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{{Use British English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Giias-2015.jpg|thumb|500x500px|[[Indonesia International Auto Show|Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show (GIIAS)]], the largest [[auto show]] in Southeast Asia.|alt=]]
The '''automotive industry in Indonesia''' plays an important role to the [[economic growth]] of the nation, contributing 10.16 per cent of the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anggraeni |first=Kartika |date=2018-03-29 |editor-last=Hidayat |editor-first=Ali Akhmad Noor |title=Menperin: Industri Otomotif Sumbang 10,16 Persen ke PDB |url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1074289/menperin-industri-otomotif-sumbang-1016-persen-ke-pdb |access-date=2020-02-03 |website=Tempo |language=en}}</ref> [[Indonesia]] automotive product [[export]]s is currently higher in value than their [[import]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Amelia |first=Vini Rizki |date=2014-09-18 |editor-last=Mutiara |editor-first=Dian Anditya |title=Industri Otomotif Indonesia Untung 2,5 Miliar Dolar AS |trans-title=Indonesian automotive industry gained 2.5 billion USD surplus |url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2014/09/18/industri-otomotif-indonesia-untung-25-miliar-dolar-as |website=Detik}}</ref> In 2017, Indonesia is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|17th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world]] and the 5th largest passenger vehicle producer in [[Asia]], producing 0.98 million vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Mindy |date=2018-11-20 |title=World's Top 20 Largest Passenger Car-Producing Countries In 2017 (Million Units) |url=https://ceoworld.biz/2018/11/20/worlds-top-20-largest-passenger-car-producing-countries-in-2017-million-units/ |access-date=2019-09-07 |website=CEOWORLD magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
Most of the vehicles built in Indonesia are from foreign brands, notably [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japanese]], and produced in the country through a [[joint venture]] plant with a local partner or a fully owned plant. While full manufacturing with a high percentage of local components in the country is usually preferred by manufacturers and encouraged by the government, several plants in the country also conducted a [[Knock-down kit|CKD]] assembly. CBU imports of new cars in the country is also allowed since 1999 with considerably light import tariffs, although it is discouraged by the government.
Indonesia predominantly produces [[Mini MPV|mini]] or [[compact MPV]]s (52 per cent of total production), [[Sport utility vehicle|SUVs]] and light [[pickup truck]]s under one ton. In 2019, a total 26 per cent of its production output was exported. Around 7.2 per cent of total automobile sales in Indonesia consists of imported vehicles, notably from [[Automotive industry in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japan]], [[Automotive industry in India|India]], and to lesser extent, [[Automotive industry in South Korea|South Korea]].
Most automobile manufacturers in Indonesia (including passenger car manufacturers and commercial truck manufacturers) are a member of the non-governmental Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries (''Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia'', GAIKINDO).
== Characteristics ==
{{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = 2018 Honda Brio Satya 1.2 E hatchback (DD1; 01-12-2019), South Tangerang - front.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Honda Brio]] was the best-selling passenger car in Indonesia in 2020 and 2022.
| image2 = 2022 Toyota Avanza 1.5 G Toyota Safety Sense W101RE (20220403).jpg
| caption2 = The [[Toyota Avanza]] was the best-selling passenger car in Indonesia between 2006 and 2019, and then in 2021.
| image3 = 2022 Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix V (Indonesia) front view.jpg
| caption3 = for the first time since its launch in 2004 and in 2005, [[Toyota Innova|Toyota Kijang Innova]] becoming best selling car in 2023.
}}
Traditionally, Indonesia is a market heavily oriented to [[List of Japanese car manufacturers|Japanese cars]] like most of its Southeast Asian neighbours. However, while other Southeast Asian markets prefer [[Compact car|compact]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]], Indonesian car market has a strong preference to three-row [[Multi Purpose Vehicle|MPVs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Automotive Manufacturing Industry Indonesia - Car Sales {{!}} Indonesia Investments|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/industries-sectors/automotive-industry/item6047|website=www.indonesia-investments.com|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Car cultures around the world: Bali, Indonesia|url=https://carsalesbase.com/car-cultures-around-world-bali-indonesia/|last1=Dem|first1=Bart|last2=Scenes 1|first2=tInternational Street|date=2016-01-09|website=carsalesbase.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia Automotive Industry Outlook 2020|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2016-09/indonesia-automotive-industry-outlook-2020.pdf|website=Ipsos}}</ref> In 2019, 96.3 per cent of cars and trucks sold in Indonesia are from Japanese brands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Indonesian Automobile Industry Data|url=https://files.gaikindo.or.id/|website=files.gaikindo.or.id|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref> The percentage is even higher than the proportion of Japanese brands in [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japan]] itself which stood at 90 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Semuels|first=Alana|date=2017-11-06|title=Why Aren't U.S. Cars Popular in Japan?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/11/us-cars-japan/544991/|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref> In the same year, around 550,000 cars or 68 per cent of passenger cars sold in Indonesia consisted of MPVs, [[Crossover (automobile)|crossovers]] and SUVs equipped with three rows of seats.<ref name=":0" /> The percentage is one of the highest in the world. For example, in 2006, models such as Toyota Avanza (16.4%), Toyota Kijang Innova (14.6%), Daihatsu Xenia (7.4%), and Suzuki Carry/Futura (7.3%) had a very high market share. Top ten best-selling models consisted of almost 73 per cent of domestic sales of the vehicles in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Changing Features of the Automobile Industry in Asia: Comparison of Production, Trade and Market Structure in Selected Countries|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|type=pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207080244/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2017 }}</ref>
Japanese manufacturer [[Toyota]] is leading the [[market share]] in Indonesia for decades since the early [[1980s|80s]]. Despite that, the largest manufacturer in Indonesia is [[Daihatsu]] as several popular Toyota-branded models sold in Indonesia are developed and produced by Daihatsu, which is wholly owned by Toyota since 2016. The subsidiary, [[Astra Daihatsu Motor|Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM)]] operates several plants capable of producing a total 530,000 cars per year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astra International|url=https://www.astra.co.id/Business/Automotive/Cars/Daihatsu|website=www.astra.co.id|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref> Around 2 out of 5 automobiles sold in Indonesia is produced by ADM.
Apart from Indonesian consumers wanting a large car to carry the whole family, the popularity of MPVs or three-row cars in general could be explained by the regulations and the [[car culture]] that followed after. When the complete ban on car imports on 22 January 1974 by a Decree No. 25/74 was imposed, the Indonesian government also imposed a tax scheme which saw pickup trucks and [[Minivan|minibuses]] with [[Station wagon|wagon]] body style free from [[Luxury tax|luxury goods tax]], while [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] cars were charged a 100% luxury goods tax. As the result, a sedan of any size became a luxury-type vehicle for most consumers while minibuses became more popular, even when at the time, despite its natural practicality, tended to be much less comfortable to drive or to ride in.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Luhulima|first=James|title=Sejarah Mobil & Kisah Kehadiran Mobil di Negeri Ini|publisher=Kompas Penerbit Buku|year=2012|isbn=978-979-709-648-9|location=Jakarta|pages=16|language=id|trans-title=History of Cars & The Story of the Presence of Cars in this Country}}</ref> As the result, unlike its neighbouring countries in [[Southeast Asia]] that prefers mostly compact sedans, Indonesian consumers are predominantly buying three-row MPVs.
According to GAIKINDO, 82 per cent of the national automobile sales in 2018 is contributed by the [[Java|Java island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gooto.com/read/1190391/inilah-3-provinsi-dengan-penjualan-mobil-terbesar-2018|title=Inilah 3 Provinsi dengan Penjualan Mobil Terbesar 2018|date=2019-03-29|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> In 2017, [[West Java]] province contributed 19.6 per cent of the national car sales at around 207,000 vehicles, [[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]] at 19.3 per cent, and [[East Java]] at 13.1 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hampir 40 Persen Penjualan Mobil Nasional Hanya di Jakarta-Jabar|url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2018/08/09/150807015/hampir-40-persen-penjualan-mobil-nasional-hanya-di-jakarta-jabar|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|date=9 August 2018|language=id|trans-title=Almost 40 per cent of national car sales were from Jakarta and West Java|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2017, Warga Jabar dan Jakarta Paling Banyak Beli Mobil Baru|url=https://oto.detik.com/mobil/d-3822854/2017-warga-jabar-dan-jakarta-paling-banyak-beli-mobil-baru|last=Idris|first=Muhammad|website=detikoto|language=id-ID|trans-title=2017, West Java and Jakarta citizens bought the most new cars|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
==History==
The first motor vehicle to arrive in Indonesia is reported to have been a German [[Hildebrand & Wolfmüller]] two-cylinder motorcycle, brought in by Briton John C Potter who was a machinist at the Oemboel Sugar Factory in [[Probolinggo]], East Java.<ref name=":1" /> The first car arrived shortly thereafter, an 1894 [[Benz Viktoria]] belonging to [[Pakubuwono X]], the [[Susuhunan]] of [[Surakarta Sunanate|Surakarta]].<ref name="luhulima">{{citation|last=Luhulima|first=James|title=Sejarah Mobil & Kisah Kehadiran Mobil Di Negeri Ini|date=2014-03-25|page=16|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|publisher=Kompas|language=id}}</ref>
Local production of automobiles began in 1964, originally with SKD assembly of imported cars and commercial vehicles.<ref name="InTw">{{citation|title=Indonesia-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Arrangement: Is it Feasible?|date=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|page=41|editor1-last=Adriana|editor1-first=Elisabeth|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-979-461-858-5|ref=InTw|editor2-last=Tu|editor2-first=Chaw-Hsia}}</ref>
==Government programs==
From 1969, the National Plan for Industrial Development was aimed at substituting imports in all areas of manufacture.<ref name="ww1">{{citation | title = Ancillary Firm Development in the Motor Industry in Indonesia | work = The Motor Vehicle Industry in Asia: A Study of Ancillary Firm Development | editor-last = Odata | editor-first = Kōnosuke | first = Wimar | last = Witoelar | ref = ancil | pages = 18–19 | isbn = 978-9971690571 | publisher = NUS Press | location = Singapore | date = 1983 }}</ref> A series of laws were enacted in the following years to create this situation, affecting passenger cars as well as commercial vehicles.<ref name="InTw" /> Gradual limitations on CBU vehicle imports were introduced, reaching a complete ban on CBUs by 1974.<ref name="ww1" /> A localization program commenced with Decree no. 307 of 1976. This law included a provision requiring the bodies for cargo vehicles of a one-ton capacity or less to be made locally beginning in 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222072822/https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/ | archive-date = 2019-12-22 | title = Vol. 6, 1978 onward: Active entry into overseas markets | work = Daihatsu History | publisher = Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd | date = 2017 }}</ref> The new law then led to a series of subsequential decrees designed to minimize its harmful impacts.
Beginning in 1980, new rules were also enacted to inhibit the sprawl of brands, with the government limiting local assembly to 71 models of 42 different makes.<ref name="ww1" /> All assemblers and agents were to be forced into eight separate groups manufacturing everything except engines. Engines were to be supplied by separate corporations.<ref name="AND681">{{cite magazine | magazine = Andalan | date = June 1981 | volume = I | number = 3 | title = Tahun 1984 Indonesia diharapkan sudah dapat membuat mobil sendiri | trans-title = Indonesia is expected to make its own car by 1984 | language = id | page = 8 | publisher = PT New Ratna Motor | last = Harjanto | first = Ismu }}</ref> GAAKINDO<!-- Not "GAIKINDO" -->, made up in large part of small [[Native Indonesians|pribumi]] operations, was opposed to these programs and also had an outspokenly anti-Chinese leader from 1981 to 1984.<ref name="Doner">{{citation | title = Driving a Bargain: Automobile Industrialization and Japanese Firms in Southeast Asia | last = Doner | first = Richard F. | publisher = University of California | location = Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford | pages = [https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151 151, 157] | year = 1991 | ref = RfD | isbn = 0-520-06938-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151 }}</ref> The companies most in favor of localization were the large Chinese firms like the Liem Group and PT Astra Motor.<ref name="doner152">[[#RfD|Doner]], p. 152</ref>
In 1981, the Government declared that no engine built in Indonesia was to be of less than one liter's displacement by 1985. As a result, manufacturers of local [[Keitora|microvans and trucks]] scrambled to install larger engines.<ref name="pisang45">{{cite journal | title = MPU larisnya seperti pisang goreng |trans-title=MPUs are selling like fried bananas | language = id | page = 47 | date = March 1984 | issn = 0125-9520 | publisher = P.T. Dinamika Dharma | journal = MOB: Mekanik Populer & Mobil | location = Jakarta, Indonesia | first = Untung | last = Salamun | ref = MOB1 }}</ref> Daihatsu and Suzuki already manufactured suitable engines for other vehicles, but Mitsubishi did not and used a Daihatsu engine for a few years, while Honda withdrew from the mini pick-up/microvan segment. In October 1982, the [[Value Added Tax|VAT]] on certain diesel vehicles were raised dramatically. Diesel [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]] and [[station wagon]]s, as well as diesel [[SUV|off-roaders]], were hit with a 40 per cent VAT, while light commercial vehicles (Category 1) in the form of small trucks, pickups, and passenger vans received a twenty per cent VAT.<ref name="MM1082">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Daftar harga: mobil diesel |trans-title=Price list: diesel vehicles | page = 67 | volume = 12 | number = 11 | date = 1982-12-01 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | last = Hidayat | first = Arief | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> Some commentators expected this to spell the end of diesel vehicles in Indonesia.<ref name="MMsolar">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Nasib mobil berbahanbakar solar |trans-title=The fate of diesel cars | pages = 7–8 | volume = 12 | number = 11 | date = 1982-12-01 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | first = Breyman | last = Purwoto | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref>
===Low Cost Green Car===
{{Main|Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)}}
[[File:2014 Daihatsu Ayla 1.0 X B100RS (20190123) 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Daihatsu Ayla]], one of the first model in "Low Cost Green Car" category alongside the Toyota Agya.]]
In 2007, the Indonesian government announced a set of tax incentives intended to help develop a "[[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)|Low Cost Green Car]]" (LCGC) as an Indonesian people's car. The initial rules required a low price, set lower for villagers, a [[fuel efficiency]] of at least {{convert|20|km/L|abbr=on|0}}, and at least 60 per cent domestic content.<ref name="LCGC">{{cite web |url=http://finance.detik.com/read/2011/12/23/113104/1798314/1036/mobil-murah-nasional-rp-3999-juta-meluncur-januari-2012?f771108bcj |title=detik Finance : Mobil Murah Nasional Rp 39,99 Juta Meluncur Januari 2012 |trans-title=National Cheap Car stock slides by Rp 39.99 million in January 2012 | language = id |work=Detik Finance|date= 2011-12-23 |access-date= 2013-04-08 }}</ref> A few projects were shown but none made it to market, and in May 2013 a new set of regulations were issued, meaning a 0% luxury tax for cars under 1,200 cc (1,500 cc for diesels) as long as they could meet the same 20 km/L mileage goal. The luxury tax is between 50 and 75 per cent for larger and less fuel efficient vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173799/PP0412013.pdf |title=Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia nomor 41 tahun 2013 |trans-title=Indonesian Republic, Government Regulation number 41 of 2013 |language=id |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730224324/http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173799/PP0412013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Local manufacture encouraged===
Indonesia levies an import tax of 10% on foreign imported luxury cars, while the import tariff for imported cars from outside the free trade area is currently at 50 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bea Masuk Barang Impor Naik – GAIKINDO|url=https://www.gaikindo.or.id/bea-masuk-barang-impor-naik/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.gaikindo.or.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Cara dan Menghitung Biaya Bea Masuk Impor Kendaraan|url=https://otopedia.com/berita/tata-cara-dan-menghitung-biaya-bea-masuk-impor-kendaraan/#:~:text=Contoh%20simulasi%20pajak%20impor%20kendaraan%20mobil%20mewah&text=Jika%20sebelumnya%20tarif%20PPh%20pasal,mewah%20impor%20dinaikkan%20menjadi%2010%25.|access-date=2020-07-21|website=otopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-imports/update-1-indonesia-raises-import-taxes-on-1000-plus-goods-to-support-rupiah-idUSL3N1VR3ZT| title = UPDATE 1-Indonesia raises import taxes on 1,000-plus goods to support rupiah {{!}} Reuters| website = [[Reuters]]| date = 5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/indonesian-demand-for-imported-cbu-cars-still-strong/item6501? | title=Indonesian Demand for Imported CBU Cars still Strong | Indonesia Investments }}</ref>
==Associations==
From 1969 until 1975, sole agents and assemblers were represented by separate groups, GAM (Gabungan Assembler Mobil) and GAKINDO.<ref name="Ghist">{{cite web | title = GAIKINDO History | url = https://www.gaikindo.or.id/en/gaikindo-history-2/ | publisher = GAIKINDO | access-date = 2017-12-13 }}</ref> In 1972 the government decreed that assemblers and agencies be consolidated and since 1975 the industry was represented by the unified GAAKINDO trade group (''Gabungan Agen-agen dan Assembler Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia'', "Association of Indonesia Sole Agents and Automobile Assemblers").<ref name="ww32">[[#ancil|Witoelar]], p. 32</ref> In the first half of the 1980s, GAAKINDO was an outspoken opponent of the government's localization programs.<ref name="Doner" /> In 1985 the group was reconsolidated into a new organization called GAIKINDO (''Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia'', "the Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries").
==Manufacturers==
[[File:Toyota Astra Motor - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The Toyota-Astra Motor headquarters in Sunter, North Jakarta.]]
