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'{{Short description|City in Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine}} {{for|places with a similar name|Kamenets (disambiguation){{!}}Kamenets}} {{more citations needed|date=July 2023}} {{Expand Ukrainian|topic=geo|date=July 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Kamianets-Podilskyi | native_name = {{lang|uk|Кам'янець-Подільський}} | other_name = | settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Zamek w Kamieńcu Podolskim 2019.jpg | photo2a = Тринітарський костьол та дзвіниця.jpg | photo2b = Собор Св. Трійці.jpg | photo3a = Житловий будинок в Кам'янець-Подільському.jpg | photo3b = Будинок польського магістрату. Двір перед будинком.jpg | photo4a = -DJI 0351-Edit Panorama1.jpg | size = 270 | spacing = 2 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 0 }} | image_caption = | image_flag = Kamjantec-Podilsky flag.svg | image_shield = Kamyanets-Podilskyi COA.png | shield_size = 80px | pushpin_map = Ukraine Khmelnytskyi Oblast#Ukraine | mapsize = 225px | map_caption = Location in Ukraine | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion]]}} | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Mykhailo Positko | established_title = First mentioned | established_date = 1062 | established_title2 = City rights | established_date2 = 1432 | area_total_km2 = 27871 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_total = 96896 | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_footnotes = <ref name="ua2022estimate"/> | timezone = EET | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = EEST | utc_offset_DST = +3 | coordinates = {{coord|48|41|00|N|26|35|00|E|region:UA|display=it}} | elevation_m = | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 32300—32318 | area_code = +380-3849 | blank_name = | blank_info = | footnotes = | module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom= 11 |frame-height=300 | stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0.2 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}} | subdivision_type3 = [[Hromada]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Kamianets-Podilskyi urban hromada]] }} '''Kamianets-Podilskyi''' ({{lang-uk|Кам'янець-Подільський}}, {{IPA-uk|kɐmjɐˈnɛtsʲ poˈd⁽ʲ⁾ilʲsʲkɪj|IPA|audio=Uk-Кам'янець-Подільський.ogg}}) is a [[city]] on the [[Smotrych River]] in [[western Ukraine|western]] [[Ukraine]], to the north-east of [[Chernivtsi]]. Formerly the [[administrative center]] of [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], the city is now the administrative center of [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion]] within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Kamianets-Podilskyi urban [[hromada]].<ref name="admreform_2020_stara_kamianets-podilskyi">{{cite web |title=Каменец-Подольская городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/kam-podilska/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> Population: {{Ua-pop-est2022|96,896|.}} Kamianets-Podilskyi is a historical center of [[Podolia]] region, serving as a capital of [[Duchy of Podolia|Podillia Duchy]], [[Podolian Voivodeship]], [[Podolia Governorate]] following Russian occupation, [[Podolia Eyalet|Podolia vilayet]] during Ottoman occupation. During the [[Ukrainian–Soviet War]], the city officially served as the [[temporary capital]] of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] from 1919 to 1920.<ref>Pustynnikov, Iryna. ''[https://day.kyiv.ua/uk/article/ukrayina-incognita/ostannya-stolicya-unr The last capital of Ukrainian People's Republic (Остання столиця УНР)]''. Newspaper "Den". 14 October 2011</ref> ==Name== {{stack|[[File:POL Kamieniec Podolski COA.svg|thumb|110px|Kamianets historical coat of arms]]}} Originally known as '''Kamianets''', its name was changed to the current following the [[partitions of Poland]] and occupation by the [[Russian Empire]] in 1795. The first part of the city's dual name originates from ''{{lang|orv|kamin{{'}}}}'' ({{lang-uk|камiнь}}) or ''{{lang|orv|kamen}}'', meaning 'stone' in [[Old East Slavic|Old Slavic]]. The second part of its name relates to the historic region of [[Podolia|Podilia]] ({{lang-uk|Подíлля}}), of which Kamianets-Podilskyi is considered to be the historic capital. Therefore, the town name literally means <nowiki>'</nowiki>''The Stones of Podilia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>. Equivalents of the name in other languages are {{lang-pl|Kamieniec Podolski}}; {{lang-ro|Camenița Podoliei}}; {{lang-la|Camenecium}}; {{lang-ota|كامانىچه|Kamaniçe}}; {{lang-hu|Kamenyeck-Podolszk}}; {{lang-yi|קאָמענעץ ,קאמיניץ|Komenets, Komenits}}<ref name="Beider">{{cite journal |last1=Beider |first1=Alexander |title=Eastern Yiddish Toponyms of German Origin |journal=Yiddish Studies Today |date=2012 |volume=ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4; ISSN 2194-8879 |issue=düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2012 |url=https://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-23711/27_Leket_Beider_Eastern_Yiddish_Toponyms_of_German_Origin_A.pdf |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>), {{lang-ru|Каменец-Подольский|Kamenets-Podolskiy}}, English Kamenets-Podolsk<ref>[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kamenets-podolsk Holocaust Museum, "Kamenets-Podolsk"].</ref> ==Geography== Kamianets-Podilskyi is located in the southern portion of the [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast]], located in the western Ukrainian region of [[Podillia]]. The area where the city is located is part of the [[Podolian Upland]] which is notable for its elevated places known as [[Tovtry]] (see [[Podilski Tovtry National Nature Park]]) and creating a [[canyon]]-like relief feature. The [[Smotrych (river)|Smotrych River]], a tributary of the [[Dniester]], flows through the city. The total area of the city comprises {{convert|27.84|km2|sqmi|1|sp=us}}.<ref name="geography">{{cite web|url=http://kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |title=Geography |access-date=25 October 2007 |work=kp.rel.com.ua |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928200313/http://www.kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among other notable neighboring cities, Kamianets-Podilskyi is located about {{convert|101|km|mi|1}} from the oblast's administrative center, [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]<ref name="geography" /> and across [[Dniester]] in southwestern direction {{convert|88|km|mi|1}} from [[Chernivtsi]], an administrative center of the neighboring [[Chernivtsi Oblast]]. ==History== ===Classical antiquity=== Several historians consider that a city on this spot was founded by the ancient [[Dacians]], who lived in what is now modern [[Romania]], [[Moldova]], and portions of Ukraine.<ref name="km.ua">{{cite web|url=http://tour.km.ua/kampod/etown.htm|title=The Museum City|access-date=26 October 2007|work=Kamianets-Podilskyi|publisher=Art/Ukrainian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012215957/http://tour.km.ua/kampod/etown.htm|archive-date=12 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Historians write that the founders named the settlement ''Petridava'' or ''Klepidava'', which originate from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''petra'' or [[Latin language|Latin]] ''lapis'' '[[Rock (geology)|stone]]' and [[Dacian language|Dacian]] ''dava'' 'city'.