. (1995). Labour migration to western Europe after 1945. In R. Cohen (Ed.), ''The Cambridge survey of world migration''. (p. 279). Cambridge University Press.</ref> In public discourse and popular jokes, they are often portrayed as "ludicrously different in their food tastes, dress, names, and even in their ability to develop survival techniques".<ref>[[Toelken, B.]] (1985). "Turkenrein" and "Turken, Rausl"—Images of fear and aggression in German Gastarbeitterwitze. In N. Furniss & I. Basgoz (Eds.), ''Turkish workers in Europe: An interdisciplinary study''. (p. 155). Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Studies.</ref>
The number of violent acts by [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]] in Germany increased dramatically between 1990 and 1992.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramet|1999|loc=72}}.</ref> On November 25, 1992, three Turkish residents were killed in a [[firebombing]] in [[Mölln]], a town in northern Germany.<ref>{{Harvnb|Solsten|1999|loc=406}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Staab|1998|loc=144}}.</ref> And on May 29, 1993, in an [[1993 Solingen arson attack|arson attack in Solingen]], five members of a Turkish family that had resided in Germany for 23 years were burnt to death.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dummett|2001|loc=142}}.</ref> Several neighbors heard someone shout "[[Heil Hitler]]!" before dousing the front porch and door with gasoline and setting fire to the home.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lee|1999|loc=331}}.</ref> Most Germans condemned these attacks, and many marched in candlelight processions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cornelius|Martin|Hollifield|1994|loc=213}}</ref>
According to Greg Nees, "because Turks are both darker-skinned and Muslim, conservative Germans are largely against granting them citizenship".<ref>{{Harvnb|Nees|2000|loc=155}}.</ref>
=== Greece ===
{{See also|Turks of the Dodecanese|Cretan Turks|Turks in Western Thrace|1990 Komotini events|Navarino massacre|Massacre of Tripoli|Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)#Greek massacres of Turks|Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)#Greek scorched-earth policy|Yalova Peninsula massacres|Menemen massacre|Fire of Manisa}}
A member of the European parliament from the Greek far-right [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] party, former army lieutenant general [[Eleftherios Synadinos]] has been expelled from a European Parliament plenary session after a racist remark, stating that "As it has been expressed in scientific literature, the Turks are dirty and polluted. Turks are like wild dogs when they play but when they have to fight against their enemies they run away. The only effective way to deal with the Turks is with decisive and resolute attitudes."<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 2016|title=Schulz expels Golden Dawn MEP from EU Parliament|publisher=Neos Kosmos|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/35192/golden-dawn-mep-eleftherios-synadinos-expelled-by-eu-parliament-by-martin-schulz/|website=europarl.europa.eu |access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>
[[Ioannis Lagos]], who has been a Greek lawmaker serving as a Member of the [[European Parliament]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEPs European Parliament – Ioannis LAGOS |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197737/IOANNIS_LAGOS/home |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> has tore a Turkish flag made of paper into pieces in January 2020 during a session of debate for the humanitarian situation on the Greek islands due to illegal immigrations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neo-Nazi MEP penalized for tearing up Turkish flag |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/249452/neo-nazi-mep-penalized-for-tearing-up-turkish-flag/ |website=ekathimerini.com |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref>
The former Greek [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Theodoros Pangalos (politician)|Theodoros Pangalos]] stated in 2002 that Turks have been being allowed "to drag their bloodstained boots across the carpet" in the [[European Union]] capitals and has labelled Turks as "bandits, murderers, and rapists".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Island of troubles |url=https://www.economist.com/news/2002/12/19/island-of-troubles |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>
=== Netherlands ===
{{See also|Turks in the Netherlands}}
Turks are the largest ethnic minority group in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?fromstatweb | title=CBS Statline }}</ref> The first recorded attack on Turks in the Netherlands were the [[Afrikaanderwijk riots]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Safety cannot improve with just the law and a baton" {{!}} Erasmus School of Law {{!}} Erasmus University Rotterdam |url=https://www.eur.nl/en/esl/news/safety-cannot-improve-just-law-and-baton |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.eur.nl |language=en}}</ref> Although policies toward Turks in the Netherlands are more progressive than those in many other European countries, such as Germany,<ref>Mendes, H. F. (1994). ''Managing the multicultural society: The policy making process''. Paper presented at the Conference on Today's Youth and Xenophobia: Breaking the Cycle. Wassenaar, Netherlands: Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study.</ref> in a report on the Netherlands in 2008, the [[European Commission against Racism and Intolerance]] wrote that the Turkish minority had been particularly affected by "stigmatization of and discrimination against members of minority groups".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|publisher=ECRI|date=2008|title=''Third report on the Netherlands''. Strasbourg, FRANCE: The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance|url=http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/NLD-CbC-III-2008-3-ENG.pdf|access-date=2015-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214011219/http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/NLD-CbC-III-2008-3-ENG.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> The report also noted that "the tone of Dutch political and public debate around integration and other issues relevant to ethnic minorities has experienced a dramatic deterioration".<ref name=":1" />
According to the [[European Network Against Racism]], an international organization supported by the [[European Commission]], half of all Turks in the Netherlands report having experienced racial discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Dinsbach, W.|author2=Walz, G.|author3=Boog, I.|date=2009|title=''ENAR shadow report 2008: Racism in the Netherlands''. Brussels, Netherlands: ENAR Netherlands|url=http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Netherlands%20-%20SR%202008.pdf|publisher=Cms.horus.be|access-date=2015-09-06|archive-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040153/http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Netherlands%20-%20SR%202008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The network also noted "dramatic growth" of [[Islamophobia]]. In 2001, another international organization, the [[Fundamental Rights Agency|European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia]], highlighted a negative trend in Dutch attitudes towards minorities, compared with average [[European Union]] results.<ref>Thalhammer, E., Zucha, V., Enzenhofer, E., Salfinger, B., & Ogris, G. (2001). ''Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union: A special analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 survey on behalf of the European Monitoring Centre on racism and xenophobia''. Vienna, Austria: EUMC Sora. {{Cite web|url=http://www3.northamptonshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B83E8576-C738-4B93-8191-F36EF740A051/0/europeanunion.pdf |title=Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union |access-date=2010-01-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110071706/http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B83E8576-C738-4B93-8191-F36EF740A051/0/europeanunion.pdf |archive-date=2007-11-10 }}</ref> That analysis also noted that, compared to other Europeans, the Dutch were "more in favor of cultural assimilation of minorities" rather than "cultural enrichment by minority groups".
=== Malta ===
The [[Malta|Maltese]] have a colourful vocabulary stemming from their fight against the Ottoman Empire during the [[Great Siege of Malta]] in 1565. For example, the expression ''tgħammed tork'' is used when the sun is visible during rainfall; it means "a Turk has been baptised", which was considered a rare event. The phrase ''twieled tork'' ("a Turk was born") is also used. Another expression is ''ħaqq għat-torok'' ("curse on the Turks"), used when something goes wrong.<ref name="Maltaturks">{{Cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426194826/http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-26|access-date=2015-09-06|publisher=Thinksite.eu}}</ref>
== Former Soviet Union ==
{{See also|Turks in the former Soviet Union|Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks|Deportation of the Crimean Tatars}}
=== Armenia ===
{{See also|Armenian genocide|Armenian genocide denial|Hamidian massacres|Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07|Adana massacre|Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|Armenia–Turkey relations|Late Ottoman genocides|List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations}}
According to a 2007 survey, 78% of [[Armenia]]ns see Turkey as a threat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20January%2022%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20October%2027-November%203,%202007.pdf|title=pdf}}</ref>
=== Georgia ===
{{See also|Meskhetian Turks}}
[[Georgians]] look with a wary eye to Turkey's growing [[Neo-Ottomanism]] and the rise in popularity of [[Irredentism|irredentist]] maps showing Turkey with borders expanded into the former [[Ottoman Empire]], usually including [[Adjara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=eurasianet.org – Georgians Wary of Turkey's Rising Influence in Batumi|url=https://eurasianet.org/s/georgians-wary-of-turkeys-rising-influence-in-batumi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104247/https://eurasianet.org/s/georgians-wary-of-turkeys-rising-influence-in-batumi|archive-date=2018-05-21|access-date=2018-05-20}}</ref>
Although some Turks have since come back to Meskheti (which is near the Turkish-Georgian border), the Georgians and Armenians who settled in their homes have vowed to take up arms against any who return. Many Georgians have also argued that the [[Meskhetian Turks]] should be sent to Turkey, ''"where they belong"''.<ref name="Cornell 2001 loc=183">{{Harvnb|Cornell|2001|loc=183}}.</ref>
=== Russia ===
{{See also|Tatarophobia}}
[[File:Russian poster.JPG|thumb|300px|A [[World War I]] Russian [[propaganda]] poster depicting a Turk running away from a Russian]]
According to [[Stanford University]] history professor Robert D. Crews, Russia has been historically more tolerant towards Turkic people than any other European administrations, and many Turkic people ([[Volga Tatars]], [[Bashkirs]], [[Karachays]], [[Nogai people|Nogais]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], for example), most of them Muslims, were fairly treated under [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]]. However, not all Turkic peoples received such generous treatment, for instance, [[Crimean Tatars]] under Russian Tsarist administration were forced to leave their houses for Turkey due to Russian colonial politics in the [[Crimean peninsula]].
In the [[Soviet Union]], the [[NKVD]] and the [[Red Army]] carried out [[ethnic cleansing]] during World War II through [[Deportation|mass deportations]] of Turks.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ther|Siljak|2001|loc=4}}.</ref> In June 1945, [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], the Soviet minister of foreign affairs, formally demanded that Turkey surrender three provinces ([[Kars Province|Kars]], [[Ardahan Province|Ardahan]], and [[Artvin Province|Artvin]]), and Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other provinces. War against Turkey seemed possible, and [[Joseph Stalin]] wanted to drive out Turks (especially in [[Meskheti]]) who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bennigsen|Broxup|1983|loc=30}}.</ref> The campaign is relatively poorly documented, but Soviet sources suggest that 115,000 Turks were deported, mainly to [[Central Asia]]. Most of them settled in [[Uzbekistan]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Cohen|Deng|1998|loc=263}}.</ref> but many others died along the way.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meskhetian Genocide by Russia|url=http://www.topix.com/forum/world/russia/TCPIR4NKRT7T1ADGF|work=Topix}}</ref>
More recently, some Turks in Russia, especially Meskhetian Turks in [[Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar]], have faced human rights violations, including deprivation of citizenship and prohibitions on employment and owning property.<ref>{{Harvnb|Barton|Heffernan|Armstrong|2002|loc=9}}</ref> Since 2004, many Turks have left the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Coşkun|2009|loc=5}}.</ref>
=== Uzbekistan ===
{{See also|Meskhetian Turks#1989 deportation from Uzbekistan to other Soviet countries}}
While Turkey and [[Uzbekistan]] have a fair relationship for being commonly [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], some tensions were witnessed.
In 1989, 103 people died and more than 1,000 were wounded in ethnic clashes between Turks and [[Uzbeks]]. Some 700 houses were destroyed, and more than 90,000 Meskhetian Turks were driven out of Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schnabel|Carment|2004|loc=63}}.</ref> Many Turks see these events as their "second deportation". Those who remained in Uzbekistan complained of ethnic discrimination.<ref>{{Harvnb|Drobizheva|Gottemoeller|Kelleher|1998|loc=296}}</ref>
== Former Yugoslavia ==
{{See also|Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Turks in Croatia|Turks in Kosovo|Turks in North Macedonia|Turks in Montenegro|Turks in Serbia|Turk (term for Muslims)}}
[[File:Ottoman figures, Iconostasis in the Church of Sveti Spas, Northern Macedonia.jpg|thumb|right|425px|[[Iconostasis]] in the [[Church of the Ascension of Jesus, Skopje]] from 1867, [[North Macedonia]]. The [[Beheading of John the Baptist]] is carried out by figures stylized like Ottoman Turks.]]
After the [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire fell]] in the early 20th century, many Turks fled as [[Muhacir]]s (refugees). Others intermarried or simply identified themselves as [[Yugoslavs]] or [[Albanians]] to avoid stigma and persecution.<ref name="Knowlton 2005 loc=66">{{Harvnb|Knowlton|2005|loc=66}}.</ref>
Historically, from the Ottoman conquest through the 19th century, many ethnically non-Turkish groups—especially the Muslim Slavs of the [[Balkans]]—were referred to in local languages as [[Turks (term for Muslims)|Turks]]. This usage is common in literature, including in the works of [[Ivan Mažuranić]] and [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš]]. The religious ideology of [[Christoslavism]], coined by [[Michael Sells]], holds that "[[Slavs]] are [[Christianity|Christian]] by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race".<ref name="Jacobs2009">{{Cite book|author=Steven L. Jacobs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gwunFdWfNsC&pg=PA82|title=Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7391-3589-1|pages=82–}}</ref> Under this ideology, as seen in [[Croatian nationalism|Croatian]] and [[Serbian nationalism]], South Slavic Muslims are not regarded as part of their ethnic kin; by virtue of their [[Islam|Muslim faith]], they become "Turks".<ref name="BartovMack2001">{{Cite book|author1=Omer Bartov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpPf_AxWEgC&pg=PA183|title=In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century|author2=Phyllis Mack|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-302-2|pages=183–}}</ref>
=== North Macedonia ===
When North Macedonia [[Independence Day (North Macedonia)|proclaimed its independence]] in 1991, the Macedonian state implemented [[Macedonian nationalism|nationalist]] politics, which aimed to assimilate [[Islam in North Macedonia|Macedonian Muslims]] into a broader category of "[[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]]". The government banned education in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in all regions to "prevent [[Turkification]]". This, however, was met with resistance by Muslims who did not support the association and wanted to learn Turkish and continue their education in Turkish. The protests failed, although one person applied to the [[European Court of Human Rights]]. The case revolved around rights to education in the mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zadrożna|first=Anna|date=2017|title=Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context|journal=Nationalities Papers|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=524–539|doi=10.1080/00905992.2017.1287690|issn=0090-5992|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Serbia ===
During the [[Great Eastern Crisis]] more than [[Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)|10,000 Muslims, including Turks]], were forced to left the territory of the [[Principality of Serbia|Serbian Principality]] in 1862.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Özkan |first=Ayşe |title=Kanlıca Konferansı Sonrasında Müslümanların Sırbistan'dan Çıkarılmaları ve Osmanlı Devleti'nin Sırbistan'dan Çekilişi (1862-1867) |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/73930 |journal=Akademik Bakış |volume=5 |issue=11}}</ref>
=== Bosnian War ===
[[Ratko Mladić]], [[Radovan Karadžić]]'s military chief and fellow convicted criminal of [[Bosnian genocide|genocide]], crimes against humanity and war crimes,<ref>''Daily report: East Europe, Issues 191-210''. Front Cover United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 38.</ref> described the conquest of Srebrenica and the [[Srebrenica massacre|ensuing massacre]] as an opportunity for "the [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbs]] to avenge themselves on the Turks".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karadzic predicted Muslim bloodbath, Bosnian war crimes trial hears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/27/un-prosecutors-open-case-karadzic |website=The Guardian |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
On July 11, 1995, the town of [[Srebrenica]] fell to the [[Bosnian Serb Army]]. Its commander Ratko Mladić made his infamous statement at the same day, which has been used against him during [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]], while he and his entourage posing for cameras with the town in the background:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Survivors recount Bosnia's Srebrenica genocide, 25 years on |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/11/survivors-recount-bosnias-srebrenica-genocide-25-years-on |website=The Aljazeera |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Suljagic |first1=Emir |title=How the Bosnian Serb Assembly Redefined Bosniaks as Enemy 'Turks' |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/10/19/how-the-bosnian-serb-assembly-redefined-bosniaks-as-enemy-turks/ |website=The Balkan Transitional Justice programme |date=19 October 2020 |publisher=Balkan Investigate Reporting Network |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Boghani |first1=Priyanka |title=Timeline: Ratko Mladić and His Role in War Crimes During the Bosnian War |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-ratko-mladic-and-his-role-in-war-crimes-during-the-bosnian-war/ |website=FRONTLINE |publisher=PBS |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
{{quotation | Here we are, on July 11, 1995, in Serb Srebrenica. On the eve of yet another great Serb holiday, we give this town to the Serb people as a gift. Finally, after the [[First Serbian Uprising|Rebellion]] against the [[Dahije|Dahis]], the time has come to take revenge on the Turks in this region.}}
== Other countries ==
=== United States ===
Anti-Turkism first appeared in the United States during [[World War I]], when the [[Armenian genocide]] began and was reported by American newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kifner|first=John|title=Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview – New York Times|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html?mcubz=1|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> These reports had reinforced a sense of solidarity to Armenians and increasingly anti-Turkish rhetorics in the United States, with the Turks being equally seen as a barbaric people.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Payaslian|first1=Simon|year=2005|title=The US and the Armenian Genocide: Review Article|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=59|issue=1|pages=132–140|jstor=4330101}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=STATISTICS OF TURKEY'S GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER|url=https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref>
=== Israel ===
{{See also|Antisemitism in Turkey}}
As a result of the increasing [[Anti-Zionism|Anti-Zionist]] and antisemitic sentiment by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, [[Turkish-Israeli relations]] have been greatly damaged.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Erdogan's Anti-Semitism Has Done Great Harm to Turkey|url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/06/16/erdogans-anti-semitism-has-done-great-harm-to-turkey/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Israelhayom}}</ref> However, Israelis have generally reserved criticism for only the Turkish government.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}
In 2019, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s son, [[Yair Netanyahu]], published a tweet remarking that [[Istanbul]] was once called [[Constantinople]], a centre of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] before "Turkish occupation" of the city, sparking a political crisis between Turkey and Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Mar 19, 2019|title=Erdogan slams Israel PM and son over anti-Turkey tweets|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190319-erdogan-slams-israel-pm-and-son-over-anti-turkey-tweets/|access-date=Oct 28, 2020|website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref>
On 12 July 2020, a group of nine Israelis made up of Christians and Jews burned the Turkish flag at the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in response to Erdoğan's decision to convert [[Hagia Sophia]] back into a mosque. They were later detained by Israeli police.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Firat|first=Esat|date=13 July 2020|title=Israeli group burns Turkish flag over Hagia Sophia move|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-group-burns-turkish-flag-over-hagia-sophia-move/1909334|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
After the [[Gaza flotilla raid]] in 2010, where 10 Turks were killed, and the subsequent diplomatic crisis between Israel and Turkey, the number of Israeli tourists to Turkey shrunk to 100,000 as Israelis preferred to "refrain from visiting the country that was seen to be hostile to them".