The dominant manufacturer in Indonesia is the [[Astra International]], which is indirectly controlled by [[Jardine Matheson]]; their products represented around half of the annual vehicle sales in Indonesia in the early 2010s - in large part thanks to the success of the [[Toyota Kijang]].<ref name="Liem241">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GnKZBQAAQBAJ | title = Liem Sioe Liong's Salim Group: The Business Pillar of Suharto's Indonesia | last1 = Borsuk | first1 = Richard | last2 = Chang | first2 = Nancy | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | location = Singapore | date = 2014-05-23 | page = 241 | ref = LSLSG | isbn = 978-981-4459-57-0 }}</ref>
Most cars sold in Indonesia were originally European in origins; In the 1950s, the most popular cars were [[Morris Motors|Morris]] and [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]].<ref name="knalpok">{{cite web | title = Kota, Asap Knalpot, dan Cinta nan Rumit... | trans-title = City, Exhaust Smoke, and Troubled Love... | date = 2016-05-02 | language = id | url = http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180101041718/http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/ | archive-date = 2018-01-01 | work = Kliping | publisher = DKI Jakarta }}</ref> Japanese imports commenced on a small scale in 1959 with the Mitsubishi Jupiter truck, but by the 1970s this had changed considerably as the Japanese took an ever-growing share of the market. Japanese cars was first imported by the government in 1961 as a fleet for [[cooperative]] across Indonesia. It was a [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Toyota Land Cruiser Canvastop]]. The main reason the Toyota was picked is its low price compared to the nominated [[Land Rover]]. At the same year, A.H. Budi, the founder of Nasmoco Toyota dealership network in Central Java bought a [[Toyopet Tiara]] from an importer in Jakarta. Impressed by the quality of the car, Budi founded the PT Ratna Dewi Motor Coy to retail Toyota cars.<ref name=":1" />
The January 1974 [[Malari incident]] started as a protest against Japanese trading practices and included the burning of a Toyota dealership, but sales of Japanese cars reached new heights soon afterwards.<ref name="knalpok" /> By 1980, from 181,100 new registrations, 88.5 per cent were Japanese in origin.<ref name="jepang">{{cite magazine | magazine = Andalan | date = June 1981 | volume = I | number = 3 | title = Kendaraan Jepang: Andalan dunia di Jalan Raya | trans-title = Japanese Vehicles: Mainstays of the world’s Highways | language = id | page = 9 | publisher = PT New Ratna Motor | last = Ekonugroho | first = Muhammad }}</ref>
===Distribution and manufacture===
In Indonesia, the import, marketing, distribution, and after sales service rights of foreign brands are usually held by firms called ATPMs ({{lang|id|Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merek}}, "sole trademark-holding agent").<ref name="atpm">{{cite web | url = http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/ | title = What Kind of Business does an Exclusive Licensee Agent (Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merk or "ATPM") Actually Do? | date = 2016-06-04 | last = Ayu Kusumawardhani | first = Citra | publisher = Hanafiah Ponggawa & Partners | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161018130524/http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/ | archive-date = 2016-10-18 }}</ref> ATPMs may be foreign or locally owned, with certain differences to their licensing requirements and scope. Foreign firms, for instance, may not sell directly to Indonesian consumers (Agency), although Distribution may be foreign-controlled.<ref name="atpm" /> ATPMs may carry out the manufacture under license, or contract the manufacture to third parties (subject to approval of the principal), or may simply act as distributors and retailers. In the case of special-bodied vehicles, such as the [[angkot]]s offered by many [[Coachbuilder|body builders]] (''karoseri,'' from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''carrosserie''), ATPMs also have relationships with specific companies and often sell their designs through their own showrooms.<ref name="im92">{{cite magazine | magazine = Intan Motor | title = Tanpa spesialisasi, ya merugi | trans-title = Specialize or be lost | date = 1992-11-02 | issn = 0215-7713 | volume = VI | number = 113 | publisher = Yayasan Beraya Press | location = Jakarta | language = id | last = Mustmar | first = Andi | page = 42 }}</ref>
==Active manufacturers==
===BMW===
NV Spemotri was BMW's main importer of motorcycles during the 1950s; they mainly brought in the 250cc one-cylinder R25, [[BMW R27|R26, and R27]].<ref name="bob">{{cite web | title = Sejarah Motor BMW di Indonesia | url = http://kreatifitasurangbandung.blogspot.com/2010/01/sejarah-motor-bmw-di-indonesia.html |trans-title=History of BMW motorcycles in Indonesia | work = Modifikasi Motor Klasik | language = id | date = 2010-01-27 | access-date = 2017-07-30 }}</ref> A handful of [[BMW 700]]s were imported to Indonesia by NV Spemotri in the early 1960s; the [[Salim Group]] held the import rights until they sold the tiny concession to the Astra Group in the late 1970s.<ref name="Liem241" /> Astra sells BMW through a wholly owned subsidiary called PT Tjahja Sakti Motor. The first BMW to be assembled locally was the [[BMW E12|520/4]], which was sent CKD and built in Jakarta by PT Indonesia Service Coy. 780 E12 were assembled from 1976 until 1981, with the 520/6 replacing the four-cylinder in 1978.<ref name="E12">{{cite web | title = CKD: Indonesien | language = de | work = E12.de | last = Thieme | first = Ulrich | url = http://e12.de/palette/ckd/02a71l10.htm | access-date = 2017-07-30 }}</ref> Indonesia Service Coy later built the E28, E30, E36, and E34 models, until assembly was taken over by the PT Gaya Motor company in 1993.
As of April 2001, BMW has their own wholesale company in Indonesia, PT BMW Indonesia, although Astra continues to assemble BMW automobiles through PT Gaya Motor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/asia/article/detail/T0047752EN/bmw-group-to-establish-subsidiary-in-indonesia?language=en | title = BMW Group To Establish Subsidiary in Indonesia | publisher = BMW Group | date = 2001-01-29 }}</ref> Assembly is currently of a limited variety of [[Knock-down kit|semi-knocked down]] cars, while the remainder of the range is available CBU.<ref name="E12" />
===Daihatsu===
{{Main|Astra Daihatsu Motor}}
From 1973, when PT Astra gained distribution rights, until the 1980s, PT Daihatsu Indonesia distributed Daihatsus while assembly was carried out by Gaya Motor - both companies were located in [[North Jakarta]]. PT Daihatsu Indonesia was a joint venture between a Japanese holding company (30%) and PT Astra International (70%), while PT Gaya Motor was a joint venture between the Indonesian government, PT Astra International, PT Multi France and PT Multi Astra.<ref name="pisang47">[[#MOB1|Salamun]], p. 47</ref> Gaya Motor was a general assembler and also built Peugeot and Renault automobiles in the early 1980s.<ref name="pisang47" /> Daihatsu's [[Daihatsu Hijet|Hijet]] was very popular in Indonesia, especially after the larger one-litre engine from the [[Daihatsu Charade|Charade]] was introduced - one out of eight four-wheeled vehicles built in Indonesia in 1983 was a Hijet.<ref name="pisang45" />
In 2003, Daihatsu through PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM) launched its joint project with Toyota, which spawned the [[Toyota Avanza]] and [[Toyota Avanza|Daihatsu Xenia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daihatsu.com/news/2003/03121101.html|title=Daihatsu, Toyota Announce Dual-model Debut for Indonesia —Innovative Small Car Aimed at Creating New Segment—|website=DAIHATSU Global Website|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/68497/mobil-serba-guna-ala-avanza-dan-xenia|title=Mobil Serba Guna ala Avanza dan Xenia|last=Liputan6.com|date=2003-12-19|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otomania.gridoto.com/read/241263122/hari-bersejarah-buat-duo-daihatsu-xenia-dan-toyota-avanza-ada-apa|title=Hari Bersejarah Buat Duo Daihatsu Xenia dan Toyota Avanza, Ada Apa? - GridOto.com|last=GridOto.com|website=otomania.gridoto.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Both cars are designed according to Indonesian needs in mind. As an entry-level MPV, it complements the role of [[Toyota Kijang]], offering similar capability in a smaller and cheaper package. Both cars would later send Astra Daihatsu Motor as the largest car manufacturer in the country, surpassing [[Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]], and saw the Avanza as the best selling car in Indonesia since 2007 until today. 40.8% of Indonesia's total vehicle production output (four-wheel or above) in 2019 was contributed by ADM.
=== General Motors ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Het aan boord van de 'Bagan' takelen van een auto tijdens de inscheping in de haven van Makassar' TMnr 10029544.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1948 [[Chevrolet Advance Design]] being unloaded in [[Makassar]] in 1949.]][[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Overzicht gebouwen General Motors Tandjoengpriok Batavia Java TMnr 10008002.jpg|thumb|The General Motors complex in [[Tanjung Priok]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now [[Jakarta]]) in 1939.]]
A variety of [[General Motors]] vehicles have been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the automobile there. General Motors (GM) vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. GM established their first local assembly operation (pictured) in [[Tanjung Priok]] in February 1927, as "KN Gaya Motor." The location was suitable as there was ample timber nearby, a necessity for car body manufacture at the time.<ref name="knalpok" /> In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their Jakarta factory were exported all across the region. After having been requisitioned by the [[Netherlands East Indies]] government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment was destroyed to avoid it falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese.<ref name="GMHer">{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|title=GM Indonesia|last=Bowman|first=Bill|work=Generations of GM History|publisher=GM Heritage Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the plant and interred all foreigners; on 31 December GM wrote off the entire enterprise.<ref name="GMHer" /> The plant was taken over by Toyota, and was used to assemble trucks for the military.<ref name="On a Global Mission GM Volume III 1 books.google.com.my">{{cite book|author=Louis F. Fourie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3DODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1131|title=On a Global Mission: The Automobiles of General Motors International Volume 3|date=2016|publisher=[[Friesens|FriesenPress]]|isbn=978-1-4602-9690-5|pages=1131–1132|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
In 1946, General Motors Overseas Operations established a Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to continue the pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles in the next six years.<ref name="GMHer" /> By 1953, activities had mostly ended as Sukarno's pro-Chinese government took power. As of 1954 local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; the Indonesian government took over the assets in April 1955. GM dissolved this paper operation a year later.<ref name="GMHer" /> The government-run operations did not take good care of the plant and 60 per cent of the run-down assets were sold to [[Astra International|PT Astra Motor]] (who, coincidentally, had gotten their start by being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1967) in 1969.<ref name="AstraH">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|title=PT Astra International Tbk History|work=Funding Universe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Astra had expected to sell Chevrolets but were denied the contract and ended up importing [[Toyota]]s instead.<ref name="AstraH" />
A number of other, smaller companies proceeded to import and assemble a variety of GM products. Udatimex/Udatin has generally handled Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has sold Chevrolets, Opels, and the short-lived [[Bedford HA#Morina|Morina]] national [[Basic utility vehicle|Basic Transportation Vehicle]] project.<ref name="TP26">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 26</ref> In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opels, particularly the [[Opel Rekord Series D|Rekord]]. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same cars by the various importers.
;Holden
At the time of their 1959 introduction to Indonesia (although Holden-built Chevrolets first arrived in 1938) Holdens were sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining some popularity in the 1960s Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman's Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as the assembler. From 1954 until 1959, Holden Australia held the General Motors rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia was the [[Holden FC|FC series]].<ref name="jejak">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|title=Jejak Holden di Indonesia|last=Alfan|first=Charis|date=2017-09-27|publisher=Mobil Motor Lama|trans-title=Holden's footprint in Indonesia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|archive-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> Sales increased considerably when the locally assembled [[Holden Gemini]] arrived in 1981. Other locally assembled Holdens were the Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, the [[Statesman (automobile)#HQ|HQ Statesman]] was sold as the "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (Chevrolet's sole agent in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.
Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the [[Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]], called the Holden Lincah. This was superficially very similar to the [[Isuzu Trooper]], but had locally developed bodywork. A small number of Lincahs were exported to neighboring and [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island countries]] in the middle of the 1980s.<ref name="TP22">{{cite journal|last=Pawitra|first=T|date=July 1988|title=Marketing in the Automotive industry of Indonesia: Problems, Possibilities, and Limits|journal=ASEAN Economic Bulletin|volume=5|pages=22–23|jstor=25770186|ref=TPaw|number=1|doi=10.1355/AE5-1B}}</ref> A five-door version of the Lincah was also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never have entered production. The Lincah Gama was one of the many cars [[Malcolm Bricklin]] planned on importing, following his success with the [[Zastava Koral|Yugo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bangsberg|first=P.T.|date=1987-10-18|title=Indonesia takes its turn behind import wheel|url=https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html|journal=The Journal of Commerce|publisher=JOC Group Inc.}}</ref> While the Gemini Diesel remained popular with taxi operators, with passenger car sales slowing down Udatimex shut their doors in 1991, and regular imports of Holdens came to an end. The last new Holden introduced in Indonesia was the [[Holden Commodore (VL)|VL Calais]]. Even as the Indonesian automobile market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden did not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decreed the end of exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.<ref name="drive1">{{cite web|url=https://m.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=11092|title=Holden push in Middle East|last=Doak|first=Alastair|date=2001|publisher=Drive.com.au}}</ref>
;Opel
Opels had also been very popular before the war, with the [[Opel P4]] being assembled in Tanjung Priok. A locally bodied 7-seater taxibus arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933.<ref name="GM2000">{{cite book |title=General Motors in the Twentieth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Ward's Communications |isbn=0-910589-52-6 |editor1-last=Binder |editor1-first=Alan K. |location=Southfield, MI |page=153 |ref=GM20th |editor2-last=Ferris |editor2-first=Deebe}}</ref> The taxi model was called [[:id:Oplet|Oplet]] (short for the trade name "Opelette") - a name which was used for [[share taxi]]s until the type was abolished in 1979.
In January 1993, GM re-established its presence in Indonesia by forming PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which is owned 60% by GM and 40% by local partner and previous importer/assembler PT Garmak Motor of Indonesia.<ref name="GMBI">{{Cite web |title=Historical Timeline General Motors in Indonesia |url=http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc}}</ref> The company built plant with 15,000 vehicle capacity in [[Bekasi]], West Java.<ref name="GMHer" /> In 1997, General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made product of the new company was the [[Opel Vectra]] (1994), followed by the [[Opel Astra|Opel Optima]] and the [[Opel Blazer]] SUV as the first right-hand drive Blazer in 1995.<ref name="GMHer" /> As of 2002, the Chevrolet nameplate has replaced Opel in Indonesia.<ref name="GMHer" />
;Chevrolet
[[File:2013 Chevrolet Spin 1.5 LTZ (20190616).jpg|thumb|Chevrolet manufactures the [[Chevrolet Spin|Spin]] MPV in [[Bekasi]], Indonesia since 2013.|alt=]]Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. In particular the 210-series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge was mainly used on various Isuzu products like the [[Chevrolet LUV]] and [[Isuzu Trooper|Trooper]].
The brand was re-introduced in Indonesia in 2001 with the Chevrolet Tavera, a rebadged [[Isuzu Panther]], and the imported [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]] and Blazer V6 4x4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Motors Indonesia optimist on 2000 sales target |url=https://jawawa.id/newsitem/general-motors-indonesia-optimist-on-2000-sales-target-1447893297 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Indonesian Business Updates |language=English}}</ref> In 2002, the locally assembled Opel Blazer was renamed to [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet Blazer]]. It was sold alongside GM dealers, known as GM AutoWorld also marketed the [[Subaru Forester]] and [[Subaru Impreza]] since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subaru Introduces All New Forester Available July 20 At GM AutoWorld |url=https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/07/12/143647.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.theautochannel.com}}</ref>
In 2005, GM ended Blazer production in Indonesia, effectively rendering their manufacturing plant in Bekasi as dormant. Since then, GM effectively acts as an importer of [[GM Korea|Chevrolet-badged Daewoo]] cars from Thailand and South Korea.
In 2012, GM announced that it would reactivate the Bekasi plant to assemble a compact MPV, the [[Chevrolet Spin]] for Southeast Asian market. The 58,000 square meter plant represents an investment of US$150 million, employs 700 people and was planned to produce 40,000 vehicles a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.chevrolet.co.th/about-us/news-events/2013/05/Bekasi-Indonesia-GM-Plant-Opens.html|title=Bekasi Indonesia GM Plant Opens|website=www.chevrolet.co.th|language=en-TH|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM said that the Bekasi plant was a critical part of GM's growth strategy in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The plant's location met GM's philosophy of "build where we sell and source where we build."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-indonesia-facilities/gm-bekasi-west-java-indonesia-plant/|title=General Motors Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia Plant|website=GM Authority|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>
=== Honda ===
{{main|Honda Prospect Motor}}
[[Honda]] first entered Indonesia in the 1960s through PT Imora Motor as its sole national distributor, with its first model [[Honda T360]] pickup. In 1972, Honda also introduced the two-door [[Honda Civic|Civic]] to the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infografis: Sejarah Honda di Indonesia|url=https://www.carmudi.co.id/journal/sejarah-honda-di-indonesia/|last=Hadi|first=Dimas|date=2019-03-26|website=Carmudi Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> As a response to the vehicle import ban, PT Prospect Motor began local assembly of Honda automobiles in Sunter, North Jakarta. The brand then gained reputation for its passenger cars, contrary to several other Japanese brands which relied on commercial pickups and minivans. Honda's best selling products at the time were the Civic and [[Honda Accord|Accord]].
In 1999, Honda established a new joint venture company, PT Honda Prospect Motor (HPM), which took over Imora Motor's sole national distribution rights that same year. HPM integrated Honda's Indonesian automobile businesses, which was previously conducted by four separate companies ranging across vehicle assembly, engine and component manufacturing, and wholesale distribution. A new manufacturing plant in Karawang was opened in 2003.
===Hyundai===
{{Main|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia}}
Hyundai cars has been in the Indonesian market since the 1990s. It was handled by "PT Hyundai Mobil Indonesia (HMI)" as the sales company with the authorized assembling company entitled to "PT Hyundai Indonesia Motor", which assembled Hyundai cars in Indonesia since 1996.
In 2019, [[Hyundai Motor Company]] signed an [[MoU]] with the [[Indonesian Government]] to conduct business of Hyundai automobiles directly in [[Indonesia]], especially to foster the production of [[electric vehicles]], the [[Hyundai Ioniq 5]] in the country. Since 2019, Hyundai sales company is directly handled by Hyundai Motor Indonesia (HMID) with its head office at [[South Jakarta]], and the newly built advanced manufacturing plant, [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]] (HMMI) located at [[Cikarang]], [[Bekasi Regency]], [[West Java]], both subsidiaries of [[Hyundai Motor Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=107863|title=Hyundai Motor Accelerating Penetration of the ASEAN Market|website=www.businesskorea.co.kr/|date=17 January 2023 }}</ref>
To welcome and enhance public relations, Hyundai Indonesia initiated to welcome the general public to visit and tour its [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia|plant]] in [[Cikarang]], to witness the automotive manufacturing process directly. The first initiative from the automotive industrial sector in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hyundai.factorytour.id/en | title=Hyundai Factory Tour Program | Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia }}</ref>
===Mercedes-Benz===
{{main|Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia}}
[[Mercedes-Benz]] officially entered Indonesian market in 1970, when PT Star Motors Indonesia (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia/[[MBDI]]) established together with PT German Motor Manufacturing (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia) in collaboration with [[Volkswagen]] in Tanjung Priok. They have since then become the dominant market leader on premium vehicles in Indonesia. Currently, the following models that are locally assembled including the [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class|A-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLA|GLA]], [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]], [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]], [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLS|GLS]], [[Mercedes-Benz Axor|Axor]] trucks, and some Mercedes-Benz buses. In the mid-1990s, Mercedes-Benz Indonesia tried to break Mitsubishi's dominance in the medium-weight truck markets with the locally developed and built [[Mercedes-Benz MB700|MB700/MB800]] truck, without notable success.<ref name=truckID>{{cite web | url = https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210519203001/https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611 | archive-date = 2021-05-19 | title = MB700 Dan MB800, Sempat Jadi Andalan Mercedes-Benz Untuk Tekuk Colt Diesel | trans-title = MB700 and MB800, Mercedes-Benz' mainstay to best the Colt Diesel | language = id | work = Bus-Truck.id | publisher = BLM Group | date = 2020-02-17 | first = Suryo | last = S. }}</ref>
===Mitsubishi===
[[File:2021 Mitsubishi Colt L300 Pick Up Standard 2.5 L039P (20211007) 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Mitsubishi Colt L300 is the vehicle with the longest production run in Indonesia under a single generation. Production started in 1982.]]