<ref name="km.ua" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul_w_niedzieli.php?doc=nd200110&nr=22|title=Perła Podola|access-date=26 October 2007|work=niedziela.pl|language=pl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141322/http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul_w_niedzieli.php?doc=nd200110&nr=22|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Kyivan Rus and the Tatars (11th c.–1241)=== [[File:GAL-VOL JUR2.png|thumb|left|200px|Galician-Volhynian Principality (1323—1340)]] Modern Kamianets-Podilskyi was first mentioned in 1062, when it belonged to smaller principalitie of [[Terebovlia]], then [[Principality of Halych|Halych principality]]<ref>[https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CA%5CKamianets6Podilskyi.htm Kamianets-Podilskyi]</ref> and [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]], as a town of the [[Kievan Rus'|Kyivan Rus']]<ref>[https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/kyiv-not-kiev-why-spelling-matters-in-ukraines-quest-for-an-independent-identity/ Kyiv not Kiev: Why spelling matters in Ukraine’s quest for an independent identity]</ref> state. In 1241, it was destroyed by the [[Mongol invasion of Rus'|Mongolian invaders]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |title=History |access-date=25 October 2007 |work=kp.rel.com.ua |language=uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928200313/http://www.kp.rel.com.ua/city/ua/index.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Polish rule (1352–1672)=== In 1352, it was inherited by the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Polish]] King [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir III]]. In 1374 the city was granted [[Magdeburg Law]]. In 1370, the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastic order began to function in Kamianets, a monastery was founded, and soon the [[Franciscans]] founded their own monastery in the city. Later, monks of other orders moved: [[Jesuits]] (1608), [[Discalced Carmelites]] (1623), [[Trinitarians]] (1699).<ref>[https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0027/NQ39288.pdf An Urban History of Early Modem Karnianets-Podilsky, Origins to 1672]</ref> In 1378 it became seat of a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi|Roman Catholic Diocese]]. In 1432 King [[Sigismund I the Old]] granted Kamieniec Podolski city rights. In 1434 it became the capital of the [[Podolian Voivodship]] and the seat of local civil and military administration.<ref name="history" /> The [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle|ancient castle]] was reconstructed and substantially expanded by the [[List of Polish monarchs|Polish kings]] to defend [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]] from the southwest against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Tatar]] invasions, thus it was called ''the gateway to Poland''. During the [[Royal elections in Poland|free election]] period in Poland, Kamianets-Podilskyi, as one of the most influential cities of the state, enjoyed voting rights (alongside [[Warsaw]], [[Kraków]], [[Poznań]], [[Gdańsk]], [[Lwów]], [[Wilno]], [[Lublin]], [[Toruń]] and [[Elbląg]]). ===Ottoman rule (1672–1699)=== After the [[Treaty of Buchach]] of 1672, Kamianets-Podilskyi was briefly part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and capital of [[Podolya eyalet]]. It was also sanjak of pasha (central sanjak) of this eyalet with nahiyas of [[Khropotova|Kropotova]], [[Sataniv|Satanova]], [[Skala-Podilska|İskala]], {{ill|Kitayhorad|uk|Китайгород (Кам'янець-Подільський район)}}, [[Kryvche|Kırıvçe]], {{ill|Zhvan|uk|Жван (село)}} and [[Mohyliv-Podilskyi|Mıhaylov]].<ref>[http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg ''The Eyalet of Kamaniçe''], map. Accessed 7 Jan. 2021.</ref> To counter the Turkish threat to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], King [[Jan III Sobieski]] built a fortress nearby, Okopy Świętej Trójcy (now [[Okopy, Ternopil Oblast]]; meaning "the Entrenchments of the Holy Trinity"). In 1687, Poland attempted to regain control over Kamianets-Podilskyi and Podolia, when the fortress was unsuccessfully besieged by the Poles led by Prince [[James Louis Sobieski]]. ===Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1699–1793)=== {{stack|[[File:Кушнірська башта Кам'янець-Подільський.jpg|thumb|The [[Stephen Báthory]] Gate is part of the city's old fortification complex]]}} [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi map 1691.jpg|thumb|right|A 1691 [[French language|French]] map depicting the city's [[old town]] neighbourhood and castle, surrounded by the winding [[Smotrych River]]]] In 1699, the city was given back to Poland under King [[Augustus II the Strong]] according to the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]. The fortress was continually enlarged and was regarded as the strongest in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The preserved ruins of the fortress still contain the iron [[Round shot|cannonballs]] stuck in them from various sieges. During this period, [[Mikołaj Dembowski|Bishop Dembowski]], at the instigation of the [[Frankists (Sabbateanism)|Frankists]], convened a public disputation at Kamieniec Podolski, in November 1757, and ordered all copies of the [[Talmud]] found in his bishopric to be confiscated and burned.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Michael Levi Rodkinson |last=Rodkinson |first=Michael Levi |title=The history of the Talmud from the time of its formation, about 200 B.C., up to the present time |publisher=The Talmud Society |year=1918 |pages=100–103}}</ref> Accounts of the Talmud burning differ—contemporary sources say that up to a thousand copies of the Talmud were destroyed, though other reports say only one copy was burned. Dembowski himself died days after the events.{{acn|date=February 2024}} A plague broke out and the local priests exhumed his body and cut the head off to prevent any further disaster.<ref name=heller>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKSODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=Printing the Talmud: Complete Editions, Tractates, and Other Works and the Associated Presses from the Mid-17th Century through the 18th Century |series=Brill's Series in Jewish Studies |first=Marvin J. |last=Heller |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |isbn=9789004376731 |pages=153–157}}</ref> ===Russian rule (1793–1915)=== After the [[Partitions of Poland|Second Partition of Poland]] in 1793, the city belonged to the [[Russian Empire]], where it was the capital of the [[Podolia Governorate]]. The [[Tsar|Russian Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], who visited the fortress twice, was impressed by its fortifications. One of the towers was used as a [[prison cell]] for [[Ustym Karmeliuk]], a prominent peasant rebel leader of the early 19th century, who managed to escape from it three times. In 1798, [[Szlachta|Polish nobleman]] Antoni Żmijewski founded a Polish [[theater]] in the city. It was one of the oldest Polish theaters. In 1867 