Examine individual changes

'{{Taxobox | color = lightgrey | name = ''Bacillus cereus'' | image = Bacillus_cereus_01.png | image_width = 240px | image_caption = ''B. cereus'' colonies on sheep blood [[agar plate]]. | regnum = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Firmicutes]] | classis = [[Bacilli]] | ordo = [[Bacillales]] | familia = [[Bacillaceae]] | genus = ''[[Bacillus]]'' | species = '''''cereus''''' | binomial = ''Bacillus cereus'' | binomial_authority = Frankland & Frankland 1887 }} '''''Bacillus cereus''''' is an [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]], soil-dwelling, [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], [[Bacillus|rod-shaped]], [[hemolysis (microbiology)|beta hemolytic]] [[bacteria|bacterium]]. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause [[foodborne illness]], while other strains can be beneficial as [[probiotics]] for animals.<ref>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> It is the cause of "[[Fried rice|Fried Rice]] Syndrome". ''B. cereus'' bacteria are [[facultative aerobe]]s, and like other members of the genus ''[[Bacillus]]'' can produce protective [[endospore]]s. ==Symbiosis== ''B. cereus'' competes with other microorganisms such as ''Salmonella'' and ''Campylobacter'' in the gut, so its presence reduces the numbers of those microorganisms. In food animals such as [[chickens]] <ref>{{cite journal | last = Vilà | first = B | authorlink = | coauthors = A. Fontgibell, I. Badiola, E. Esteve-Garcia, G. Jiménez, M. Castillo and J. Brufau | title = Reduction of ''Salmonella enterica'' var. ''Enteritidis'' colonization and invasion by ''Bacillus cereus'' var. ''toyoi'' inclusion in poultry feeds | journal = Poultry Science | volume = 88 | issue = 55 | pages = 975-9 | publisher = HighWire Press | location = | date = 2009 | url = http://ps.fass.org/cgi/content/full/88/5/975 | issn = | doi = 10.3382/ps.2008-00483 | id = | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }} </ref>, [[rabbits]] <ref>{{cite journal | last = Bories | first = Georges | authorlink = | coauthors = Paul Brantom, Joaquim Brufau de Barberà, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Bogdan Debski, Noël Dierick, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Christer Hogstrand, Joop de Knecht, Lubomir Leng, Sven Lindgren, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Carlo Nebbia, Walter Rambeck, Guido Rychen, Atte von Wright and Pieter Wester | title = Safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin® (Bacillus cereus var. toyoi) as feed additive for rabbit breeding does - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = European Food Safety Authority | location = | date = 9 December 2008 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Scientific_Opinion/feedap_op_ej913_toyocerin_en,3.pdf?ssbinary=true | issn = | doi = | id = EFSA-Q-2008-287 | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }} </ref>, and [[pigs]] <ref>{{cite journal | last = Bories | first = Georges | authorlink = | coauthors = Paul Brantom, Joaquim Brufau de Barberà, Andrew Chesson, Pier Sandro Cocconcelli, Bogdan Debski, Noël Dierick, Anders Franklin, Jürgen Gropp, Ingrid Halle, Christer Hogstrand, Joop de Knecht, Lubomir Leng, Anne-Katrine Lundebye Haldorsen, Alberto Mantovani, Miklós Mézes, Carlo Nebbia, Walter Rambeck, Guido Rychen, Atte von Wright and Pieter Wester | title = Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of the product Toyocerin® (Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi) as a feed additive for sows from service to weaning, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = European Food Safety Authority | location = | date = EFSA-Q-2006-037 | url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Scientific_Opinion/feedap_op_ej458_toyocerin_sows_en.pdf?ssbinary=true | issn = | doi = | id = | accessdate = 14 May 2009 }} </ref>, some harmless strains of ''B. cereus'' are used as a [[probiotic]] feed additive to reduce ''Salmonella'' in the [[intestine]]s and [[cecum]]. This improves the animals' growth as well as food safety for humans who eat their meat. ==Pathogenesis== ''B. cereus'' is responsible for a minority of foodborne illnesses (2&ndash;5%), causing severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. <ref>{{cite journal | author=Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Haapasalo M | title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of ''Bacillus cereus'' infections | journal=Microbes Infect | year=2000 | pages=189–98 | volume=2 | issue=2 | pmid=10742691 | doi = 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0}}</ref> Generally speaking, ''Bacillus'' foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when food is improperly cooked.<ref>{{cite book | author = Turnbull PCB | title = Bacillus. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Barron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | id = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.935#939 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] ISBN 0-9631172-1-1 }} </ref> This problem is compounded when food is then improperly refrigerated, allowing the endospores to germinate.