{{main|Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia}}
[[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], through '''PT Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors''' (KTB) has a long presence in Indonesia, but their first true hit was the Colt T120. This was a locally built version of the first generation [[Mitsubishi Delica]], and from its introduction in the early 1970s it became a seminal vehicle. It was mostly alone in its class and for a generation of Indonesians "Colt" became synonymous with minibus.<ref name="klakson3">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Nostalgia Raya Jalanan | trans-title = Nostalgia for the King of the Road | pages = 12–13 | volume = XX | number = 21 | date = 1991-01-21 | publisher = PT Informedia Indonesia | last = Ruwendo Suswanto | first = Budiono | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> The T120 was finally discontinued in 1982 and replaced by the L300 (also based on the Delica); but sales never reached their earlier highs. Mitsubishi finally revived the T120 nametag with a Mitsubishi-engined version of the [[Suzuki Carry#Futura|Suzuki Carry Futura]] called the Mitsubishi Colt T120SS.<ref name="klakson3" /> This alliance with Suzuki was an attempt to challenge the dominance of the Astra Group's Toyota, Daihatsu, and Isuzu.<ref name="klak2">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Pertempuran kelas 1.300cc | trans-title = Battle in the 1300 cc class | page = 13 | volume = XX | number = 21 | date = 1991-01-21 | publisher = PT Informedia Indonesia | last = Kusnaeni | first = Mohamad | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref>
In 2014, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation announced to build an MMC-owned plant in Indonesia. On 24 March 2015, the construction of a new manufacturing plant in [[Cikarang|Cikarang, West Java]] was started. The plant was designed with a maximum production capacity of 160,000 vehicles per year. PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia owned 51% by MMC was established to operate the plant. The plant was started its operation in April 2017 by producing the [[Mitsubishi Pajero Sport]]. At the same time, the passenger cars and LCV operations were transferred from PT KTB to PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Sales Indonesia (MMKSI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/otomotif-koran/16/10/14/of1ak71-ktb-pisahkan-dua-merek-mitsubishi|title=KTB Pisahkan Dua Merek Mitsubishi|date=2016-10-14|website=Republika Online|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.id/sejarah-perusahaan|title=Sejarah Perusahaan|website=Mitsubishi Motors Indonesia}}</ref> [[Mitsubishi Xpander]] was launched in August 2017 and nearly doubled Mitsubishi Motors sales in the country between 2017 and 2018 from 79,807 units to 142,861 units, emerging as the largest market for MMC. In 2019, MMKI surpassed [[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]] as the second largest car manufacturer in Indonesia by a production output of 193,954 units.
===Suzuki===
{{main|Suzuki Indomobil Motor}}
'''PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor''' is a joint venture between [[Suzuki|Suzuki Motor Corporation]] and the [[Indomobil Group]]. Until recently, the company was known as '''PT Indomobil Suzuki International.''' The company is located in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] and specialized in manufacturing Suzuki vehicles for the local market. Their first products were the [[Suzuki Carry#ST10|ST10 Carry]] and [[Suzuki Fronte#LC20|Fronte LC20]] of 1976. The Carry (soon replaced by the ST20) saw extensive use as an [[Share taxi|Angkot]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Arsip mobil kita: Tamasya sejarah seabad perjalanan mobil di Indonesia |trans-title=Our cars archive: Sightseeing through a century of the car in Indonesia | language = id | date = 2003 | page = 109 | isbn = 9789799768506 | last1 = Trisulo | first1 = Bambang | last2 = Samudra | first2 = M | last3 = Firmansyah | first3 = Arif | publisher = PT Temprint | location = Jakarta }}</ref> Suzuki's first Indonesian activity was in 1970 through its import firm PT Indohero Steel & Engineering Company. Six years later they had built their manufacturing facility in Jakarta, which is the oldest part of the Indomobil Group. Suzuki's sales rose exponentially in the mid-1980s as sales of minitrucks boomed and the [[Suzuki Cultus|Forsa/Swift]] was introduced: Suzuki Indonesia sold 13,434 vehicles in 1984, followed by 58,032 in 1985.<ref name="MMabd">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Laporan Test: Suzuki Forsa GL |trans-title=Test report | page = 42 | volume = 15 | number = 17 | date = 1986-03-15 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | editor-first = Dahlan | editor-last = A.B. | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref>
Since 2004, Suzuki Indonesia's [[Suzuki APV|APV (All Purpose Vehicle)]] budget [[Minivan|MPV]] has been assembled exclusively in [[Indonesia]]. Designed in Japan, it is exported to numerous countries since 2005, to the ASEAN and beyond. It is also available with Mitsubishi badging (as the "Maven").
===Toyota===
[[File:1997-2000 Toyota Kijang Krista 1.8 KF80R (20211006).jpg|thumb|The [[Toyota Kijang]] is regarded as one of the most influential vehicles in Indonesian automotive industry.]]
{{main|Toyota Astra Motor}}
'''PT Toyota Astra Motor''' (TAM) was founded in April 1971.<ref name="Toy75">{{cite web | url = http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/overall_chronological_table/1971.html | title = Overall Chronological Table: 1971–1980 | work = 75 Years of Toyota | publisher = Toyota Motor Corporation | access-date = 2014-01-18 }}</ref> Vehicle production began in September 1974 at the PT Multi-Astra manufacturing subsidiary.<ref name="Toy75" /> Toyota Indonesia's most famous product is the [[Toyota Kijang|Kijang]] series of light trucks and vans. The Kijang, developed from the Philippine market Tamaraw Revo of 1976, has spawned an entire range of vehicles and is now built in a number of Asian countries including [[India]]. The Kijang was one of a series of BUV's, or [[Basic utility vehicle|Basic Utility Vehicles]], developed for developing markets by several global manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s. The Kijang was very successful for Toyota Astra Motor, with the 100,000th example leaving the line in February 1985.<ref name="MM1085">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Corona EX-Saloon '86 | page = 30 | volume = XV | number = 10 | date = 1985-11-11 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | ref = mm85 | last = Hidayat | first = Arief | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> Production was almost entirely localized by the mid-eighties, with engine parts as well beginning to be produced in Indonesia by January 1985.<ref name="MM1085" /> The Kijang also caused major upheavals amongst Indonesia's host of small body builders, as the body was built to a whole new standard of quality and was offered directly by Toyota in a number of variants that had hitherto been the purview of the body builders.<ref name="im92" /> The success of the Kijang was helpful for TAM as the [[Toyota Crown#S110|Crown]], [[Toyota Mark II#X60|Mark II]], [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]], and [[Toyota Corona#T150|Corona GL]] were all struggling in the market place in the first half of the 1980s.<ref name="motor80">{{cite magazine | magazine = Motor80 | language = id | title = Loncatan Kijang | trans-title = Kijang climbs | page = 58 | volume = IV | number = 1 | date = 1984-01-01 | publisher = PT Blora Mulya | last = B.J. | first = Zulkifli }}</ref>
The Land Cruiser dominated the "Jeep" category until the early 1980s, when lighter and more economical competitors began taking away its market share.<ref name="motor80" /> Unable to compete with the smaller offerings from Suzuki and Daihatsu, Toyota chose to not further increase the local content levels of the Land Cruiser and had withdrawn it from the Indonesian market by 1986.<ref name="TP37">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 37</ref> Currently Toyota Astra Motor's production is carried out by PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), which consists of the erstwhile PT Multi-Astra as well as PT Toyota Mobilindo (which was established in December 1976 with production commencing in May 1977).
Toyota and the Astra Group remains dominant in Indonesia, with their market share historically hovering from 35 to 50 per cent. They are bigger than the two second biggest brands combined.<ref name="InTw42">[[#InTw|''Indonesia-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Arrangement: Is it Feasible?'']], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 42]</ref>
===Volkswagen===
Volkswagen and their local partner [[Garuda Mataram Motor|PT Garuda Mataram]] was a major player until the mid-1970s but sales dropped precipitously in the latter half of the decade. In 1970, Volkswagen entered into a collaboration with [[Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia]] to set up a manufacturing line in Tanjung Priok, Jakarta. The resulting company was called '''PT German Motor Manufacturing''', with Garuda Mataram retaining the Volkswagen distribution rights. The partnership was dissolved in 1979 and Volkswagen went their own way.<ref name="BriefH">{{cite web | url = https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161128181704/https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html | archive-date = 2016-11-28 | title = Brief History | publisher = Mercedes-Benz Indonesia }}</ref> In or just before 1971 Indonesia's Army Strategic Command ([[Kostrad]]) took over the local Volkswagen operations as part of a trend of direct government involvement in vehicle manufacturing (and industry in general).<ref name="doner128">[[#RfD|Doner]], p. 128</ref> Kostrad owned the Volkswagen agency through its Yayasan Dharma Putra business group, in partnership with two Chinese entrepreneurs.<ref>{{citation | title = Toward a Class Analysis of the Indonesian Military Bureaucratic State | last = Robison | first = Richard | journal = Indonesia | volume = 25 | date = April 1978 | issue = 25 | publisher = Cornell University Southeast Asia Program | page = 28 | doi = 10.2307/3350965 | jstor = 3350965 | hdl = 1813/53657 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
As with Volkswagen in the [[Philippines]], sales dropped precipitously as the Japanese brands took hold. By 1980, the locally developed [[Volkswagen EA489 Basistransporter|Mitra]] project had come to an end as had assembly of the Beetle and the [[Volkswagen 181|Typ 181 (Camat)]]. Assembly of German-made Kombis and Transporters ended in 1978.<ref name="T2indo">{{citation | title = VW Transporter and Microbus Specification Guide 1967-1979 | last1 = Molenaar | first1 = Vincent | last2 = Prinz | first2 = Alexander | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=52ngAwAAQBAJ&q=Indonesia | date = 2013-03-01 | publisher = Crowood | isbn = 9781847975454 }}</ref> Volkswagen replaced this on their Indonesian assembly lines with the Brazilian-made [[Volkswagen Type 2#T2|Volkswagen Combi Clipper]]. This remained Volkswagen's single model on offer in Indonesia until the middle of the 1980s.<ref name="motorharga">{{cite magazine | magazine = Motor80 | language = id | title = Harga Mobil & Motor | trans-title = Car and motorcycle prices | page = 79 | volume = IV | number = 1 | date = 1984-01-01 | publisher = PT Blora Mulya | editor-last = Adrai | editor-first = Kadjat }}</ref> By 1986, Volkswagens were no longer available in Indonesia, after 13,162 Volkswagens had been assembled between 1976 and 1985.<ref name="TP33">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 33</ref>
In 1998, a new distributor company called '''PT Garuda Mataram Motor''' was founded as a [[joint venture]] between [[Volkswagen Group]] and [[IndoMobil Group|Indomobil Group]]. Currently, the company assembles and distributes Volkswagens passenger cars in Indonesia.
===Wuling===
{{main|SGMW Motor Indonesia}}
Wuling Motors (Indonesia) is established in August 2015 as a subsidiary of SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Company Limited (SGMW) with share composition 50.1 per cent of SAIC (Shanghai Automotive International Corporation), 44 per cent of GM China and 5.9 per cent Guangxi Automobile Group. The company has 60 hectares land in Cikarang, 30 hectares is for the manufacturing and 30 hectares is for supplier park for accessibility of the parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wulingmotorbali.com/company-profile/ |title=Profile Perusahaan Wuling Motors Indonesia |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wuling.id/en/ |title=The Best Car for Your Comfort & Family |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wuling.id/ |title=Mobil Keluarga, Mobil MPV, dan Mobil SUV Terbaik Untuk Kenyamanan Anda & Keluarga |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref>
== Defunct manufacturers ==
=== General Motors (1927–2015) ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Het aan boord van de 'Bagan' takelen van een auto tijdens de inscheping in de haven van Makassar' TMnr 10029544.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1948 [[Chevrolet Advance Design]] being unloaded in [[Makassar]] in 1949.]][[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Overzicht gebouwen General Motors Tandjoengpriok Batavia Java TMnr 10008002.jpg|thumb|The General Motors complex in [[Tanjung Priok]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now [[Jakarta]]) in 1939.]]
A variety of [[General Motors]] vehicles have been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the automobile there. General Motors (GM) vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. GM established their first local assembly operation (pictured) in [[Tanjung Priok]] in February 1927, as "KN Gaya Motor." The location was suitable as there was ample timber nearby, a necessity for car body manufacture at the time.<ref name="knalpok" /> In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their Jakarta factory were exported all across the region. After having been requisitioned by the [[Netherlands East Indies]] government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment was destroyed to avoid it falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese.<ref name="GMHer">{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|title=GM Indonesia|last=Bowman|first=Bill|work=Generations of GM History|publisher=GM Heritage Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the plant and interred all foreigners; on 31 December GM wrote off the entire enterprise.<ref name="GMHer" /> The plant was taken over by Toyota, and was used to assemble trucks for the military.<ref name="On a Global Mission GM Volume III 1 books.google.com.my">{{cite book|author=Louis F. Fourie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3DODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1131|title=On a Global Mission: The Automobiles of General Motors International Volume 3|date=2016|publisher=[[Friesens|FriesenPress]]|isbn=978-1-4602-9690-5|pages=1131–1132|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
In 1946, General Motors Overseas Operations established a Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to continue the pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles in the next six years.<ref name="GMHer" /> By 1953, activities had mostly ended as Sukarno's pro-Chinese government took power. As of 1954 local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; the Indonesian government took over the assets in April 1955. GM dissolved this paper operation a year later.<ref name="GMHer" /> The government-run operations did not take good care of the plant and 60 per cent of the run-down assets were sold to [[Astra International|PT Astra Motor]] (who, coincidentally, had gotten their start by being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1967) in 1969.<ref name="AstraH">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|title=PT Astra International Tbk History|work=Funding Universe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Astra had expected to sell Chevrolets but were denied the contract and ended up importing [[Toyota]]s instead.<ref name="AstraH" />
A number of other, smaller companies proceeded to import and assemble a variety of GM products. Udatimex/Udatin has generally handled Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has sold Chevrolets, Opels, and the short-lived [[Bedford HA#Morina|Morina]] national [[Basic utility vehicle|Basic Transportation Vehicle]] project.<ref name="TP26">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 26</ref> In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opels, particularly the [[Opel Rekord Series D|Rekord]]. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same cars by the various importers.
;Holden
At the time of their 1959 introduction to Indonesia (although Holden-built Chevrolets first arrived in 1938) Holdens were sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining some popularity in the 1960s Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman's Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as the assembler. From 1954 until 1959, Holden Australia held the General Motors rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia was the [[Holden FC|FC series]].<ref name="jejak">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|title=Jejak Holden di Indonesia|last=Alfan|first=Charis|date=2017-09-27|publisher=Mobil Motor Lama|trans-title=Holden's footprint in Indonesia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|archive-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> Sales increased considerably when the locally assembled [[Holden Gemini]] arrived in 1981. Other locally assembled Holdens were the Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, the [[Statesman (automobile)#HQ|HQ Statesman]] was sold as the "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (Chevrolet's sole agent in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.
Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the [[Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]], called the Holden Lincah. This was superficially very similar to the [[Isuzu Trooper]], but had locally developed bodywork. A small number of Lincahs were exported to neighboring and [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island countries]] in the middle of the 1980s.<ref name="TP22">{{cite journal|last=Pawitra|first=T|date=July 1988|title=Marketing in the Automotive industry of Indonesia: Problems, Possibilities, and Limits|journal=ASEAN Economic Bulletin|volume=5|pages=22–23|jstor=25770186|ref=TPaw|number=1|doi=10.1355/AE5-1B}}</ref> A five-door version of the Lincah was also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never have entered production. The Lincah Gama was one of the many cars [[Malcolm Bricklin]] planned on importing, following his success with the [[Zastava Koral|Yugo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bangsberg|first=P.T.|date=1987-10-18|title=Indonesia takes its turn behind import wheel|url=https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html|journal=The Journal of Commerce|publisher=JOC Group Inc.}}</ref> While the Gemini Diesel remained popular with taxi operators, with passenger car sales slowing down Udatimex shut their doors in 1991, and regular imports of Holdens came to an end. The last new Holden introduced in Indonesia was the [[Holden Commodore (VL)|VL Calais]]. Even as the Indonesian automobile market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden did not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decreed the end of exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.<ref name="drive1">{{cite web|url=https://m.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=11092|title=Holden push in Middle East|last=Doak|first=Alastair|date=2001|publisher=Drive.com.au}}</ref>
;Opel
Opels had also been very popular before the war, with the [[Opel P4]] being assembled in Tanjung Priok. A locally bodied 7-seater taxibus arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933.<ref name="GM2000">{{cite book |title=General Motors in the Twentieth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Ward's Communications |isbn=0-910589-52-6 |editor1-last=Binder |editor1-first=Alan K. |location=Southfield, MI |page=153 |ref=GM20th |editor2-last=Ferris |editor2-first=Deebe}}</ref> The taxi model was called [[:id:Oplet|Oplet]] (short for the trade name "Opelette") - a name which was used for [[share taxi]]s until the type was abolished in 1979.
In January 1993, GM re-established its presence in Indonesia by forming PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which is owned 60% by GM and 40% by local partner and previous importer/assembler PT Garmak Motor of Indonesia.<ref name="GMBI">{{Cite web |title=Historical Timeline General Motors in Indonesia |url=http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc}}</ref> The company built plant with 15,000 vehicle capacity in [[Bekasi]], West Java.<ref name="GMHer" /> In 1997, General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made product of the new company was the [[Opel Vectra]] (1994), followed by the [[Opel Astra|Opel Optima]] and the [[Opel Blazer]] SUV as the first right-hand drive Blazer in 1995.<ref name="GMHer" /> As of 2002, the Chevrolet nameplate has replaced Opel in Indonesia.<ref name="GMHer" />
;Chevrolet
[[File:2013 Chevrolet Spin 1.5 LTZ (20190616).jpg|thumb|Chevrolet manufactured the [[Chevrolet Spin|Spin]] MPV in [[Bekasi]], Indonesia between 2013 and 2015.|alt=]]Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. In particular the 210-series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge was mainly used on various Isuzu products like the [[Chevrolet LUV]] and [[Isuzu Trooper|Trooper]].
The brand was re-introduced in Indonesia in 2001 with the Chevrolet Tavera, a rebadged [[Isuzu Panther]], and the imported [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]] and Blazer V6 4x4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Motors Indonesia optimist on 2000 sales target |url=https://jawawa.id/newsitem/general-motors-indonesia-optimist-on-2000-sales-target-1447893297 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Indonesian Business Updates |language=English}}</ref> In 2002, the locally assembled Opel Blazer was renamed to [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet Blazer]]. It was sold alongside GM dealers, known as GM AutoWorld also marketed the [[Subaru Forester]] and [[Subaru Impreza]] since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subaru Introduces All New Forester Available July 20 At GM AutoWorld |url=https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/07/12/143647.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.theautochannel.com}}</ref>
In 2005, GM ended Blazer production in Indonesia, effectively rendering their manufacturing plant in Bekasi as dormant. Since then, GM effectively acts as an importer of [[GM Korea|Chevrolet-badged Daewoo]] cars from Thailand and South Korea.