the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi]] was abolished by the Russians authorities. It was re-established in 1918 by [[Pope Benedict XV]]. According to the [[Russian Empire Census|Russian census of 1897]], Kamianets-Podilskyi remained the largest city of Podolia with a population of 35,934. In 1914, a direct railway line linked the city to [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Proskurov]]. <gallery class="center" widths="190" heights="130" mode="packed-hover"> File:Kamieniec Podolski.jpg|Lithograph of Napoleon Horda between 1862 and 1876 File:Kamyanets-fortress 1865.jpg|Kamianets-Podilskyi fortress 1865 File:Каменец-Подольский с высоты птичьего полёта (нач. XX в.).jpg|Kamenets from a height, the beginning of the 20th century File:Кам'янець-Подільський. Вигляд південного боку з ратушної вежі.jpeg|Church of St. Nicholas, 1902 File:Польський ринок1906.jpg|Polish market, centralny plac, 1906 File:Kamieniec-Pod. - Centralny plac (02).jpg|Centralny plac, 1906-1910 File:Kamieniec-Pod. Pocztowa ulica.jpg|Postova Street, to the right of the Jewish shops, Old Town, 1910 File:Кам'янець-Подільський аерозйомка 1914.jpg|Kamianets-Podilskyi aerial survey, 1914 File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-1918.jpg|Austro-Hungarian troops enter the Kamianets-Podilskyi, 1918 File:Staremisto1.jpg|Kamianets-Podilsky bridge, 1918 </gallery> ===World War I and Ukrainian People's Republic === [[File:Уряд ЗУНР 1919.jpg|thumb|upright|The government of the ZUNR in 1919 in Kamianets-Podilskyi]] [[File:Складання присяги козаками Армії УНР.jpg|thumb|upright|Taking the oath of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1919]] During [[World War I]], the city was occupied by [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1915. After the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|collapse of the Russian Empire]] in 1917, the city was briefly controlled by the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] and the [[Ukrainian State|Hetmanate]]<ref name="155757KamianetsPodilskyi"/> before ending up as part of the [[Ukrainian SSR]] when Ukraine fell under [[Bolshevik]] power. During the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] period, the city was chosen as [[de facto]] capital of [[Ukraine]] after the Russian communist forces occupied [[KyivNotKiev|Kyiv]].<ref name="156149KamianetsPodilskyi"/><ref name="155757KamianetsPodilskyi">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/06/3/155757/ Kamianets-Podilskyi. How the Petliurists did what Sultan Osman II could not do], [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Historisna Pravda]] (3 June 2019)</ref> During the [[Polish-Soviet War]], the city was captured by the [[Polish Army]] on the night of 16–17 November 1919<ref name="156149KamianetsPodilskyi">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2019/08/27/156149/ "The Last Capital", or as Kamyanets returned to the past for three days], [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Historisna Pravda]] (27 August 2019)</ref> and was under [[Second Polish Republic|Polish]] administration from 16 November 1919, to 12 July 1920. In July 1920 battles between units of the [[Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR) and the [[Red Army]] took place in the village Veliki Zozulintsi and surrounding villages nearby Kamianets-Podilskyi.<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi"/> On 7 July 1920 soldiers of the 6th Reserve Rifle Brigade of the UPR Army were taken prisoner by the [[Bolsheviks]].<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi"/> After refusing to join the Red Army, captured UPR soldiers were executed.<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi"/> In Veliki Zozulintsi a mass grave of 26 UPR soldiers is located.<ref name="160051KamianetsPodilskyi">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2021/08/23/160051/ A memorial to UPR soldiers was opened in Khmelnytsky region], [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Historisna Pravda]] (23 August 2021)</ref> ===Soviet occupation<ref>[https://origins.osu.edu/read/soviet-ukraine-nutshell?language_content_entity=en Soviet Ukraine in a Nutshell]</ref><ref>[https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainian6SovietWar1917hD721.htm Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21]</ref> (1921-1991)=== After the defeat of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] in the [[Ukrainian-Soviet war]], the city was occupied by the Red Army. The area including Kamianets-Podilskyi was ceded to [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] in the 1921 [[Treaty of Riga]], which determined its future for the next seven decades as part of the Ukrainian SSR. [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Ukrainians]] have always dominated the city's population. However, as a commercial center, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been a [[multiethnic]] and multi-religious city with substantial [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish]] and [[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenian]] minorities. Under Soviet rule it became subject to severe persecutions, and many Poles were [[Polish minority in the Soviet Union|forcibly deported to Central Asia]]. Massacres such as the [[Vinnytsia massacre]] have taken place throughout Podillya, the last resort of independent [[Ukraine]]. Early on, Kamianets-Podilskyi was the administrative center of the Ukrainian SSR's ''Kamianets-Podilskyi Oblast'', but the administrative center was later moved to Proskuriv (now [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]). [[File:UPA-structure.PNG|thumb|upright|Territorial structure of UPA including Kamianets-Podilskyi<ref>[https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianInsurgentArmy.htm Ukrainian Insurgent Army]</ref>]] In December 1927, [[TIME]] Magazine reported that there were massive uprisings of peasants and factory workers in southern Ukraine, around the cities of [[Mohyliv-Podilskyi]], Kamianets-Podilskyi, [[Tiraspol]] and others, against [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities. The magazine was intrigued when it found numerous reports from the neighboring [[Romania]] that troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, causing no less than 4,000 deaths. The magazine sent several of its reporters to confirm those occurrences which were completely denied by the official press naming them as ''barefaced lies''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081029063746/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737074,00.html Disorder in the Ukraine?], ''[[TIME Magazine]]'', 12 December 1927</ref> The revolt was caused by the [[collectivization]] campaign and the lawless environment in the cities caused by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government. [[File:Пам'ятник жертвам голодомору 1932-1933 у Кам'янці-Подільському.jpg|thumb|upright|Monument to the victims of the 1932-1933 famine in Kamianets-Podilskyi]] The [[Holodomor]] of 1932-1933, a terrible crime of the totalitarian system, did not escape the city. Although the situation was somewhat better than in other regions, this was largely due to the proximity of the border with the modern western Ukrainian territories. Given the border status of Kamianechchyna, the population, especially from the villages located on the [[Zbruch River]], tried to move to the modern western regions. There, Podolians exchanged their belongings for bread and grain. There were many cases when people were hired for the opportunity to eat or worked for bread. However, not everyone was able to do this: along the border with Poland along the Zbruch River and the border with Romania along the Dniester River, barricading lines were set up in many places, and Soviet punitive bodies were guarding the borders. The situation was also difficult in the city, according to data in 1932-1933, 585<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140222032516/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/32-33/Hmeln/index.php?28 Документи Держархіву Хмельницької області]</ref> people died of hunger.