By 2019, however, 500,000 Israelis visited Turkey, making it one of the most popular destinations for Israelis.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldman|first=Mordechai|date=2020-08-05|title=Coronavirus not stopping flow of Israeli tourists to Turkey|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/08/israel-turkey-donald-trump-mavi-marmara-flotilla-tourism.html|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref>
On 10 February 2023, Israeli top rabbi [[Shmuel Eliyahu]] claimed that the earthquake that devastated Turkey was "a divine punishment" because the Turkish government had "defamed" Israel. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-national-religious-rabbi-says-deadly-quake-in-turkey-syria-is-divine-justice/ | title=Top national religious rabbi says deadly quake in Turkey, Syria is divine justice | website=[[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref>
=== New Zealand ===
{{See also|Christchurch mosque shootings|New Zealand–Turkey relations}}
The guns and [[Magazine (firearms)|magazines]] used by Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]], were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand mosque shooter names his 'idols' on weapons he used in massacre|newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]]|location=Istanbul|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|url-status=live|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315161334/https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Coalson|first=Robert|title=Christchurch Attacks: Suspect Took Inspiration From Former Yugoslavia's Ethnically Fueled Wars|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html|access-date=15 March 2019|newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zivanovic|first=Maja|title=New Zealand Mosque Gunman 'Inspired by Balkan Nationalists'|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists/|access-date=15 March 2019|website=Balkaninsight.com|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Balkaninsight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315215856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|website=www.aljazeera.com|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand terror suspect wrote Italian shooter's name on his gun|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20190315/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-luca-traini-italy-shooter-macerate|access-date=17 March 2019|website=www.thelocal.it}}</ref> Notable references from Ottoman history included [[Skanderbeg]] (an Albanian nobleman who led an uprising against the Ottoman Empire), [[Marco Antonio Bragadin|Antonio Bragadin]] (a [[Venice|Venetian]] officer who broke an agreement and killed Turkish captives), 1683 (which is the date of the [[Second Siege of Vienna]]), [[Miloš Obilić]] (who is said to have killed the Ottoman Emperor [[Murad I|Murat I]] in [[Battle of Kosovo]] in 1389), [[János Hunyadi]] (who had blocked Ottoman attempts to take [[Belgrade]]), [[Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg]] (who defeated the Ottomans in 1683), the [[Battle of Kahlenberg]] (which marked the beginning of the Ottoman withdrawal from the Siege of Vienna) and "Turkofagos" (Turk eater), the nickname of [[Greek War of Independence]] revolutionary [[Nikitaras]],<ref name=":3" /> which he used to shoot 91 people with, 51 fatal (one Turkish<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkish man wounded in Christchurch mosque attack dies|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/3/turkish-man-wounded-in-christchurch-mosque-attack-dies|access-date=2020-10-18|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>) and 40 wounded.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Why is Turkey at the heart of the Christchurch terrorist's anger?|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/why-is-turkey-at-the-heart-of-the-christchurch-terrorist-s-anger-25120|access-date=2020-10-18|website=Why is Turkey at the heart of the Christchurch terrorist's anger?|language=en}}</ref>
His 'manifesto' specifically refers to Turks and utters threats against Turkey, that [[Istanbul]]'s mosques will be destroyed and [[Hagia Sophia]] will be [[Christianization|Christianized]].<ref name=":4" />
He also identifies himself as a "kebab removalist", referencing to the [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] '[[Remove Kebab|remove kebab]]' meme often used by the far-right [[Ultra nationalist|ultra-nationalists]] and [[Islamophobia|Islamophobes]], that originated from [[Serbia]] and the [[Fourteen Words]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purtill|first=James|date=2019-03-15|title=Fuelled by a toxic, alt-right echo chamber, Christchurch shooter's views were celebrated online|url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/christchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online/10907056|access-date=2020-10-18|website=triple j|language=en}}</ref> He was also playing an associated propaganda song in his car before the shooting.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/15/mosque-shooter-brandished-material-glorifying-serb-nationalism|access-date=2020-10-18|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>
== In contemporary media ==
=== Movies ===
==== ''Dracula Untold'' ====
{{See also|Dracula Untold}}
The film has been accused of Islamophobia for the vilification of [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]] and for portraying the figure of [[Vlad the Impaler]] as a hero even though, according to Turkish journalist Elest Ali Korkmaz, he "indiscriminately killed Turks and [[Bulgarians]]" in real history.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Ali|first=Elest|date=2014-10-24|title=Is 'Dracula Untold' An Islamophobic Movie?|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119991/dracula-untold-islamophobic|access-date=2020-10-18|issn=0028-6583}}</ref>
==== ''Midnight Express'' ====
{{See also|Midnight Express (film)}}
''Midnight Express'' is criticized for its unfavorable portrayal of Turkish people.
In her 1991 book ''Turkish Reflections: A Biography of Place'', [[Mary Lee Settle]] wrote: 'The Turks I saw in ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' and ''Midnight Express'' were like cartoon caricatures, compared to the people I had known and lived among for three of the happiest years of my life.'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Settle, Mary Lee.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23357619|title=Turkish reflections : a biography of a place|date=1991|publisher=Prentice Hall Press|isbn=0-13-917675-6|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=23357619}}</ref>
[[Pauline Kael]], in reviewing the film for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', commented, 'This story could have happened in almost any country, but if Billy Hayes had planned to be arrested to get the maximum commercial benefit from it, where else could he get the advantages of a Turkish jail? Who wants to defend Turks? (They don't even constitute enough of a movie market for [[Columbia Pictures]] to be concerned about how they are represented.)'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kael, Pauline.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5286142|title=When the Lights Go Down|year=1980|isbn=0-03-042511-5|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=5286142}}</ref>
One reviewer, writing for ''World Film Directors'', wrote: "''Midnight Express'' is 'more violent, as a national hate-film than anything I can remember', 'a cultural form that narrows horizons, confirming the audience's meanest fears and prejudices and resentments'."<ref name="fer22">{{Cite book|editor=John Wakeman|title=World Film Directors|publisher=T.H. W. Wilson Co|year=1988|location=New York}}</ref>
[[David Denby (film critic)|David Denby]] of ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' criticized ''Midnight Express'' as 'merely anti-Turkish, and hardly a defense of prisoners' rights or a protest against prison conditions'.<ref>{{Citation|title=Author's preface|date=1978-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110801057-002|work=Mishpokhe|pages=11–16|place=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110801057-002|isbn=978-3-11-080105-7|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref> Denby said also that all Turks in the movie — guardian or prisoner — were portrayed as 'losers' and 'swine', and that 'without exception [all the Turks] are presented as degenerate, stupid slobs'.
[[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] film director [[Derviş Zaim]] wrote a thesis at the [[University of Warwick]] on the representation of Turks in the film, in which he concluded that the one-dimensional portrayal of the Turks as 'terrifying' and 'brutal' served merely to reinforce the sensational outcome, and was likely influenced by such factors as [[Orientalism]] and capitalism.<ref>{{Citation|title=APPENDIX A – CORRECTIVE TURKISH VIEWER COMMENT (IMDb)|date=2010-12-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463225735-009|work=The Midnight Express Phenomenon|pages=143–144|place=Piscataway, NJ, USA|publisher=Gorgias Press|doi=10.31826/9781463225735-009|isbn=978-1-4632-2573-5|access-date=2020-10-18}}</ref>
==== ''Saturday Night Live'' ====
{{See also|Saturday Night Live}}
Greek actress [[Nia Vardalos]], participated in a ''Saturday Night Live'' episode where Turks were portrayed as dirty, smoking, Arabic speaking, ragtag, nose picking and anti-Armenian characters, which was heavily criticized by the Turkish Forum, a network of expat Turks which protested NBC and asked for a public apology, and the show received heavy criticism by the Turks on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABD Televizyonu NBC'de Türkiye'ye ağır hakaret|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/abd-televizyonu-nbc-de-turkiye-ye-agir-hakaret-38429798|access-date=2020-10-19|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=12 November 2002 |language=tr}}</ref>
== Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages ==
* {{FRA}}: In old French, terms such as "''C'est un vrai Turc"'' ("A true Turk") were used to refer to brutish and cruel individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arşivlenmiş kopya|url=http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15%3A74.%2Fvar%2Fartfla%2Fdicos%2FACAD_1694%2FIMAGE%2F|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221814/http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15%3A74.%2Fvar%2Fartfla%2Fdicos%2FACAD_1694%2FIMAGE%2F|archive-date=3 March 2016|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
* {{ITA}}: In contemporary Italian, phrases such as "''bestemmia come un Turco''" ("Cursing like a Turk") and "''puzza come un Turco''" ("Stinking like a Turk") are often used.<ref name="sieps" /> The phrase "''Mamma li Turchi!''" ("Mommy, Turks are coming!") is used to disclaim fear and upheaval, is often used in media headlines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The View from Bologna: Mama, the Turks! European integration and the burden of history|url=http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/blogs/view_from_bologna/archives/2004/12/mama_the_turks.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127190910/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/mama-the-turks-european-integration-and-the-burden-of-history/|archive-date=27 January 2018|access-date=30 May 2008}}</ref> The phrase "fumare come un turco" ("Smoking like a Turk) is used to indicate excessive consumption of tobacco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perché si dice fumare come un turco? |url=https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/perche-si-dice-fumare-come-un-turco |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Focus.it |language=it}}</ref>
* {{NLD}}: Some offensive expressions are ''"Eruit zien als een Turk"'' ("to look like a Turk"), which means to "seem filthy", "repulsive", or ''"Rijden als een Turk"'' ("to drive like a Turk"), meaning "to drive recklessly".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Van Dale vrijuit.|url=https://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/archief/20011115/teksten/bin.dale.turk.officier.vrijuit.html|access-date=19 October 2021|date=15 November 2001|newspaper=[[De Telegraaf]]|language=nl}}</ref>
* {{NOR}}: In Norwegian is used the expression ''"Sint som en tyrker"'' which means "angry as a Turk".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fra hav og strand: en tylt fortællinger|author=Just W. Flood|page=24|language=no|year=1884}}</ref>
* {{ROU}}: In Romanian language it is common to call "a Turk" somebody who's stubborn, who is not able to understand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=turc – definiție și paradigmă|url=https://dexonline.ro/definitie/turc|access-date=19 October 2021|website=Dexonline|publisher=[[Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române]]|language=ro}}</ref>
* {{ESP}}: Spanish people used to say ''"turco"'' when they wanted to insult another person.<ref name="sieps" />
* {{GBR}}: In English, phrases such as "[[wikt:Johnny Turk|Johnny Turk]]", "[[:wikt:out-paramour the Turk|out-paramour the Turk]]", "[[:wikt:turn Turk|turn Turk]]" and "[[:wikt:young Turk|young Turk]]" were historically used.
* {{SWE}}: In Swedish there is a racist ryhme phrase "turk på burk smakar urk" (literally "canned Turk tastes bleh"), which has been associated with anti-Turkish sentiment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Priftis |first1=Marcus |title=Turk på burk och svensk rasism |url=https://www.svd.se/a/b974dd8d-2bec-3bb9-9fa2-6456b745b97f/turk-pa-burk-och-svensk-rasism |website=Svenska Dagbladet |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Turkey}}
* [[Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment]]
*[[Anti-Hungarian sentiment]]
*[[Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment]]
*[[Anti-Mongolianism]]
*[[Index of racism-related articles]]
*[[Insulting Turkishness]]
*[[Islamophobia]]
*[[List of massacres of Turkish people]]
*[[Persecution of Muslims]]
*[[Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction]]
*[[Racism against Asians]]
*[[Red Jews]]
*[[Remove Kebab]]
*[[Tatarophobia]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography ==
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{{refend}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070606230704/http://www.hum.au.dk/cek/kontur/pdf/kontur_10/sinan.yasar.pdf Turkey in the Eye of the Beholder:Tracking Perceptions on Turkey through Political Cartoons by Sinan Erensü and Yaşar Adanalı]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050217213603/http://www.hetq.am/eng/society/h-0203-vharutiunyan.html Patriotism versus Patria by Vartan Harutiunyan]
*[http://www.brown.edu/Students/Turkish/old/Gelenler/Turkishness_in_Hollywood.pdf Representation of Turkishness in Hollywood by Aslihan Tokgoz]
*[http://tatar.yuldash.com/eng_098.html TURKOPHOBIA:Its Social and Historical Roots By Sabirzyan BADRETDIN]
*[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30678/30678-h/30678-h.htm The Unspeakable Turk political cartoons]
*{{in lang|tr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090501120701/http://www.haberturk.com/haber.asp?id=61182&cat=180&dt=2008%2F03%2F14 Marco Türklere ders vermek istemiş!]
{{Turkey topics}}
{{Turkic topics}}
{{Racism}}
{{Discrimination}}
[[Category:Anti-Turkish sentiment| ]]
[[Category:Anti-national sentiment|Turkish]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -107,16 +107,8 @@
A 2013 study showed that 13.2% of the [[Kurds in Turkey]] had a negative view of Turks. Other numbers include 22.3% who would not accept a Turkish son/daughter-in-law and 5% who would not want to live next to a Turk. The study also showed that left-oriented Kurds were less likely to show tolerance towards Turks, while religious affiliation did not play any significance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarigil|first1=Zeki|last2=Karakoc|first2=Ekrem|date=2017|title=Inter-ethnic (In)tolerance between Turks and Kurds: Implications for Turkish Democratisation|journal=[[South European Society & Politics]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=22|issue=2|at=pages 207 & 209|doi=10.1080/13608746.2016.1164846|hdl=11693/37189|s2cid=155156303|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
-
-== Europe ==
-According to [[Fatma Müge Göçek]] the main reasons for anti-Turkish sentiment in Western Europe are [[Armenian genocide denial]] and the role of Turkish migrant workers in the economy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Göçek|first=Fatma Müge|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870211367|title=Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-933420-9|location=Oxford|page=32|oclc=870211367|author-link=Fatma Müge Göçek}}</ref>
-
-=== Albania ===
-In the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]], [[Islamic culture]] and life was destroyed through state policies and a group of Albanian historians, often with [[Nationalism|nationalist]] perspectives promoted in their literature "the Turkish savagery" and Albanian Christian resistance toward the Ottoman Empire. Scholars who opposed anti-Turkish and anti-Muslim narratives were subjected to ostracism and penalties.<ref name="Kopanski192">{{Cite journal|last=Kopanski|first=Atuallah Bogdan|title=Islamization of Albanians in the Middle Ages: The primary sources and the predicament of the modern historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1DrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Albanian+nationalist+historians+like+Ramadan+Marmallaku,+Kristo+Frasheri+Skender+Anamali,+Stefanaq+Polio,+Skender+Rizaj+and+Arben+Puto+%22|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=36|issue=2/3|year=1997|page=192}}</ref>
-
-In the 2010s, opposition to Turkey building mosques in Albania or exerting its political influence exists among part of the population. They view Turkey as an interfering or autocratic power and Islam as a negative imposed Ottoman legacy.<ref name="ColbEdwa">{{Cite news|last1=Colborne|first1=Michael|last2=Edwards|first2=Maxim|title=In Albania, new Turkish mosque stirs old resentments|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2018/0912/In-Albania-new-Turkish-mosque-stirs-old-resentments|agency=The Christian Science Monitor|date=12 September 2018|access-date=10 January 2021|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Albsus">{{Cite web|title=Albania Suspended Between Gulen and Erdogan – Inside Over|date=18 September 2019 |url=https://www.insideover.com/reportage/politics/the-roots-of-the-albanian-crisis/disputed-albania-erdogans-pain-in-the-neck.html|access-date=Oct 28, 2020}}</ref>
=== Bulgaria ===
{{See also|Bulgarian Turks|Bulgarisation}}
-[[File:Turkish Refugees from the district of Tirnova coming into Shumla.png|thumb|225x225px|Turkish refugees from the [[Veliko Tarnovo]] district coming into [[Shumen]] (1877).]]