In 2012, GM announced that it would reactivate the Bekasi plant to assemble a compact MPV, the [[Chevrolet Spin]] for Southeast Asian market. The 58,000 square meter plant represents an investment of US$150 million, employs 700 people and was planned to produce 40,000 vehicles a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.chevrolet.co.th/about-us/news-events/2013/05/Bekasi-Indonesia-GM-Plant-Opens.html|title=Bekasi Indonesia GM Plant Opens|website=www.chevrolet.co.th|language=en-TH|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM said that the Bekasi plant was a critical part of GM's growth strategy in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The plant's location met GM's philosophy of "build where we sell and source where we build."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-indonesia-facilities/gm-bekasi-west-java-indonesia-plant/|title=General Motors Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia Plant|website=GM Authority|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>
GM closed the plant in 2015, citing low sales and rising costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/85172-general-motors-to-shut-down-factory-in-indonesia|title=General Motors to shut down factory, axe jobs in Indonesia|agency=Reuters|website=Rappler|date=26 February 2015 |language=id|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/context/general-motors-prepares-close-bekasi-chevrolet-assembly-plant|title=General Motors Prepares to Close Down Bekasi Chevrolet Assembly Plant|website=Jakarta Globe|date=27 February 2015 |access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM's status in Indonesia was reverted to being an importer.
In October 2019, General Motors Indonesia announced that it would exit the Indonesian market entirely by 31 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GM Hengkang dari Indonesia, Ini Kata Pengguna Chevrolet|url=https://otomotif.tempo.co/read/1265752/gm-hengkang-dari-indonesia-ini-kata-pengguna-chevrolet|last=Priyanto|first=Wawan|date=2019-10-29|website=Tempo|language=en|trans-title=GM would exit the Indonesian market, here's what Chevrolet owners say|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chevrolet Hengkang dari RI, Bakal Bikin Penggemar Ilfil|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20191110080232-17-114053/chevrolet-hengkang-dari-ri-bakal-bikin-penggemar-ilfil|last=Indonesia|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id-ID|trans-title=Chevrolet exited the Indonesian market, would make fans lost trust|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Later in February 2020 GM also exited Thailand and Australia, leaving GM without any major presence in [[Left- and right-hand traffic|right-hand drive]] markets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GM axes Holden in global exit from right-hand-drive markets|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1127140_gm-axes-holden-in-global-exit-from-right-hand-drive-markets|website=Motor Authority|date=17 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Holden brand axed as GM pulls out of all RHD markets globally|url=https://drivetribe.com/p/holden-brand-axed-as-gm-pulls-out-Kn9FJQK_R72UraDTCftf4g|last=Jackson|first=Patrick|date=2020-02-17|website=DriveTribe|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
=== Mazda (1985–1998) ===
{{multiple image
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}}Mazda first entered the Indonesian market in the 1960s as an imported brand. In 1985, [[Indomobil Group|Indomobil]] started manufacturing Mazda vehicles in Indonesia through its fully owned plant and was distributed through PT National Motors Co. (now [[Unicor Prima Motor|PT Unicor Prima Motor]]), another Indomobil subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcom.id/otomotif/mobil/xkEvLvrK-sejarah-perjalanan-mazda-di-indonesia|title=Sejarah Perjalanan Mazda di Indonesia|last=developer|first=medcom id|date=2016-10-17|website=medcom.id|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> In 1989, Indomobil together with [[Sumitomo Corporation]] started work on the '''PT Mazda Indonesia Manufacturing (MIM)''' plant through a [[joint venture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sejarah Perjalanan Mazda di Indonesia|url=https://www.medcom.id/otomotif/mobil/xkEvLvrK-sejarah-perjalanan-mazda-di-indonesia|last=developer|first=medcom id|date=2016-10-17|website=medcom.id|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The plant would manufacture the Mazda MR90, a car based on the [[Mazda Familia#Fourth generation (FA4; 1977–1980)|third generation Mazda 323 Familia]]. With the support of President [[Suharto]], the MR90 was designated as a 'people's car' to compete directly with the [[Toyota Kijang]]. MR90 stands for 'Mobil Rakyat 1990', ('people's car of the 1990s'), as the car was introduced around July 1990. To achieve a competitive price for the car, and with the support of Suharto, Indomobile requested that the government remove the 30 per cent luxury goods tax. This proposal was unexpectedly rejected by the [[Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)|Finance Ministry]], citing the absence of a 'national car' regulation and the fact that the car is categorized as a [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] - which meant it ould only be considered a luxury good. As the result, sales were below expectations by an order of magnitude, since the car ended up significantly more expensive than the Toyota Kijang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/urban/articles/cerita-pahit-mobil-rakyat-mazda-mr-90-PNRw7|title=Cerita Pahit Mobil Rakyat Mazda MR 90|first = Randy | last = Wirayudha | website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|date=29 August 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The Mazda MR90 was later revised and renamed to Mazda Vantrend and Mazda Baby Boomer, hoping to improve sales. In 1998, PT MIM went bankrupt in the midst of [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Southeast Asian financial crisis]] and the plant in Tambun was sold to [[Suzuki Indomobil Motor|Suzuki]].<ref name=":2" />
Between 1998 and 2006, Mazda cars were imported and distributed by PT Unicor Prima Motor before the distribution was taken over by Mazda Motor Corporation, creating [[Mazda Motor Indonesia|PT Mazda Motor Indonesia]] as the sole importer and distributor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/bursa-dan-valas/d-572117/mazda-cerai-dengan-indomobil|title=Mazda Cerai Dengan Indomobil|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The handover marked the end of production of the locally assembled [[Mazda Bongo|Mazda E2000]] which was introduced in 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otoseken.gridoto.com/read/341765934/flashback-mazda-e2000-punya-teknologi-dan-fitur-canggih-di-zamannya|title=Flashback Mazda E2000, Punya Teknologi dan Fitur Canggih Di Zamannya - GridOto.com|last=GridOto.com|website=otoseken.gridoto.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> and also saw PT Unicor Prima Motor transformed into [[Chery]] car distributor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2017/02/16/183500430/merek.chery.menghilang.dua.kali.begini.ceritanya.|title=Merek Chery "Menghilang" Dua Kali, Begini Ceritanya... Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Mazda Motor Indonesia solely relied on importing its line-up of vehicles from Japan, Thailand and the Philippines, except the Suzuki-made [[Mazda VX-1]] (a rebadged Ertiga).
In 2017, Mazda Motor Corporation transferred its operations in Indonesia to '''PT Eurokars Motor Indonesia'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/otomotif/read/2626379/mengenal-eurokars-group-penguasa-baru-mazda-di-indonesia|title=Mengenal Eurokars Group, Penguasa Baru Mazda di Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|date=2016-10-14|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Mazda remained an import brand, sourcing Mazda vehicles from Japan, Thailand and Malaysia.
=== Timor (1996–2000) ===
{{Main|Timor Putra Nasional}}
[[File:Timor_S515_sedan_(2007-07-09)_02.jpg|left|thumb|Timor S515]]
In 1996, the Ministry of Industry and Trade announced a president instruction (Inpress) No. 2 year 1996 regarding the development of the national car industry, instructing the Minister of Industry and Trade, the Minister of Finance, and the State Minister for Mobilization of Investment Funds to immediately realize the national car industry. It also mentioned the pioneer company to do so is '''PT Timor Putra Nasional''' (TPN), owned by [[Tommy Suharto|Hutomo Mandala Putra]], the son of president [[Suharto]]. TPN is the only car manufacturer to be declared free from [[Luxury tax|luxury goods tax]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/potongan-nostalgia/timor-mobil-nasional-orde-baru-bagian-i|title="Timor" Mobil Nasional Orde Baru (Bagian I)|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref> TPN partnered with [[Kia Motors]] to import [[Kia Sephia]] sedan as the Timor S515i by a semi knock down (SKD) scheme. The sedan was introduced on 8 July 1996. Due to its low price, the car quickly gained some traction in Indonesia.
However, several countries such as [[Japan]], the [[United States]], and the [[European Communities]] immediately protested the national car program and privilege of Timor cars. A lawsuit was then brought to the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organization (WTO)]]. The program was declared incompatible with WTO rules by Dispute Settlement Body of WTO in 1998. It was proved that the "national car program" violated the World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties because the exemption from taxes is a subsidy contingent upon the use of domestic goods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Beckons America: The Case of the Automobile Industry|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> As such, the company had to stop its operations by a presidential decree (Keppres) No 20 1998 issued on 21 January 1998.
===Volvo===
[[File:Indonesian police cars, Sekilas Lintas Kepolisian Republik Indonesia, p37.jpg|thumb|A fleet of [[Volvo 140 Series|Volvo 144]]'s being used as police cars in 1976, a result of Liem's close relationship with the Indonesian government.]]
Volvo automobiles have been regularly imported to Indonesia since 1971, when [[Liem Sioe Liong]]'s '''PT Central Sole Agency''' gained the concession.<ref name="Liem240">[[#LSLSG|Borsuk and Chang]], p. 240</ref> By 1975, industrial policy dictated that the cars be assembled locally and Liem responded by creating a joint venture called PT Salim Jaya Motor, operated by his son Albert. A small number of heavy trucks were also imported. They assembled two Volvo models and had a steady market in the form of military and government officials. The venture still lost money though, partly due to the difficulties of collecting money from government officials during the Suharto era. Even with government favor, sales were never very large: between 1976 and 1985, only 1015 Volvo passenger cars (and 201 heavy trucks) were assembled in Indonesia.<ref name="TPx2">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], pp. 35, 37</ref>
The [[Salim Group]] still imports Volvo trucks, buses, and construction equipment as of 2017, through a company called PT Indotruck Utama.
== Luxury goods tax classification ==
{{update|date=November 2021|section}}
Indonesia imposes [[Luxury tax|luxury goods tax]] (Indonesian: ''Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah (PPnBM)'') based on engine displacement and body type.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarif PPnBM: Pengelompokan dan Besarannya {{!}} OnlinePajak|url=https://www.online-pajak.com/tarif-ppnbm|access-date=2019-07-14|website=www.online-pajak.com|date=10 December 2018}}</ref> While dimensions aren't used in the classification, [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] and [[station wagon]] body type are taxed differently. This tax scheme was phased out in October 2021 in favour of an emission-based classification.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Tahun 2021, Pemerintah Terapkan Pajak Kendaraan Berbasis Emisi|url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2019/03/13/072200515/tahun-2021-pemerintah-terapkan-pajak-kendaraan-berbasis-emisi|access-date=2020-12-17|website=KOMPAS.com|date=13 March 2019|language=id}}</ref>
A vehicle is considered a sedan if the rear window is not a part of the rear trunk opening.
;Classification used until October 2021
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Luxury goods<br />tax percentage
!Engine<br />displacement
!Layout
!Body type
|-
|0%
| colspan="3" |''main article: [[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |10%
|≤1.5 L
|2WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
|any capacity
|any layout
|minibus with 10-15 passengers capacity
|-
| rowspan="2" |20%
|>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)<br /> >1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
|2WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
|any capacity
|any layout
|double cabin pick-up
|-
| rowspan="2" |30%
| rowspan="2" |≤1.5 L
|2WD
|sedan and station wagon
|-
|4WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
| rowspan="5" |40%
|>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)
|2WD
|sedan and station wagon
|-
|>1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
|2WD
|sedan and station wagon
|-
|>2.5–3.0 L (petrol)
|2WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
|>1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
|4WD
|any body type
|-
|>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)
|4WD
|any body type
|-
|125%
|>2.5 L (diesel)<br /> >3.0 L (petrol)
|any layout
|any body type
|}
== Vehicles currently manufactured and sold in Indonesia ==
[[File:2022 Toyota Calya 1.2 G B401RA (20220410).jpg|thumb|[[Toyota Calya]], exclusively built and sold in Indonesia.]]
'''[[BMW]]:''' [[BMW 2 Series Gran Coupé|2 Series Gran Coupé]], [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]], [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]], [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]], [[BMW X1|X1]], [[BMW X3|X3]], [[BMW X5|X5]], [[BMW X7|X7]]
'''[[Chery]]:''' [[Chery Tiggo 5x|Tiggo 5x]], [[Chery Tiggo 7|Tiggo 7 Pro]], [[Chery Tiggo 8|Tiggo 8 Pro]]
'''[[Citroën]]:''' [[Citroën C3#ë-C3|ë-C3]]
'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor|Daihatsu]]:''' [[Daihatsu Ayla|Ayla]], [[Daihatsu Gran Max|Gran Max]], [[Daihatsu Luxio|Luxio]], [[Daihatsu Rocky (A200)|Rocky]], [[Daihatsu Sigra|Sigra]], [[Daihatsu Terios|Terios]], [[Daihatsu Xenia|Xenia]]
'''[[DFSK Motor|DFSK]]:''' [[DFSK Gelora|Gelora E]], [[DFSK C-Series|Super Cab]]
'''[[Fuso (company)|Fuso]]:''' [[Mitsubishi Fuso Canter|Canter]], [[Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter|Fighter X]]
'''[[GAC Aion]]:''' [[Aion Y#Aion Y Plus|Y Plus]]
'''[[Haval (marque)|Haval]]:''' [[Haval Jolion|Jolion]]
'''[[Hino Motors|Hino]]:''' [[Hino Dutro|200 Series]]/[[Hino Dutro|300 Series]], [[Hino Ranger|500 Series]], [[Hino Profia|700 Series]]
'''[[Honda Prospect Motor|Honda]]:''' [[Honda Brio|Brio]], [[Honda BR-V|BR-V]], [[Honda City Hatchback|City Hatchback]], [[Honda HR-V|HR-V]], [[Honda Mobilio|Mobilio]], [[Honda WR-V|WR-V]]
'''[[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia|Hyundai]]:''' [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]], [[Hyundai Ioniq 5|Ioniq 5]]/[[Hyundai Ioniq 5#Ioniq 5 N|Ioniq 5 N]], [[Hyundai Kona Electric|Kona Electric]], [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]], [[Hyundai Stargazer|Stargazer]]/[[Hyundai Stargazer#Stargazer X|Stargazer X]]
'''[[Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|Isuzu]]:''' [[Isuzu Elf|Elf]], [[Isuzu Forward|Giga]], [[Isuzu Traga|Traga]]
'''[[Jetour]]:''' [[Jetour Dashing|Dashing]], [[Jetour X70 Plus|X70 Plus]]
'''[[Mazda]]:''' [[Mazda CX-3|CX-3]], [[Mazda CX-5|CX-5]]
'''[[Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia|Mercedes-Benz]]:''' [[Mercedes-Benz Axor|Axor]], [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class|A-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLA|GLA]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLS|GLS]]
'''[[MG Motor|MG]]:''' [[MG4 EV|4 EV]], [[MG ZS EV|ZS EV]]
'''[[Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia|Mitsubishi]]:''' [[Mitsubishi Colt L300|Colt L300]], [[Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV|L100 EV]], [[Mitsubishi Pajero Sport|Pajero Sport]], [[Mitsubishi Xforce|Xforce]], [[Mitsubishi Xpander|Xpander]]/[[Mitsubishi Xpander Cross|Xpander Cross]]
'''[[Hozon Auto|Neta]]:''' [[Neta Aya|V-II]], [[Neta X|X]]
'''[[Nissan Motor Indonesia|Nissan]]:''' [[Nissan Livina|Livina]]
'''[[Omoda]]:''' [[Omoda 5|5]]/[[Omoda 5#Electric version|E5]]
'''[[Ora (marque)|Ora]]:''' [[Ora 03|03]]
'''[[Seres (automobiles)|Seres]]:''' [[Fengon Mini EV|E1]]
'''[[Suzuki Indomobil Motor|Suzuki]]:''' [[Suzuki APV|APV]], [[Suzuki Carry|Carry]], [[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]]/[[Suzuki XL7|XL7]]
'''[[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota]]:''' [[Toyota Agya|Agya]], [[Toyota Avanza|Avanza]]/[[Toyota Veloz|Veloz]], [[Toyota Calya|Calya]], [[Toyota Dyna|Dyna]], [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]], [[Toyota Kijang Innova|Kijang Innova]]/[[Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix|Kijang Innova Zenix]], [[Toyota Raize|Raize]], [[Toyota Rush|Rush]], [[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]], [[Toyota Yaris Cross (AC200)|Yaris Cross]]
'''[[UD Trucks]]:''' [[UD Quester|Quester]]
'''[[SGMW Motor Indonesia|Wuling]]:''' [[Wuling Air EV|Air EV]], [[Wuling Almaz|Almaz]], [[Wuling Alvez|Alvez]], [[Wuling Binguo|Binguo EV]], [[Baojun Yunduo|Cloud EV]], [[Wuling Confero|Confero]]/[[Wuling Formo|Formo]], [[Wuling Cortez|Cortez]]
''*Excluding buses''
== Active manufacturing facilities ==
Automotive manufacturing facilities in Indonesia is currently focused in the western part of [[Java]], mainly in the [[Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road|Jakarta–Cikampek toll road]] corridor in [[Bekasi Regency|Bekasi]] and [[Karawang Regency|Karawang]], where few [[Industrial park|industrial estates]] are located there.