<ref>{{cite journal | author=McKillip JL | title=Prevalence and expression of enterotoxins in ''Bacillus cereus'' and other ''Bacillus'' spp., a literature review | journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek | year=2000 | pages=393–9 | volume=77 | issue=4 | pmid=10959569 | doi = 10.1023/A:1002706906154}}</ref> Bacterial growth results in production of [[enterotoxin]], and ingestion leads to two types of illness, diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Scherer S | title=''Bacillus cereus'', the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness | journal=Mol Nutr Food Res | year=2004 | pages=479–87 | volume=48 | issue=7 | pmid=15538709 | doi = 10.1002/mnfr.200400055}}</ref> :*The diarrheal type is associated with a wide-range of foods, has an 8&ndash;16.5 hour incubation time and is associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Also known as the ''long-incubation'' form of ''B. cereus'' food poisoning, it might be difficult to differentiate from poisoning caused by ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]''.<ref name=Todar>{{cite web | title=''Bacillus cereus'' | work=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology | url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/B.cereus.html | accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> :*The emetic form is commonly caused by rice that is cooked and then improperly refrigerated and leads to nausea and vomiting 1&ndash;5 hours after consumption. This form can be difficult to distinguish from other short-term bacterial foodborne pathogens, ''e.g.'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'').<ref name=Todar /> It was previously thought that the timing of the toxin production might be responsible for the two different types, but in fact the emetic syndrome is caused by a toxin called cereulide that is found only in emetic strains and is not part of the "standard toolbox" of ''B. cereus''. Cereulide a dodecadepsipeptide produced by non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS), which is somewhat unusual in itself. Cereulide is believed to activate 5-HT receptors leading to increased afferent vagal stimulation. <ref>{{cite journal | author=Agata N, Ohta M, Mori M, Isobe M | title=A novel dodecadepsipeptide, cereulide, is an emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus. | journal=FEMS Microbiol Lett | year=1995 | pages=17-20 | volume=129 | issue=1 | pmid=7781985}}</ref> It was shown independently by two research groups to be encoded on a plasmid, which is called pCERE01 <ref>{{cite journal | author=Hoton FM, Andrup L, Swiecicka I, Mahillon J | title=The cereulide genetic determinants of emetic ''Bacillus cereus'' are plasmid-borne. | journal=Microbiology | year=2005 | pages=2121–4 | volume=151 | issue=7 | pmid=16000702 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.28069-0}}</ref> or pBCE4810.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ehling-Schulz M, Fricker M, Grallert H, Rieck P, Wagner M, Scherer S | title=Cereulide synthetase gene cluster from emetic ''Bacillus cereus'': structure and location on a mega virulence plasmid related to ''Bacillus anthracis'' toxin plasmid pXO1. | journal=BMC Microbiol | year=2006 | volume=6 | issue=20 | pmid=16512902 | pages = 20 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-6-20}}</ref> Interestingly, this plasmid shares a common backbone with the virulence plasmid pXO1, which encodes the anthrax toxin genes in ''B. anthracis'', but with a different pathogenicity island. Periodontal isolates of ''B. cereus'' also possess distinct pXO1-like plasmids. ''B. cereus'' is also known to cause skin infections that can be quite lengthy, difficult to eradicate, and damaging, though less aggressive than the more notorious ''[[necrotizing fasciitis]]'' ''B. cereus'' can also cause [[keratitis]].<ref name="pmid11581057">{{cite journal |author=Pinna A, Sechi LA, Zanetti S, ''et al'' |title=Bacillus cereus keratitis associated with contact lens wear |journal=Ophthalmology |volume=108 |issue=10 |pages=1830–4 |year=2001 |month=October |pmid=11581057 |doi= 10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00723-0|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161-6420(01)00723-0}}</ref> ==References== <!-- --------------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref> & </ref> tags and the {{Reflist}} template -------------------------------------------------------------------- --> {{Reflist|2}} {{commonscat}} {{Gram-positive bacterial diseases}} [[Category:Bacillaceae]] [[Category:Foodborne illnesses]] [[ca:Bacillus cereus]] [[da:Bacillus cereus]] [[de:Bacillus cereus]] [[es:Bacillus cereus]] [[fr:Bacillus cereus]] [[nl:Bacillus cereus]] [[ja:セレウス菌]] [[no:Bacillus cereus]] [[pt:Bacillus cereus]] [[ru:Bacillus cereus]] [[fi:Bacillus cereus]] [[sv:Bacillus cereus]] [[uk:Bacillus cereus]] [[zh:蠟樣芽孢桿菌]]'