+[[File:Turkish Refugees from the district of Tirnova coming into Shumla.png|thumb|225x225px]]
[[File:Konstantin Makovsky - The Bulgarian martyresses.jpg|200px|thumb|''The Bulgarian Martyresses'', by [[Konstantin Makovsky]] (1877). A painting from the [[April Uprising]], it sparked outrage in the West against [[April Uprising#Outbreak and suppression|Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria]].]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 115993 |
Old page size (old_size) | 118383 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -2390 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:Turkish Refugees from the district of Tirnova coming into Shumla.png|thumb|225x225px]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '',
1 => '== Europe ==',
2 => 'According to [[Fatma Müge Göçek]] the main reasons for anti-Turkish sentiment in Western Europe are [[Armenian genocide denial]] and the role of Turkish migrant workers in the economy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Göçek|first=Fatma Müge|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870211367|title=Denial of violence : Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians, 1789–2009|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-933420-9|location=Oxford|page=32|oclc=870211367|author-link=Fatma Müge Göçek}}</ref>',
3 => '',
4 => '=== Albania ===',
5 => 'In the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]], [[Islamic culture]] and life was destroyed through state policies and a group of Albanian historians, often with [[Nationalism|nationalist]] perspectives promoted in their literature "the Turkish savagery" and Albanian Christian resistance toward the Ottoman Empire. Scholars who opposed anti-Turkish and anti-Muslim narratives were subjected to ostracism and penalties.<ref name="Kopanski192">{{Cite journal|last=Kopanski|first=Atuallah Bogdan|title=Islamization of Albanians in the Middle Ages: The primary sources and the predicament of the modern historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1DrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Albanian+nationalist+historians+like+Ramadan+Marmallaku,+Kristo+Frasheri+Skender+Anamali,+Stefanaq+Polio,+Skender+Rizaj+and+Arben+Puto+%22|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=36|issue=2/3|year=1997|page=192}}</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'In the 2010s, opposition to Turkey building mosques in Albania or exerting its political influence exists among part of the population. They view Turkey as an interfering or autocratic power and Islam as a negative imposed Ottoman legacy.<ref name="ColbEdwa">{{Cite news|last1=Colborne|first1=Michael|last2=Edwards|first2=Maxim|title=In Albania, new Turkish mosque stirs old resentments|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2018/0912/In-Albania-new-Turkish-mosque-stirs-old-resentments|agency=The Christian Science Monitor|date=12 September 2018|access-date=10 January 2021|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Albsus">{{Cite web|title=Albania Suspended Between Gulen and Erdogan – Inside Over|date=18 September 2019 |url=https://www.insideover.com/reportage/politics/the-roots-of-the-albanian-crisis/disputed-albania-erdogans-pain-in-the-neck.html|access-date=Oct 28, 2020}}</ref>',
8 => '[[File:Turkish Refugees from the district of Tirnova coming into Shumla.png|thumb|225x225px|Turkish refugees from the [[Veliko Tarnovo]] district coming into [[Shumen]] (1877).]]'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870211367',
1 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=w1DrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Albanian+nationalist+historians+like+Ramadan+Marmallaku,+Kristo+Frasheri+Skender+Anamali,+Stefanaq+Polio,+Skender+Rizaj+and+Arben+Puto+%22',
2 => 'https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2018/0912/In-Albania-new-Turkish-mosque-stirs-old-resentments',
3 => 'https://www.insideover.com/reportage/politics/the-roots-of-the-albanian-crisis/disputed-albania-erdogans-pain-in-the-neck.html'
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101 => 'https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190319-erdogan-slams-israel-pm-and-son-over-anti-turkey-tweets/',
102 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150426194826/http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf',
103 => 'http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf',
104 => 'https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20January%2022%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20October%2027-November%203,%202007.pdf',
105 => 'https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html?mcubz=1',
106 => 'https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM',
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112 => 'https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/abd-televizyonu-nbc-de-turkiye-ye-agir-hakaret-38429798',
113 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221814/http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15:74./var/artfla/dicos/ACAD_1694/IMAGE/',
114 => 'http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15:74./var/artfla/dicos/ACAD_1694/IMAGE/',
115 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180127190910/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/mama-the-turks-european-integration-and-the-burden-of-history/',
116 => 'http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/blogs/view_from_bologna/archives/2004/12/mama_the_turks.php',
117 => 'https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/06/16/erdogans-anti-semitism-has-done-great-harm-to-turkey/',
118 => 'https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-group-burns-turkish-flag-over-hagia-sophia-move/1909334',
119 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C',
120 => 'https://bnr.bg/tr/post/100180614/bulgaristan-trknn-26-aralik-damgali-aci-yks',
121 => 'https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/bulgaristan-turklerinin-32-yil-once-yasadigi-acinin-yil-donumu-290312.html',
122 => 'https://www.dw.com/tr/bulgaristan-t%C3%BCrklerinin-ac%C4%B1-y%C4%B1ld%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC/a-18149760',
123 => 'https://nordicmonitor.com/2020/04/15-turks-being-held-by-haftar-forces-in-libya-since-the-beginning-of-february/',
124 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145391152',
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126 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA59',
127 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155156303',
128 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/870211367',
129 => 'https://en.parliament.iq/2019/03/27/al-haddad-offers-condolences-to-turkmen-people-on-anniversary-of-kirkuk-altun-kupri-tuzhurmatu-and-taza-massacres',
130 => 'https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre',
131 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190315161334/https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre',
132 => 'https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html',
133 => 'https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists/',
134 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html',
135 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190315215856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html',
136 => 'https://www.thelocal.it/20190315/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-luca-traini-italy-shooter-macerate',
137 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040153/http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Netherlands%20-%20SR%202008.pdf',
138 => 'https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197737/IOANNIS_LAGOS/home',
139 => 'https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/249452/neo-nazi-mep-penalized-for-tearing-up-turkish-flag/',
140 => 'https://www.economist.com/news/2002/12/19/island-of-troubles',
141 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/27/un-prosecutors-open-case-karadzic',
142 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/11/survivors-recount-bosnias-srebrenica-genocide-25-years-on',
143 => 'https://balkaninsight.com/2020/10/19/how-the-bosnian-serb-assembly-redefined-bosniaks-as-enemy-turks/',
144 => 'https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/timeline-ratko-mladic-and-his-role-in-war-crimes-during-the-bosnian-war/',
145 => 'http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/05)_Pictures,_documents_and_external_sites/09)_Publications/%20KBS%E2%80%A2Belgian-Turks%20GB_All%20in(1).pdf',
146 => 'https://dexonline.ro/definitie/turc',
147 => 'https://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/archief/20011115/teksten/bin.dale.turk.officier.vrijuit.html',
148 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=mp5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Quest+for+a+Suitable+Past:+Myths+and+Memory+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe',
149 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLghm1Ot0moC&q=Limassol+quarter',
150 => 'https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/08/israel-turkey-donald-trump-mavi-marmara-flotilla-tourism.html',
151 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html',
152 => 'http://www.aina.org/reports/icgkirkuk.pdf',
153 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120112230412/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf',
154 => 'http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf',
155 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WYO1BqdvX9EC&q=donkey+turk',
156 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&q=donkey+turk',
157 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UIMqAQAAMAAJ&q=donkey+turk',
158 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_8niIYSTqToC&q=Imperial+Rule,+Central+European+University+Press',
159 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=-XtKAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Etrak-i+bi-idrak%22&pg=PA206',
160 => 'https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?fromstatweb',
161 => 'https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/perche-si-dice-fumare-come-un-turco',
162 => 'https://e-vestnik.bg/3848/%25d0%25ba%25d1%2580%25d1%258a%25d0%25b2%25d1%2582%25d0%25b0-%25d0%25be%25d1%2582-1984-%25d0%25b3-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b8-%25d0%25b7%25d0%25b0%25d1%2589%25d0%25be-%25d0%25b2-%25d0%25bc%25d0%25be%25d0%25bc%25d1%2587%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b3%25d1%2580%25d0%25b0%25d0%25b4-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bc%25d0%25b0-%25d1%2588/',
163 => 'http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Curl-status=dead%257Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235751/http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Carchive-date=26',
164 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=jakLAAAAIAAJ&q=massacre',
165 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Aloa&pg=PA69',
166 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=zichAAAAMAAJ&q=Maratha',
167 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Tochni&pg=PA237',
168 => 'https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0064',
169 => 'https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2007.0020',
170 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2065344',
171 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2065344',
172 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1360200042000296636',
173 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0023656032000057010',
174 => 'https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fnpt.2017.7',
175 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608746.2016.1164846',
176 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F37189',
177 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x',
178 => 'https://doi.org/10.1024%2F%2F1421-0185.62.2.139',
179 => 'https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1287690',
180 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992',
181 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/4330101',
182 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583',
183 => 'https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110801057-002',
184 => 'https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463225735-009',
185 => 'https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-national-religious-rabbi-says-deadly-quake-in-turkey-syria-is-divine-justice/',
186 => 'http://www.topix.com/forum/world/russia/TCPIR4NKRT7T1ADGF',
187 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220120125806/https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/',
188 => 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316491',
189 => 'https://muse.jhu.edu/article/223606',
190 => 'https://www.svd.se/a/b974dd8d-2bec-3bb9-9fa2-6456b745b97f/turk-pa-burk-och-svensk-rasism',
191 => 'https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Photo-Humiliation-and-triumph-forever-and-ever-The-dying-half-naked-Turk-slips-down_fig1_275239710',
192 => 'https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/73930',
193 => 'https://www.eur.nl/en/esl/news/safety-cannot-improve-just-law-and-baton',
194 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=w1DrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Albanian+nationalist+historians+like+Ramadan+Marmallaku,+Kristo+Frasheri+Skender+Anamali,+Stefanaq+Polio,+Skender+Rizaj+and+Arben+Puto+%22',
195 => 'https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2018/0912/In-Albania-new-Turkish-mosque-stirs-old-resentments',
196 => 'https://www.insideover.com/reportage/politics/the-roots-of-the-albanian-crisis/disputed-albania-erdogans-pain-in-the-neck.html'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hostility, fear or intolerance against Turkish peoples</div>
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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesbophobia" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Ethnic/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrophobia" title="Afrophobia">African</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li>
<li>Asian
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negrophobia" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" title="Anti-Catalanism">Catalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antihaitianismo" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanophobia" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li>
<li>Indigenous people
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Israeli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li>
<li>Turkish</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Anti-LGBT rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" title="Violence against LGBT people">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">LGBT grooming conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witch-hunt" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonperson" title="Nonperson">Nonpersons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian privilege</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li></ul></div></div>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascend toward heaven. The baroque apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of St Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna shows John of Capistrano, canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription '1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt' (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of Cardinal Franz König." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg/214px-Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg/322px-Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg/429px-Saint_Jean_de_Capistran_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="3258" /></a><figcaption>"The dying, half-naked 'Turk' slips down along with his weapons. The body of the vanquished serves as a stepping stone for the transfigured Christian to ascending toward heaven. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> apotheosis (1738) above the Capistrano pulpit on the north side of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St Stephen's Cathedral</a> in Vienna shows <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_of_Capistrano" title="John of Capistrano">John of Capistrano</a>, canonized in 1690, as the vanquisher of the 'Turks'. Moreover, until after 1945 the inscription <i>"1683 -schau Mahomet, du Hunt"</i> (1683 -Look Muhammad, You Dog) hung resplendent above the main entrance of the cathedral. It was only removed by order of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_K%C3%B6nig" title="Franz König">Cardinal Franz König</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Anti-Turkish sentiment</b>, also known as <b>Anti-Turkism</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Türk karşıtlığı</i>), or <b>Turkophobia</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Türkofobi</i>) is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkish culture</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The term refers to not only against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> across all regions, but also against the subjects of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, as well as descendants of ethnic Turks such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>. It is also applied to groups who developed in part under the influence of Turkish culture and traditions while converting to Islam, especially during the time of the Ottoman Empire, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> and other smaller ethnic groups around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_modern_period"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern period</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#16th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">16th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#17th–18th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">17th–18th centuries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Anti-Turkism_by_Ottomans"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-Turkism by Ottomans</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern history</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Arab_World"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arab World</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Iraq"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Iraq</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Libya"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Libya</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Saudi_Arabia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Saudi Arabia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Syria"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Syria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#United_Arab_Emirates"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">United Arab Emirates</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Kurds"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kurds</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bulgaria</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Belgium"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Cyprus"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Cyprus</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Greece"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Greece</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Netherlands"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Netherlands</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Malta"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Malta</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Former_Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Former Soviet Union</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Armenia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Armenia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Georgia"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Georgia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Uzbekistan"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Uzbekistan</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Former_Yugoslavia"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Former Yugoslavia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#North_Macedonia"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">North Macedonia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Serbia"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Serbia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Bosnian_War"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bosnian War</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Other_countries"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Other countries</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#In_contemporary_media"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In contemporary media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Movies"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Movies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Dracula_Untold"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Dracula Untold</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Midnight_Express"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Midnight Express</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Saturday_Night_Live"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Saturday Night Live</i></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Expressions_containing_the_word_"Turk"_in_various_languages"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a>—part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">European Christians</a>' effort to stem the expansion of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the predecessor to Turkey—helped fuel the development of anti-Turkism. By the middle of the 15th century, special <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a> called <i>missa contra Turcos</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "mass against Turks") were held in various places in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup> to spread the message that victory over the Ottomans was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="16th_century">16th century</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>As the Ottomans expanded their empire west, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> came into more frequent contact with the Turks, often militarily.
</p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War</a>, the Ottomans conquered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.
</p><p>In the 16th century, around 2,500 publications about the Turks—including more than 1,000 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>—were released in Europe, spreading the image of the "bloodthirsty Turk". From 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat to Europe than about the discovery of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Bishop <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johann_Faber" title="Johann Faber">Johann Faber</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> claimed, "There are no crueler and more audacious villains under the heavens than the Turks, who spare no age or sex and mercilessly cut down young and old alike and pluck unripe fruit from the wombs of mothers."<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG/220px-Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG/330px-Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG/440px-Die_Osmanen_in_Europa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Original prints from the 16th century at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum" title="Hungarian National Museum">Hungarian National Museum</a> depict a Turkish warrior butchering infants.</figcaption></figure>
<p>During this time, the Ottoman Empire also invaded the Balkans and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">besieged Vienna</a>, sparking widespread fear in Europe, and especially in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, the German leader of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, took advantage of these fears by asserting that the Turks were "the agents of the Devil who, along with the Antichrist located in the heart of the Catholic Church, Rome, would usher in the Last Days and the Apocalypse".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Luther believed that the Ottoman invasion was God's punishment of Christians for allowing corruption in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> In 1518, when he defended his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a>, Luther claimed that God had sent the Turks to punish Christians just as he had sent war, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>. (In response, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> issued <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">a papal bull</a> in which he threatened Luther with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> and portrayed him as a troublemaker who advocated capitulation to the Turks.)<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup> In his writings <i>On War Against the Turk</i> and <i>Military Sermon Against the Turks</i>, Luther was "consistent in his theological conception of the Turks as a manifestation of God's chastising rod". He and his followers also espoused the view that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg Wars</a> were a conflict "between Christ and Antichrist" or "between God and the devil".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Spurred by this argument, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, seeking to capture more land in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and other parts of the world, used any encounter with the "Terrible Turk" as "a prime opportunity to establish credentials as champions of the faith on par with other Europeans".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Stories of the "dog-Turk" reinforced the negative image. The dog-Turk was claimed to be a man-eating being, half-animal and half-human, with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>'s head and tail. After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683, the image of the dog-Turk became a figure used to ridicule Turks in carnival processions and masquerades, where "dog-Turk" characters began to appear alongside witches and clowns.<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="17th.E2.80.9318th_centuries"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="17th–18th_centuries">17th–18th centuries</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the Turks were portrayed as the archenemies of Christianity. A book by the parish priest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erland_Dryselius" title="Erland Dryselius">Erland Dryselius</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a>, published in 1694, was titled <i>Luna Turcica eller Turkeske måne, anwissjandes lika som uti en spegel det mahometiske vanskelige regementet, fördelter uti fyra qvarter eller böcker</i> ("Turkish moon showing as in a mirror the dangerous Mohammedan rule, divided into four quarters or books"). In sermons, the Swedish clergy preached about the Turks' cruelty and bloodthirstiness, and how they systematically burned and plundered the areas they conquered. In a Swedish schoolbook published in 1795, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was described as "the false religion that had been fabricated by the great deceiver Muhammad, to which the Turks to this day universally confess"<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1718, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Puckle" title="James Puckle">James Puckle</a> demonstrated two versions of his new invention, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puckle_gun" title="Puckle gun">Puckle gun</a>: a tripod-mounted, single-barreled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> weapon fitted with a revolving cylinder, designed to prevent intruders from boarding a ship. The first version, intended for use against Christian enemies, fired conventional round bullets. The second, intended for use against the Muslim Ottomans, fired square bullets, designed by Kyle Tunis, which were believed to be more damaging and would, according to Puckle's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>, convince the Turks of the "benefits of Christian civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and other European writers described the Turks as tyrants who destroyed Europe's heritage; with Voltaire characterizing Turks as "tyrants of the women and enemies of arts" and "barbarian usurpers who must be chased out of Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup> In his book <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> noted, "Until the end of the seventeenth century the 'Ottoman peril' lurked alongside Europe to represent for the whole of Christian civilization a constant danger, and in time European civilization incorporated that peril and its lore, its great events, figures, virtues, and vices, as something woven into the fabric of life."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-Turkism_by_Ottomans">Anti-Turkism by Ottomans</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Within the ruling class, Ottomans, called themselves "<i>Osmanlı</i>", to note a person of higher intellect and education with proficiency in Persian and Arabic literature, while the word "Turk" was used to discriminate against the nomad Turkomans of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="The steppes">the steppes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a>, and the illiterate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> peasantry, and ethnic slurs such as <i>Eşek Türk</i> (donkey Turk) and <i>Kaba Türk</i> (rude Turk) were used to describe them. Other expressions included were "Turk-head" and "Turk-person".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Within the Ottoman Empire, the term of "<i>Etrak-i bi-idrak</i>" was sometimes used to denote the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörük</a><b> </b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/backwoodsmen" class="extiw" title="wikt:backwoodsmen">backwoodsmen</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bumpkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumpkins">bumpkins</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomad</a> Turkomans in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. "<i>Etrak-i bi-idrak</i>", an Ottoman play on words, meant "the ignorant Turk". Another similar phrase was "<i>Türk-i-bed-lika</i>" which meant "the ugly-faced Turk".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ozay_Mehmet" title="Ozay Mehmet">Özay Mehmet</a>, an academic of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriot</a> descent, wrote in his book <i>Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The ordinary Turks [Turkmen, or Yörüks] did not have a sense of belonging to a ruling ethnic group. In particular, they had a confused sense of self-image. Who were they: Turks, Muslims or Ottomans? Their literature was sometimes Persian, sometimes Arabic, but always courtly and elitist. There was always a huge social and cultural distance between the Imperial centre and the Anatolian periphery. As Bernard Lewis expressed it: "In the Imperial society of the Ottomans the ethnic term Turk was little used, and then chiefly in a rather derogatory sense, to designate the Turcoman nomads or, later, the ignorant and uncouth Turkish-speaking peasants of the Anatolian villages." (Lewis 1968: 1)
In the words of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> observer of the Ottoman values and institutions at the start of the twentieth century: "The surest way to insult an Ottoman gentleman is to call him a 'Turk'. His face will straightway wear the expression a Londoner's assumes, when he hears himself frankly styled a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a>. He is no Turk, no savage, he will assure you, but an Ottoman subject of the Sultan, by no means to be confounded with certain barbarians styled Turcomans, and from whom indeed, on the male side, he may possibly be descended." (Davey 1907: 209)</p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_history">Modern history</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_minorities_in_the_former_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire">Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div>
<p>Before the 1960s, Turkey had a relatively low rate of emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> However, after the adoption of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1961" title="Turkish Constitution of 1961">new constitution</a> in 1961, Turkish citizens began to migrate elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Unat,_N._A._1995_p._279_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unat,_N._A._1995_p._279-23">[23]</a></sup> Gradually, Turks became a "prominent ethnic minority group" in some Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> But from the beginning, they were subject to discrimination. At times, when host countries adopted more immigrant-friendly policies, "only the Turkish workers were excluded" from them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In various European languages, the word "Turk" has acquired a meaning similar to "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>" or "heathen",<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aen_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aen-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraaf1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraaf1-28">[28]</a></sup> or is used as a slur or curse.<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-informatia_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-informatia-29">[29]</a></sup> As a result, the word also has some negative connotations in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arab_World">Arab World</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a> has a long history of mixed relations with the Turks back from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In the past, the Ottoman conquest had absorbed a large number of Arab countries into its map, ultimately opened a chapter of a complicated relationship between Turks and Arabs. While both are Muslim majority, subsequent conflict of interests and the growing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">nationalist movement</a> had led to growing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arabism">anti-Arabism</a> among Turks, especially following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Iraq">Iraq</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1924">Kirkuk Massacre of 1924</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gavurba%C4%9F%C4%B1_massacre" title="Gavurbağı massacre">Gavurbağı massacre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">Kirkuk Massacre of 1959</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1991_Altun_Kupri_massacre" title="1991 Altun Kupri massacre">1991 Altun Kupri massacre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erbil_massacre" title="Erbil massacre">Erbil massacre</a></div>
<p>The fear of Turkish influence has always dominated Iraq and as such, relationship between Iraq and Turkey has always been tense.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to an increasingly discriminated against minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a></sup> Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">Kirkuk Massacre of 1959</a>. Furthermore, under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>, discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a></sup> as well as the Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> policies by the state, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a> by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=62_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=62-34">[34]</a></sup> Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmen were seen as a disloyal remnant of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, with a natural tie to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63-35">[35]</a></sup> The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_Faisal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Faisal I">King Faisal I</a> to the Iraqi throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63-35">[35]</a></sup> On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq_Levies" title="Iraq Levies">Iraq Levies</a>- a levied force raised by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and consisting primarily of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>- clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by the Iraqi police including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk_Massacre_of_1959" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk Massacre of 1959">The Kirkuk massacre of 1959</a> came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">Iraqi Communist Party</a>, which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64-38">[38]</a></sup> With the appointment of Maarouf Barzinji, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, fights broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34-39">[39]</a></sup> Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the Fourth Brigade of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Order was restored on 17 July by military units from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34-39">[39]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/250px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/375px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg/500px-Iraqi_Turkmen_protest_in_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Turks protesting in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, the banner reads: 'Kirkuk is an Iraqi city with Turkmen characteristics'.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1980, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s government adopted a policy of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_2008_loc=15_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins_2008_loc=15-42">[42]</a></sup> Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'ath regime recognized that the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64-38">[38]</a></sup> Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the center and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]".<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65-43">[43]</a></sup> In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_2006_loc=5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group_2006_loc=5-44">[44]</a></sup> Thus, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a></sup> Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies;<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a></sup> school names, neighborhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a></sup> Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighborhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>Over 135 Turkmens were massacred in 1991 during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/200px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/299px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg/399px-Iraqi_Turkmen_woman_holding_a_placard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard written in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Kerkük'ü hiçbir güç Kürtleştiremez ("No power can Kurdify Kirkuk").</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Kurds claimed <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over land that Iraqi Turkmen regards as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67-48">[48]</a></sup> Thus, it is claimed that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67-48">[48]</a></sup> The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tal_Afar" title="Tal Afar">Tal Afar</a>. The formation of the Kurdistan Region in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a>, according to the Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, a city in which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, a new political front of Turkmen parties, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_Front" title="Iraqi Turkmen Front">Iraqi Turkmen Front</a> (ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a></sup> The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a></sup> In March 2000, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49">[49]</a></sup> In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69-50">[50]</a></sup> Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69-50">[50]</a></sup> Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a></sup> According to United Nations reports, the KRG and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> were "illegally policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. A recognized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">genocide in 2014</a> was done to Iraqi Turkmen by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51">[51]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Libya">Libya</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Libyan Civil War (2014–present)</a></div>
<p>As for the result of the current Libyan conflict since 2014, Libya was divided into two, where the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> in Tripoli enjoys military support from Turkey. This has fueled tensions between Ankara and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">the Tobruk-based government</a>, and anti-Turkish policies have been pursued by them, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (February 2021)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2019, the Tobruk-based army had arrested Turkish nationals, accusing them of sponsoring terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> In 2020, over 15 Turkish nationals have been taken into custody for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> Haftar had also ordered shooting down any Turkish ships and interests, banning flights to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahhabi_War" title="Wahhabi War">Wahhabi War</a></div>
<p>Saudi Arabia has a very tense relationship with Turkey, owing it to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman-Saudi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Saudi War">Ottoman-Saudi War</a> when the Saudis were defeated by the Ottomans, which contributed to the Turkish rule for another century before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, and its alliance with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Al-Rashid</a> family against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al-Saud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> The tensions rekindled in the 21st century with Erdoğan's desire to "revive the Ottoman Empire", which draws Saudi Arabia to be more antagonistic to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> Saudi Arabia has since then made numerous policies, such as labeling the Ottoman Empire as the occupants of Arabia, financing movies that are deemed anti-Turkish,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> and recently, banning Turkish websites and leading boycotts against Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Syria">Syria</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>From the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="French mandate">French mandate</a> era to the Assad regime, the Turkish culture and language have perished for a section of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-EnabBaladi2019_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnabBaladi2019-63">[63]</a></sup> Many Syrian Turkmen have become Arabized and assimilated in areas where they form a minority. Consequently, Arabization is mainly an exception in areas where the Syrian Turkmen live in areas where they form a significant population, where they have continued to maintain their Turkish identity and language despite discriminative state policies.<sup id="cite_ref-EnabBaladi2019_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnabBaladi2019-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the Turkish annexation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a>, there is a strong anti-Turkish sentiment among the Syrian population.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> For the Syrians, the annexation of Alexandretta became a national wound and a symbol of increasing Turkish meddling of Syrian affairs. This had led to the beginning of anti-Turkish discrimination, intensified under the government of Hafez al-Assad and the Arabization process. Syrian Turkmen, suffered discrimination over employment and education and were forbidden from writing and publishing in their native Turkish dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>Syrian Turkmen occupied a low rung on the societal ladder, as reported by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Bawaba" title="Al Bawaba">Al Bawaba</a></i>, it was stated that Assad always sought to benefit his politically dominant Shiite religious minority. The report quoted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay%C4%B1rbucak" title="Bayırbucak">Bayırbucak</a> Turkmen as highlighting, "They would take Alawites first no matter what, even if they had degrees, Turkmen couldn't find jobs".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>With the beginning of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Syrian Turkmen had sided with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> which fed the growth of anti-Turkism in Syria. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a>, with Russian support, often bombed Syrian Turkmen positions as well as increased xenophobic attacks against Turkmen, accusing them of being Ankara's stooge.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In December 2017, the UAE's foreign minister, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan</a>, shared a tweet that claimed an Ottoman general had robbed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> during Ottoman rule. Emirati diplomat <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anwar_Gargash" title="Anwar Gargash">Anwar Gargash</a> then added, "The sectarian and partisan view is not an acceptable alternative, and the Arab world will not be led by Tehran or Ankara."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Kurds">Kurds</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish-Turkish conflict</a></div>
<p>A 2013 study showed that 13.2% of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a> had a negative view of Turks. Other numbers include 22.3% who would not accept a Turkish son/daughter-in-law and 5% who would not want to live next to a Turk. The study also showed that left-oriented Kurds were less likely to show tolerance towards Turks, while religious affiliation did not play any significance.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png/225px-Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png/338px-Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png/450px-Turkish_Refugees_from_the_district_of_Tirnova_coming_into_Shumla.png 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/200px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/300px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/400px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption><i>The Bulgarian Martyresses</i>, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konstantin_Makovsky" title="Konstantin Makovsky">Konstantin Makovsky</a> (1877). A painting from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a>, it sparked outrage in the West against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/April_Uprising#Outbreak_and_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Before 1878, Turks accounted for an estimated one-third of the population of Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> In 1876, approximately 70% of the country's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> belonged to Turks. This number declined from 1923 to 1949, when an estimated 220,000 Turks moved from Bulgaria to Turkey, a migration encouraged by the Turkish government. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Another wave of about 155,000 left Bulgaria</a> from 1949 to 1951, many of them forcibly expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan_2002_loc=1613_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan_2002_loc=1613-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1984, the government implemented <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a> policies to culturally assimilate Bulgarian Turks. Approximately 800,000 Turks were forced to adopt Bulgarian names. Furthermore, Bulgarian Turks were not allowed to use their Muslim names, speak <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> in public places, or attend Muslim ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> This assimilation campaign was labelled as an attempt for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">national revival</a> and was called "The Revival Process".<sup id="cite_ref-pdc.ceu.hu_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdc.ceu.hu-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 24 December 1984, in the village of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mlechino" title="Mlechino">Mlechino</a>, Bulgarian police and security forces shot at Turkish protesters when some 200 Turkish villagers from nearby smaller towns gathered to protest for the return of their passports and reinstatement of their Turkish names.