{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="text-align: center; width:100%; font-size:85%;"
! colspan="7" |{{big|List of active automobile manufacturing plants in Indonesia}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:15%;" |Name
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Founded
! rowspan="2" style="width:7%;" |Location
! colspan="3" |Production
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Exports
|-
! style="width:5%;" |Operational scope
! style="width:8%;" |Make
! style="width:15%;" |Models produced (as of 2024)
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor]]'''<br />(ADM)<br />Plant 1
| rowspan="3" |1998
| rowspan="3" |[[Sunter, Jakarta|Sunter]],<br />[[North Jakarta]],<br />[[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]]
| rowspan="7" |Manufacturing
|[[Daihatsu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Daihatsu Gran Max|Gran Max]] {{small|(2007–)}}| [[Daihatsu Luxio|Luxio]] {{small|(2009–)}}}}
| rowspan="7" |Yes
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota LiteAce|LiteAce]] {{small|(2008–, export only)}}}}
|-
|[[Mazda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mazda Bongo|Bongo]] {{small|(2020–, export only)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor]]'''<br />(ADM)<br />Plant 2
| rowspan="2" |2013
| rowspan="4" |[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|[[Daihatsu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Daihatsu Ayla|Ayla]] {{small|(2013–)}}|[[Daihatsu Sigra|Sigra]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Daihatsu Rocky (A200)|Rocky]] {{small|(2021–)}}}}
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Agya|Agya]] {{small|(2013–)}}| [[Toyota Calya|Calya]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Toyota Raize|Raize]] {{small|(2021–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor]]'''<br />(ADM)<br />Plant 3
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Daihatsu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Daihatsu Xenia|Xenia]] {{small|(2024–)}}| [[Daihatsu Terios|Terios]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Avanza|Avanza]] {{small|(2024–)}}| [[Toyota Rush|Rush]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Astra International|Gaya Motor]]'''
| rowspan="2" |1969
| rowspan="2" |[[Tanjung Priok]],<br />[[North Jakarta]],<br />[[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]]
| rowspan="2" |Assembly
|[[BMW]]
|{{bulleted list|[[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]] {{small|(1993–)}}|[[BMW X1|X1]] {{small|(2011–)}}|[[BMW X3|X3]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[BMW X5|X5]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[BMW X7|X7]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[BMW 2 Series Gran Coupé|2 Series Gran Coupé]] {{small|(2022–)}}}}
|rowspan="2" |No
|-
|[[UD Trucks]]
|{{bulleted list|[[UD Quester|Quester]] {{small|(2016–)}}}}
|-
|'''Eurokars Produksi Pratama'''<br />(EPP)
|2024
|[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|Assembly
|[[Mazda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mazda CX-3|CX-3]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Mazda CX-5|CX-5]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|No
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Handal Indonesia Motor'''<br />(HIM)
| rowspan="4" |1995
| rowspan="4" |Pondok Ungu,<br />[[Bekasi|Bekasi City]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="4" |Assembly
|[[Chery]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Chery Tiggo 7|Tiggo 7 Pro]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Chery Tiggo 8|Tiggo 8 Pro]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Chery Tiggo 5x|Tiggo 5x]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="4" |Yes
|-
|[[Omoda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Omoda 5|5]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Omoda 5#Electric version|E5]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|-
|[[Hozon Auto|Neta]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Neta Aya|V-II]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Neta X|X]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|[[Jetour]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Jetour Dashing|Dashing]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Jetour X70 Plus|X70 Plus]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Hino Motors|Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(HMMI)
| rowspan="2" |2003
| rowspan="2" |[[Purwakarta Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[Hino Motors|Hino]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Hino Dutro|300 Series]] {{small|(2003–)}}|[[Hino Ranger|500 Series]] {{small|(2003–)}}|[[Hino Profia|700 Series]] {{small|(2003–)}}|[[Hino Dutro|200 Series]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Dyna|Dyna]] {{small|(2009–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Honda Prospect Motor]]'''<br />(HPM)<br />Plant 1
|2003
| rowspan="2" |[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
| rowspan="2" |[[Honda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Honda Brio|Brio]] {{small|(2013–)}}|[[Honda HR-V|HR-V]] {{small|(2015–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|'''[[Honda Prospect Motor]]'''<br />(HPM)<br />Plant 2
|2014
|{{bulleted list|[[Honda Mobilio|Mobilio]] {{small|(2014–)}}|[[Honda BR-V|BR-V]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Honda City Hatchback|City Hatchback]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Honda WR-V|WR-V]] {{small|(2022–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(HMMI)
|2022
|[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|Manufacturing
|[[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]
|{{bulleted list| [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Ioniq 5|Ioniq 5]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Stargazer|Stargazer]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Stargazer#Stargazer X|Stargazer X]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Hyundai Kona Electric|Kona Electric]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Hyundai Ioniq 5#Ioniq 5 N|Ioniq 5 N]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|Yes
|-
|'''[[Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia]]'''<br />(IAMI)
|2015
|[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|Manufacturing
|[[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Isuzu Elf|Elf]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[Isuzu Forward|Giga]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[Isuzu Traga|Traga]] {{small|(2018–)}}}}
|Yes
|-
|'''[[Fuso (company)|Krama Yudha Ratu Motor]]'''<br />(KRM)
|1973
|[[Pulo Gadung]],<br />[[East Jakarta]],<br />[[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]]
|Manufacturing
|[[Fuso (company)|Fuso]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mitsubishi Fuso Canter|Canter]] {{small|(?–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter|Fighter X]] {{small|(?–)}}}}
|Yes
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia|Mercedes-Benz Indonesia]]'''<br />(MBI)
| rowspan="3" |1978
| rowspan="3" |Wanaherang,<br />[[Bogor Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="3" |Assembly
|[[Mercedes-Benz]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]] {{small|(1994–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]] {{small|(1994–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]] {{small|(2000–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLS|GLS]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz Axor|Axor]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz A-Class|A-Class]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLA|GLA]] {{small|(2021–)}}}}
| rowspan="3" |No
|-
|[[Haval (marque)|Haval]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Haval Jolion|Jolion]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|[[Ora (marque)|Ora]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Ora 03|03]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia]]'''<br />(MMKI)
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mitsubishi Pajero Sport|Pajero Sport]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Xpander|Xpander]] {{small|(2017–)}}| [[Mitsubishi Colt L300|Colt L300]] {{small|(2018–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Xpander Cross|Xpander Cross]] {{small|(2019–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Xforce|Xforce]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV|L100 EV]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" | Yes
|-
|[[Nissan]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Nissan Livina|Livina]] {{small|(2019–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Indomobil Group|National Assemblers]]'''
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |[[Purwakarta Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Assembly
|[[Citroën]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Citroën C3#ë-C3|ë-C3]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" | No
|-
|[[GAC Aion]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Aion Y#Aion Y Plus|Y Plus]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |'''[[SGMW Motor Indonesia]]'''<br />(SGMWI)
|rowspan="2" |2017
|rowspan="2" |[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[Wuling Motors|Wuling]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Wuling Confero|Confero]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[Wuling Cortez|Cortez]] {{small|(2018–)}}|[[Wuling Formo|Formo]] {{small|(2018–)}}|[[Wuling Almaz|Almaz]] {{small|(2019–)}}|[[Wuling Air EV|Air EV]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Wuling Alvez|Alvez]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Wuling Binguo|Binguo EV]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Baojun Yunduo|Cloud EV]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|[[MG Motor|MG]]
|{{bulleted list|[[MG ZS EV|ZS EV]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[MG4 EV|4 EV]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Seres Group|Sokonindo Automobile]]'''
|rowspan="2" | 2017
|rowspan="2" |Cikande,<br />[[Serang Regency]],<br />[[Banten]]
|rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[DFSK Motor|DFSK]]
|{{bulleted list|[[DFSK C-Series|Super Cab]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[DFSK Gelora|Gelora E]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|[[Seres (automobiles)|Seres]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Fengon Mini EV|E1]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]]'''<br />(SIM)<br />Plant 1
|1991
|Tambun,<br />[[Bekasi|Bekasi City]],<br />[[West Java]]
|rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|rowspan="2" |[[Suzuki]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Suzuki Carry|Carry]] {{small|(1991–)}}|[[Suzuki APV|APV]] {{small|(2004–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|'''[[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]]'''<br />(SIM)<br />Plant 2
|2015
|[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[Suzuki XL7|XL7]] {{small|(2020–)}}|[[Suzuki Fronx|Fronx]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(TMMIN)<br />Plant 1
|1998
| rowspan="2" |[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
| rowspan="2" |[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Kijang Innova|Kijang Innova]] {{small|(2004–)}}|[[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]] {{small|(2007–)}}|[[Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix|Kijang Innova Zenix]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Toyota Voxy|Voxy]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|'''[[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(TMMIN)<br />Plant 2
|2013
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]] {{small|(2014–)}}|[[Toyota Calya|Calya]] {{small|(2019–)}}|[[Toyota Avanza|Avanza]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Toyota Veloz|Veloz]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Toyota Yaris Cross (AC200)|Yaris Cross]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|}
{{Clear}}
== Statistics ==
=== Historical statistics ===
==== Sales rank ====
{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="text-align: center; width:100%; font-size:78%;"
! colspan="11" |{{anchor|top10models}}{{big|Top 10 best-selling models in Indonesia (passenger and light commercial vehicles), 1990–2023}}<br />Source: BSCB,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2019-07-20|title=Indonesia: 1976-2019 Historical Info available|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2019/07/indonesia-1976-2011-historical-info-now-available/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> GAIKINDO<ref name=":0" />
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:4%;" |Year
! colspan="10" style="width:90%;" |Models and ranking
|-
! style="width:9%;" |1st
! style="width:9%;" |2nd
! style="width:9%;" |3rd
! style="width:9%;" |4th
! style="width:9%;" |5th
! style="width:9%;" |6th
! style="width:9%;" |7th
! style="width:9%;" |8th
! style="width:9%;" |9th
! style="width:9%;" |10th
|-
|'''1990'''
|[[Toyota Kijang]]
|[[Daihatsu Zebra]]
|[[Suzuki Carry]]
|[[Suzuki Jimny|Suzuki Katana]]
|[[Honda Civic]]
|[[Toyota Corolla]]
|[[Daihatsu Rugger|Daihatsu Rocky]]
|[[Honda Accord]]
|[[Daihatsu Rugger|Daihatsu Hiline]]
|[[Mitsubishi Colt L300]]
|-
|'''1991'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Zebra
|[[Mitsubishi Colt T120SS]]
|[[Isuzu Panther]]
|Suzuki Katana
|Daihatsu Rocky
|Honda Civic
|Daihatsu Hiline
|[[Toyota Starlet]]
|-
|'''1992'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Suzuki Katana
|Daihatsu Rocky
|Toyota Corolla
|Honda Civic
|[[Suzuki Vitara]]
|-
|'''1993'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Katana
|Suzuki Vitara
|Daihatsu Rocky
|Toyota Corolla
|-
|'''1994'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|[[Daihatsu Rugger|Daihatsu Feroza]]
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Vitara
|Toyota Corolla
|Honda Accord
|-
|'''1995'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Daihatsu Feroza
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Vitara
|Toyota Corolla
|Daihatsu Hiline
|-
|'''1996'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Vitara
|[[Kia Sephia|Timor S5]]
|Toyota Corolla
|Suzuki Katana
|-
|'''1997'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Isuzu Panther
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Timor S5
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|[[Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Suzuki Baleno]]
|Suzuki Vitara
|Suzuki Katana
|-
|'''1998'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Isuzu Panther
|Suzuki Carry
|Timor S5
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Suzuki Baleno
|Daihatsu Feroza
|[[Ford Laser]]
|-
|'''1999'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Isuzu Panther
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Mitsubishi Freeca|Mitsubishi Kuda]]
|[[Daihatsu Terios|Daihatsu Taruna]]
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Timor S5
|[[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Opel Blazer]]
|Suzuki Vitara
|-
|'''2000'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Taruna
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|[[Toyota Soluna]]
|Timor S5
|Suzuki Baleno
|Daihatsu Zebra
|-
|'''2001'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Daihatsu Taruna
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Toyota Soluna
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|[[Honda CR-V]]
|-
|'''2002'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Daihatsu Taruna
|Toyota Soluna
|Honda CR-V
|-
|'''2003'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Isuzu Panther
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Honda CR-V
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|[[Honda City]]
|Daihatsu Taruna
|-
|'''2004'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Toyota Avanza]]
|[[Honda Fit|Honda Jazz]]
|[[Daihatsu Xenia]]
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Isuzu Panther
|[[Toyota Vios]]
|-
|'''2005'''
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Toyota Avanza
|Suzuki Carry
|Honda Jazz
|[[Suzuki APV]]
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|-
|'''2006'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Honda Jazz
|Suzuki APV
|Isuzu Panther
|[[Toyota Yaris]]
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Daihatsu Zebra
|-
|'''2007'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Daihatsu Terios]]
|[[Toyota Rush]]
|Honda Jazz
|[[Nissan Livina]]
|Suzuki APV
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2008'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Xenia
|[[Daihatsu Gran Max]]
|Nissan Livina
|Honda Jazz
|Suzuki Carry
|Suzuki APV
|Honda CR-V
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2009'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Honda Jazz
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Nissan Livina
|Daihatsu Terios
|Toyota Rush
|Suzuki APV
|-
|'''2010'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Nissan Livina
|Honda Jazz
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Toyota Rush
|Suzuki APV
|-
|'''2011'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Nissan Livina
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Toyota Rush
|Mitsubishi T120SS
|Daihatsu Terios
|-
|'''2012'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Suzuki Carry
|Nissan Livina
|[[Suzuki Ertiga]]
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Yaris
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2013'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Suzuki Ertiga
|Suzuki Carry
|Nissan Livina
|Toyota Rush
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Honda Jazz
|-
|'''2014'''
|Toyota Avanza
|[[Honda Mobilio]]
|[[Toyota Agya]]
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Suzuki Ertiga
|Daihatsu Xenia
|[[Daihatsu Ayla]]
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|-
|'''2015'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Agya
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Honda Brio]]
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|[[Honda HR-V]]
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Daihatsu Ayla
|Suzuki Ertiga
|-
|'''2016'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|[[Toyota Calya]]
|Honda Brio
|Toyota Agya
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Honda HR-V
|Daihatsu Ayla
|[[Honda BR-V]]
|-
|'''2017'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Calya
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Honda Brio
|[[Daihatsu Sigra]]
|Honda HR-V
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Suzuki Ertiga
|Suzuki Carry
|-
|'''2018'''
|Toyota Avanza
|[[Mitsubishi Xpander]]
|Toyota Calya
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Honda Brio
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Rush
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Suzuki Carry
|Honda HR-V
|-
|'''2019'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Honda Brio
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Calya
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2020'''
|Honda Brio
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Toyota Calya
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2021'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Honda Brio
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Toyota Calya
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2022'''
|Honda Brio
|Toyota Avanza
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Calya
|[[Toyota Veloz]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Honda Brio
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Calya
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Rush
|Honda HR-V
|-
!
! style="width:9%;" |1st
! style="width:9%;" |2nd
! style="width:9%;" |3rd
! style="width:9%;" |4th
! style="width:9%;" |5th
! style="width:9%;" |6th
! style="width:9%;" |7th
! style="width:9%;" |8th
! style="width:9%;" |9th
! style="width:9%;" |10th
|-
| colspan="11" | '''Note:''' 1. Suzuki Vitara includes Escudo and Sidekick{{spaces|3|type}}2. Suzuki Carry not including Mega Carry{{spaces|3|type}}3. Daihatsu Gran Max not including van/panel van models{{spaces|3|type}}4. Nissan Livina includes two-row Livina and three-row Grand Livina{{spaces|3|type}}5. Honda Brio includes [[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)|LCGC]] Brio Satya{{spaces|3|type}}6. Mitsubishi Xpander includes Xpander Cross{{spaces|3|type}}7. Toyota Avanza not including W100 series Veloz{{spaces|3|type}}8. Toyota Kijang Innova includes AN140 series and AG10 series
|-
| colspan="11" | '''See also''' : Best-selling models in {{hlist|class=inline|[[Automotive industry in Australia#top10models|Australia]]|[[Automotive industry in Brazil#top10models|Brazil]]|[[Automotive industry in India#top10models|India]]|[[Automotive industry in Japan#top10models|Japan]]|[[Automotive industry in Malaysia#top10models|Malaysia]]|[[Automotive industry in the Philippines#top10models|Philippines]]|[[Automotive industry in Thailand#top10models|Thailand]]|[[Automotive industry in Sweden#top10models|Sweden]]}}
|-
|}
{{Clear}}
==== Industry data ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:90%;" align="left"
|+
!Calendar Year
!Wholesales
!Retail Sales
!Production
!Exports (CBU)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/indonesian-demand-for-imported-cbu-cars-still-strong/item6501|title=Indonesian Demand for Imported CBU Cars still Strong {{!}} Indonesia Investments|website=www.indonesia-investments.com|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>
|-
|'''1990<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1992-01-19|title=Indonesia 1990-1991: Toyota Kijang holds 25% share in record market|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1992/01/indonesia-1990-1991-toyota-kijang-holds-25-share-in-record-market/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|223,547
| rowspan="21" |''not available''
| rowspan="19" |''not available''
| rowspan="14" |''not available''
|-
|'''1991<ref name=":3" />'''
|215,644
|-
|'''1992<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1994-01-19|title=Indonesia 1992-1993: Kijang leads, Isuzu Panther on podium in imploding market (-30.3%)|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1994/01/indonesia-1992-1993-kijang-leads-isuzu-panther-on-podium-in-imploding-market-30-3/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|150,221
|-
|'''1993<ref name=":4" />'''
|184,977
|-
|'''1994<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1996-01-19|title=Indonesia 1994-1995: Market breaks all-time record twice|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1996/01/indonesia-1994-1995-market-breaks-all-time-record-twice/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|279,228
|-
|'''1995<ref name=":5" />'''
|326,965
|-
|'''1996<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1998-01-19|title=Indonesia 1996-1997: Toyota Kijang and Isuzu Panther on top, Timor brand launches|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1998/01/indonesia-1996-1997-toyota-kijang-1-isuzu-panther-up-to-2/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|278,416
|-
|'''1997<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1999-01-19|title=Indonesia 1998: Timor S515 up to #4 in annihilated market (-84.1%)|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1999/01/indonesia-1998-timor-s515-up-to-4-in-annihilated-market-84-1/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|336,968
|-
|'''1998<ref name=":6" />'''
|53,412
|-
|'''1999<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2000-01-19|title=Indonesia 1999: Market bounces back up 59%, Mitsubishi up to #2 thanks to Kuda|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2000/01/indonesia-1999-market-bounces-back-up-59-mitsubishi-up-to-2-thanks-to-kuda/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|84,928
|-
|'''2000<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2003-01-20|title=Indonesia 2000-2002: Market back to pre-crisis levels, Suzuki strong|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2003/01/indonesia-2000-2001-market-back-to-pre-crisis-levels-suzuki-strong/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|289,747
|-
|'''2001<ref name=":7" />'''
|270,920
|-
|'''2002<ref name=":7" />'''
|288,553
|-
|'''2003<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2004-01-20|title=Indonesia 2003: Honda up 65.1% in highest market in 5 years|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2004/01/indonesia-2003-honda-up-65-1-in-highest-market-in-5-years/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|320,457
|-
|'''2004<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2005-01-20|title=Indonesia 2004: Toyota Innova, Avanza, Honda Jazz and Daihatsu Xenia land in first year above 400.000 sales|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2005/01/indonesia-2004-toyota-innova-avanza-honda-jazz-and-daihatsu-xenia-land-in-first-year-above-400-000-sales/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|441,912
|9,572
|-
|'''2005'''
|533,917
|17,805
|-
|'''2006'''
|318,904
|30,974
|-
|'''2007'''
|433,341
|60,267
|-
|'''2008'''
|603,774
|100,982
|-
|'''2009'''
|486,088
|464,816
|56,669
|-
|'''2010'''
|764,710
|702,508
|85,769
|-
|'''2011'''
|894,164
|890,559
|838,388
|107,932
|-
|'''2012'''
|1,116,230
|1,098,331
|1,052,895
|173,371
|-
|'''2013'''
|1,229,811
|1,218,817
|1,206,368
|170,958
|-
|'''2014'''
|1,208,019
|1,195,409
|1,298,523
|202,273
|-
|'''2015'''
|1,013,518
|1,031,842
|1,098,780
|207,961
|-
|'''2016'''
|1,062,694
|1,073,547
|1,178,346
|194,395
|-
|'''2017'''
|1,077,365
|1,067,396
|1,217,518
|231,169
|-
|'''2018'''
|1,151,284
|1,152,641
|1,343,743
|264,553
|-
|'''2019'''
|1,030,126
|1,043,017
|1,286,848
|332,023
|-
|'''2020'''
|532,027
|578,327
|690,150
|232,175
|-
|'''2021'''
|887,202
|863,348
|1,121,967
|294,639
|-
|'''2022'''
|1,048,040
|1,013,582
|1,470,146
|473,602
|-
|'''2023'''<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-01-16 |title=10 Mobil Terlaris 2023 |trans-title=10 Best Selling Car in 2023 |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/20240116081549-587-1050015/10-mobil-terlaris-2023 |language=Indonesian |website=CNN Indonesia |publisher=Transmedia |location=Indonesia |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref>
|1,005,802
|998,059
|1,395,717
|505,134
|}
{{Clear}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Automotive industry in Indonesia|state=open}}{{Indonesia topics}}{{Automotive industry by country}}{{Asia topic|Automotive industry in}}
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:Industry in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Manufacturing in Indonesia|A]]
[[Category:Transport in Indonesia|A]]
[[Category:Automotive industry by country|Indonesia]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Overview of the automotive industry in Indonesia}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Giias-2015.jpg|thumb|500x500px|[[Indonesia International Auto Show|Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show (GIIAS)]], the largest [[auto show]] in Southeast Asia.|alt=]]
The '''automotive industry in Indonesia''' plays an important role to the [[economic growth]] of the nation, contributing 10.16 per cent of the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anggraeni |first=Kartika |date=2018-03-29 |editor-last=Hidayat |editor-first=Ali Akhmad Noor |title=Menperin: Industri Otomotif Sumbang 10,16 Persen ke PDB |url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1074289/menperin-industri-otomotif-sumbang-1016-persen-ke-pdb |access-date=2020-02-03 |website=Tempo |language=en}}</ref> [[Indonesia]] automotive product [[export]]s is currently higher in value than their [[import]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Amelia |first=Vini Rizki |date=2014-09-18 |editor-last=Mutiara |editor-first=Dian Anditya |title=Industri Otomotif Indonesia Untung 2,5 Miliar Dolar AS |trans-title=Indonesian automotive industry gained 2.5 billion USD surplus |url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2014/09/18/industri-otomotif-indonesia-untung-25-miliar-dolar-as |website=Detik}}</ref> In 2017, Indonesia is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|17th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world]] and the 5th largest passenger vehicle producer in [[Asia]], producing 0.98 million vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Mindy |date=2018-11-20 |title=World's Top 20 Largest Passenger Car-Producing Countries In 2017 (Million Units) |url=https://ceoworld.biz/2018/11/20/worlds-top-20-largest-passenger-car-producing-countries-in-2017-million-units/ |access-date=2019-09-07 |website=CEOWORLD magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
Most of the vehicles built in Indonesia are from foreign brands, notably [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japanese]], and produced in the country through a [[joint venture]] plant with a local partner or a fully owned plant. While full manufacturing with a high percentage of local components in the country is usually preferred by manufacturers and encouraged by the government, several plants in the country also conducted a [[Knock-down kit|CKD]] assembly. CBU imports of new cars in the country is also allowed since 1999 with considerably light import tariffs, although it is discouraged by the government.