<ref>[https://ermakvagus.com/Europe/Ukraine/kamianets.htm Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine]</ref><ref>[https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/the-history-of-the-holodomor/ Holodomor History]</ref><ref>[http://klyuch.com.ua/m/articles/society/golodomor-1932-1933-rokiv-chervoni-mitly-proty-ukrayinskogo-selyanstva/ Голодомор 1932—1933 Років: «Червоні Мітли» Проти Українського Селянства]</ref> During the years of the [[Great Terror]], namely 1937-1938, 9,009 people of various nationalities and professions were convicted in Kamianets-Podilskyi, 62 people were arrested on charges of espionage, and hundreds of people were evicted from the city by the families of "enemies". people", for example 101 families of Polish nationality. For example, on the territory of the Roman Catholic Church of Archangel Michael, in the former monastery of the Dominican sisters, the Soviet authorities set up a prison, and in its dungeon - a torture chamber. In the 1930s, most of all, in 1937, people were shot in the basements of the monastery. According to some memories, for example, up to a hundred people were brought in a day. Twenty were sent to camps in the north, the rest disappeared. During this period, 11,634 Polish and German families, or at least 46,500 citizens, were evicted from [[Podillia]].<ref>[https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/6845,Polish-{{sic|hide=y|Ukra|nian}}-Cooperation.html Polish - Ukrainian Cooperation]</ref><ref>[https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/great-purge Great Terror]</ref> [[File:Abandoned German tank and vehicles Kamenets-Podolsk, 1944.png|thumb|upright|Abandoned German tank and vehicles in the Kamenets-Podolsk region, 1944]] Following the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]], the administrative center of the oblast was moved from the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi to the city of [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]. Kamianets-Podilskyi was occupied by the German troops on 11 July 1941 in the course of [[Operation Barbarossa]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Martin |year=2010 |title=The Nazi Invasion of Kamenets |publisher=JewishGen |url=http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Kamyanets-Podilskyy/Kamianets-Podilskyi%20%201939-1945.htm }}</ref> German, Ukrainian, and Hungarian police [[Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre|massacred]] 23,000 Jews 27–28 August 1941. On 26 March 1944 the town was freed from German occupation by the [[Red Army]] in the [[battle]] of the [[Kamenets-Podolsky pocket]]. Kamianets remained in [[Soviet Ukraine]] until the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. A structural network of the [[Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists|OUN]] functioned on the territory of the city: Kamianets-Podilsky District, which belonged to the UPA-South. During the German occupation, Ukrainian national forces formed local self-government bodies: the regional administration, the regional department of education. Hryhoriy Kybets was appointed the head of the regional administration.<ref>[https://ephd.cz/wp-content/uploads/2017/ephd_2017_3_4/07.pdf ACTIVITY OF THE KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI NADRAYONNYI PROVID OF THE OUN (B) IN 1948–1952]</ref> In January 1942, the Nazis began mass arrests and executions of people from Bandera in Kamianets-Podilskyi, more than 150 Ukrainian nationalists were shot. In 1944-45, the 19th tactical division of the Kamianets [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]], the Lysonya military district, and the UPA-West military group operated on the territory of Kamianechchyna in 1944-45. The department was later divided into two parts in the summer of 1945. And self-defense bush units of the UPA from Ternopil Oblast also went on raids.<ref>[https://www.eminak.net.ua/index.php/eminak/article/view/347 Ukrainian Liberation Movement in Central Eastern Podillya in the 40-50s of the 20th Century in Ukrainians Memory]</ref> In 1986, the population of the city reached 100,000 people, according to this indicator, Kamianets moved from the category of medium to large cities. On October 16, 1990, a rally was held in the city in support of the students of Kyiv, who announced a hunger strike as a sign of protest against the government's policies. In the central square of the city, the demands of the students to the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR regarding the adoption of laws on local self-government and the non-signing of the Union Treaty, and to the City Council regarding the raising of the blue-yellow flag were approved. On October 16, the presidium of the city council satisfied the students' demand and was the first in Khmelnytskyi to raise the national flag.<ref>[http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=DOP&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Kamyanec_Podilsky Kamyanec-Podilsky]</ref> ===Independent Ukraine<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Economic-difficulties Independent Ukraine]</ref>=== [[File:Kamjaneć-Podilśkyj 7 SMierzwa.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Kamianets-Podilskyi City Hall]] On 16 July 1990, the new Ukrainian parliament adopted a [[Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine|declaration of sovereignty]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927224650/http://gska2.rada.gov.ua:7777/site/postanova_eng/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |title=Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine |access-date=12 September 2007 |date=16 July 1990 |website=[[Verkhovna Rada]] of Ukraine}}</ref> On 16 January 1991, [[Pope John Paul II]] re-established the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamianets-Podilskyi|Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi]], which was dissolved under Soviet occupation. Since August 24, 1991, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been part of independent Ukraine and is a significant economic, cultural, educational and tourist center of the state.