</p><p>In many Turkish populated areas in Bulgaria, People from smaller towns and villages attempted to gather in larger towns with a government official with greater jurisdiction, to protest against the assimilation policies. These towns were often barricaded by Bulgarian security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-segabg.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segabg.com-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 25 December 1984, close to the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benkovski,_Kardzhali_Province" title="Benkovski, Kardzhali Province">Benkovski</a>, some 3,000 Turkish protesters from the nearby smaller villages confronted Bulgarian security forces and demanded to have their original identification papers back. The Bulgarian security forces managed to disperse the crowd and urged them to go back to their villages and inquire from the local mayors. After returning to their towns and discovering that the local municipality didn't have their passports and ID documentation the crowd marched back towards the town of Benkovski on the next day (26 December 1984). About 500 armed personnel from Bulgarian security forces were in position. The police presence in the area was previously increased under the guise of "exercise manoeuvres". When the crowd of 2,000 Turkish villagers approached the Bulgarian security forces opened fire with automatic weapons, wounding 8 people and killing 4. One of the killed was a 17-month-old Turkish baby.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> The victims were from the villages of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayaloba" title="Kayaloba">Kayaloba</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kitna" title="Kitna">Kitna</a> and Mogiljane. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunshot_wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunshot wounds">gunshot wounds</a> suggest that the security force had been aiming at the midsection of the bodies. The captured demonstrators were faced down on the snow for 2 hours and blasted with cold water coming from the fire fighting trucks. In a report by Atanas Kadirev the head of the Ministry of Interior Forces in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kardzhali" title="Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a> stated <i>"It was interesting how they endured the entire water from the fire fighters' cisterns</i>". The temperature that day was minus 15 degrees Celsius.<sup id="cite_ref-segabg.com_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segabg.com-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e-vestnik.bg_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-vestnik.bg-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>On the same day, 26 December 1984, in the village of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gruevo" title="Gruevo">Gruevo</a>, situated in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momchilgrad" title="Momchilgrad">Momchilgrad</a> county, the Turkish community temporarily resisted the entry of security forces vehicles into the village by burning truck tires on the main road, but the security forces returned at night with reinforcements. The electricity to the village was cut. The villagers organized at the village entrance but were blasted with water from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire trucks">fire trucks</a>. The security forces opened fire at the villagers and several civilians were wounded and killed. The wounded were refused medical treatment. There are reports of incarcerated Turks allegedly committing suicide while held for police questioning.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> In demonstrations in Momchilgrad at least one 16-year-old was shot and killed and there are reports of casualties also in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dzhebel" title="Dzhebel">Dzhebel</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Bulgaria)" title="Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria)">Bulgarian Ministry of Interior</a> stated "during these few Christmas days there have been some 11 demonstrations in which approximately 11,000 Turks participated." A large number of the arrested protesters were later sent to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belene_labour_camp" title="Belene labour camp">Belene labour camp</a> at the gates of which it is written "<i>All Bulgarian citizens are equal under the laws of the People's Republic of Bulgaria"</i><sup id="cite_ref-segabg.com_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segabg.com-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>One of the most notable confrontations between the ethnic Turk population and the Bulgarian State Security apparatus and army was in the village of Yablanovo during January 1985 where the Turkish population resisted the tanks of the 3rd Bulgarian Army for 3 days. When the village was overrun the town hall was made into a temporary Command Centre where imprisoned Turks were tortured. The torture and violation was later continued in the underground cellars of the Ministry of Interior in the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup> Over 30 people are reported killed during the events in Yablanovo.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>These events led to the beginning of the revival of the Turkish minority identity in Bulgaria and protests took place in some of the bigger settlements in the southern and northern Turk enclaves. Moreover, the Turkish community received the solidarity of Bulgarian intellectuals and opponents of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-pdc.ceu.hu_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdc.ceu.hu-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>This led, a few years later, to the biggest exodus in Europe since <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: After the Bulgaria–Turkey border was opened in June 1989, approximately 350,000 Turks left Bulgaria on tourist visas in the span of three months.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> Eventually, more than 150,000 Turks returned to Bulgaria—especially after the removal of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a> from power—but more than 200,000 chose to remain in Turkey permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>Former Bulgarian prime minister, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boyko_Borisov" title="Boyko Borisov">Boyko Borisov</a>, has been accused of having anti-Turkish tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> In December 2009, he backed a referendum, proposed by the nationalist party <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_(political_party)" title="Attack (political party)">Attack</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: Атака), on whether to allow daily Turkish-language news broadcasts on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a>, although he later withdrew his support.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivan_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivan-87">[87]</a></sup> Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then the Turkish prime minister, "expressed his concern of rising anti-Turkish sentiments in Bulgaria"<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> to the Bulgarian prime minister. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Foreign Ministry">Turkish Foreign Ministry</a> also "expressed its concern over the rising heated rhetoric in Bulgaria".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> According to a report by Ivan Dikov, "not just Атака but a large number of Bulgarians have resented the news in Turkish".<sup id="cite_ref-Ivan_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivan-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>Borisov also referred to Turks (and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>) as "bad human material" in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> The vice president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Marinus_Wiersma" title="Jan Marinus Wiersma">Jan Marinus Wiersma</a>, said Borisov had "crossed the invisible line between right wing populism and extremism".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some Bulgarian historians consider <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, a semi-nomadic Turkic people, as Iranian. According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raymond_Detrez" title="Raymond Detrez">Raymond Detrez</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">the Iranian theory</a> is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated.<sup id="cite_ref-Detrez_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detrez-92">[92]</a></sup> Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>Example for recent confrontation between the Turkish population of Bulgaria and Bulgarian politicians is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banya_Bashi_Mosque_clashes" title="Banya Bashi Mosque clashes">Banya Bashi Mosque clashes</a>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Belgium">Belgium</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Belgium" title="Turks in Belgium">Turks in Belgium</a></div>
<p>There are approximately 290,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Belgium" title="Turks in Belgium">Turkish citizens living in Belgium</a>, The majority of whom left to Belgium in the 1950s. In the past several years, many right and left wings Belgian political parties criticized domestic Turkish politics and called for banning or deporting Turkish immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, a female employee shouted "<i>Dirty Turk"</i> (<i>in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: 'Vuile Turk')</i> at a Supervisor of Turkish origin in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_Car_Gent" title="Volvo Car Gent">Volvo car factory in Ghent</a>, which led to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a> by Turkish workers at the factory.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filip_Dewinter" title="Filip Dewinter">Filip Dewinter</a> a right-wing Flemish <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> party member said in May 2017 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TV-program" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-program">TV-program</a> De Zevende Dag,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The solution is for Turkish minorities in Flemish region, another method should be applied not only integrate Turks into Flemish culture but assimilate Turks. Leave identity behind leaving culture behind and fully assimilate in our society, if not so return to the country of origin is the only solution.</p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cyprus">Cyprus</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas (1963)</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a>; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a></div>
<p>The island of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> became an independent state in 1960, with power shared between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London-Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="London-Zürich Agreements">London–Zürich Agreements</a>. But in December 1963, in events that became known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas</a> in which 364 Turks were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup> Turkish Cypriots were ousted from the republic and Greek Cypriots began a military campaign against them, leading to 11 years of ethnic clashes.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> Turkish Cypriots bore the heavier cost in terms of casualties, and some 25,000—about a fifth of the population of Turkish Cypriots—were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kliot_2007_loc=59_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kliot_2007_loc=59-101">[101]</a></sup> Thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses left behind were ransacked or completely destroyed. They lived as refugees for at least ten years, until the 1974 Turkish invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kliot_2007_loc=59_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kliot_2007_loc=59-101">[101]</a></sup> By the late 1960s, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots had left their homes and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves" title="Turkish Cypriot enclaves">moved into enclaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> This resulted in an exodus of Turkish Cypriots, with the majority migrating to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and others to Turkey, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 13 February 1963 Greeks and Greek Cypriots attacked the Turkish Cypriot quarter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a> with tanks killing 16 and injuring 35 Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> Between 11 and 13 May 1964, Cypriot Police executed much as 28 Turkish Cypriot civilians in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-106">[106]</a></sup> On 14 and 15 November 1967, Greek Cypriots murdered 26 Turkish Cypriots during their retreat from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofinou" title="Kofinou">Kofinou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p><p>Numerous atrocities against the Turkish Cypriot community were committed in response to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a> by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberling1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberling1-109">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cassia1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassia1-110">[110]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> described the massacre as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>, by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a>, 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassia2_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassia2-112">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>The Washington Post</i> covered another atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard on 20 July 1974, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-fof_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fof-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oberlinglim_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oberlinglim-115">[115]</a></sup> 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.<sup id="cite_ref-ros1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ros1-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 12 July 2020, The primate of the Church of Cyprus, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archbishop_Chrysostomos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Chrysostomos II">Archbishop Chrysostomos II</a> has expressed his opinions regarding the reversion of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> museum to a mosque stating that "The Turks have remained uncivilized, they are rude, and they will remain [this way]." He added that "Turkey has learned to destroy, it has learned to appropriate the cultures of others and sometimes, when it does not benefit it, it destroys them and falsely presents cultures as its own."<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_City_Times_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_City_Times-117">[117]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Germany">Germany</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks in Germany</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1984_Duisburg_arson_attack" title="1984 Duisburg arson attack">1984 Duisburg arson attack</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_M%C3%B6lln_arson_attack" title="1992 Mölln arson attack">1992 Mölln arson attack</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack" title="1993 Solingen arson attack">1993 Solingen arson attack</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg/250px-Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg/375px-Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg/500px-Brandanschlag_solingen_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solingen_arson_attack_of_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Solingen arson attack of 1993">Solingen arson attack of 1993</a>, in which <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazis</a> set fire to a Turkish family's home, was one of the most severe instances of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> violence in modern Germany.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Turks are "the most prominent ethnic minority group in contemporary Germany",<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> and discrimination and violence against them are common.<sup id="cite_ref-psycontent.com_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psycontent.com-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> In public discourse and popular jokes, they are often portrayed as "ludicrously different in their food tastes, dress, names, and even in their ability to develop survival techniques".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>The number of violent acts by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">right-wing extremists</a> in Germany increased dramatically between 1990 and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> On November 25, 1992, three Turkish residents were killed in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">firebombing</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%B6lln" class="mw-redirect" title="Mölln">Mölln</a>, a town in northern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> And on May 29, 1993, in an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1993_Solingen_arson_attack" title="1993 Solingen arson attack">arson attack in Solingen</a>, five members of a Turkish family that had resided in Germany for 23 years were burnt to death.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> Several neighbors heard someone shout "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heil_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Heil Hitler">Heil Hitler</a>!" before dousing the front porch and door with gasoline and setting fire to the home.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> Most Germans condemned these attacks, and many marched in candlelight processions.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Greg Nees, "because Turks are both darker-skinned and Muslim, conservative Germans are largely against granting them citizenship".<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Greece">Greece</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Turks of the Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Cretan Turks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Western_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Western Thrace">Turks in Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1990_Komotini_events" title="1990 Komotini events">1990 Komotini events</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massacre_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Tripoli">Massacre of Tripoli</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)#Greek_massacres_of_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) § Greek massacres of Turks</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)#Greek_scorched-earth_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) § Greek scorched-earth policy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalova_Peninsula_massacres" title="Yalova Peninsula massacres">Yalova Peninsula massacres</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menemen_massacre" title="Menemen massacre">Menemen massacre</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_of_Manisa" title="Fire of Manisa">Fire of Manisa</a></div>
<p>A member of the European parliament from the Greek far-right <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a> party, former army lieutenant general <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleftherios_Synadinos" title="Eleftherios Synadinos">Eleftherios Synadinos</a> has been expelled from a European Parliament plenary session after a racist remark, stating that "As it has been expressed in scientific literature, the Turks are dirty and polluted. Turks are like wild dogs when they play but when they have to fight against their enemies they run away. The only effective way to deal with the Turks is with decisive and resolute attitudes."<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Ioannis Lagos</a>, who has been a Greek lawmaker serving as a Member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> has tore a Turkish flag made of paper into pieces in January 2020 during a session of debate for the humanitarian situation on the Greek islands due to illegal immigrations.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup>
</p><p>The former Greek <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(politician)" title="Theodoros Pangalos (politician)">Theodoros Pangalos</a> stated in 2002 that Turks have been being allowed "to drag their bloodstained boots across the carpet" in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> capitals and has labelled Turks as "bandits, murderers, and rapists".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Netherlands">Netherlands</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Turks in the Netherlands</a></div>
<p>Turks are the largest ethnic minority group in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> The first recorded attack on Turks in the Netherlands were the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaanderwijk_riots" title="Afrikaanderwijk riots">Afrikaanderwijk riots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> Although policies toward Turks in the Netherlands are more progressive than those in many other European countries, such as Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> in a report on the Netherlands in 2008, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a> wrote that the Turkish minority had been particularly affected by "stigmatization of and discrimination against members of minority groups".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-136">[136]</a></sup> The report also noted that "the tone of Dutch political and public debate around integration and other issues relevant to ethnic minorities has experienced a dramatic deterioration".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-136">[136]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">European Network Against Racism</a>, an international organization supported by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, half of all Turks in the Netherlands report having experienced racial discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup> The network also noted "dramatic growth" of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>. In 2001, another international organization, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia</a>, highlighted a negative trend in Dutch attitudes towards minorities, compared with average <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> results.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> That analysis also noted that, compared to other Europeans, the Dutch were "more in favor of cultural assimilation of minorities" rather than "cultural enrichment by minority groups".
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Malta">Malta</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese</a> have a colourful vocabulary stemming from their fight against the Ottoman Empire during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> in 1565. For example, the expression <i>tgħammed tork</i> is used when the sun is visible during rainfall; it means "a Turk has been baptised", which was considered a rare event. The phrase <i>twieled tork</i> ("a Turk was born") is also used. Another expression is <i>ħaqq għat-torok</i> ("curse on the Turks"), used when something goes wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Maltaturks_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maltaturks-139">[139]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Former_Soviet_Union">Former Soviet Union</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="Turks in the former Soviet Union">Turks in the former Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Meskhetian_Turks" title="Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks">Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Deportation of the Crimean Tatars</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Armenia">Armenia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Tatar_massacres_of_1905%E2%80%9307" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07">Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–07</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia–Turkey relations</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats_assassinated_by_Armenian_militant_organisations" title="List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations">List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations</a></div>
<p>According to a 2007 survey, 78% of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenians</a> see Turkey as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Georgia">Georgia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> look with a wary eye to Turkey's growing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a> and the rise in popularity of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> maps showing Turkey with borders expanded into the former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, usually including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although some Turks have since come back to Meskheti (which is near the Turkish-Georgian border), the Georgians and Armenians who settled in their homes have vowed to take up arms against any who return. Many Georgians have also argued that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a> should be sent to Turkey, <i>"where they belong"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_2001_loc=183_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_2001_loc=183-142">[142]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Russia">Russia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatarophobia</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Russian_poster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Russian_poster.JPG/300px-Russian_poster.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Russian_poster.JPG/450px-Russian_poster.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Russian_poster.JPG/600px-Russian_poster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Russian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> poster depicting a Turk running away from a Russian</figcaption></figure>
<p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> history professor Robert D. Crews, Russia has been historically more tolerant towards Turkic people than any other European administrations, and many Turkic people (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nogai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogai people">Nogais</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a>, for example), most of them Muslims, were fairly treated under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a>. However, not all Turkic peoples received such generous treatment, for instance, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> under Russian Tsarist administration were forced to leave their houses for Turkey due to Russian colonial politics in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean peninsula">Crimean peninsula</a>.
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> carried out <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> during World War II through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">mass deportations</a> of Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup> In June 1945, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, the Soviet minister of foreign affairs, formally demanded that Turkey surrender three provinces (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a>), and Moscow was also preparing to support Armenian claims to several other provinces. War against Turkey seemed possible, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> wanted to drive out Turks (especially in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meskheti" title="Meskheti">Meskheti</a>) who were likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup> The campaign is relatively poorly documented, but Soviet sources suggest that 115,000 Turks were deported, mainly to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Most of them settled in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> but many others died along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup>
</p><p>More recently, some Turks in Russia, especially Meskhetian Turks in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar</a>, have faced human rights violations, including deprivation of citizenship and prohibitions on employment and owning property.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup> Since 2004, many Turks have left the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees. They are still barred from full repatriation to Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks#1989_deportation_from_Uzbekistan_to_other_Soviet_countries" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks § 1989 deportation from Uzbekistan to other Soviet countries</a></div>
<p>While Turkey and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> have a fair relationship for being commonly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, some tensions were witnessed.