Indonesia predominantly produces [[Mini MPV|mini]] or [[compact MPV]]s (52 per cent of total production), [[Sport utility vehicle|SUVs]] and light [[pickup truck]]s under one ton. In 2019, a total 26 per cent of its production output was exported. Around 7.2 per cent of total automobile sales in Indonesia consists of imported vehicles, notably from [[Automotive industry in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japan]], [[Automotive industry in India|India]], and to lesser extent, [[Automotive industry in South Korea|South Korea]].
Most automobile manufacturers in Indonesia (including passenger car manufacturers and commercial truck manufacturers) are a member of the non-governmental Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries (''Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia'', GAIKINDO).
== Characteristics ==
{{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220
| image1 = 2018 Honda Brio Satya 1.2 E hatchback (DD1; 01-12-2019), South Tangerang - front.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Honda Brio]] was the best-selling passenger car in Indonesia in 2020 and 2022.
| image2 = 2022 Toyota Avanza 1.5 G Toyota Safety Sense W101RE (20220403).jpg
| caption2 = The [[Toyota Avanza]] was the best-selling passenger car in Indonesia between 2006 and 2019, and then in 2021.
| image3 = 2022 Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix V (Indonesia) front view.jpg
| caption3 = for the first time since its launch in 2004 and in 2005, [[Toyota Innova|Toyota Kijang Innova]] becoming best selling car in 2023.
}}
Traditionally, Indonesia is a market heavily oriented to [[List of Japanese car manufacturers|Japanese cars]] like most of its Southeast Asian neighbours. However, while other Southeast Asian markets prefer [[Compact car|compact]] [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]], Indonesian car market has a strong preference to three-row [[Multi Purpose Vehicle|MPVs]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Automotive Manufacturing Industry Indonesia - Car Sales {{!}} Indonesia Investments|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/industries-sectors/automotive-industry/item6047|website=www.indonesia-investments.com|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Car cultures around the world: Bali, Indonesia|url=https://carsalesbase.com/car-cultures-around-world-bali-indonesia/|last1=Dem|first1=Bart|last2=Scenes 1|first2=tInternational Street|date=2016-01-09|website=carsalesbase.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia Automotive Industry Outlook 2020|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2016-09/indonesia-automotive-industry-outlook-2020.pdf|website=Ipsos}}</ref> In 2019, 96.3 per cent of cars and trucks sold in Indonesia are from Japanese brands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Indonesian Automobile Industry Data|url=https://files.gaikindo.or.id/|website=files.gaikindo.or.id|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref> The percentage is even higher than the proportion of Japanese brands in [[Automotive industry in Japan|Japan]] itself which stood at 90 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Semuels|first=Alana|date=2017-11-06|title=Why Aren't U.S. Cars Popular in Japan?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/11/us-cars-japan/544991/|access-date=2020-06-06|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}</ref> In the same year, around 550,000 cars or 68 per cent of passenger cars sold in Indonesia consisted of MPVs, [[Crossover (automobile)|crossovers]] and SUVs equipped with three rows of seats.<ref name=":0" /> The percentage is one of the highest in the world. For example, in 2006, models such as Toyota Avanza (16.4%), Toyota Kijang Innova (14.6%), Daihatsu Xenia (7.4%), and Suzuki Carry/Futura (7.3%) had a very high market share. Top ten best-selling models consisted of almost 73 per cent of domestic sales of the vehicles in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Changing Features of the Automobile Industry in Asia: Comparison of Production, Trade and Market Structure in Selected Countries|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|type=pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207080244/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2017 }}</ref>
Japanese manufacturer [[Toyota]] is leading the [[market share]] in Indonesia for decades since the early [[1980s|80s]]. Despite that, the largest manufacturer in Indonesia is [[Daihatsu]] as several popular Toyota-branded models sold in Indonesia are developed and produced by Daihatsu, which is wholly owned by Toyota since 2016. The subsidiary, [[Astra Daihatsu Motor|Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM)]] operates several plants capable of producing a total 530,000 cars per year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astra International|url=https://www.astra.co.id/Business/Automotive/Cars/Daihatsu|website=www.astra.co.id|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref> Around 2 out of 5 automobiles sold in Indonesia is produced by ADM.
Apart from Indonesian consumers wanting a large car to carry the whole family, the popularity of MPVs or three-row cars in general could be explained by the regulations and the [[car culture]] that followed after. When the complete ban on car imports on 22 January 1974 by a Decree No. 25/74 was imposed, the Indonesian government also imposed a tax scheme which saw pickup trucks and [[Minivan|minibuses]] with [[Station wagon|wagon]] body style free from [[Luxury tax|luxury goods tax]], while [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] cars were charged a 100% luxury goods tax. As the result, a sedan of any size became a luxury-type vehicle for most consumers while minibuses became more popular, even when at the time, despite its natural practicality, tended to be much less comfortable to drive or to ride in.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Luhulima|first=James|title=Sejarah Mobil & Kisah Kehadiran Mobil di Negeri Ini|publisher=Kompas Penerbit Buku|year=2012|isbn=978-979-709-648-9|location=Jakarta|pages=16|language=id|trans-title=History of Cars & The Story of the Presence of Cars in this Country}}</ref> As the result, unlike its neighbouring countries in [[Southeast Asia]] that prefers mostly compact sedans, Indonesian consumers are predominantly buying three-row MPVs.
According to GAIKINDO, 82 per cent of the national automobile sales in 2018 is contributed by the [[Java|Java island]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gooto.com/read/1190391/inilah-3-provinsi-dengan-penjualan-mobil-terbesar-2018|title=Inilah 3 Provinsi dengan Penjualan Mobil Terbesar 2018|date=2019-03-29|website=Tempo|language=en|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> In 2017, [[West Java]] province contributed 19.6 per cent of the national car sales at around 207,000 vehicles, [[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]] at 19.3 per cent, and [[East Java]] at 13.1 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hampir 40 Persen Penjualan Mobil Nasional Hanya di Jakarta-Jabar|url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2018/08/09/150807015/hampir-40-persen-penjualan-mobil-nasional-hanya-di-jakarta-jabar|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|date=9 August 2018|language=id|trans-title=Almost 40 per cent of national car sales were from Jakarta and West Java|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2017, Warga Jabar dan Jakarta Paling Banyak Beli Mobil Baru|url=https://oto.detik.com/mobil/d-3822854/2017-warga-jabar-dan-jakarta-paling-banyak-beli-mobil-baru|last=Idris|first=Muhammad|website=detikoto|language=id-ID|trans-title=2017, West Java and Jakarta citizens bought the most new cars|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
==History==
The first motor vehicle to arrive in Indonesia is reported to have been a German [[Hildebrand & Wolfmüller]] two-cylinder motorcycle, brought in by Briton John C Potter who was a machinist at the Oemboel Sugar Factory in [[Probolinggo]], East Java.<ref name=":1" /> The first car arrived shortly thereafter, an 1894 [[Benz Viktoria]] belonging to [[Pakubuwono X]], the [[Susuhunan]] of [[Surakarta Sunanate|Surakarta]].<ref name="luhulima">{{citation|last=Luhulima|first=James|title=Sejarah Mobil & Kisah Kehadiran Mobil Di Negeri Ini|date=2014-03-25|page=16|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|publisher=Kompas|language=id}}</ref>
Local production of automobiles began in 1964, originally with SKD assembly of imported cars and commercial vehicles.<ref name="InTw">{{citation|title=Indonesia-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Arrangement: Is it Feasible?|date=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|page=41|editor1-last=Adriana|editor1-first=Elisabeth|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|publisher=Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia|isbn=978-979-461-858-5|ref=InTw|editor2-last=Tu|editor2-first=Chaw-Hsia}}</ref>
==Government programs==
From 1969, the National Plan for Industrial Development was aimed at substituting imports in all areas of manufacture.<ref name="ww1">{{citation | title = Ancillary Firm Development in the Motor Industry in Indonesia | work = The Motor Vehicle Industry in Asia: A Study of Ancillary Firm Development | editor-last = Odata | editor-first = Kōnosuke | first = Wimar | last = Witoelar | ref = ancil | pages = 18–19 | isbn = 978-9971690571 | publisher = NUS Press | location = Singapore | date = 1983 }}</ref> A series of laws were enacted in the following years to create this situation, affecting passenger cars as well as commercial vehicles.<ref name="InTw" /> Gradual limitations on CBU vehicle imports were introduced, reaching a complete ban on CBUs by 1974.<ref name="ww1" /> A localization program commenced with Decree no. 307 of 1976. This law included a provision requiring the bodies for cargo vehicles of a one-ton capacity or less to be made locally beginning in 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222072822/https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/ | archive-date = 2019-12-22 | title = Vol. 6, 1978 onward: Active entry into overseas markets | work = Daihatsu History | publisher = Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd | date = 2017 }}</ref> The new law then led to a series of subsequential decrees designed to minimize its harmful impacts.
Beginning in 1980, new rules were also enacted to inhibit the sprawl of brands, with the government limiting local assembly to 71 models of 42 different makes.<ref name="ww1" /> All assemblers and agents were to be forced into eight separate groups manufacturing everything except engines. Engines were to be supplied by separate corporations.<ref name="AND681">{{cite magazine | magazine = Andalan | date = June 1981 | volume = I | number = 3 | title = Tahun 1984 Indonesia diharapkan sudah dapat membuat mobil sendiri | trans-title = Indonesia is expected to make its own car by 1984 | language = id | page = 8 | publisher = PT New Ratna Motor | last = Harjanto | first = Ismu }}</ref> GAAKINDO<!-- Not "GAIKINDO" -->, made up in large part of small [[Native Indonesians|pribumi]] operations, was opposed to these programs and also had an outspokenly anti-Chinese leader from 1981 to 1984.<ref name="Doner">{{citation | title = Driving a Bargain: Automobile Industrialization and Japanese Firms in Southeast Asia | last = Doner | first = Richard F. | publisher = University of California | location = Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford | pages = [https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151 151, 157] | year = 1991 | ref = RfD | isbn = 0-520-06938-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151 }}</ref> The companies most in favor of localization were the large Chinese firms like the Liem Group and PT Astra Motor.<ref name="doner152">[[#RfD|Doner]], p. 152</ref>
In 1981, the Government declared that no engine built in Indonesia was to be of less than one liter's displacement by 1985. As a result, manufacturers of local [[Keitora|microvans and trucks]] scrambled to install larger engines.<ref name="pisang45">{{cite journal | title = MPU larisnya seperti pisang goreng |trans-title=MPUs are selling like fried bananas | language = id | page = 47 | date = March 1984 | issn = 0125-9520 | publisher = P.T. Dinamika Dharma | journal = MOB: Mekanik Populer & Mobil | location = Jakarta, Indonesia | first = Untung | last = Salamun | ref = MOB1 }}</ref> Daihatsu and Suzuki already manufactured suitable engines for other vehicles, but Mitsubishi did not and used a Daihatsu engine for a few years, while Honda withdrew from the mini pick-up/microvan segment. In October 1982, the [[Value Added Tax|VAT]] on certain diesel vehicles were raised dramatically. Diesel [[Sedan (automobile)|sedans]] and [[station wagon]]s, as well as diesel [[SUV|off-roaders]], were hit with a 40 per cent VAT, while light commercial vehicles (Category 1) in the form of small trucks, pickups, and passenger vans received a twenty per cent VAT.<ref name="MM1082">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Daftar harga: mobil diesel |trans-title=Price list: diesel vehicles | page = 67 | volume = 12 | number = 11 | date = 1982-12-01 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | last = Hidayat | first = Arief | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> Some commentators expected this to spell the end of diesel vehicles in Indonesia.<ref name="MMsolar">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Nasib mobil berbahanbakar solar |trans-title=The fate of diesel cars | pages = 7–8 | volume = 12 | number = 11 | date = 1982-12-01 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | first = Breyman | last = Purwoto | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref>
===Low Cost Green Car===
{{Main|Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)}}
[[File:2014 Daihatsu Ayla 1.0 X B100RS (20190123) 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Daihatsu Ayla]], one of the first model in "Low Cost Green Car" category alongside the Toyota Agya.]]
In 2007, the Indonesian government announced a set of tax incentives intended to help develop a "[[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)|Low Cost Green Car]]" (LCGC) as an Indonesian people's car. The initial rules required a low price, set lower for villagers, a [[fuel efficiency]] of at least {{convert|20|km/L|abbr=on|0}}, and at least 60 per cent domestic content.<ref name="LCGC">{{cite web |url=http://finance.detik.com/read/2011/12/23/113104/1798314/1036/mobil-murah-nasional-rp-3999-juta-meluncur-januari-2012?f771108bcj |title=detik Finance : Mobil Murah Nasional Rp 39,99 Juta Meluncur Januari 2012 |trans-title=National Cheap Car stock slides by Rp 39.99 million in January 2012 | language = id |work=Detik Finance|date= 2011-12-23 |access-date= 2013-04-08 }}</ref> A few projects were shown but none made it to market, and in May 2013 a new set of regulations were issued, meaning a 0% luxury tax for cars under 1,200 cc (1,500 cc for diesels) as long as they could meet the same 20 km/L mileage goal. The luxury tax is between 50 and 75 per cent for larger and less fuel efficient vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173799/PP0412013.pdf |title=Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia nomor 41 tahun 2013 |trans-title=Indonesian Republic, Government Regulation number 41 of 2013 |language=id |access-date=2013-06-07 |archive-date=30 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730224324/http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173799/PP0412013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Local manufacture encouraged===
Indonesia levies an import tax of 10% on foreign imported luxury cars, while the import tariff for imported cars from outside the free trade area is currently at 50 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bea Masuk Barang Impor Naik – GAIKINDO|url=https://www.gaikindo.or.id/bea-masuk-barang-impor-naik/|access-date=2020-07-21|website=www.gaikindo.or.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tata Cara dan Menghitung Biaya Bea Masuk Impor Kendaraan|url=https://otopedia.com/berita/tata-cara-dan-menghitung-biaya-bea-masuk-impor-kendaraan/#:~:text=Contoh%20simulasi%20pajak%20impor%20kendaraan%20mobil%20mewah&text=Jika%20sebelumnya%20tarif%20PPh%20pasal,mewah%20impor%20dinaikkan%20menjadi%2010%25.|access-date=2020-07-21|website=otopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-imports/update-1-indonesia-raises-import-taxes-on-1000-plus-goods-to-support-rupiah-idUSL3N1VR3ZT| title = UPDATE 1-Indonesia raises import taxes on 1,000-plus goods to support rupiah {{!}} Reuters| website = [[Reuters]]| date = 5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/indonesian-demand-for-imported-cbu-cars-still-strong/item6501? | title=Indonesian Demand for Imported CBU Cars still Strong | Indonesia Investments }}</ref>
==Associations==
From 1969 until 1975, sole agents and assemblers were represented by separate groups, GAM (Gabungan Assembler Mobil) and GAKINDO.<ref name="Ghist">{{cite web | title = GAIKINDO History | url = https://www.gaikindo.or.id/en/gaikindo-history-2/ | publisher = GAIKINDO | access-date = 2017-12-13 }}</ref> In 1972 the government decreed that assemblers and agencies be consolidated and since 1975 the industry was represented by the unified GAAKINDO trade group (''Gabungan Agen-agen dan Assembler Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia'', "Association of Indonesia Sole Agents and Automobile Assemblers").<ref name="ww32">[[#ancil|Witoelar]], p. 32</ref> In the first half of the 1980s, GAAKINDO was an outspoken opponent of the government's localization programs.<ref name="Doner" /> In 1985 the group was reconsolidated into a new organization called GAIKINDO (''Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia'', "the Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries").
==Manufacturers==
[[File:Toyota Astra Motor - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The Toyota-Astra Motor headquarters in Sunter, North Jakarta.]]