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/book/48228/chapter-abstract/420470767?redirectedFrom=fulltext 11 Independent Ukraine]</ref><ref>[https://www.mywanderlust.pl/kamianets-podilskyi-ukraine/ KAMIANETS PODILSKYI – AN UNDERRATED GEM OF UKRAINE]</ref><ref>[https://www.ukrainer.net/kam-yanets-podilskij-fortetsya-en/ Kamianets-Podilskyi. The living fortress]</ref> [[File:Orange Revolution Kamianets 2004.jpg|thumb|200px|Orange Revolution in Kamianets, 2004]] In 2004, residents of the city actively participated in the [[Orange Revolution]], people held rallies on the Renaissance Square.<ref>[https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/how-ukraines-orange-revolution-shaped-twenty-first-century-geopolitics/ How Ukraine’s Orange Revolution shaped twenty-first century geopolitics]</ref> On December 1, 2013, city students from the [[Kamyanets-Podilsky Ivan Ohienko National University|Ivan Ohienko National University]], Podilsk State Agrarian and Technical University and other educational institutions protested in the city, marching in a column through the streets and forming a viche near the city council, they expressed their anger at the authorities for their arbitrariness.<ref>[https://eng.kpnu.edu.ua/ K-PNU’s Anniversary]</ref> [[File:Euromaidan Kamianets.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Euromaidan in Kamianets-Podilskyi, 2013<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/policy-press-scholarship-online/book/18720/chapter-abstract/176955641?redirectedFrom=fulltext Fourteen Euromaidan and the echoes of the Orange Revolution: comparing social infrastructures and resistance practices of protest camps in Kiev (Ukraine)]</ref>]] In the future, many residents of the city gathered every day for vigils under the city council to express their protests against the regime and to support the [[Euromaidan]] in Kyiv. The largest rally in terms of numbers took place on January 26, 2014, about 2,000 people took part in it.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879366515000305 Ukraine's revolution of dignity: The dynamics of Euromaidan]</ref><ref>[https://www.shutterstock.com/search/heroes-euromaidan Heroes Euromaidan royalty-free images]</ref><ref>[https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/explainers/understanding-ukraines-euromaidan-protests Understanding Ukraine’s Euromaidan Protests]</ref> {{As of|2015}}, Kamianets-Podilskyi was the third-largest city of Podolia after [[Vinnytsia]] and [[Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine|Khmelnytskyi]]. In 2015, the city center completed the construction of the European Square, where the flags of the [[European Union]] countries fly, according to officials, this will be a confirmation of the European choice of the city and Ukraine.<ref>[https://kp.20minut.ua/Podii/u-tsentri-kamyantsya-zyavitsya-evropeyskiy-skver-iz-neonovoyu-pidsvitk-10461964.html «У центрі Кам’янця з’явиться Європейський сквер із неоновою підсвіткою та геометричними клумбами»]</ref> Until 18 July 2020, Kamianets-Podilskyi was incorporated as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]] and served as the administrative center of Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi was merged into [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref><ref>[https://cities4cities.eu/community/kamianets-podilskyi/ KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI]</ref> ===Jewish history=== During the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] (1648–58), the [[Qahal|Jewish community]] of Kamianets-Podilskyi suffered much from Khmelnytsky's Cossacks on the one hand, and from the attacks of the [[Crimean Tatars]] (their main object being the extortion of ransoms) on the other.<ref name="jewish">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=K&artid=78 |title=Kamenetz-Podolsk |publisher=JewishEncyclopedia.com |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi, Old Jewish cemetery -01.jpg|thumb|200px|Old Jewish cemetery]] [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi (02).jpg|thumb|200px|Jewish synagogue]] About the middle of the 18th century, Kamianets-Podilskyi became celebrated as the center of the furious conflict then raging between the Talmudic Jews and the [[Frankists (Sabbateanism)|Frankists]]. The city was the residence of Bishop Dembowski, who sided with the Frankists and ordered the public [[Burn of the Talmud|burning of the Talmud]], a sentence which was carried into effect in the public streets in 1757.<ref name="jewish" /> Kamianets-Podilskyi was also the residence of the wealthy [[Joseph Günzburg|Joseph Yozel Günzburg]]. During the latter half of the 19th century, many Jews from Kamianets-Podilskyi emigrated to the [[United States]], especially to [[New York City]], where they organized a number of societies.<ref name="jewish" /> {{main article|Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre}} One of the first and largest [[Holocaust]] [[Mass murder|massacres]] carried out in the opening stages of war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, took place in Kamianets-Podilskyi on 27–28 August 1941. The killings were conducted by the [[Police Battalion 320]] of the [[Order Police]] along with [[Friedrich Jeckeln]]'s ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'', the Hungarian soldiers, and the [[Ukrainian Auxiliary Police]].<ref name=TSn>{{cite book |title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin |author=Timothy Snyder |author-link=Timothy Snyder |publisher=Basic Books |year=2010 |pages=200–204 |isbn=978-0465002399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ks0WBQAAQBAJ&q=Kamianets}}</ref><ref name=MDav>{{cite journal |title=Kamyanets-Podilskyy |journal= Gladys and David Blank's Genealogy|author=Martin Davis |url=http://www.blankgenealogy.com/histories/Location%20histories/Ukraine/Kamenets%20.pdf |at=pp. 11-14 / 24 in PDF |via=direct download}} ''Also in:'' {{cite web |author=Martin Davis |year=2010 |title=The Nazi Invasion of Kamenets |publisher=JewishGen |url=http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Kamyanets-Podilskyy/Kamianets-Podilskyi%20%201939-1945.htm }}</ref> According to Nazi German reports, in two days a&nbsp;total of 23,600 Jews from the Kamianets-Podilskyi Ghetto were murdered, including 16,000 [[History of the Jews in Hungary|expellees from Hungary]].<ref name=RLB>{{cite book |title=The Politics of Genocide |author=Randolph L. Braham |publisher=Wayne State University Press |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATpHs6fgr_YC&q=Kamenets+Report |isbn=0814326919 |page=34}}</ref> As the historians of the Holocaust point out, the massacre constituted a prelude to the [[Final Solution]] conceived by the Nazis at [[Wannsee Conference|Wannsee]] several months later. Eyewitnesses reported that the perpetrators made no effort to hide their deeds from the local population.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Gross |editor-first1=S.Y. |editor-last2=Cohen |editor-first2=Yosef |year=1983 |chapter=Chapter 7 - The Holocaust of Jewish Marmaros |title=The Marmaros Book - In Memory of 160 Jewish Communities |location=Tel Aviv |publisher=Beit Marmaros |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/maramures/mar093.html }}</ref> == Population == According to the data of the first all-Ukrainian population census in 2001, the population of the city was 99,610 people.