</p><p>In 1989, 103 people died and more than 1,000 were wounded in ethnic clashes between Turks and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>. Some 700 houses were destroyed, and more than 90,000 Meskhetian Turks were driven out of Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> Many Turks see these events as their "second deportation". Those who remained in Uzbekistan complained of ethnic discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Former_Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Turks in Croatia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Turks in Kosovo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Turks in North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Turks in Montenegro</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Turks in Serbia</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turk_(term_for_Muslims)" title="Turk (term for Muslims)">Turk (term for Muslims)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ottoman_figures,_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas,_Northern_Macedonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg/425px-Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="425" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg/638px-Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg/850px-Ottoman_figures%2C_Iconostasis_in_the_Church_of_Sveti_Spas%2C_Northern_Macedonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_the_Ascension_of_Jesus,_Skopje" title="Church of the Ascension of Jesus, Skopje">Church of the Ascension of Jesus, Skopje</a> from 1867, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">Beheading of John the Baptist</a> is carried out by figures stylized like Ottoman Turks.</figcaption></figure>
<p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire fell</a> in the early 20th century, many Turks fled as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a> (refugees). Others intermarried or simply identified themselves as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> to avoid stigma and persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Knowlton_2005_loc=66_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowlton_2005_loc=66-151">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>Historically, from the Ottoman conquest through the 19th century, many ethnically non-Turkish groups—especially the Muslim Slavs of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>—were referred to in local languages as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_(term_for_Muslims)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks (term for Muslims)">Turks</a>. This usage is common in literature, including in the works of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87" title="Ivan Mažuranić">Ivan Mažuranić</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a>. The religious ideology of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christoslavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoslavism">Christoslavism</a>, coined by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Sells" title="Michael Sells">Michael Sells</a>, holds that "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race".<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2009_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2009-152">[152]</a></sup> Under this ideology, as seen in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a>, South Slavic Muslims are not regarded as part of their ethnic kin; by virtue of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim faith</a>, they become "Turks".<sup id="cite_ref-BartovMack2001_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BartovMack2001-153">[153]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>When North Macedonia <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independence_Day_(North_Macedonia)" title="Independence Day (North Macedonia)">proclaimed its independence</a> in 1991, the Macedonian state implemented <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">nationalist</a> politics, which aimed to assimilate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">Macedonian Muslims</a> into a broader category of "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>". The government banned education in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> in all regions to "prevent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>". This, however, was met with resistance by Muslims who did not support the association and wanted to learn Turkish and continue their education in Turkish. The protests failed, although one person applied to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>. The case revolved around rights to education in the mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Serbia">Serbia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> more than <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">10,000 Muslims, including Turks</a>, were forced to left the territory of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbian Principality</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bosnian_War">Bosnian War</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>'s military chief and fellow convicted criminal of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">genocide</a>, crimes against humanity and war crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup> described the conquest of Srebrenica and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">ensuing massacre</a> as an opportunity for "the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Serbs</a> to avenge themselves on the Turks".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>On July 11, 1995, the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Srebrenica" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenica</a> fell to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnian_Serb_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Serb Army">Bosnian Serb Army</a>. Its commander Ratko Mladić made his infamous statement at the same day, which has been used against him during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>, while he and his entourage posing for cameras with the town in the background:<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Here we are, on July 11, 1995, in Serb Srebrenica. On the eve of yet another great Serb holiday, we give this town to the Serb people as a gift. Finally, after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">Rebellion</a> against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dahije" title="Dahije">Dahis</a>, the time has come to take revenge on the Turks in this region.</p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_countries">Other countries</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Anti-Turkism first appeared in the United States during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> began and was reported by American newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup> These reports had reinforced a sense of solidarity to Armenians and increasingly anti-Turkish rhetorics in the United States, with the Turks being equally seen as a barbaric people.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Israel">Israel</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Antisemitism in Turkey</a></div>
<p>As a result of the increasing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionist</a> and antisemitic sentiment by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish-Israeli_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Israeli relations">Turkish-Israeli relations</a> have been greatly damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> However, Israelis have generally reserved criticism for only the Turkish government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 2019, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>'s son, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yair_Netanyahu" title="Yair Netanyahu">Yair Netanyahu</a>, published a tweet remarking that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> was once called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, a centre of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> before "Turkish occupation" of the city, sparking a political crisis between Turkey and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 12 July 2020, a group of nine Israelis made up of Christians and Jews burned the Turkish flag at the Turkish embassy in Tel Aviv in response to Erdoğan's decision to convert <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> back into a mosque. They were later detained by Israeli police.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a> in 2010, where 10 Turks were killed, and the subsequent diplomatic crisis between Israel and Turkey, the number of Israeli tourists to Turkey shrunk to 100,000 as Israelis preferred to "refrain from visiting the country that was seen to be hostile to them".
</p><p>By 2019, however, 500,000 Israelis visited Turkey, making it one of the most popular destinations for Israelis.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 10 February 2023, Israeli top rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shmuel_Eliyahu" title="Shmuel Eliyahu">Shmuel Eliyahu</a> claimed that the earthquake that devastated Turkey was "a divine punishment" because the Turkish government had "defamed" Israel. <sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="New Zealand–Turkey relations">New Zealand–Turkey relations</a></div>
<p>The guns and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazines</a> used by Brenton Tarrant, the perpetrator of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a>, were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-169">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup> as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup> Notable references from Ottoman history included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> (an Albanian nobleman who led an uprising against the Ottoman Empire), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marco_Antonio_Bragadin" title="Marco Antonio Bragadin">Antonio Bragadin</a> (a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> officer who broke an agreement and killed Turkish captives), 1683 (which is the date of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Vienna">Second Siege of Vienna</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a> (who is said to have killed the Ottoman Emperor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murat I</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Hunyadi" class="mw-redirect" title="János Hunyadi">János Hunyadi</a> (who had blocked Ottoman attempts to take <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_von_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg">Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg</a> (who defeated the Ottomans in 1683), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kahlenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kahlenberg">Battle of Kahlenberg</a> (which marked the beginning of the Ottoman withdrawal from the Siege of Vienna) and "Turkofagos" (Turk eater), the nickname of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> revolutionary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikitaras" title="Nikitaras">Nikitaras</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-169">[169]</a></sup> which he used to shoot 91 people with, 51 fatal (one Turkish<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup>) and 40 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-175">[175]</a></sup>
</p><p>His 'manifesto' specifically refers to Turks and utters threats against Turkey, that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s mosques will be destroyed and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> will be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-175">[175]</a></sup>
</p><p>He also identifies himself as a "kebab removalist", referencing to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Muslim</a> '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remove_Kebab" class="mw-redirect" title="Remove Kebab">remove kebab</a>' meme often used by the far-right <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultra_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra nationalist">ultra-nationalists</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobes</a>, that originated from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup> He was also playing an associated propaganda song in his car before the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_contemporary_media">In contemporary media</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Movies">Movies</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Dracula_Untold"><i>Dracula Untold</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dracula_Untold" title="Dracula Untold">Dracula Untold</a></div>
<p>The film has been accused of Islamophobia for the vilification of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a> and for portraying the figure of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> as a hero even though, according to Turkish journalist Elest Ali Korkmaz, he "indiscriminately killed Turks and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>" in real history.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Midnight_Express"><i>Midnight Express</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midnight_Express_(film)" title="Midnight Express (film)">Midnight Express (film)</a></div>
<p><i>Midnight Express</i> is criticized for its unfavorable portrayal of Turkish people.
</p><p>In her 1991 book <i>Turkish Reflections: A Biography of Place</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Lee_Settle" title="Mary Lee Settle">Mary Lee Settle</a> wrote: 'The Turks I saw in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></i> and <i>Midnight Express</i> were like cartoon caricatures, compared to the people I had known and lived among for three of the happiest years of my life.'<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a>, in reviewing the film for <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, commented, 'This story could have happened in almost any country, but if Billy Hayes had planned to be arrested to get the maximum commercial benefit from it, where else could he get the advantages of a Turkish jail? Who wants to defend Turks? (They don't even constitute enough of a movie market for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> to be concerned about how they are represented.)'<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup>
</p><p>One reviewer, writing for <i>World Film Directors</i>, wrote: "<i>Midnight Express</i> is 'more violent, as a national hate-film than anything I can remember', 'a cultural form that narrows horizons, confirming the audience's meanest fears and prejudices and resentments'."<sup id="cite_ref-fer22_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fer22-181">[181]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Denby_(film_critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Denby (film critic)">David Denby</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i> criticized <i>Midnight Express</i> as 'merely anti-Turkish, and hardly a defense of prisoners' rights or a protest against prison conditions'.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup> Denby said also that all Turks in the movie — guardian or prisoner — were portrayed as 'losers' and 'swine', and that 'without exception [all the Turks] are presented as degenerate, stupid slobs'.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriot</a> film director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dervi%C5%9F_Zaim" title="Derviş Zaim">Derviş Zaim</a> wrote a thesis at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> on the representation of Turks in the film, in which he concluded that the one-dimensional portrayal of the Turks as 'terrifying' and 'brutal' served merely to reinforce the sensational outcome, and was likely influenced by such factors as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Saturday_Night_Live"><i>Saturday Night Live</i></span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></div>
<p>Greek actress <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nia_Vardalos" title="Nia Vardalos">Nia Vardalos</a>, participated in a <i>Saturday Night Live</i> episode where Turks were portrayed as dirty, smoking, Arabic speaking, ragtag, nose picking and anti-Armenian characters, which was heavily criticized by the Turkish Forum, a network of expat Turks which protested NBC and asked for a public apology, and the show received heavy criticism by the Turks on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup>
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<h2><span id="Expressions_containing_the_word_.22Turk.22_in_various_languages"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Expressions_containing_the_word_"Turk"_in_various_languages">Expressions containing the word "Turk" in various languages</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: In old French, terms such as "<i>C'est un vrai Turc"</i> ("A true Turk") were used to refer to brutish and cruel individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: In contemporary Italian, phrases such as "<i>bestemmia come un Turco</i>" ("Cursing like a Turk") and "<i>puzza come un Turco</i>" ("Stinking like a Turk") are often used.<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup> The phrase "<i>Mamma li Turchi!</i>" ("Mommy, Turks are coming!") is used to disclaim fear and upheaval, is often used in media headlines.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup> The phrase "fumare come un turco" ("Smoking like a Turk) is used to indicate excessive consumption of tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Some offensive expressions are <i>"Eruit zien als een Turk"</i> ("to look like a Turk"), which means to "seem filthy", "repulsive", or <i>"Rijden als een Turk"</i> ("to drive like a Turk"), meaning "to drive recklessly".<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: In Norwegian is used the expression <i>"Sint som en tyrker"</i> which means "angry as a Turk".<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: In Romanian language it is common to call "a Turk" somebody who's stubborn, who is not able to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Spanish people used to say <i>"turco"</i> when they wanted to insult another person.<sup id="cite_ref-sieps_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sieps-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: In English, phrases such as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Johnny_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:Johnny Turk">Johnny Turk</a>", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/out-paramour_the_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:out-paramour the Turk">out-paramour the Turk</a>", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turn_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:turn Turk">turn Turk</a>" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/young_Turk" class="extiw" title="wikt:young Turk">young Turk</a>" were historically used.</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: In Swedish there is a racist ryhme phrase "turk på burk smakar urk" (literally "canned Turk tastes bleh"), which has been associated with anti-Turkish sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Racism against Asians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Jews" title="Red Jews">Red Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remove_Kebab" class="mw-redirect" title="Remove Kebab">Remove Kebab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatarophobia</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndre2015" class="citation web cs1">Andre, Gingrich (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Photo-Humiliation-and-triumph-forever-and-ever-The-dying-half-naked-Turk-slips-down_fig1_275239710">"The Nearby Frontier: Structural Analyses of Myths of Orientalism"</a>. <i>Researchgate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Researchgate&rft.atitle=The+Nearby+Frontier%3A+Structural+Analyses+of+Myths+of+Orientalism&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Andre&rft.aufirst=Gingrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FPhoto-Humiliation-and-triumph-forever-and-ever-The-dying-half-naked-Turk-slips-down_fig1_275239710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian2004" class="citation book cs1">Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba"><i>Modern Armenia: people, nation, state</i></a></span>. Transaction Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernarmeniapeo00liba/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0205-7"><bdi>978-0-7658-0205-7</bdi></a>. <q>One consequence of the shift from anti-communism to anti-Turkism was that an important segment of the Diaspora lived through moments ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Armenia%3A+people%2C+nation%2C+state&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0205-7&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernarmeniapeo00liba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1991" class="citation book cs1">Khalidi, Rashid (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal"><i>The origins of Arab nationalism</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofarabnat00khal/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07435-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07435-3</bdi></a>. <q>In the first place, Arabist ideology, including a bitter anti-Turkism, was fully formulated long before the Young Turk revolution</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Arab+nationalism&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07435-3&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofarabnat00khal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mD0wAAAAYAAJ&q=anti-turkish"><i>The Muslim World League Journal</i></a>. Vol. 23. the University of Virginia: Press and Publications Department, Muslim World League. 1995. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World+League+Journal&rft.place=the+University+of+Virginia&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Press+and+Publications+Department%2C+Muslim+World+League&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmD0wAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Danti-turkish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFullerAir_ForceArmy1993" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Graham E.; Air Force, United States; Army, United States (1993-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NK4TAQAAIAAJ"><i>From Eastern Europe to Western China</i></a>. Rand Corporation. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-1374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-1374-3"><bdi>978-0-8330-1374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Eastern+Europe+to+Western+China&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=1993-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-1374-3&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Graham+E.&rft.au=Air+Force%2C+United+States&rft.au=Army%2C+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNK4TAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-books.google.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2007" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Janus Møller (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mWY_r7C2VsC&pg=PA117"><i>Denmark and the Crusades</i></a>. BRILL. p. 117. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004155794" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004155794"><bdi>978-9004155794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denmark+and+the+Crusades&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004155794&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Janus+M%C3%B8ller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mWY_r7C2VsC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-sieps-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sieps_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021813/http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf">"Turkey, Sweden and the EU: Experiences and Expectations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies. April 2006. pp. 6–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sieps.se/publ/rapporter/bilagor/2006_turkiet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%2C+Sweden+and+the+EU%3A+Experiences+and+Expectations&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Swedish+Institute+for+European+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sieps.se%2Fpubl%2Frapporter%2Fbilagor%2F2006_turkiet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKirkman2010" class="citation book cs1">Kirkman, Andrew (2010-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skIG-CEe24cC&pg=PA121"><i>The Cultural Life of the Early Polyphonic Mass</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11412-7"><bdi>978-0-521-11412-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Life+of+the+Early+Polyphonic+Mass&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11412-7&rft.aulast=Kirkman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DskIG-CEe24cC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWengert2004" class="citation book cs1">Wengert, Timothy J. (2004-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185"><i>Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert</i></a>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2486-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvesting+Martin+Luther%27s+Reflections+on+Theology%2C+Ethics%2C+and+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Timothy+J.+Wengert&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2486-8&rft.aulast=Wengert&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIR7U1a_6A0C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Sean (2009). "Muslims and Social Change in the Atlantic Basin". <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 377–398. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0064">10.1353/jwh.0.0064</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145391152">145391152</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316491">316491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Muslims+and+Social+Change+in+the+Atlantic+Basin&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-398&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145391152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0MDO/is_5_34/ai_n21053788/?tag=content;col1">Smith, R. O. (2007). Luther, the Turks, and Islam. Currents in Theology and Mission, 34(5), 351–365</a>: "Luther's statement of explanation created yet more contention. Indeed, it was singled out for condemnation in Exsurge Domine, the papal bull of ex-communication directed at Luther by Pope Leo X on 15 June 1520. Among the "destructive, pernicious, scandalous, and seductive" errors enumerated in the bull is an essentialized version of Luther's position: "To go to war against the Turks is to resist God who punishes our iniquities through them." (11) But even before Exsurge Domine, Luther tied his struggles with Rome to the war against the Turk. Prior to the beginning of the Leipzig Debate with Johannes Eck in June 1519, Luther wrote to his friend Wencenlaus Linck, "I think I can demonstrate that today Rome is worse than the Turk."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWengert2004" class="citation book cs1">Wengert, Timothy J. (2004-01-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIR7U1a_6A0C&pg=PA185"><i>Harvesting Martin Luther's Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church – Timothy J. Wengert</i></a>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 185. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2486-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2486-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvesting+Martin+Luther%27s+Reflections+on+Theology%2C+Ethics%2C+and+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Timothy+J.+Wengert&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004-01-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2486-8&rft.aulast=Wengert&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIR7U1a_6A0C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCasale2007" class="citation journal cs1">Casale, Giancarlo. (2007). "Global Politics in the 1580s: One Canal, Twenty Thousand Cannibals, and an Ottoman Plot to Rule the World". <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 267–296. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2007.0020">10.1353/jwh.2007.0020</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144507249">144507249</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/223606">223606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Global+Politics+in+the+1580s%3A+One+Canal%2C+Twenty+Thousand+Cannibals%2C+and+an+Ottoman+Plot+to+Rule+the+World&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-296&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2007.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144507249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Casale&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A876855">"h2g2 – The Machine Gun 1718–1914 – Edited Entry"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. 2003-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=h2g2+%E2%80%93+The+Machine+Gun+1718%E2%80%931914+%E2%80%93+Edited+Entry&rft.date=2003-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA876855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Said. "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a>", (1978), p. 59–60</span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa1988" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (February 1, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYO1BqdvX9EC&q=donkey+turk"><i>Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects</i></a>. Syracuse University Press. p. 430. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2411-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-2411-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremist+Shiites%3A+The+Ghulat+Sects&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2411-0&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYO1BqdvX9EC%26q%3Ddonkey%2Bturk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (July 24, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&q=donkey+turk"><i>The Balkans Since 1453</i></a>. Hurst. p. 93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-551-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-551-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+Since+1453&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2000-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-551-0&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxcp7OXQE0FMC%26q%3Ddonkey%2Bturk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVucinich1979" class="citation book cs1">Vucinich, Wayne S. (June 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UIMqAQAAMAAJ&q=donkey+turk"><i>The Ottoman Empire, its record and legacy</i></a>. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co. p. 63. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88275-785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88275-785-8"><bdi>978-0-88275-785-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+its+record+and+legacy&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=R.+E.+Krieger+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1979-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88275-785-8&rft.aulast=Vucinich&rft.aufirst=Wayne+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUIMqAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddonkey%2Bturk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMillerRieber2004" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Aleksei I.; Rieber, Alfred J. (2004-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_8niIYSTqToC&q=Imperial+Rule,+Central+European+University+Press"><i>Imperial Rule</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 33. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-98-5"><bdi>978-963-9241-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rule&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-98-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Aleksei+I.&rft.au=Rieber%2C+Alfred+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_8niIYSTqToC%26q%3DImperial%2BRule%2C%2BCentral%2BEuropean%2BUniversity%2BPress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFijnautPaoli2007" class="citation book cs1">Fijnaut, Cyrille; Paoli, Letizia (2007-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XtKAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Etrak-i+bi-idrak%22&pg=PA206"><i>Organised Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2765-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-2765-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-2765-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organised+Crime+in+Europe%3A+Concepts%2C+Patterns+and+Control+Policies+in+the+European+Union+and+Beyond&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-2765-9&rft.aulast=Fijnaut&rft.aufirst=Cyrille&rft.au=Paoli%2C+Letizia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-XtKAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Etrak-i%2Bbi-idrak%2522%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ozay Mehmet, Islamic Identity and Development: Studies of the Islamic Periphery, Routledge, 1990. pg 115</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz,_J._M.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, J. M. (1977). "Review of the book <i>Turkish workers in Europe, 1960–1975: A socio-economic reappraisal</i>, by Nermin Abadan-Unat". <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 559–560. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2065344">10.2307/2065344</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2065344">2065344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+book+Turkish+workers+in+Europe%2C+1960%E2%80%931975%3A+A+socio-economic+reappraisal%2C+by+Nermin+Abadan-Unat&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=559-560&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2065344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2065344%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Unat,_N._A._1995_p._279-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unat,_N._A._1995_p._279_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unat, N. A. (1995). Turkish migration to Europe. In R. Cohen (Ed.), <i>The Cambridge survey of world migration</i> (p. 279). Cambridge University Press.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hübner, E., & Rohlfs, H. H. (1992). <i>Jahrbuch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: 1992/93</i>. München: Beck. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28132828">28132828</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMicallef2004" class="citation journal cs1">Micallef, R (2004). "Turkish Americans: Performing identities in a transnational setting". <i>Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 233–241. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1360200042000296636">10.1080/1360200042000296636</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144573280">144573280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Turkish+Americans%3A+Performing+identities+in+a+transnational+setting&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-241&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1360200042000296636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144573280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Micallef&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHahamovitch2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hahamovitch, C. (2003). "Creating perfect immigrants: Guest workers of the world in historical perspective 1". <i>Labor History</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 69–94. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0023656032000057010">10.1080/0023656032000057010</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143191894">143191894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=Creating+perfect+immigrants%3A+Guest+workers+of+the+world+in+historical+perspective+1&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-94&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0023656032000057010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143191894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hahamovitch&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-aen-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aen_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312225500/http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/1/1/fernando.html">"AENJ 1.1: Stigma, racism and power"</a>. <i>aen.org.nz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aen.org.nz/journal/1/1/fernando.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aen.org.nz&rft.atitle=AENJ+1.1%3A+Stigma%2C+racism+and+power&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aen.org.nz%2Fjournal%2F1%2F1%2Ffernando.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-telegraaf1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraaf1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krant.telegraaf.nl/krant/archief/20011115/teksten/bin.dale.turk.officier.vrijuit.html">"De Telegraaf-i [] Binnenland – Van Dale vrijuit"</a>. Krant.telegraaf.nl. 2001-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Telegraaf-i+%5B%5D+Binnenland+%E2%80%93+Van+Dale+vrijuit&rft.pub=Krant.telegraaf.nl&rft.date=2001-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrant.telegraaf.nl%2Fkrant%2Farchief%2F20011115%2Fteksten%2Fbin.dale.turk.officier.vrijuit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-informatia-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-informatia_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818025845/http://htdig.informatia.ro/jurnalul/afisez.php?sid=145486&date=2009-03-03&afisez=local">"REACTII LA PROPUNEREA JURNALULUI NATIONAL/De la rom la referendum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://htdig.informatia.ro/jurnalul/afisez.php?sid=145486&date=2009-03-03&afisez=local">the original</a> on August 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REACTII+LA+PROPUNEREA+JURNALULUI+NATIONAL%2FDe+la+rom+la+referendum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhtdig.informatia.ro%2Fjurnalul%2Fafisez.php%3Fsid%3D145486%26date%3D2009-03-03%26afisez%3Dlocal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2010" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Justin (2010-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2QiAQAAMAAJ&q=turk"><i>The Turk in America</i></a>. University of Utah Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60781-013-1"><bdi>978-1-60781-013-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turk+in+America&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-60781-013-1&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2QiAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dturk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBekdil2018" class="citation web cs1">Bekdil, Burak (14 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meforum.org/7162/arabs-are-just-not-that-into-turkey">"Turkey, the Arab World Is Just Not That into You"</a>. <i>Middle East Forum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Forum&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+the+Arab+World+Is+Just+Not+That+into+You&rft.date=2018-01-14&rft.aulast=Bekdil&rft.aufirst=Burak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F7162%2Farabs-are-just-not-that-into-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIraq2012" class="citation news cs1">Iraq, Joe Parkinson in Istanbul and Sam Dagher in Erbil (January 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203735304577165140234013650">"Iraq Lashes Out at Turkey as Sunni-Shiite Rift Grows"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i> – via www.wsj.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Iraq+Lashes+Out+at+Turkey+as+Sunni-Shiite+Rift+Grows&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Iraq&rft.aufirst=Joe+Parkinson+in+Istanbul+and+Sam+Dagher+in+Erbil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970203735304577165140234013650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Stansfield_2007_loc=72-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stansfield_2007_loc=72_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStansfield2007">Stansfield 2007</a>, 72.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=62-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=62_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 62.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=63_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBARDAKÇI2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BARDAKÇI, Murat (30 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kerkuk-katliamlarini-irak-a-ayip-olur-diye-eskiden-sansur-ederdik-292618">"Kerkük katliamlarını 'Irak'a ayıp olur' diye eskiden sansür ederdik"</a>. <i>www.hurriyet.com.tr</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=Kerk%C3%BCk+katliamlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1+%27Irak%27a+ay%C4%B1p+olur%27+diye+eskiden+sans%C3%BCr+ederdik&rft.date=2005-01-30&rft.aulast=BARDAK%C3%87I&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fkerkuk-katliamlarini-irak-a-ayip-olur-diye-eskiden-sansur-ederdik-292618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120125806/https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/">"Gâvurbağı Katliamı (12 Temmuz 1946) – Türkmen Basın Ajansı"</a>. <i>www.tbajansi.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbajansi.com/gavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946/">the original</a> on 2022-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tbajansi.com&rft.atitle=G%C3%A2vurba%C4%9F%C4%B1+Katliam%C4%B1+%2812+Temmuz+1946%29+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCrkmen+Bas%C4%B1n+Ajans%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbajansi.com%2Fgavurbagi-katliami-12-temmuz-1946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=64_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=34_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGhanim2011" class="citation cs2">Ghanim, David (2011), <i>Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy</i>, ABC-CLIO, p. 380</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+Dysfunctional+Democracy&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ghanim&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEntessar2010" class="citation cs2">Entessar, Nader (2010), <i>Kurdish Politics in the Middle East</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 79</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Entessar&rft.aufirst=Nader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Jenkins_2008_loc=15-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_2008_loc=15_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins2008">Jenkins 2008</a>, 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=65_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 65.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-International_Crisis_Group_2006_loc=5-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_2006_loc=5_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2006">International Crisis Group 2006</a>, 5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=66_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/ms3.11.pdf">Altunköprü the ancient name of Türkmen Township</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.parliament.iq/2019/03/27/al-haddad-offers-condolences-to-turkmen-people-on-anniversary-of-kirkuk-altun-kupri-tuzhurmatu-and-taza-massacres">"Al-Haddad offers condolences to Turkmen people on anniversary of Kirkuk, Altun Kupri, Tuzhurmatu and Taza massacres"</a>. 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Haddad+offers+condolences+to+Turkmen+people+on+anniversary+of+Kirkuk%2C+Altun+Kupri%2C+Tuzhurmatu+and+Taza+massacres&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.parliament.iq%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Fal-haddad-offers-condolences-to-turkmen-people-on-anniversary-of-kirkuk-altun-kupri-tuzhurmatu-and-taza-massacres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=67_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 67.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=68_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 68.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_&_Stansfield_2009_loc=69_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009">Anderson & Stansfield 2009</a>, 69.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Legacy of Iraq by Benjamin Isakhan Edinburgh University Press.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranpress.com/content/12073">"Haftar's forces down Turkish drone, arrest Turkish nationals"</a>. <i>iranpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranpress.com&rft.atitle=Haftar%27s+forces+down+Turkish+drone%2C+arrest+Turkish+nationals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanpress.com%2Fcontent%2F12073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordicmonitor.com/2020/04/15-turks-being-held-by-haftar-forces-in-libya-since-the-beginning-of-february/">"15 Turks held by Haftar forces in Libya since February – Nordic Monitor"</a>. <i>nordicmonitor.com</i>. 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nordicmonitor.com&rft.atitle=15+Turks+held+by+Haftar+forces+in+Libya+since+February+%E2%80%93+Nordic+Monitor&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnordicmonitor.com%2F2020%2F04%2F15-turks-being-held-by-haftar-forces-in-libya-since-the-beginning-of-february%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/turkeys-dangerous-new-exports-pan-islamist-neo-ottoman-visions-and-regional">"Turkey's Dangerous New Exports: Pan-Islamist, Neo-Ottoman Visions and Regional Instability"</a>. <i>Middle East Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Dangerous+New+Exports%3A+Pan-Islamist%2C+Neo-Ottoman+Visions+and+Regional+Instability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fturkeys-dangerous-new-exports-pan-islamist-neo-ottoman-visions-and-regional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWafy2020" class="citation web cs1">Wafy, Muhammed Nafih (24 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/comment/2020/6/24/saudi-arabias-erasure-of-its-ottoman-history-will-backfire">"Why Saudi Arabia's revisionist erasure of its Ottoman history will backfire"</a>. <i>alaraby</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alaraby&rft.atitle=Why+Saudi+Arabia%27s+revisionist+erasure+of+its+Ottoman+history+will+backfire&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Wafy&rft.aufirst=Muhammed+Nafih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fcomment%2F2020%2F6%2F24%2Fsaudi-arabias-erasure-of-its-ottoman-history-will-backfire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EnabBaladi2019-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnabBaladi2019_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnabBaladi2019_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/05/turkmen-a-minority-influential-in-syrian-culture/"><i>Turkmen: A Minority Influential in Syrian Culture</i></a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enab_Baladi" title="Enab Baladi">Enab Baladi</a>, 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkmen%3A+A+Minority+Influential+in+Syrian+Culture&rft.pub=Enab+Baladi&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.enabbaladi.net%2Farchives%2F2019%2F05%2Fturkmen-a-minority-influential-in-syrian-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/54340">"Syria's "Lost Province": The Hatay Question Returns"</a>. <i>Carnegie Middle East Center</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Middle+East+Center&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+%22Lost+Province%22%3A+The+Hatay+Question+Returns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie-mec.org%2Fdiwan%2F54340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2017/08/syrian-turkmen-fighting-survive-170806082405511.html">"Syrian Turkmen: Fighting to Survive"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Syrian+Turkmen%3A+Fighting+to+Survive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Faljazeeraworld%2F2017%2F08%2Fsyrian-turkmen-fighting-survive-170806082405511.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054">"Syria's Turkmen exception"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Bawaba" title="Al Bawaba">Al Bawaba</a> (English). 25 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115190426/http://www.albawaba.com/news/syria%E2%80%99s-turkmen-exception-810054">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Turkmen+exception&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fnews%2Fsyria%25E2%2580%2599s-turkmen-exception-810054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFal-Khateb2019" class="citation web cs1">al-Khateb, Khaled (August 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/07/syria-turkmen-assembly-move-turkey-aleppo.html">"Syrian Turkmen groups return from Turkey to support opposition"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Syrian+Turkmen+groups+return+from+Turkey+to+support+opposition&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft.aulast=al-Khateb&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2019%2F07%2Fsyria-turkmen-assembly-move-turkey-aleppo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/turkmens-an-ethnic-group-at-the-center-of-the-syrian-conflict/a-18876277">"Turkmens: an ethnic group at the center of the Syrian conflict | DW | 25.11.2015"</a>. <i>DW.COM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Turkmens%3A+an+ethnic+group+at+the+center+of+the+Syrian+conflict+%26%23124%3B+DW+%26%23124%3B+25.11.2015&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fturkmens-an-ethnic-group-at-the-center-of-the-syrian-conflict%2Fa-18876277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-emirates-idUSKBN1EL139">"In first remarks since retweet feud, UAE diplomat says Arabs won't be led by Turkey"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. December 27, 2017 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=In+first+remarks+since+retweet+feud%2C+UAE+diplomat+says+Arabs+won%27t+be+led+by+Turkey&rft.date=2017-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-turkey-emirates-idUSKBN1EL139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSarigilKarakoc2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sarigil, Zeki; Karakoc, Ekrem (2017). "Inter-ethnic (In)tolerance between Turks and Kurds: Implications for Turkish Democratisation". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_European_Society_%26_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="South European Society & Politics">South European Society & Politics</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pages 207 & 209. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608746.2016.1164846">10.1080/13608746.2016.1164846</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F37189">11693/37189</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155156303">155156303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+European+Society+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=Inter-ethnic+%28In%29tolerance+between+Turks+and+Kurds%3A+Implications+for+Turkish+Democratisation&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=pages+207+%26+209&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F37189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155156303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13608746.2016.1164846&rft.aulast=Sarigil&rft.aufirst=Zeki&rft.au=Karakoc%2C+Ekrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2005" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R. J. (2005-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ylz4fe7757cC&q=%22a+third%22&pg=PA111"><i>A Concise History of Bulgaria – R. J. Crampton</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 111. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61637-9"><bdi>978-0-521-61637-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Bulgaria+%E2%80%93+R.+J.+Crampton&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61637-9&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlz4fe7757cC%26q%3D%2522a%2Bthird%2522%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. Crampton, 2007, Bulgaria, pp. 431–433</span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatsikas2010">Katsikas 2010</a>, 65.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-pdc.ceu.hu-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdc.ceu.hu_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdc.ceu.hu_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Dainov, Evgenii: "Transition, Violence and the Role of NGOs: the Case of Bulgaria" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002060/01/transition,_violence.pdf">[1]</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-segabg.com-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-segabg.com_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segabg.com_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-segabg.com_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415163925/http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?sid=2001020700010050003">"СЕГА – Технология на злото"</a>. Segabg.com. 4 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segabg.com/online/article.asp?sid=2001020700010050003">the original</a> on 15 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%93%D0%90+%E2%80%93+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.pub=Segabg.com&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segabg.com%2Fonline%2Farticle.asp%3Fsid%3D2001020700010050003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2001/12/26/123224_dps_i_ndsv_pochetoha_jertvite_na_preimenuvaneto">"България | ДПС и НДСВ почетоха жертвите на преименуването"</a>. Dnevnik.bg. 26 December 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%26%23124%3B+%D0%94%D0%9F%D0%A1+%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A1%D0%92+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE&rft.pub=Dnevnik.bg&rft.date=2001-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnevnik.bg%2Fbulgaria%2F2001%2F12%2F26%2F123224_dps_i_ndsv_pochetoha_jertvite_na_preimenuvaneto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-e-vestnik.bg-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e-vestnik.bg_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-vestnik.bg/3848/%25d0%25ba%25d1%2580%25d1%258a%25d0%25b2%25d1%2582%25d0%25b0-%25d0%25be%25d1%2582-1984-%25d0%25b3-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b8-%25d0%25b7%25d0%25b0%25d1%2589%25d0%25be-%25d0%25b2-%25d0%25bc%25d0%25be%25d0%25bc%25d1%2587%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bb%25d0%25b3%25d1%2580%25d0%25b0%25d0%25b4-%25d0%25b8%25d0%25bc%25d0%25b0-%25d1%2588/">"Кръвта от 1984 г. или защо в Момчилград има шведски граждани"</a>. <i>e-vestnik.bg</i> (in Bulgarian). 2008-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-vestnik.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82+1984+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-vestnik.bg%2F3848%2F%2525d0%2525ba%2525d1%252580%2525d1%25258a%2525d0%2525b2%2525d1%252582%2525d0%2525b0-%2525d0%2525be%2525d1%252582-1984-%2525d0%2525b3-%2525d0%2525b8%2525d0%2525bb%2525d0%2525b8-%2525d0%2525b7%2525d0%2525b0%2525d1%252589%2525d0%2525be-%2525d0%2525b2-%2525d0%2525bc%2525d0%2525be%2525d0%2525bc%2525d1%252587%2525d0%2525b8%2525d0%2525bb%2525d0%2525b3%2525d1%252580%2525d0%2525b0%2525d0%2525b4-%2525d0%2525b8%2525d0%2525bc%2525d0%2525b0-%2525d1%252588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnr.bg/tr/post/100180614/bulgaristan-trknn-26-aralik-damgali-aci-yks">"Bulgaristan Türkü'nün 26 Aralık damgalı acı öyküsü"</a>. <i>bnr.bg</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bnr.bg&rft.atitle=Bulgaristan+T%C3%BCrk%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn+26+Aral%C4%B1k+damgal%C4%B1+ac%C4%B1+%C3%B6yk%C3%BCs%C3%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnr.bg%2Ftr%2Fpost%2F100180614%2Fbulgaristan-trknn-26-aralik-damgali-aci-yks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/bulgaristan-turklerinin-32-yil-once-yasadigi-acinin-yil-donumu-290312.html">"Bulgaristan Türklerinin 32 yıl önce yaşadığı acının yıl dönümü"</a>. <i>www.trthaber.com</i> (in Turkish). 26 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trthaber.com&rft.atitle=Bulgaristan+T%C3%BCrklerinin+32+y%C4%B1l+%C3%B6nce+ya%C5%9Fad%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+ac%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+y%C4%B1l+d%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC&rft.date=2016-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trthaber.com%2Fhaber%2Fdunya%2Fbulgaristan-turklerinin-32-yil-once-yasadigi-acinin-yil-donumu-290312.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/tr/bulgaristan-t%C3%BCrklerinin-ac%C4%B1-y%C4%B1ld%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC/a-18149760">"Bulgaristan Türkleri'nin acı yıldönümü | DW | 24.12.2014"</a>. <i>DW.COM</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Bulgaristan+T%C3%BCrkleri%27nin+ac%C4%B1+y%C4%B1ld%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BC+%7C+DW+%7C+24.12.2014&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Ftr%2Fbulgaristan-t%25C3%25BCrklerinin-ac%25C4%25B1-y%25C4%25B1ld%25C3%25B6n%25C3%25BCm%25C3%25BC%2Fa-18149760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ХАЛИФ, Омар, ЦАНКОВА, Диана: "Апокрифната Ябланска епопея: Българи и турци заедно се възправиха срещу диктатурата на Тодор Живков II" www.sedembg.com <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416083208/http://www.sedembg.com/101/page16.htm">"Апокрифната Ябланска епопея"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sedembg.com/101/page16.htm">the original</a> on 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sedembg.com%2F101%2Fpage16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Curl-status=dead%257Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235751/http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/malcinstvena%2520politika.pdf%257Carchive-date=26">"StackPath"</a>. <i>www.imir-bg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imir-bg.org&rft.atitle=StackPath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imir-bg.org%2Fimir%2Fbooks%2Fmalcinstvena%252520politika.pdf%25257Curl-status%3Ddead%25257Carchive-url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070926235751%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.imir-bg.org%2Fimir%2Fbooks%2Fmalcinstvena%252520politika.pdf%25257Carchive-date%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeuburger2004">Neuburger 2004</a>, 82.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEminov1997">Eminov 1997</a>, 97.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2009" class="citation news cs1">Doran, Peter B (July 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jul/18/bulgaria-election-europe-far-right">"Bulgarian election raises red flags"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guardian.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian.co.uk">guardian.co.uk</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guardian_News_and_Media_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian News and Media Limited">Guardian News and Media Limited</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+election+raises+red+flags&rft.date=2009-07-18&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Peter+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fjul%2F18%2Fbulgaria-election-europe-far-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ivan-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ivan_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ivan_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDikov2009" class="citation news cs1">Dikov, Ivan (December 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111462">"The Bulgaria 2009 Review: Domestic Politics"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: Novinite Ltd. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofia_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia News Agency">Sofia News Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bulgaria+2009+Review%3A+Domestic+Politics&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Dikov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D111462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111228">"Erdogan to Borisov: Radical Statements Target Turkish Minority in Bulgaria"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: Novinite Ltd. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofia_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia News Agency">Sofia News Agency</a>. December 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdogan+to+Borisov%3A+Radical+Statements+Target+Turkish+Minority+in+Bulgaria&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D111228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDikov2009" class="citation news cs1">Dikov, Ivan (December 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=111464">"The Bulgaria 2009 Review: Diplomacy"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: Novinite Ltd. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofia_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia News Agency">Sofia News Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bulgaria+2009+Review%3A+Diplomacy&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Dikov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinite.com%2Fview_news.php%3Fid%3D111464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html">"Mayor of Sofia brands Roma, Turks and retirees 'bad human material'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. Telegraph. 2009-02-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/4531391/Mayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mayor+of+Sofia+brands+Roma%2C+Turks+and+retirees+%27bad+human+material%27&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fbulgaria%2F4531391%2FMayor-of-Sofia-brands-Roma-Turks-and-retirees-bad-human-material.