The dominant manufacturer in Indonesia is the [[Astra International]], which is indirectly controlled by [[Jardine Matheson]]; their products represented around half of the annual vehicle sales in Indonesia in the early 2010s - in large part thanks to the success of the [[Toyota Kijang]].<ref name="Liem241">{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GnKZBQAAQBAJ | title = Liem Sioe Liong's Salim Group: The Business Pillar of Suharto's Indonesia | last1 = Borsuk | first1 = Richard | last2 = Chang | first2 = Nancy | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | location = Singapore | date = 2014-05-23 | page = 241 | ref = LSLSG | isbn = 978-981-4459-57-0 }}</ref>
Most cars sold in Indonesia were originally European in origins; In the 1950s, the most popular cars were [[Morris Motors|Morris]] and [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]].<ref name="knalpok">{{cite web | title = Kota, Asap Knalpot, dan Cinta nan Rumit... | trans-title = City, Exhaust Smoke, and Troubled Love... | date = 2016-05-02 | language = id | url = http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180101041718/http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/ | archive-date = 2018-01-01 | work = Kliping | publisher = DKI Jakarta }}</ref> Japanese imports commenced on a small scale in 1959 with the Mitsubishi Jupiter truck, but by the 1970s this had changed considerably as the Japanese took an ever-growing share of the market. Japanese cars was first imported by the government in 1961 as a fleet for [[cooperative]] across Indonesia. It was a [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Toyota Land Cruiser Canvastop]]. The main reason the Toyota was picked is its low price compared to the nominated [[Land Rover]]. At the same year, A.H. Budi, the founder of Nasmoco Toyota dealership network in Central Java bought a [[Toyopet Tiara]] from an importer in Jakarta. Impressed by the quality of the car, Budi founded the PT Ratna Dewi Motor Coy to retail Toyota cars.<ref name=":1" />
The January 1974 [[Malari incident]] started as a protest against Japanese trading practices and included the burning of a Toyota dealership, but sales of Japanese cars reached new heights soon afterwards.<ref name="knalpok" /> By 1980, from 181,100 new registrations, 88.5 per cent were Japanese in origin.<ref name="jepang">{{cite magazine | magazine = Andalan | date = June 1981 | volume = I | number = 3 | title = Kendaraan Jepang: Andalan dunia di Jalan Raya | trans-title = Japanese Vehicles: Mainstays of the world’s Highways | language = id | page = 9 | publisher = PT New Ratna Motor | last = Ekonugroho | first = Muhammad }}</ref>
===Distribution and manufacture===
In Indonesia, the import, marketing, distribution, and after sales service rights of foreign brands are usually held by firms called ATPMs ({{lang|id|Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merek}}, "sole trademark-holding agent").<ref name="atpm">{{cite web | url = http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/ | title = What Kind of Business does an Exclusive Licensee Agent (Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merk or "ATPM") Actually Do? | date = 2016-06-04 | last = Ayu Kusumawardhani | first = Citra | publisher = Hanafiah Ponggawa & Partners | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161018130524/http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/ | archive-date = 2016-10-18 }}</ref> ATPMs may be foreign or locally owned, with certain differences to their licensing requirements and scope. Foreign firms, for instance, may not sell directly to Indonesian consumers (Agency), although Distribution may be foreign-controlled.<ref name="atpm" /> ATPMs may carry out the manufacture under license, or contract the manufacture to third parties (subject to approval of the principal), or may simply act as distributors and retailers. In the case of special-bodied vehicles, such as the [[angkot]]s offered by many [[Coachbuilder|body builders]] (''karoseri,'' from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''carrosserie''), ATPMs also have relationships with specific companies and often sell their designs through their own showrooms.<ref name="im92">{{cite magazine | magazine = Intan Motor | title = Tanpa spesialisasi, ya merugi | trans-title = Specialize or be lost | date = 1992-11-02 | issn = 0215-7713 | volume = VI | number = 113 | publisher = Yayasan Beraya Press | location = Jakarta | language = id | last = Mustmar | first = Andi | page = 42 }}</ref>
==Active manufacturers==
===BMW===
NV Spemotri was BMW's main importer of motorcycles during the 1950s; they mainly brought in the 250cc one-cylinder R25, [[BMW R27|R26, and R27]].<ref name="bob">{{cite web | title = Sejarah Motor BMW di Indonesia | url = http://kreatifitasurangbandung.blogspot.com/2010/01/sejarah-motor-bmw-di-indonesia.html |trans-title=History of BMW motorcycles in Indonesia | work = Modifikasi Motor Klasik | language = id | date = 2010-01-27 | access-date = 2017-07-30 }}</ref> A handful of [[BMW 700]]s were imported to Indonesia by NV Spemotri in the early 1960s; the [[Salim Group]] held the import rights until they sold the tiny concession to the Astra Group in the late 1970s.<ref name="Liem241" /> Astra sells BMW through a wholly owned subsidiary called PT Tjahja Sakti Motor. The first BMW to be assembled locally was the [[BMW E12|520/4]], which was sent CKD and built in Jakarta by PT Indonesia Service Coy. 780 E12 were assembled from 1976 until 1981, with the 520/6 replacing the four-cylinder in 1978.<ref name="E12">{{cite web | title = CKD: Indonesien | language = de | work = E12.de | last = Thieme | first = Ulrich | url = http://e12.de/palette/ckd/02a71l10.htm | access-date = 2017-07-30 }}</ref> Indonesia Service Coy later built the E28, E30, E36, and E34 models, until assembly was taken over by the PT Gaya Motor company in 1993.
As of April 2001, BMW has their own wholesale company in Indonesia, PT BMW Indonesia, although Astra continues to assemble BMW automobiles through PT Gaya Motor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/asia/article/detail/T0047752EN/bmw-group-to-establish-subsidiary-in-indonesia?language=en | title = BMW Group To Establish Subsidiary in Indonesia | publisher = BMW Group | date = 2001-01-29 }}</ref> Assembly is currently of a limited variety of [[Knock-down kit|semi-knocked down]] cars, while the remainder of the range is available CBU.<ref name="E12" />
===Daihatsu===
{{Main|Astra Daihatsu Motor}}
From 1973, when PT Astra gained distribution rights, until the 1980s, PT Daihatsu Indonesia distributed Daihatsus while assembly was carried out by Gaya Motor - both companies were located in [[North Jakarta]]. PT Daihatsu Indonesia was a joint venture between a Japanese holding company (30%) and PT Astra International (70%), while PT Gaya Motor was a joint venture between the Indonesian government, PT Astra International, PT Multi France and PT Multi Astra.<ref name="pisang47">[[#MOB1|Salamun]], p. 47</ref> Gaya Motor was a general assembler and also built Peugeot and Renault automobiles in the early 1980s.<ref name="pisang47" /> Daihatsu's [[Daihatsu Hijet|Hijet]] was very popular in Indonesia, especially after the larger one-litre engine from the [[Daihatsu Charade|Charade]] was introduced - one out of eight four-wheeled vehicles built in Indonesia in 1983 was a Hijet.<ref name="pisang45" />
In 2003, Daihatsu through PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM) launched its joint project with Toyota, which spawned the [[Toyota Avanza]] and [[Toyota Avanza|Daihatsu Xenia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daihatsu.com/news/2003/03121101.html|title=Daihatsu, Toyota Announce Dual-model Debut for Indonesia —Innovative Small Car Aimed at Creating New Segment—|website=DAIHATSU Global Website|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/68497/mobil-serba-guna-ala-avanza-dan-xenia|title=Mobil Serba Guna ala Avanza dan Xenia|last=Liputan6.com|date=2003-12-19|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otomania.gridoto.com/read/241263122/hari-bersejarah-buat-duo-daihatsu-xenia-dan-toyota-avanza-ada-apa|title=Hari Bersejarah Buat Duo Daihatsu Xenia dan Toyota Avanza, Ada Apa? - GridOto.com|last=GridOto.com|website=otomania.gridoto.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Both cars are designed according to Indonesian needs in mind. As an entry-level MPV, it complements the role of [[Toyota Kijang]], offering similar capability in a smaller and cheaper package. Both cars would later send Astra Daihatsu Motor as the largest car manufacturer in the country, surpassing [[Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]], and saw the Avanza as the best selling car in Indonesia since 2007 until today. 40.8% of Indonesia's total vehicle production output (four-wheel or above) in 2019 was contributed by ADM.
=== General Motors ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Het aan boord van de 'Bagan' takelen van een auto tijdens de inscheping in de haven van Makassar' TMnr 10029544.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1948 [[Chevrolet Advance Design]] being unloaded in [[Makassar]] in 1949.]][[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Overzicht gebouwen General Motors Tandjoengpriok Batavia Java TMnr 10008002.jpg|thumb|The General Motors complex in [[Tanjung Priok]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now [[Jakarta]]) in 1939.]]
A variety of [[General Motors]] vehicles have been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the automobile there. General Motors (GM) vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. GM established their first local assembly operation (pictured) in [[Tanjung Priok]] in February 1927, as "KN Gaya Motor." The location was suitable as there was ample timber nearby, a necessity for car body manufacture at the time.<ref name="knalpok" /> In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their Jakarta factory were exported all across the region. After having been requisitioned by the [[Netherlands East Indies]] government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment was destroyed to avoid it falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese.<ref name="GMHer">{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|title=GM Indonesia|last=Bowman|first=Bill|work=Generations of GM History|publisher=GM Heritage Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the plant and interred all foreigners; on 31 December GM wrote off the entire enterprise.<ref name="GMHer" /> The plant was taken over by Toyota, and was used to assemble trucks for the military.<ref name="On a Global Mission GM Volume III 1 books.google.com.my">{{cite book|author=Louis F. Fourie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3DODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1131|title=On a Global Mission: The Automobiles of General Motors International Volume 3|date=2016|publisher=[[Friesens|FriesenPress]]|isbn=978-1-4602-9690-5|pages=1131–1132|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
In 1946, General Motors Overseas Operations established a Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to continue the pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles in the next six years.<ref name="GMHer" /> By 1953, activities had mostly ended as Sukarno's pro-Chinese government took power. As of 1954 local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; the Indonesian government took over the assets in April 1955. GM dissolved this paper operation a year later.<ref name="GMHer" /> The government-run operations did not take good care of the plant and 60 per cent of the run-down assets were sold to [[Astra International|PT Astra Motor]] (who, coincidentally, had gotten their start by being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1967) in 1969.<ref name="AstraH">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|title=PT Astra International Tbk History|work=Funding Universe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Astra had expected to sell Chevrolets but were denied the contract and ended up importing [[Toyota]]s instead.<ref name="AstraH" />
A number of other, smaller companies proceeded to import and assemble a variety of GM products. Udatimex/Udatin has generally handled Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has sold Chevrolets, Opels, and the short-lived [[Bedford HA#Morina|Morina]] national [[Basic utility vehicle|Basic Transportation Vehicle]] project.<ref name="TP26">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 26</ref> In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opels, particularly the [[Opel Rekord Series D|Rekord]]. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same cars by the various importers.
;Holden
At the time of their 1959 introduction to Indonesia (although Holden-built Chevrolets first arrived in 1938) Holdens were sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining some popularity in the 1960s Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman's Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as the assembler. From 1954 until 1959, Holden Australia held the General Motors rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia was the [[Holden FC|FC series]].<ref name="jejak">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|title=Jejak Holden di Indonesia|last=Alfan|first=Charis|date=2017-09-27|publisher=Mobil Motor Lama|trans-title=Holden's footprint in Indonesia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|archive-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> Sales increased considerably when the locally assembled [[Holden Gemini]] arrived in 1981. Other locally assembled Holdens were the Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, the [[Statesman (automobile)#HQ|HQ Statesman]] was sold as the "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (Chevrolet's sole agent in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.
Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the [[Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]], called the Holden Lincah. This was superficially very similar to the [[Isuzu Trooper]], but had locally developed bodywork. A small number of Lincahs were exported to neighboring and [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island countries]] in the middle of the 1980s.<ref name="TP22">{{cite journal|last=Pawitra|first=T|date=July 1988|title=Marketing in the Automotive industry of Indonesia: Problems, Possibilities, and Limits|journal=ASEAN Economic Bulletin|volume=5|pages=22–23|jstor=25770186|ref=TPaw|number=1|doi=10.1355/AE5-1B}}</ref> A five-door version of the Lincah was also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never have entered production. The Lincah Gama was one of the many cars [[Malcolm Bricklin]] planned on importing, following his success with the [[Zastava Koral|Yugo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bangsberg|first=P.T.|date=1987-10-18|title=Indonesia takes its turn behind import wheel|url=https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html|journal=The Journal of Commerce|publisher=JOC Group Inc.}}</ref> While the Gemini Diesel remained popular with taxi operators, with passenger car sales slowing down Udatimex shut their doors in 1991, and regular imports of Holdens came to an end. The last new Holden introduced in Indonesia was the [[Holden Commodore (VL)|VL Calais]]. Even as the Indonesian automobile market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden did not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decreed the end of exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.<ref name="drive1">{{cite web|url=https://m.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=11092|title=Holden push in Middle East|last=Doak|first=Alastair|date=2001|publisher=Drive.com.au}}</ref>
;Opel
Opels had also been very popular before the war, with the [[Opel P4]] being assembled in Tanjung Priok. A locally bodied 7-seater taxibus arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933.<ref name="GM2000">{{cite book |title=General Motors in the Twentieth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Ward's Communications |isbn=0-910589-52-6 |editor1-last=Binder |editor1-first=Alan K. |location=Southfield, MI |page=153 |ref=GM20th |editor2-last=Ferris |editor2-first=Deebe}}</ref> The taxi model was called [[:id:Oplet|Oplet]] (short for the trade name "Opelette") - a name which was used for [[share taxi]]s until the type was abolished in 1979.
In January 1993, GM re-established its presence in Indonesia by forming PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which is owned 60% by GM and 40% by local partner and previous importer/assembler PT Garmak Motor of Indonesia.<ref name="GMBI">{{Cite web |title=Historical Timeline General Motors in Indonesia |url=http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc}}</ref> The company built plant with 15,000 vehicle capacity in [[Bekasi]], West Java.<ref name="GMHer" /> In 1997, General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made product of the new company was the [[Opel Vectra]] (1994), followed by the [[Opel Astra|Opel Optima]] and the [[Opel Blazer]] SUV as the first right-hand drive Blazer in 1995.<ref name="GMHer" /> As of 2002, the Chevrolet nameplate has replaced Opel in Indonesia.<ref name="GMHer" />
;Chevrolet
[[File:2013 Chevrolet Spin 1.5 LTZ (20190616).jpg|thumb|Chevrolet manufactures the [[Chevrolet Spin|Spin]] MPV in [[Bekasi]], Indonesia since 2013.|alt=]]Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. In particular the 210-series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge was mainly used on various Isuzu products like the [[Chevrolet LUV]] and [[Isuzu Trooper|Trooper]].
The brand was re-introduced in Indonesia in 2001 with the Chevrolet Tavera, a rebadged [[Isuzu Panther]], and the imported [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]] and Blazer V6 4x4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Motors Indonesia optimist on 2000 sales target |url=https://jawawa.id/newsitem/general-motors-indonesia-optimist-on-2000-sales-target-1447893297 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Indonesian Business Updates |language=English}}</ref> In 2002, the locally assembled Opel Blazer was renamed to [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet Blazer]]. It was sold alongside GM dealers, known as GM AutoWorld also marketed the [[Subaru Forester]] and [[Subaru Impreza]] since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subaru Introduces All New Forester Available July 20 At GM AutoWorld |url=https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/07/12/143647.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.theautochannel.com}}</ref>
In 2005, GM ended Blazer production in Indonesia, effectively rendering their manufacturing plant in Bekasi as dormant. Since then, GM effectively acts as an importer of [[GM Korea|Chevrolet-badged Daewoo]] cars from Thailand and South Korea.
In 2012, GM announced that it would reactivate the Bekasi plant to assemble a compact MPV, the [[Chevrolet Spin]] for Southeast Asian market. The 58,000 square meter plant represents an investment of US$150 million, employs 700 people and was planned to produce 40,000 vehicles a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.chevrolet.co.th/about-us/news-events/2013/05/Bekasi-Indonesia-GM-Plant-Opens.html|title=Bekasi Indonesia GM Plant Opens|website=www.chevrolet.co.th|language=en-TH|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM said that the Bekasi plant was a critical part of GM's growth strategy in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The plant's location met GM's philosophy of "build where we sell and source where we build."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-indonesia-facilities/gm-bekasi-west-java-indonesia-plant/|title=General Motors Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia Plant|website=GM Authority|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>
=== Honda ===
{{main|Honda Prospect Motor}}
[[Honda]] first entered Indonesia in the 1960s through PT Imora Motor as its sole national distributor, with its first model [[Honda T360]] pickup. In 1972, Honda also introduced the two-door [[Honda Civic|Civic]] to the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Infografis: Sejarah Honda di Indonesia|url=https://www.carmudi.co.id/journal/sejarah-honda-di-indonesia/|last=Hadi|first=Dimas|date=2019-03-26|website=Carmudi Indonesia|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> As a response to the vehicle import ban, PT Prospect Motor began local assembly of Honda automobiles in Sunter, North Jakarta. The brand then gained reputation for its passenger cars, contrary to several other Japanese brands which relied on commercial pickups and minivans. Honda's best selling products at the time were the Civic and [[Honda Accord|Accord]].
In 1999, Honda established a new joint venture company, PT Honda Prospect Motor (HPM), which took over Imora Motor's sole national distribution rights that same year. HPM integrated Honda's Indonesian automobile businesses, which was previously conducted by four separate companies ranging across vehicle assembly, engine and component manufacturing, and wholesale distribution. A new manufacturing plant in Karawang was opened in 2003.
===Hyundai===
{{Main|Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia}}
Hyundai cars has been in the Indonesian market since the 1990s. It was handled by "PT Hyundai Mobil Indonesia (HMI)" as the sales company with the authorized assembling company entitled to "PT Hyundai Indonesia Motor", which assembled Hyundai cars in Indonesia since 1996.
In 2019, [[Hyundai Motor Company]] signed an [[MoU]] with the [[Indonesian Government]] to conduct business of Hyundai automobiles directly in [[Indonesia]], especially to foster the production of [[electric vehicles]], the [[Hyundai Ioniq 5]] in the country. Since 2019, Hyundai sales company is directly handled by Hyundai Motor Indonesia (HMID) with its head office at [[South Jakarta]], and the newly built advanced manufacturing plant, [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]] (HMMI) located at [[Cikarang]], [[Bekasi Regency]], [[West Java]], both subsidiaries of [[Hyundai Motor Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=107863|title=Hyundai Motor Accelerating Penetration of the ASEAN Market|website=www.businesskorea.co.kr/|date=17 January 2023 }}</ref>
To welcome and enhance public relations, Hyundai Indonesia initiated to welcome the general public to visit and tour its [[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia|plant]] in [[Cikarang]], to witness the automotive manufacturing process directly. The first initiative from the automotive industrial sector in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hyundai.factorytour.id/en | title=Hyundai Factory Tour Program | Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia }}</ref>
===Mercedes-Benz===
{{main|Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia}}
[[Mercedes-Benz]] officially entered Indonesian market in 1970, when PT Star Motors Indonesia (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia/[[MBDI]]) established together with PT German Motor Manufacturing (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia) in collaboration with [[Volkswagen]] in Tanjung Priok. They have since then become the dominant market leader on premium vehicles in Indonesia. Currently, the following models that are locally assembled including the [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class|A-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLA|GLA]], [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]], [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]], [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLS|GLS]], [[Mercedes-Benz Axor|Axor]] trucks, and some Mercedes-Benz buses. In the mid-1990s, Mercedes-Benz Indonesia tried to break Mitsubishi's dominance in the medium-weight truck markets with the locally developed and built [[Mercedes-Benz MB700|MB700/MB800]] truck, without notable success.<ref name=truckID>{{cite web | url = https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210519203001/https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611 | archive-date = 2021-05-19 | title = MB700 Dan MB800, Sempat Jadi Andalan Mercedes-Benz Untuk Tekuk Colt Diesel | trans-title = MB700 and MB800, Mercedes-Benz' mainstay to best the Colt Diesel | language = id | work = Bus-Truck.id | publisher = BLM Group | date = 2020-02-17 | first = Suryo | last = S. }}</ref>
===Mitsubishi===
[[File:2021 Mitsubishi Colt L300 Pick Up Standard 2.5 L039P (20211007) 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Mitsubishi Colt L300 is the vehicle with the longest production run in Indonesia under a single generation. Production started in 1982.]]