<ref>[https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2111/variable/F1/V25?name=GEO1_UA All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001 - IPUMS Subset]</ref> === Language === {{main|Ukrainian dialects}} [[File:Map of Ukrainian dialects en.png|thumb|250px|Map of '''Ukrainian dialects''' and subdialects (2005). {{legend|#5987FF|Northern group}}{{legend|#FFD326|Southeastern group}}{{legend|#FF4E44|Southwestern group}}]] The city is located on the territory of the [[Podilian dialect]], which belongs to the group of Volhynian-Podilian dialects of the southwestern group. The West-Podilian dialect, which has common features with the [[Dniestrian Ukrainian dialect]], and the South-Podilian dialect, which has common features with the [[Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect]], are common in the city.<ref>[https://www.ukrainianlessons.com/ukrainian-dialects/ Ukrainian dialects: history, geography, and examples]</ref><ref>[https://www.speakua.com/western-ukrainian-dialects/ WESTERN UKRAINIAN DIALECTS]</ref><ref>[https://www.ukrainer.net/what-is-the-ukrainian-language/ What is the Ukrainian language?]</ref> Kamianets-Podilskyi is included in the "Atlas of the Ukrainian Language".<ref>Атлас української мови: в трьох томах. Т. 2. Волинь, Наддністрянщина, Закарпаття і суміжні землі / АН Української РСР, Ін-т мовознавства ім. О.&nbsp;О.&nbsp;Потебні (К.).&nbsp;— К.: [[Наукова думка]], 1988.&nbsp;— 520 с.</ref> Distribution of the population by native language according to the [[2001 Ukrainian census|2001 census]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/ | title=Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України }}</ref> {| class="standard" |- ! Language ! Percentage |- | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] | align="right"| 91.22% |- | [[Russian language in Ukraine|Russian]] | align="right"| 7.08% |- | other/undecided | align="right"| 1.7% |} ==Religion== All major religious groups in Ukraine are represented in the city, a large part of Kamianets residents are Catholics, many are Orthodox.<ref>[https://www.camenecensis.org/історія-дієцезії/ КАМ'ЯНЕЦЬ-ПОДІЛЬСЬКА ДІЄЦЕЗІЯ]</ref> Throughout history, various Catholic monastic orders have functioned in Kamianets-Podilskyi: [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], [[Franciscans]], [[Jesuits]], [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]], [[Discalced Carmelites]], [[Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God]], [[Trinitarians]], and as of 2023, the city has [[Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit|Pauline orders]] and the [[Society of Christ]].<ref>[https://dspace.uzhnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/lib/30833/1/SENSE_Church%2C%20Spirituality%2C%20Nation.pdf CHURCH, SPIRITUALITY, NATION:THE UKRAINIAN GREEK-CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE SOCIAL LIFE OF UKRAINE]</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Тринітарський костьол в осінній день.jpg|Trinity Church File:P1280268 Трапезна монастиря домініканців.jpg|The refectory of the Dominican monastery File:Костьол Св.Петра i Павла.jpg|Church of Saints Peter and Paul File:Вул. Татарська, 9 IMG 9122 stitch.jpg|Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul File:Хрестовоздвиженська церква в Кам'янець-Подільський.jpg|Church of the Exhaltation of the Holy Cross </gallery> ==Climate== Kamianets-Podilskyi is located within a [[humid continental climate]] with warm summers. {{Weather box |location = Kamianets-Podilskyi (1981–2010) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = -0.3 |Feb high C = 1.4 |Mar high C = 7.0 |Apr high C = 14.9 |May high C = 21.2 |Jun high C = 23.7 |Jul high C = 25.7 |Aug high C = 25.2 |Sep high C = 19.9 |Oct high C = 13.7 |Nov high C = 6.0 |Dec high C = 0.6 |year high C = 13.3 |Jan mean C = -3.3 |Feb mean C = -2.2 |Mar mean C = 2.4 |Apr mean C = 9.2 |May mean C = 15.1 |Jun mean C = 17.9 |Jul mean C = 19.8 |Aug mean C = 19.0 |Sep mean C = 14.1 |Oct mean C = 8.6 |Nov mean C = 2.7 |Dec mean C = -2.1 |year mean C = 8.4 |Jan low C = -6.4 |Feb low C = -5.5 |Mar low C = -1.7 |Apr low C = 3.9 |May low C = 9.3 |Jun low C = 12.4 |Jul low C = 14.2 |Aug low C = 13.4 |Sep low C = 9.1 |Oct low C = 4.3 |Nov low C = -0.3 |Dec low C = -5.0 |year low C = 4.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 31.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 34.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 30.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 46.3 |May precipitation mm = 64.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 92.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 96.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 61.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 54.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 38.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 37.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 37.5 |year precipitation mm = 625.9 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.7 |Feb precipitation days = 7.6 |Mar precipitation days = 7.2 |Apr precipitation days = 7.6 |May precipitation days = 9.2 |Jun precipitation days = 9.8 |Jul precipitation days = 10.3 |Aug precipitation days = 7.5 |Sep precipitation days = 7.5 |Oct precipitation days = 6.6 |Nov precipitation days = 7.0 |Dec precipitation days = 8.1 |year precipitation days = 96.1 |Jan humidity = 85.3 |Feb humidity = 82.9 |Mar humidity = 76.6 |Apr humidity = 68.0 |May humidity = 67.5 |Jun humidity = 72.7 |Jul humidity = 73.5 |Aug humidity = 73.6 |Sep humidity = 77.3 |Oct humidity = 80.7 |Nov humidity = 85.3 |Dec humidity = 86.4 |year humidity = 77.5 |Jan sun = 39.2 |Feb sun = 64.3 |Mar sun = 121.2 |Apr sun = 168.1 |May sun = 241.9 |Jun sun = 237.5 |Jul sun = 241.4 |Aug sun = 234.6 |Sep sun = 162.7 |Oct sun = 103.8 |Nov sun = 48.9 |Dec sun = 62.7 |year sun = 1696.3 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls | archive-date = 17 July 2021 | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010 | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 17 July 2021}}</ref> }} ==Culture== ===Main sights=== [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi Old Town street.JPG|thumb|An old street in the city's old quarter]] The different peoples and cultures that have lived in the city have each brought their own culture and architecture. Examples include the [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] markets.<ref name="history" /> Famous [[tourist attraction]]s include the ancient castle, and the numerous architectural attractions in the city's center, including the [[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Kamianets-Podilskyi|cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul]], [[Holy Trinity Church, Kamianets-Podilskyi|Holy Trinity Church]], the city hall building, and the numerous fortifications. [[File:Kamianets-Podilskyi-Park-Fountain.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A park near the old quarter]] [[Balloon (aircraft)|Ballooning]] activities in the [[canyon]] of the [[Smotrych River]] have also brought tourists. In May and October, the city hosts Ballooning festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Фестиваль повітряних куль 2020 у Камянці-Подільському!. Афіша Хмельницького - moemisto.ua.|url=https://moemisto.ua/km/festival-povitryanih-kul-82329.