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323050511/http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844&section=NER&category=NEWS">"Challenge to EPP over leader's statement on bad human material"</a>. Socialistgroup.eu. 6 February 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialistgroup.eu/gpes/public/detail.htm?id=116844&section=NER&category=NEWS">the original</a> on 23 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+EPP+over+leader%27s+statement+on+bad+human+material&rft.pub=Socialistgroup.eu&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialistgroup.eu%2Fgpes%2Fpublic%2Fdetail.htm%3Fid%3D116844%26section%3DNER%26category%3DNEWS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Detrez-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Detrez_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raymond_Detrez" title="Raymond Detrez">Detrez, Raymond</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C"><i>Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 29. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052012971" title="Special:BookSources/9789052012971"><bdi>9789052012971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Cultural+Identity+in+the+Balkans%3A+Convergence+Vs.+Divergence&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789052012971&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRttHdXjP14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDobreGhita2018" class="citation book cs1">Dobre, Claudia-Florentina; Ghita, Cristian Emilian (2018-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mp5JDwAAQBAJ&q=Quest+for+a+Suitable+Past%3A+Myths+and+Memory+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe"><i>Quest for a Suitable Past: Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 142. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-136-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-386-136-3"><bdi>978-963-386-136-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+a+Suitable+Past%3A+Myths+and+Memory+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft.isbn=978-963-386-136-3&rft.aulast=Dobre&rft.aufirst=Claudia-Florentina&rft.au=Ghita%2C+Cristian+Emilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmp5JDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DQuest%2Bfor%2Ba%2BSuitable%2BPast%253A%2BMyths%2Band%2BMemory%2Bin%2BCentral%2Band%2BEastern%2BEurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081218035921/http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/05)_Pictures,_documents_and_external_sites/09)_Publications/%20KBS%E2%80%A2Belgian-Turks%20GB_All%20in(1).pdf">"infosheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/05)_Pictures,_documents_and_external_sites/09)_Publications/%20KBS%E2%80%A2Belgian-Turks%20GB_All%20in(1).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=infosheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kbs-frb.be%2FuploadedFiles%2FKBS-FRB%2F05%29_Pictures%2C_documents_and_external_sites%2F09%29_Publications%2F%2520KBS%25E2%2580%25A2Belgian-Turks%2520GB_All%2520in%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/ispo/downloads/ISPO%202009-11%20Ongelijke%20kansen%20en%20ervaren%20discriminatie.pdf">"Belgian Turks discrimination"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgian+Turks+discrimination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoc.kuleuven.be%2Fceso%2Fispo%2Fdownloads%2FISPO%25202009-11%2520Ongelijke%2520kansen%2520en%2520ervaren%2520discriminatie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/dmf20150501_01659696">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Vuile Turk' kost Volvo Gent 600 auto's"</a>. <i>Het Nieuwsblad</i> (in Flemish). 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Het+Nieuwsblad&rft.atitle=%27Vuile+Turk%27+kost+Volvo+Gent+600+auto%27s&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nieuwsblad.be%2Fcnt%2Fdmf20150501_01659696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20150501_01658997">"Racisme-incident bij toeleverancier verlamt Volvo"</a>. <i>De Standaard</i> (in Flemish). 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Standaard&rft.atitle=Racisme-incident+bij+toeleverancier+verlamt+Volvo&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standaard.be%2Fcnt%2Fdmf20150501_01658997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeeters2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peeters, Nick (2017-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptr.eu/2017/04/dewinter-probleem-erdogan-gefaald-multiculturalisme/">"Dewinter: "Probleem niet bij Erdogan maar met gefaald multiculturalisme"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>SCEPTR</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCEPTR&rft.atitle=Dewinter%3A+%22Probleem+niet+bij+Erdogan+maar+met+gefaald+multiculturalisme%22&rft.date=2017-04-23&rft.aulast=Peeters&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptr.eu%2F2017%2F04%2Fdewinter-probleem-erdogan-gefaald-multiculturalisme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPapadakis2005">Papadakis 2005</a>, 82.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemirtaş-Coşkun2010">Demirtaş-Coşkun 2010</a>, 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kliot_2007_loc=59-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kliot_2007_loc=59_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kliot_2007_loc=59_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKliot2007">Kliot 2007</a>, 59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTocci2004">Tocci 2004</a>, 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHüssein2007">Hüssein 2007</a>, 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1997" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, Michael (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJy6AAAAIAAJ&q=+Limassol"><i>The Cyprus Question</i></a>. British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyprus+Question&rft.pub=British-Northern+Cyprus+Parliamentary+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJy6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2BLimassol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cnn-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnturk.com/dunya/katliam-emrini-rum-genelkurmayi-vermis">"Katliam emrini Rum Genelkurmay'ı vermiş"</a>. <i>CNN Türk</i> (in Turkish). 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+T%C3%BCrk&rft.atitle=Katliam+emrini+Rum+Genelkurmay%27%C4%B1+vermi%C5%9F&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnturk.com%2Fdunya%2Fkatliam-emrini-rum-genelkurmayi-vermis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFsabah2018" class="citation web cs1">sabah, daily (2018-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/europe/2018/08/08/kill-10-turks-for-each-slain-greek-greek-cypriot-forces-told-amid-pre-division-violence">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek,' Greek Cypriot forces told amid pre-division violence"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=%27Kill+10+Turks+for+each+slain+Greek%2C%27+Greek+Cypriot+forces+told+amid+pre-division+violence&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=sabah&rft.aufirst=daily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Feurope%2F2018%2F08%2F08%2Fkill-10-turks-for-each-slain-greek-greek-cypriot-forces-told-amid-pre-division-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>lcweb2.loc.gov</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cy0023)">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cy0023)</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lcweb2.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bcy0023%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1997" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, Michael (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJy6AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Cyprus Question</i></a>. British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyprus+Question&rft.pub=British-Northern+Cyprus+Parliamentary+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJy6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Oberling1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oberling1_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOberling1982" class="citation book cs1">Oberling, Pierre (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jakLAAAAIAAJ&q=massacre"><i>The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus</i></a>. Social Science Monographs. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-000-8"><bdi>978-0-88033-000-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Bellapais%3A+The+Turkish+Cypriot+Exodus+to+Northern+Cyprus&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-000-8&rft.aulast=Oberling&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjakLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmassacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cassia1-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassia1_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCassia2005" class="citation book cs1">Cassia, Paul Sant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Aloa&pg=PA69"><i>Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-646-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-646-7"><bdi>978-1-57181-646-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+of+Evidence%3A+Burial%2C+Memory+and+the+Recovery+of+Missing+Persons+in+Cyprus&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-646-7&rft.aulast=Cassia&rft.aufirst=Paul+Sant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBFvRMO7_DkC%26q%3DAloa%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInformation1974" class="citation book cs1">Information, United Nations Office of Public (July 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zichAAAAMAAJ&q=Maratha"><i>UN Monthly Chronicle</i></a>. United Nations, Office of Public Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UN+Monthly+Chronicle&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+Office+of+Public+Information.&rft.date=1974-07&rft.aulast=Information&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+Office+of+Public&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzichAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMaratha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cassia2-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassia2_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCassia2005" class="citation book cs1">Cassia, Paul Sant (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBFvRMO7_DkC&q=Tochni&pg=PA237"><i>Bodies of Evidence: Burial, Memory and the Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-646-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-646-7"><bdi>978-1-57181-646-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+of+Evidence%3A+Burial%2C+Memory+and+the+Recovery+of+Missing+Persons+in+Cyprus&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-646-7&rft.aulast=Cassia&rft.aufirst=Paul+Sant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBFvRMO7_DkC%26q%3DTochni%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 23 July 1974</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-fof-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fof_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLghm1Ot0moC&q=Limassol+quarter"><i>Facts on File Yearbook 1974</i></a>. Facts on File. 1975. p. 590. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87196-033-7"><bdi>978-0-87196-033-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+on+File+Yearbook+1974&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87196-033-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLghm1Ot0moC%26q%3DLimassol%2Bquarter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-oberlinglim-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oberlinglim_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOberling1982" class="citation book cs1">Oberling, Pierre (1982). <i>The Road to Bellapais: The Turkish Cypriot Exodus to Northern Cyprus</i>. Boulder: Social Science Monographs. pp. 164–5. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-000-8"><bdi>978-0-88033-000-8</bdi></a>. <q>[...] children were shot in the street and the Turkish quarter of Limassol was burnt out by the National Guard.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Bellapais%3A+The+Turkish+Cypriot+Exodus+to+Northern+Cyprus&rft.pages=164-5&rft.pub=Boulder%3A+Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-000-8&rft.aulast=Oberling&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ros1-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ros1_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1969" class="citation book cs1">Higgins, Rosalyn (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNELAQAAIAAJ&q=Limassol+camp"><i>United Nations Peacekeeping: Europe, 1946–1979</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 375. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-218322-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-218322-4"><bdi>978-0-19-218322-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Peacekeeping%3A+Europe%2C+1946%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-218322-4&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Rosalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNELAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DLimassol%2Bcamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Greek_City_Times-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greek_City_Times_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAntonopoulos2020" class="citation news cs1">Antonopoulos, Paul (13 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/07/13/cypriot-archbishop-turks-remain-uncivilized-who-only-destroy-and-appropriate-the-cultures-of-others/">"Cypriot Archbishop: Turks remain uncivilized who only destroy and appropriate the cultures of others"</a>. Greek City Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cypriot+Archbishop%3A+Turks+remain+uncivilized+who+only+destroy+and+appropriate+the+cultures+of+others&rft.date=2020-07-13&rft.aulast=Antonopoulos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekcitytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F13%2Fcypriot-archbishop-turks-remain-uncivilized-who-only-destroy-and-appropriate-the-cultures-of-others%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkWagner1999" class="citation journal cs1">Klink, A.; Wagner, U. (1999). "Discrimination against ethnic minorities in Germany: Going back to the field". <i>Journal of Applied Social Psychology</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 402–423. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x">10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Discrimination+against+ethnic+minorities+in+Germany%3A+Going+back+to+the+field&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=402-423&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1999.tb01394.x&rft.aulast=Klink&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-psycontent.com-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psycontent.com_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShohatMusch2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shohat, M.; Musch, J. (2003). "Online auctions as a research tool: A field experiment on ethnic discrimination". <i>Swiss Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 139–145. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1024%2F%2F1421-0185.62.2.139">10.1024//1421-0185.62.2.139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Online+auctions+as+a+research+tool%3A+A+field+experiment+on+ethnic+discrimination&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-145&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1024%2F%2F1421-0185.62.2.139&rft.aulast=Shohat&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Musch%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Cohen. (1995). Labour migration to western Europe after 1945. In R. Cohen (Ed.), <i>The Cambridge survey of world migration</i>. (p. 279). Cambridge University Press.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toelken,_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Toelken, B.">Toelken, B.</a> (1985). "Turkenrein" and "Turken, Rausl"—Images of fear and aggression in German Gastarbeitterwitze. In N. Furniss & I. Basgoz (Eds.), <i>Turkish workers in Europe: An interdisciplinary study</i>. (p. 155). Indiana: Indiana University Turkish Studies.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet1999">Ramet 1999</a>, 72.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolsten1999">Solsten 1999</a>, 406.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaab1998">Staab 1998</a>, 144.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDummett2001">Dummett 2001</a>, 142.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1999">Lee 1999</a>, 331.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorneliusMartinHollifield1994">Cornelius, Martin & Hollifield 1994</a>, 213</span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNees2000">Nees 2000</a>, 155.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neoskosmos.com/en/35192/golden-dawn-mep-eleftherios-synadinos-expelled-by-eu-parliament-by-martin-schulz/">"Schulz expels Golden Dawn MEP from EU Parliament"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. Neos Kosmos. 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Schulz+expels+Golden+Dawn+MEP+from+EU+Parliament&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneoskosmos.com%2Fen%2F35192%2Fgolden-dawn-mep-eleftherios-synadinos-expelled-by-eu-parliament-by-martin-schulz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214011219/http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/NLD-CbC-III-2008-3-ENG.pdf">"<i>Third report on the Netherlands</i>. Strasbourg, FRANCE: The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ECRI. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_03/03_CbC_eng/NLD-CbC-III-2008-3-ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+report+on+the+Netherlands.+Strasbourg%2C+FRANCE%3A+The+European+Commission+against+Racism+and+Intolerance&rft.pub=ECRI&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.ecri.coe.int%2FXMLEcri%2FENGLISH%2FCycle_03%2F03_CbC_eng%2FNLD-CbC-III-2008-3-ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDinsbach,_W.Walz,_G.Boog,_I.2009" class="citation web cs1">Dinsbach, W.; Walz, G.; Boog, I. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007040153/http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Netherlands%20-%20SR%202008.pdf">"<i>ENAR shadow report 2008: Racism in the Netherlands</i>. Brussels, Netherlands: ENAR Netherlands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cms.horus.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/national/Netherlands%20-%20SR%202008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENAR+shadow+report+2008%3A+Racism+in+the+Netherlands.+Brussels%2C+Netherlands%3A+ENAR+Netherlands&rft.pub=Cms.horus.be&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Dinsbach%2C+W.&rft.au=Walz%2C+G.&rft.au=Boog%2C+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.horus.be%2Ffiles%2F99935%2FMediaArchive%2Fnational%2FNetherlands%2520-%2520SR%25202008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thalhammer, E., Zucha, V., Enzenhofer, E., Salfinger, B., & Ogris, G. (2001). <i>Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union: A special analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 survey on behalf of the European Monitoring Centre on racism and xenophobia</i>. Vienna, Austria: EUMC Sora. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071110071706/http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B83E8576-C738-4B93-8191-F36EF740A051/0/europeanunion.pdf">"Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.northamptonshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B83E8576-C738-4B93-8191-F36EF740A051/0/europeanunion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attitudes+towards+minority+groups+in+the+European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.northamptonshire.gov.uk%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FB83E8576-C738-4B93-8191-F36EF740A051%2F0%2Feuropeanunion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Maltaturks-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maltaturks_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426194826/http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf">"Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Thinksite.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinksite.eu/userfiles/file/Content%20-%20PDFs/Introduction.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Thinksite.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinksite.eu%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FContent%2520-%2520PDFs%2FIntroduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2008%20January%2022%20Survey%20of%20Armenian%20Public%20Opinion,%20October%2027-November%203,%202007.pdf">"pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2008%2520January%252022%2520Survey%2520of%2520Armenian%2520Public%2520Opinion%2C%2520October%252027-November%25203%2C%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104247/https://eurasianet.org/s/georgians-wary-of-turkeys-rising-influence-in-batumi">"eurasianet.org – Georgians Wary of Turkey's Rising Influence in Batumi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/s/georgians-wary-of-turkeys-rising-influence-in-batumi">the original</a> on 2018-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eurasianet.org+%E2%80%93+Georgians+Wary+of+Turkey%27s+Rising+Influence+in+Batumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Fs%2Fgeorgians-wary-of-turkeys-rising-influence-in-batumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cornell_2001_loc=183-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_2001_loc=183_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2001">Cornell 2001</a>, 183.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTherSiljak2001">Ther & Siljak 2001</a>, 4.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennigsenBroxup1983">Bennigsen & Broxup 1983</a>, 30.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohenDeng1998">Cohen & Deng 1998</a>, 263.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topix.com/forum/world/russia/TCPIR4NKRT7T1ADGF">"Meskhetian Genocide by Russia"</a>. <i>Topix</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Topix&rft.atitle=Meskhetian+Genocide+by+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topix.com%2Fforum%2Fworld%2Frussia%2FTCPIR4NKRT7T1ADGF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartonHeffernanArmstrong2002">Barton, Heffernan & Armstrong 2002</a>, 9</span>
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<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoşkun2009">Coşkun 2009</a>, 5.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnabelCarment2004">Schnabel & Carment 2004</a>, 63.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrobizhevaGottemoellerKelleher1998">Drobizheva, Gottemoeller & Kelleher 1998</a>, 296</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Knowlton_2005_loc=66-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knowlton_2005_loc=66_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnowlton2005">Knowlton 2005</a>, 66.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jacobs2009-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs2009_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Jacobs2009" class="citation book cs1">Steven L. Jacobs (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gwunFdWfNsC&pg=PA82"><i>Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. 82–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3589-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-3589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Genocide%3A+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam&rft.pages=82-&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3589-1&rft.au=Steven+L.+Jacobs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gwunFdWfNsC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BartovMack2001-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BartovMack2001_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOmer_BartovPhyllis_Mack2001" class="citation book cs1">Omer Bartov; Phyllis Mack (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnpPf_AxWEgC&pg=PA183"><i>In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 183–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-302-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-302-2"><bdi>978-1-57181-302-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+God%27s+Name%3A+Genocide+and+Religion+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=183-&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-302-2&rft.au=Omer+Bartov&rft.au=Phyllis+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnpPf_AxWEgC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZadrożna2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zadrożna, Anna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1287690">"Reconstructing the past in a post-Ottoman village: Turkishness in a transnational context"</a>. <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 524–539. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1287690">10.1080/00905992.2017.1287690</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+past+in+a+post-Ottoman+village%3A+Turkishness+in+a+transnational+context&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=524-539&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1287690&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft.aulast=Zadro%C5%BCna&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00905992.2017.1287690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Daily report: East Europe, Issues 191-210</i>. Front Cover United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 38.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/27/un-prosecutors-open-case-karadzic">"Karadzic predicted Muslim bloodbath, Bosnian war crimes trial hears"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 27 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Karadzic+predicted+Muslim+bloodbath%2C+Bosnian+war+crimes+trial+hears&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Foct%2F27%2Fun-prosecutors-open-case-karadzic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/11/survivors-recount-bosnias-srebrenica-genocide-25-years-on">"Survivors recount Bosnia's Srebrenica genocide, 25 years on"</a>. <i>The Aljazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Survivors+recount+Bosnia%27s+Srebrenica+genocide%2C+25+years+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F7%2F11%2Fsurvivors-recount-bosnias-srebrenica-genocide-25-years-on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPurtill2019" class="citation web cs1">Purtill, James (2019-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/christchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online/10907056">"Fuelled by a toxic, alt-right echo chamber, Christchurch shooter's views were celebrated online"</a>. <i>triple j</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=triple+j&rft.atitle=Fuelled+by+a+toxic%2C+alt-right+echo+chamber%2C+Christchurch+shooter%27s+views+were+celebrated+online&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Purtill&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftriplej%2Fprograms%2Fhack%2Fchristchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online%2F10907056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/15/mosque-shooter-brandished-material-glorifying-serb-nationalism">"Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Mosque+shooter+brandished+material+glorifying+Serb+nationalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F3%2F15%2Fmosque-shooter-brandished-material-glorifying-serb-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAli2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Ali, Elest (2014-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/119991/dracula-untold-islamophobic">"Is 'Dracula Untold' An Islamophobic Movie?"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Is+%27Dracula+Untold%27+An+Islamophobic+Movie%3F&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Elest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F119991%2Fdracula-untold-islamophobic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSettle,_Mary_Lee.1991" class="citation book cs1">Settle, Mary Lee. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23357619"><i>Turkish reflections : a biography of a place</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-917675-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-917675-6"><bdi>0-13-917675-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23357619">23357619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+reflections+%3A+a+biography+of+a+place&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23357619&rft.isbn=0-13-917675-6&rft.au=Settle%2C+Mary+Lee.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F23357619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKael,_Pauline.1980" class="citation book cs1">Kael, Pauline. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5286142"><i>When the Lights Go Down</i></a> (1st ed.). New York. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-042511-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-042511-5"><bdi>0-03-042511-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5286142">5286142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Lights+Go+Down&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5286142&rft.isbn=0-03-042511-5&rft.au=Kael%2C+Pauline.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F5286142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fer22-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fer22_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wakeman1988" class="citation book cs1">John Wakeman, ed. (1988). <i>World Film Directors</i>. New York: T.H. W. Wilson Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Film+Directors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=T.H.+W.+Wilson+Co&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110801057-002">"Author's preface"</a>, <i>Mishpokhe</i>, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 11–16, 1978-12-31, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110801057-002">10.1515/9783110801057-002</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080105-7"><bdi>978-3-11-080105-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mishpokhe&rft.atitle=Author%27s+preface&rft.pages=11-16&rft.date=1978-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110801057-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080105-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110801057-002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463225735-009">"APPENDIX A – CORRECTIVE TURKISH VIEWER COMMENT (IMDb)"</a>, <i>The Midnight Express Phenomenon</i>, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 143–144, 2010-12-31, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463225735-009">10.31826/9781463225735-009</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-2573-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-2573-5"><bdi>978-1-4632-2573-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Midnight+Express+Phenomenon&rft.atitle=APPENDIX+A+%E2%80%93+CORRECTIVE+TURKISH+VIEWER+COMMENT+%28IMDb%29&rft.pages=143-144&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463225735-009&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-2573-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.31826%2F9781463225735-009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/abd-televizyonu-nbc-de-turkiye-ye-agir-hakaret-38429798">"ABD Televizyonu NBC'de Türkiye'ye ağır hakaret"</a>. <i>www.hurriyet.com.tr</i> (in Turkish). 12 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=ABD+Televizyonu+NBC%27de+T%C3%BCrkiye%27ye+a%C4%9F%C4%B1r+hakaret&rft.date=2002-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fgundem%2Fabd-televizyonu-nbc-de-turkiye-ye-agir-hakaret-38429798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221814/http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15%3A74.%2Fvar%2Fartfla%2Fdicos%2FACAD_1694%2FIMAGE%2F">"Arşivlenmiş kopya"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portail.atilf.fr/cgi-bin/getobject_?a.15%3A74.%2Fvar%2Fartfla%2Fdicos%2FACAD_1694%2FIMAGE%2F">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ar%C5%9Fivlenmi%C5%9F+kopya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportail.atilf.fr%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetobject_%3Fa.15%253A74.%252Fvar%252Fartfla%252Fdicos%252FACAD_1694%252FIMAGE%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127190910/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/mama-the-turks-european-integration-and-the-burden-of-history/">"The View from Bologna: Mama, the Turks! European integration and the burden of history"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/blogs/view_from_bologna/archives/2004/12/mama_the_turks.php">the original</a> on 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+View+from+Bologna%3A+Mama%2C+the+Turks%21+European+integration+and+the+burden+of+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.threemonkeysonline.com%2Fblogs%2Fview_from_bologna%2Farchives%2F2004%2F12%2Fmama_the_turks.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/perche-si-dice-fumare-come-un-turco">"Perché si dice fumare come un turco?"</a>. <i>Focus.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Focus.it&rft.atitle=Perch%C3%A9+si+dice+fumare+come+un+turco%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.it%2Fcultura%2Fstoria%2Fperche-si-dice-fumare-come-un-turco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonStansfield2009" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009), <i>Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4176-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-4176-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Kirkuk%3A+The+Ethnopolitics+of+Conflict+and+Compromise&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4176-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Liam+D.&rft.au=Stansfield%2C+Gareth+R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAydıngünHardingHooverKuznetsov2006" class="citation cs2">Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çigğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714205907/http://www.cal.org/co/pdffiles/mturks.pdf"><i>Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Center for Applied Linguistics, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-07-14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meskhetian+Turks%3A+An+Introduction+to+their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Resettelment+Experiences&rft.pub=Center+for+Applied+Linguistics&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ayd%C4%B1ng%C3%BCn&rft.aufirst=Ay%C5%9Feg%C3%BCl&rft.au=Harding%2C+%C3%87ig%C4%9Fdem+Bal%C4%B1m&rft.au=Hoover%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Kuznetsov%2C+Igor&rft.au=Swerdlow%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cal.org%2FCO%2Fpdffiles%2Fmturks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBartonHeffernanArmstrong2002" class="citation cs2">Barton, Frederick D.; Heffernan, John; Armstrong, Andrea (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717080922/http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/activities/research/citizenship_Barton.pdf"><i>Being Recognised as Citizens</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Commission on Human Security, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/activities/research/citizenship_Barton.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Recognised+as+Citizens&rft.pub=Commission+on+Human+Security&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Frederick+D.&rft.au=Heffernan%2C+John&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humansecurity-chs.org%2Factivities%2Fresearch%2Fcitizenship_Barton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBennigsenBroxup1983" class="citation book cs1">Bennigsen, Alexandre; Broxup, Marie (1983). <i>The Islamic threat to the Soviet state</i>. London: Croom Helm. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7099-0619-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7099-0619-6"><bdi>0-7099-0619-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+threat+to+the+Soviet+state&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7099-0619-6&rft.aulast=Bennigsen&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Broxup%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBlacklock2005" class="citation cs2">Blacklock, Denika (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602192035/http://www.ecmi.de/download/Report_56.pdf"><i>FINDING DURABLE SOLUTIONS FOR THE MESKHETIANS</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecmi.de/download/Report_56.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-02</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FINDING+DURABLE+SOLUTIONS+FOR+THE+MESKHETIANS&rft.pub=EUROPEAN+CENTRE+FOR+MINORITY+ISSUES&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Blacklock&rft.aufirst=Denika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecmi.de%2Fdownload%2FReport_56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFÇetin2008" class="citation cs2">Çetin, Turhan (2008), "THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF THE LAST TURKISH MIGRATION (1989) FROM BULGARIA TO TURKEY", <i>Turkish Studies</i>, <b>3</b> (7): 241–270</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+SOCIO-ECONOMIC+OUTCOMES+OF+THE+LAST+TURKISH+MIGRATION+%281989%29+FROM+BULGARIA+TO+TURKEY&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=241-270&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=%C3%87etin&rft.aufirst=Turhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCohenDeng1998" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Roberta; Deng, Francis Mading (1998), <i>The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced</i>, Brookings Institution Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1514-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1514-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-1514-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forsaken+People%3A+Case+Studies+of+the+Internally+Displaced&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-1514-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Deng%2C+Francis+Mading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCorneliusMartinHollifield1994" class="citation cs2">Cornelius, Wayne; Martin, Philip; Hollifield, James (1994), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/controllingimmig0000corn"><i>Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective</i></a></span>, Stanford University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2498-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2498-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-2498-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlling+Immigration%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2498-2&rft.aulast=Cornelius&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Martin%2C+Philip&rft.au=Hollifield%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontrollingimmig0000corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2001" class="citation cs2">Cornell, Svante E. (2001), <i>Small nations and great powers: a study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus</i>, Routledge, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1162-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1162-8"><bdi>978-0-7007-1162-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+nations+and+great+powers%3A+a+study+of+ethnopolitical+conflict+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1162-8&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCoşkun2009" class="citation cs2">Coşkun, Ufuk (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111175901/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ufukc/UfukCoskun_2009%20Ahiska%28Meskhetian%29_Turks_in_Tucson-Edited.pdf"><i>AHISKA/MESKHETIAN TURKS IN TUCSON: AN EXAMINATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ufukc/UfukCoskun_2009%20Ahiska(Meskhetian)_Turks_in_Tucson-Edited.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AHISKA%2FMESKHETIAN+TURKS+IN+TUCSON%3A+AN+EXAMINATION+OF+ETHNIC+IDENTITY&rft.pub=UNIVERSITY+OF+ARIZONA&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Co%C5%9Fkun&rft.aufirst=Ufuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u.arizona.edu%2F~ufukc%2FUfukCoskun_2009%2520Ahiska%28Meskhetian%29_Turks_in_Tucson-Edited.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDemirtaş-Coşkun2010" class="citation cs2">Demirtaş-Coşkun, Birgül (2010), "Reconsidering the Cyprus Issue: An Anatomy of Failure og European Catalyst (1995–2002)", in Laçiner, Sedat; Özcan, Mehmet; Bal, İhsan (eds.), <i>USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law 2010, Vol. 3</i>, USAK Books, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4030-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4030-26-2"><bdi>978-605-4030-26-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Cyprus+Issue%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Failure+og+European+Catalyst+%281995%E2%80%932002%29&rft.btitle=USAK+Yearbook+of+International+Politics+and+Law+2010%2C+Vol.+3&rft.pub=USAK+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-605-4030-26-2&rft.aulast=Demirta%C5%9F-Co%C5%9Fkun&rft.aufirst=Birg%C3%BCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDrobizhevaGottemoellerKelleher1998" class="citation cs2">Drobizheva, Leokadia; Gottemoeller, Rose; Kelleher, Catherine McArdle (1998), <i>Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Soviet World: Case Studies and Analysis</i>, M.E. Sharpe, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-741-5"><bdi>978-1-56324-741-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+Post-Soviet+World%3A+Case+Studies+and+Analysis&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-741-5&rft.aulast=Drobizheva&rft.aufirst=Leokadia&rft.au=Gottemoeller%2C+Rose&rft.au=Kelleher%2C+Catherine+McArdle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDummett2001" class="citation cs2">Dummett, Michael (2001), <i>On Immigration and Refugees</i>, Routledge, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22707-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22707-0"><bdi>978-0-415-22707-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Immigration+and+Refugees&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22707-0&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEminov1997" class="citation cs2">Eminov, Ali (1997), <i>Turkish and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria</i>, Routledge, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91976-0"><bdi>978-0-415-91976-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+and+other+Muslim+minorities+in+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91976-0&rft.aulast=Eminov&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHirschon2003" class="citation cs2">Hirschon, Renée (2003), <i>Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey</i>, Berghahn Books, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-562-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-562-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Aegean%3A+An+Appraisal+of+the+1923+Compulsory+Population+Exchange+Between+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-562-0&rft.aulast=Hirschon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHüssein2007" class="citation cs2">Hüssein, Serkan (2007), <i>Yesterday & Today: Turkish Cypriots of Australia</i>, Serkan Hussein, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-47783-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-47783-1"><bdi>978-0-646-47783-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yesterday+%26+Today%3A+Turkish+Cypriots+of+Australia&rft.pub=Serkan+Hussein&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-646-47783-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCssein&rft.aufirst=Serkan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2006" class="citation report cs1">International Crisis Group (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/reports/icgkirkuk.pdf">Iraq and the Kurds: The Brewing Battle Over Kirkuk</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). International Crisis Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Iraq+and+the+Kurds%3A+The+Brewing+Battle+Over+Kirkuk&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.au=International+Crisis+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Freports%2Ficgkirkuk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation web cs1">Jenkins, Gareth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112230412/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf">"Turkey and Northern Iraq: An Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Jamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+and+Northern+Iraq%3A+An+Overview&rft.pub=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FJamestown-JenkinsTurkeyNIraq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKatsikas2010" class="citation cs2">Katsikas, Stefanos (2010), <i>Bulgaria and Europe: Shifting Identities</i>, Anthem Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-846-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-846-0"><bdi>978-1-84331-846-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgaria+and+Europe%3A+Shifting+Identities&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-846-0&rft.aulast=Katsikas&rft.aufirst=Stefanos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKliot2007" class="citation book cs1">Kliot, Nurat (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA59">"Resettlement of refugees in Finland and Cyprus: a comparative analysis and possible lessons for Israel"</a>. In Kacowicz, Arie Marcelo; Lutomski, Pawel (eds.). <i>Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study</i>. Lexington Books. p. 59. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1607-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-1607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Resettlement+of+refugees+in+Finland+and+Cyprus%3A+a+comparative+analysis+and+possible+lessons+for+Israel&rft.btitle=Population+Resettlement+in+International+Conflicts%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1607-4&rft.aulast=Kliot&rft.aufirst=Nurat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dovck_g0xwX0C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKnowlton2005" class="citation cs2">Knowlton, MaryLee (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761418542"><i>Macedonia</i></a>, Marshall Cavendish, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1854-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1854-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-1854-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1854-2&rft.aulast=Knowlton&rft.aufirst=MaryLee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780761418542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLee1999" class="citation cs2">Lee, Martin (1999), <i>The Beast Reawakens</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92546-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92546-4"><bdi>978-0-415-92546-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beast+Reawakens&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92546-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson1998" class="citation cs2">Levinson, David (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicgroupsworl00levi"><i>Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook</i></a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-019-1"><bdi>978-1-57356-019-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups+worldwide%3A+a+ready+reference+handbook&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-019-1&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicgroupsworl00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation cs2">Minahan, James (2002), <i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32111-5"><bdi>978-0-313-32111-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+L-R&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32111-5&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNees2000" class="citation cs2">Nees, Greg (2000), <i>Germany: Unraveling an Enigma</i>, Intercultural Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877864-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877864-75-9"><bdi>978-1-877864-75-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+Unraveling+an+Enigma&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-877864-75-9&rft.aulast=Nees&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNeuburger2004" class="citation cs2">Neuburger, Mary (2004), <i>The Orient within: Muslim minorities and the negotiation of nationhood in modern Bulgaria</i>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4132-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-4132-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orient+within%3A+Muslim+minorities+and+the+negotiation+of+nationhood+in+modern+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4132-5&rft.aulast=Neuburger&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPapadakis2005" class="citation cs2">Papadakis, Yiannis (2005), <i>Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus divide</i>, I.B.Tauris, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-428-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-428-3"><bdi>978-1-85043-428-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+from+the+Dead+Zone%3A+Across+the+Cyprus+divide&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-428-3&rft.aulast=Papadakis&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1999" class="citation cs2">Ramet, Sabrina (1999), <i>The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989</i>, Penn State Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01811-9"><bdi>978-0-271-01811-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+Since+1989&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01811-9&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSavvides2004" class="citation cs2">Savvides, Philippos K (2004), "Partition Revisited: The International Dimension and the Case of Cyprus", in Danopoulos, Constantine Panos; Vajpeyi, Dhirendra K.; Bar-Or, Amir (eds.), <i>Civil-military relations, nation building, and national identity: comparative perspectives</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97923-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97923-2"><bdi>978-0-275-97923-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Partition+Revisited%3A+The+International+Dimension+and+the+Case+of+Cyprus&rft.btitle=Civil-military+relations%2C+nation+building%2C+and+national+identity%3A+comparative+perspectives&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97923-2&rft.aulast=Savvides&rft.aufirst=Philippos+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabelCarment2004" class="citation book cs1">Schnabel, Albrecht; Carment, David (2004). <i>Conflict prevention from rhetoric to reality, Volume 1</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0738-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0738-0"><bdi>0-7391-0738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+prevention+from+rhetoric+to+reality%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7391-0738-0&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.au=Carment%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSolsten1999" class="citation cs2">Solsten, Eric (1999), <i>Germany: A Country Study</i>, DIANE Publishing, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-8179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-8179-5"><bdi>978-0-7881-8179-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-8179-5&rft.aulast=Solsten&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStaab1998" class="citation cs2">Staab, Andreas (1998), <i>National Identity in Eastern Germany: Inner Unification or Continued Separation?</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96177-0"><bdi>978-0-275-96177-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Identity+in+Eastern+Germany%3A+Inner+Unification+or+Continued+Separation%3F&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96177-0&rft.aulast=Staab&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStansfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2007). <i>Iraq : people, history, politics</i>. Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3227-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3227-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-3227-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+%3A+people%2C+history%2C+politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3227-8&rft.aulast=Stansfield&rft.aufirst=Gareth+R.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTherSiljak2001" class="citation cs2">Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Ana (2001), <i>Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-1094-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redrawing+nations%3A+ethnic+cleansing+in+East-Central+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1094-4&rft.aulast=Ther&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Siljak%2C+Ana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTocci2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathalie_Tocci" title="Nathalie Tocci">Tocci, Nathalie</a> (2004), <i>EU accession dynamics and conflict resolution: catalysing peace or consolidating partition in Cyprus?</i>, Ashgate Publishing, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4310-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-4310-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+accession+dynamics+and+conflict+resolution%3A+catalysing+peace+or+consolidating+partition+in+Cyprus%3F&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4&rft.aulast=Tocci&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTocci2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathalie_Tocci" title="Nathalie Tocci">Tocci, Nathalie</a> (2007), <i>The EU and conflict resolution: promoting peace in the backyard</i>, Routledge, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41394-7"><bdi>978-0-415-41394-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+EU+and+conflict+resolution%3A+promoting+peace+in+the+backyard&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41394-7&rft.aulast=Tocci&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-Turkish+sentiment" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul>
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</h2>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-Turkism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-Turkism">Anti-Turkism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606230704/http://www.hum.au.dk/cek/kontur/pdf/kontur_10/sinan.yasar.pdf">Turkey in the Eye of the Beholder:Tracking Perceptions on Turkey through Political Cartoons by Sinan Erensü and Yaşar Adanalı</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217213603/http://www.hetq.am/eng/society/h-0203-vharutiunyan.html">Patriotism versus Patria by Vartan Harutiunyan</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Students/Turkish/old/Gelenler/Turkishness_in_Hollywood.pdf">Representation of Turkishness in Hollywood by Aslihan Tokgoz</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatar.yuldash.com/eng_098.html">TURKOPHOBIA:Its Social and Historical Roots By Sabirzyan BADRETDIN</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30678/30678-h/30678-h.htm">The Unspeakable Turk political cartoons</a></li>
<li><span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501120701/http://www.haberturk.com/haber.asp?id=61182&cat=180&dt=2008%2F03%2F14">Marco Türklere ders vermek istemiş!</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkey_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey_topics" title="Template talk:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkey_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Renaissance (1400–1500)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Early modern period (1500–1750)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Late modern period (1750–1923)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Reform_Edict_of_1856" title="Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856">Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Contemporary period (1923–present)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey#History" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)#Ottoman_Empire_(Turkey)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br />its environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey#External_boundaries" title="Geography of Turkey">Boundaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Landform regions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health and welfare</a></li>
<li>Individual, family and gender relations
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Status of women</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Population</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Population distribution and settlement in Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Migration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Turkey#Local_administration" title="Government of Turkey">Government policies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religious life</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Turkey" title="Water supply and sanitation in Turkey">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Growth of the economy
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2023_vision#Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 vision">Development planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic development</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#External_trade_and_investment" title="Economy of Turkey">Foreign economic relations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#External_trade_and_investment" title="Economy of Turkey">Foreign trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_Customs_Union" title="European Union–Turkey Customs Union">Regional economic integration</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#Agricultural_sector" title="Economy of Turkey">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#Industrial_sector" title="Economy of Turkey">Industry</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#Construction_and_contracting_sectory" title="Economy of Turkey">Construction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#Minerals" title="Economy of Turkey">Mineral resources</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey#Service_sector" title="Economy of Turkey">Services</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Airlines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Railways</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a><br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">and politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey#Overview" title="Constitution of Turkey">Provisions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">Vice President</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Council of Ministers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judiciary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National security<br /> in Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>External security concerns
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Near_East" title="List of conflicts in the Near East">Near Eastern conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">Participation in NATO</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_budget_of_Turkey" title="Military budget of Turkey">Defense spending</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Sources and quality of personnel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Military_Academy" title="Turkish Military Academy">Education and training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_ranks_of_Turkey" title="Military ranks of Turkey">Uniforms, ranks, and insignia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Domestic arms industry</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Internal security concerns
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats_assassinated_by_Armenian_militant_organisations" title="List of Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations">Armenian terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamists</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey#Part_Two:_Individual_and_Group_Rights" title="Constitution of Turkey">Individual rights</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">wine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:paleturquoise;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:paleturquoise;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:paleturquoise;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>
<ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>
<ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>
<ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a>
<ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>
<ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otuken" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br />
<sup>2</sup><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" title="Racism in North America">North America</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian & Pacific Islander</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negrophobia" title="Negrophobia">Black</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanophobia" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic & Latino</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black supremacy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesbophobia" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrophobia" title="Afrophobia">African</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li>
<li>Asian
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negrophobia" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Catalanism" title="Anti-Catalanism">Catalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antihaitianismo" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanophobia" title="Hispanophobia">Hispanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li>
<li>Indigenous people
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Israeli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Anti-LGBT rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" title="Violence against LGBT people">LGBT</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">LGBT grooming conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witch-hunt" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonperson" title="Nonperson">Nonpersons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian privilege</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714830915' |