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=moemisto.ua|language=uk}}</ref> In addition, everyone can book a balloon flight even not during the time of the festival. Since the late 1990s, the city has grown into one of the chief [[tourism|tourist]] centers of [[Ukraine|western Ukraine]]. Annual [[Cossacks|Cossack]] Games (''Kozatski zabavy'') and [[festival]]s, which include the open [[Hot air ballooning|ballooning]] championship of Ukraine, [[car racing]] and various music, art and drama activities, attract an estimated 140,000 tourists and stimulate the local economy. More than a dozen privately owned hotels have recently opened, a large number for a provincial Ukrainian city. [[:uk:Respublica|"Respublica" Festival]] is a music and art festival for youth featuring modern music, literature, and street art. This festival is held annually, gathering hundreds of young art lovers, musicians, and art enthusiasts. Many of the city's buildings are decorated with murals, created during these festivals. The murals depict historical events, as well as modern concepts. ==Twin towns and sister cities== Kamianets-Podilskyi is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Dolný Kubín]], [[Slovakia]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Kalisz]], [[Poland]]<ref name="KaliszTwinning">{{cite web|title=Kalisz Official Website – Twin Towns |language=pl |url=http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html |access-date=29 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925020649/http://www.kalisz.pl/_portal/118951340446e688bcd9fee/Miasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=25 September 2011 }}</ref> *{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Zalau]], [[Romania]] *{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brantford]], [[Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Brantford signs twinning agreement with Ukrainian city |url=https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/brantford-signs-twinning-agreement-with-ukrainian-city-1.5847717 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Kitchener |language=en}}</ref> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Wiesbaden]], [[Germany]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Eine ukrainische Partnerstadt für Wiesbaden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/kamjanez-podilskyj-ukrainische-partnerstadt-fuer-wiesbaden-19166745.html |language=de |website=faz.net |date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Oliver Bock |access-date=2023-10-12 |last1=Bock |first1=Oliver }}</ref> Kamianets-Podilskyi's other sister cities are: {|style="; align:top" |- |valign="top"| * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Targówek]] * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Kraków]] * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Głogów]] * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Przemyśl]] * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Sanok]] * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Gniew]] |valign="top"| * {{flagicon|POL}} [[Zawiercie]] * {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Echmiadzin]], * {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Suzhou]], * {{flagicon|LIT}} [[Ukmergė]], * {{flagicon|MLD}} [[Edineț]] * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ponte Lambro]] |} ==Notable residents== [[File:Yukhym Sitsinskyi.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Yukhym Sitsinskyi]]]] [[File:Mykola Dmytrovych Leontovych.png|thumb|100px|[[Mykola Leontovych]]]] [[File:Hrushevskyi Mykhailo XX.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]]]] [[File:Епископ Холмский и Подляшский Иларион (Огиенко).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ilarion Ohienko]]]] [[File:Mikhail Alperin Sentralen Oslo Jazzfestival 2017 (214856).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikhail Alperin]]]] [[File:Leonid Stein 1969.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Leonid Stein]]]] [[File:Mikhail Veller 2005 09 07.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Mikhail Veller]]]] [[File:Мария Берлинская на 9 канале.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Maria Berlinska]]]] * [[Mikhail Alperin]] (1956–2018), Ukrainian jazz pianist. * [[Maria Berlinska]] (born 1988), Ukrainian military volunteer and women's rights advocate, born here. * [[Andriy Bondar]] (born 1974), Ukrainian poet, translator and writer. * [[Andrei Bondarenko]] (born 1987), Ukrainian operatic baritone, born here. * [[Volodymyr Sichynskyi]] (1894–1962), Ukrainian emigre architect, graphic artist, and art historian, born here. * [[Yukhym Sitsinskyi]] (1859–1937), Ukrainian historian, archaeologist, cultural and public figure of [[Podillia]], Orthodox priest, lived and worked here. * [[Serhiy Hamaliy]] (born 1979), Ukrainian statesman and entrepreneur and former Governor of Khmelnytskyi Oblast. * [[Victor Deysun]] (born 1962), Ukrainian abstract expressionist painter. * [[Mykola Bazhan]] (1904–1983), Ukrainian writer, poet, highly decorated political and public figure. * [[Nikolai Chebotaryov]] (1894–1947), Russian and Soviet mathematician, best known for the [[Chebotaryov density theorem]]. * [[Ustym Karmaliuk]] (1787–1835), Ukrainian outlaw who fought against the Russian administration and became a folk hero to the commoners of Ukraine. Karmaliuk was conscripted to serve in the Imperial Russian Army in Kamianets-Podilskyi. He was forcibly inducted into the Russian Imperial Army, and served in the Napoleonic Wars of 1812 in an Uhlan regiment, but eventually escaped and organized rebel bands who attacked merchants and landowners, while distributing the booty between the poor. He was captured in 1814, and was sentenced in Kamianets-Podilskyi to run a gauntlet of 500 blows, a typical military punishment. * [[Moisey Gamarnik]] (born 1936), Soviet and Ukrainian physicist and inventor, born here. * [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]] (1866–1934), Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman, one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century, lived and worked in universaty here. * [[Sergey Gorshkov]] (1910–1988), Russian and Soviet Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union, born here. * [[Ilarion Ohienko]] (1882–1972), Ukrainian Orthodox cleric, linguist, church historian, and historian of Ukrainian culture. In 1919, he was Minister of Education in the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and first rector of Kamianets-Podilskyi State Ukrainian University. * [[Vladyslav Vanat]] (born 2002), Ukrainian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Striker (association football)|striker]] for [[FC Dynamo Kyiv|Dynamo Kyiv]], born here. * [[Vasyl Matviychuk]] (born 1982), [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[long-distance running|long-distance runner]]. * [[Borys Sulkovskyi]] (1881–?), Ukrainian colonel of the [[UNR Army]], born here * [[Vasyl Mazur-Lyakhovsky]] (1889–1949), military sergeant of the [[UNR Army]], born here. * [[Marko Mazurenko]] (1871–1929), corporal general of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, born here. * [[David Günzburg]] (Baron de Günzburg; 1857–1910) Russian orientalist and Jewish communal leader, born here. * [[Israel J. Hochman]] (1872–1940), American klezmer violinist and recording artist, born here. * [[Sergius Ingerman]] (1868–1943), American physician and socialist, born here. * [[Józef Kallenbach]] (1861–1929), Polish historian of literature, born here . * [[Yuriy Khimich]] (1928–2003), a Ukrainian painter, born here. * [[Andrii Klantsa]] (born 1980), cardiac surgeon, scientist, Merited Doctor of Ukraine, Doctor of Science in Public Administration. * [[Stanisław Koniecpolski]] (1590 or 1594–1646), Polish military commander, fought here. * [[Yevhen Petrushevych]] (1863–1940), Ukrainian lawyer, politician, and president of the [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]], lived and worked here, when WUPR government settled in Kamianets-Podilskyi. * [[Myron Tarnavsky]] (1869–1938), Ukrainian supreme commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army, the military of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, fought here * [[Mark Kopytman]] (1929–2011), Soviet-Israeli composer, musicologist, and pedagogue, born here. * [[Murray Korman]] (1902–1961), American publicity photographer. * [[Leib Kvitko]] (1890–1952), Yiddish poet, author of children's poems, and member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. * [[Mykola Leontovych]] (1877–1921), [[List of Ukrainian composers|Ukrainian composer]], studied and graduated from the city's Theological Seminary. * [[Iryna Merleni]] (born 1982), female wrestler. * [[Aleksander Michałowski]] (1851–1938), Polish pianist, born here. * [[Mieczysław Mickiewicz]] (1879–before 1939), Polish politician, born here. * [[Szymon Okolski]] (1580–1653), Polish historian, lived here. * [[Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski]] (1876—1945), Polish writer, explorer, professor, anti-communist and political activist; lived here. * [[Morris Schappes]] (1907–2004), American educator, writer, radical political activist, historian, and magazine editor. * [[Zvee Scooler]] (1899–1985), actor and radio commentator, best known as the Rabbi in [[Fiddler on the Roof]]; born here. * [[Mendele Mocher Sforim]] (1836–1917), Jewish author; lived here * [[Leo Sirota]] (1885-1965), Jewish pianist . * [[Arnold Spielberg|Samuel Spielberg]], [[Steven Spielberg]]'s paternal grandfather. * [[Mihail Starenki]] (1879–?), Bessarabian politician born here. * [[Leonid Stein]] (1934–1973), Soviet chess [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]], born here. * [[Paul Burman]] (1888–1932), Estonian painter and graphic artist of Baltic German descent, born here. * [[Moshe Stekelis]] (1898–1967), Russian-Israeli archaeologist . * [[Arthur Tracy]] (1899–1997), American singer, born here. * [[Anton Vasyutinsky]] (1858–1935), painter, coin and medal designer, born here. * [[Mikhail Veller]] (born 1948), Russian-Estonian writer, born here. * [[Ion Vinokur]] (1930–2006), Ukrainian archaeologist, historian, lived and worked here. * [[Jan de Witte]] (1709–1785), Polish architect and commander of the local fortress. * [[Jerzy Wołodyjowski]], Polish colonel, prototype for one of [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]]'s characters, [[Michał Wołodyjowski]]; killed here. * [[Oleksandr Zaremba]] (born 1978), Ukrainian historian, military reenactor, festival organizer, and civic activist. * [[Józef Zajączek]] (1752–1826), Polish general, born here. * [[Maurice Zbriger]] (1896–1981), Canadian violinist, composer, and conductor, born here. * [[Isidor Zuckermann]] (1866–1946), Austrian businessman. * [[Jan Olszanski]] (1919–2003), Ukrainian Roman Catholic prelate as the first diocesan Bishop of the reestablished Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi from 16 January 1991 until his retirement on 4 May 2002. ==Gallery== <gallery mode="packed-hover"> File:Kamianiec Podilsky Stary Zamek DSC 0829 68-104-9007.jpg|View on the fortress from Zamkova Street File:Frozen waterfall.jpg|Frozen waterfall File:5. Камянець-Подільський Новопланівський міст.JPG|Novoplanivskyi Bridge File:Armenian Bell Tower.jpg|Armenian Bell Tower File:Будинок культури в КП.jpg|House of Culture File:Minaret, Saint Peter an Saint Paul Cathedral, Kamianets-Podilskyi.JPG|Sculpture of the Mother of God File:Kamieniec Podolski, cerkiew.jpg|Orthodox church File:Stephen Báthory Gate.JPG|Stephen Báthory Tower File:Арт-об'єкт "Я кохаю Кам'янець-Подільський".jpg|Art object "I love Kamianets-Podilskyi" File:Будинки по вулиці П'ятницькій.jpg|Pyatnytska Street File:Twierdza w Kamiencu Podolskim 2012 005.jpg|Fortress walls File:Тріумфальна арка.jpg|Triumphal Arch File:Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle (Tenchynska Tower).JPG|The impregnable fortress File:Фортеця і міст в весний день.jpg|Fortress, 2023 File:68-104-9007 Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress RB 18 2.jpg|Fortress at dawn File:Twierdza w Kamiencu Podolskim3.jpg|Fortress File:L.Ukrainky street 52.jpg|Residential building at Lesya Ukrainka Street File:Kamyanets-Podilskiy - City of a Dream (2013).webm </gallery> == References == {{Reflist}} ==Sources== *{{cite book |editor=Olha Plamenytska |title=Tourist guide Kamianets-Podilskyi |url=http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/book/kamjanets-podilskij.html |year=2003 |publisher=Tsentr Yevropy |location=[[Lviv]] |language=uk |isbn=966-7022-46-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116200940/http://www.tovtry.km.ua/ua/history/book/kamjanets-podilskij.html |archive-date=16 November 2007 |df=dmy-all |ref=none}} == External links == *{{cite web|url=http://kam-pod.info/|title=Kamianets-Podilskyi information site|access-date=26 October 2013|work=kam-pod.info|archive-date=22 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722033017/http://kam-pod.info/|url-status=dead}} * [http://www.kam-pod.gov.ua Official website] * "The old fortress on the Smotrich River," in ''[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]]'' (Mirror Weekly), 28 June – 5 July 2002, [https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/stara_fortetsya_na_smotrichi.html available online] === Jewish community === * [http://jewua.org/kamenets_podolski/ History of Jewish Community in Kamenets-Podolski] * [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=278 The murder of the Jews of Kamianets-Podilskyi] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website. * [http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Kamyanets-Podilskyy/ The Lost Jewish Community of Kamenets-Podolsk] * [https://yahadmap.org/#village/kamyanets-podilskyi-khmelnytskyi-ukraine.107 Information about the execution of Jewish people in Kamyanets-Podilsky during World War II] from [[Yahad-In Unum]] {{Subject bar |portal1=Europe |portal2=Ukraine }} {{Subject bar |commons=y |voy=y }} {{Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion}} {{Khmelnytskyi Oblast}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kamianets-Podilskyi| ]] [[Category:Cities in Khmelnytskyi Oblast]] [[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]] [[Category:Podolia Voivodeship]] [[Category:Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd]] [[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine]] [[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]] [[Category:Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion]] [[Category:Rus' settlements]]'