{{main|Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia}}
[[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]], through '''PT Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors''' (KTB) has a long presence in Indonesia, but their first true hit was the Colt T120. This was a locally built version of the first generation [[Mitsubishi Delica]], and from its introduction in the early 1970s it became a seminal vehicle. It was mostly alone in its class and for a generation of Indonesians "Colt" became synonymous with minibus.<ref name="klakson3">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Nostalgia Raya Jalanan | trans-title = Nostalgia for the King of the Road | pages = 12–13 | volume = XX | number = 21 | date = 1991-01-21 | publisher = PT Informedia Indonesia | last = Ruwendo Suswanto | first = Budiono | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> The T120 was finally discontinued in 1982 and replaced by the L300 (also based on the Delica); but sales never reached their earlier highs. Mitsubishi finally revived the T120 nametag with a Mitsubishi-engined version of the [[Suzuki Carry#Futura|Suzuki Carry Futura]] called the Mitsubishi Colt T120SS.<ref name="klakson3" /> This alliance with Suzuki was an attempt to challenge the dominance of the Astra Group's Toyota, Daihatsu, and Isuzu.<ref name="klak2">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Pertempuran kelas 1.300cc | trans-title = Battle in the 1300 cc class | page = 13 | volume = XX | number = 21 | date = 1991-01-21 | publisher = PT Informedia Indonesia | last = Kusnaeni | first = Mohamad | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref>
In 2014, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation announced to build an MMC-owned plant in Indonesia. On 24 March 2015, the construction of a new manufacturing plant in [[Cikarang|Cikarang, West Java]] was started. The plant was designed with a maximum production capacity of 160,000 vehicles per year. PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia owned 51% by MMC was established to operate the plant. The plant was started its operation in April 2017 by producing the [[Mitsubishi Pajero Sport]]. At the same time, the passenger cars and LCV operations were transferred from PT KTB to PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Sales Indonesia (MMKSI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/otomotif-koran/16/10/14/of1ak71-ktb-pisahkan-dua-merek-mitsubishi|title=KTB Pisahkan Dua Merek Mitsubishi|date=2016-10-14|website=Republika Online|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.id/sejarah-perusahaan|title=Sejarah Perusahaan|website=Mitsubishi Motors Indonesia}}</ref> [[Mitsubishi Xpander]] was launched in August 2017 and nearly doubled Mitsubishi Motors sales in the country between 2017 and 2018 from 79,807 units to 142,861 units, emerging as the largest market for MMC. In 2019, MMKI surpassed [[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]] as the second largest car manufacturer in Indonesia by a production output of 193,954 units.
===Suzuki===
{{main|Suzuki Indomobil Motor}}
'''PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor''' is a joint venture between [[Suzuki|Suzuki Motor Corporation]] and the [[Indomobil Group]]. Until recently, the company was known as '''PT Indomobil Suzuki International.''' The company is located in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] and specialized in manufacturing Suzuki vehicles for the local market. Their first products were the [[Suzuki Carry#ST10|ST10 Carry]] and [[Suzuki Fronte#LC20|Fronte LC20]] of 1976. The Carry (soon replaced by the ST20) saw extensive use as an [[Share taxi|Angkot]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Arsip mobil kita: Tamasya sejarah seabad perjalanan mobil di Indonesia |trans-title=Our cars archive: Sightseeing through a century of the car in Indonesia | language = id | date = 2003 | page = 109 | isbn = 9789799768506 | last1 = Trisulo | first1 = Bambang | last2 = Samudra | first2 = M | last3 = Firmansyah | first3 = Arif | publisher = PT Temprint | location = Jakarta }}</ref> Suzuki's first Indonesian activity was in 1970 through its import firm PT Indohero Steel & Engineering Company. Six years later they had built their manufacturing facility in Jakarta, which is the oldest part of the Indomobil Group. Suzuki's sales rose exponentially in the mid-1980s as sales of minitrucks boomed and the [[Suzuki Cultus|Forsa/Swift]] was introduced: Suzuki Indonesia sold 13,434 vehicles in 1984, followed by 58,032 in 1985.<ref name="MMabd">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Laporan Test: Suzuki Forsa GL |trans-title=Test report | page = 42 | volume = 15 | number = 17 | date = 1986-03-15 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | editor-first = Dahlan | editor-last = A.B. | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref>
Since 2004, Suzuki Indonesia's [[Suzuki APV|APV (All Purpose Vehicle)]] budget [[Minivan|MPV]] has been assembled exclusively in [[Indonesia]]. Designed in Japan, it is exported to numerous countries since 2005, to the ASEAN and beyond. It is also available with Mitsubishi badging (as the "Maven").
===Toyota===
[[File:1997-2000 Toyota Kijang Krista 1.8 KF80R (20211006).jpg|thumb|The [[Toyota Kijang]] is regarded as one of the most influential vehicles in Indonesian automotive industry.]]
{{main|Toyota Astra Motor}}
'''PT Toyota Astra Motor''' (TAM) was founded in April 1971.<ref name="Toy75">{{cite web | url = http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/overall_chronological_table/1971.html | title = Overall Chronological Table: 1971–1980 | work = 75 Years of Toyota | publisher = Toyota Motor Corporation | access-date = 2014-01-18 }}</ref> Vehicle production began in September 1974 at the PT Multi-Astra manufacturing subsidiary.<ref name="Toy75" /> Toyota Indonesia's most famous product is the [[Toyota Kijang|Kijang]] series of light trucks and vans. The Kijang, developed from the Philippine market Tamaraw Revo of 1976, has spawned an entire range of vehicles and is now built in a number of Asian countries including [[India]]. The Kijang was one of a series of BUV's, or [[Basic utility vehicle|Basic Utility Vehicles]], developed for developing markets by several global manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s. The Kijang was very successful for Toyota Astra Motor, with the 100,000th example leaving the line in February 1985.<ref name="MM1085">{{cite magazine | magazine = Mobil & Motor | language = id | title = Corona EX-Saloon '86 | page = 30 | volume = XV | number = 10 | date = 1985-11-11 | publisher = PT Inscore Indonesia | ref = mm85 | last = Hidayat | first = Arief | issn = 0047-7591 }}</ref> Production was almost entirely localized by the mid-eighties, with engine parts as well beginning to be produced in Indonesia by January 1985.<ref name="MM1085" /> The Kijang also caused major upheavals amongst Indonesia's host of small body builders, as the body was built to a whole new standard of quality and was offered directly by Toyota in a number of variants that had hitherto been the purview of the body builders.<ref name="im92" /> The success of the Kijang was helpful for TAM as the [[Toyota Crown#S110|Crown]], [[Toyota Mark II#X60|Mark II]], [[Toyota Land Cruiser|Land Cruiser]], and [[Toyota Corona#T150|Corona GL]] were all struggling in the market place in the first half of the 1980s.<ref name="motor80">{{cite magazine | magazine = Motor80 | language = id | title = Loncatan Kijang | trans-title = Kijang climbs | page = 58 | volume = IV | number = 1 | date = 1984-01-01 | publisher = PT Blora Mulya | last = B.J. | first = Zulkifli }}</ref>
The Land Cruiser dominated the "Jeep" category until the early 1980s, when lighter and more economical competitors began taking away its market share.<ref name="motor80" /> Unable to compete with the smaller offerings from Suzuki and Daihatsu, Toyota chose to not further increase the local content levels of the Land Cruiser and had withdrawn it from the Indonesian market by 1986.<ref name="TP37">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 37</ref> Currently Toyota Astra Motor's production is carried out by PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), which consists of the erstwhile PT Multi-Astra as well as PT Toyota Mobilindo (which was established in December 1976 with production commencing in May 1977).
Toyota and the Astra Group remains dominant in Indonesia, with their market share historically hovering from 35 to 50 per cent. They are bigger than the two second biggest brands combined.<ref name="InTw42">[[#InTw|''Indonesia-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Arrangement: Is it Feasible?'']], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 42]</ref>
===Volkswagen===
Volkswagen and their local partner [[Garuda Mataram Motor|PT Garuda Mataram]] was a major player until the mid-1970s but sales dropped precipitously in the latter half of the decade. In 1970, Volkswagen entered into a collaboration with [[Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia]] to set up a manufacturing line in Tanjung Priok, Jakarta. The resulting company was called '''PT German Motor Manufacturing''', with Garuda Mataram retaining the Volkswagen distribution rights. The partnership was dissolved in 1979 and Volkswagen went their own way.<ref name="BriefH">{{cite web | url = https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161128181704/https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html | archive-date = 2016-11-28 | title = Brief History | publisher = Mercedes-Benz Indonesia }}</ref> In or just before 1971 Indonesia's Army Strategic Command ([[Kostrad]]) took over the local Volkswagen operations as part of a trend of direct government involvement in vehicle manufacturing (and industry in general).<ref name="doner128">[[#RfD|Doner]], p. 128</ref> Kostrad owned the Volkswagen agency through its Yayasan Dharma Putra business group, in partnership with two Chinese entrepreneurs.<ref>{{citation | title = Toward a Class Analysis of the Indonesian Military Bureaucratic State | last = Robison | first = Richard | journal = Indonesia | volume = 25 | date = April 1978 | issue = 25 | publisher = Cornell University Southeast Asia Program | page = 28 | doi = 10.2307/3350965 | jstor = 3350965 | hdl = 1813/53657 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
As with Volkswagen in the [[Philippines]], sales dropped precipitously as the Japanese brands took hold. By 1980, the locally developed [[Volkswagen EA489 Basistransporter|Mitra]] project had come to an end as had assembly of the Beetle and the [[Volkswagen 181|Typ 181 (Camat)]]. Assembly of German-made Kombis and Transporters ended in 1978.<ref name="T2indo">{{citation | title = VW Transporter and Microbus Specification Guide 1967-1979 | last1 = Molenaar | first1 = Vincent | last2 = Prinz | first2 = Alexander | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=52ngAwAAQBAJ&q=Indonesia | date = 2013-03-01 | publisher = Crowood | isbn = 9781847975454 }}</ref> Volkswagen replaced this on their Indonesian assembly lines with the Brazilian-made [[Volkswagen Type 2#T2|Volkswagen Combi Clipper]]. This remained Volkswagen's single model on offer in Indonesia until the middle of the 1980s.<ref name="motorharga">{{cite magazine | magazine = Motor80 | language = id | title = Harga Mobil & Motor | trans-title = Car and motorcycle prices | page = 79 | volume = IV | number = 1 | date = 1984-01-01 | publisher = PT Blora Mulya | editor-last = Adrai | editor-first = Kadjat }}</ref> By 1986, Volkswagens were no longer available in Indonesia, after 13,162 Volkswagens had been assembled between 1976 and 1985.<ref name="TP33">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 33</ref>
In 1998, a new distributor company called '''PT Garuda Mataram Motor''' was founded as a [[joint venture]] between [[Volkswagen Group]] and [[IndoMobil Group|Indomobil Group]]. Currently, the company assembles and distributes Volkswagens passenger cars in Indonesia.
===Wuling===
{{main|SGMW Motor Indonesia}}
Wuling Motors (Indonesia) is established in August 2015 as a subsidiary of SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Company Limited (SGMW) with share composition 50.1 per cent of SAIC (Shanghai Automotive International Corporation), 44 per cent of GM China and 5.9 per cent Guangxi Automobile Group. The company has 60 hectares land in Cikarang, 30 hectares is for the manufacturing and 30 hectares is for supplier park for accessibility of the parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wulingmotorbali.com/company-profile/ |title=Profile Perusahaan Wuling Motors Indonesia |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wuling.id/en/ |title=The Best Car for Your Comfort & Family |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wuling.id/ |title=Mobil Keluarga, Mobil MPV, dan Mobil SUV Terbaik Untuk Kenyamanan Anda & Keluarga |access-date=June 13, 2019}}</ref>
== Defunct manufacturers ==
=== Mazda (1985–1998) ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 214
| image1 = Mazda MR90.jpg
| caption1 = Mazda MR90
| image2 = Mazda Baby Boomers.jpg
| width2 = 187
| caption2 = Mazda Baby Boomer
| image3 = Mazda VanTrend (front), Tuban.jpg
| width3 = 163
| caption3 = Mazda Vantrend
| total_width =
| alt1 =
}}Mazda first entered the Indonesian market in the 1960s as an imported brand. In 1985, [[Indomobil Group|Indomobil]] started manufacturing Mazda vehicles in Indonesia through its fully owned plant and was distributed through PT National Motors Co. (now [[Unicor Prima Motor|PT Unicor Prima Motor]]), another Indomobil subsidiary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medcom.id/otomotif/mobil/xkEvLvrK-sejarah-perjalanan-mazda-di-indonesia|title=Sejarah Perjalanan Mazda di Indonesia|last=developer|first=medcom id|date=2016-10-17|website=medcom.id|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> In 1989, Indomobil together with [[Sumitomo Corporation]] started work on the '''PT Mazda Indonesia Manufacturing (MIM)''' plant through a [[joint venture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sejarah Perjalanan Mazda di Indonesia|url=https://www.medcom.id/otomotif/mobil/xkEvLvrK-sejarah-perjalanan-mazda-di-indonesia|last=developer|first=medcom id|date=2016-10-17|website=medcom.id|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The plant would manufacture the Mazda MR90, a car based on the [[Mazda Familia#Fourth generation (FA4; 1977–1980)|third generation Mazda 323 Familia]]. With the support of President [[Suharto]], the MR90 was designated as a 'people's car' to compete directly with the [[Toyota Kijang]]. MR90 stands for 'Mobil Rakyat 1990', ('people's car of the 1990s'), as the car was introduced around July 1990. To achieve a competitive price for the car, and with the support of Suharto, Indomobile requested that the government remove the 30 per cent luxury goods tax. This proposal was unexpectedly rejected by the [[Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)|Finance Ministry]], citing the absence of a 'national car' regulation and the fact that the car is categorized as a [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] - which meant it ould only be considered a luxury good. As the result, sales were below expectations by an order of magnitude, since the car ended up significantly more expensive than the Toyota Kijang.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/urban/articles/cerita-pahit-mobil-rakyat-mazda-mr-90-PNRw7|title=Cerita Pahit Mobil Rakyat Mazda MR 90|first = Randy | last = Wirayudha | website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|date=29 August 2017|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The Mazda MR90 was later revised and renamed to Mazda Vantrend and Mazda Baby Boomer, hoping to improve sales. In 1998, PT MIM went bankrupt in the midst of [[1997 Asian financial crisis|Southeast Asian financial crisis]] and the plant in Tambun was sold to [[Suzuki Indomobil Motor|Suzuki]].<ref name=":2" />
Between 1998 and 2006, Mazda cars were imported and distributed by PT Unicor Prima Motor before the distribution was taken over by Mazda Motor Corporation, creating [[Mazda Motor Indonesia|PT Mazda Motor Indonesia]] as the sole importer and distributor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/bursa-dan-valas/d-572117/mazda-cerai-dengan-indomobil|title=Mazda Cerai Dengan Indomobil|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> The handover marked the end of production of the locally assembled [[Mazda Bongo|Mazda E2000]] which was introduced in 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://otoseken.gridoto.com/read/341765934/flashback-mazda-e2000-punya-teknologi-dan-fitur-canggih-di-zamannya|title=Flashback Mazda E2000, Punya Teknologi dan Fitur Canggih Di Zamannya - GridOto.com|last=GridOto.com|website=otoseken.gridoto.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> and also saw PT Unicor Prima Motor transformed into [[Chery]] car distributor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2017/02/16/183500430/merek.chery.menghilang.dua.kali.begini.ceritanya.|title=Merek Chery "Menghilang" Dua Kali, Begini Ceritanya... Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Mazda Motor Indonesia solely relied on importing its line-up of vehicles from Japan, Thailand and the Philippines, except the Suzuki-made [[Mazda VX-1]] (a rebadged Ertiga).
In 2017, Mazda Motor Corporation transferred its operations in Indonesia to '''PT Eurokars Motor Indonesia'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/otomotif/read/2626379/mengenal-eurokars-group-penguasa-baru-mazda-di-indonesia|title=Mengenal Eurokars Group, Penguasa Baru Mazda di Indonesia|last=Liputan6.com|date=2016-10-14|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref> Mazda remained an import brand, sourcing Mazda vehicles from Japan, Thailand and Malaysia.
=== Timor (1996–2000) ===
{{Main|Timor Putra Nasional}}
[[File:Timor_S515_sedan_(2007-07-09)_02.jpg|left|thumb|Timor S515]]
In 1996, the Ministry of Industry and Trade announced a president instruction (Inpress) No. 2 year 1996 regarding the development of the national car industry, instructing the Minister of Industry and Trade, the Minister of Finance, and the State Minister for Mobilization of Investment Funds to immediately realize the national car industry. It also mentioned the pioneer company to do so is '''PT Timor Putra Nasional''' (TPN), owned by [[Tommy Suharto|Hutomo Mandala Putra]], the son of president [[Suharto]]. TPN is the only car manufacturer to be declared free from [[Luxury tax|luxury goods tax]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/potongan-nostalgia/timor-mobil-nasional-orde-baru-bagian-i|title="Timor" Mobil Nasional Orde Baru (Bagian I)|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref> TPN partnered with [[Kia Motors]] to import [[Kia Sephia]] sedan as the Timor S515i by a semi knock down (SKD) scheme. The sedan was introduced on 8 July 1996. Due to its low price, the car quickly gained some traction in Indonesia.
However, several countries such as [[Japan]], the [[United States]], and the [[European Communities]] immediately protested the national car program and privilege of Timor cars. A lawsuit was then brought to the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organization (WTO)]]. The program was declared incompatible with WTO rules by Dispute Settlement Body of WTO in 1998. It was proved that the "national car program" violated the World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties because the exemption from taxes is a subsidy contingent upon the use of domestic goods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Beckons America: The Case of the Automobile Industry|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> As such, the company had to stop its operations by a presidential decree (Keppres) No 20 1998 issued on 21 January 1998.
===Volvo===
[[File:Indonesian police cars, Sekilas Lintas Kepolisian Republik Indonesia, p37.jpg|thumb|A fleet of [[Volvo 140 Series|Volvo 144]]'s being used as police cars in 1976, a result of Liem's close relationship with the Indonesian government.]]
Volvo automobiles have been regularly imported to Indonesia since 1971, when [[Liem Sioe Liong]]'s '''PT Central Sole Agency''' gained the concession.<ref name="Liem240">[[#LSLSG|Borsuk and Chang]], p. 240</ref> By 1975, industrial policy dictated that the cars be assembled locally and Liem responded by creating a joint venture called PT Salim Jaya Motor, operated by his son Albert. A small number of heavy trucks were also imported. They assembled two Volvo models and had a steady market in the form of military and government officials. The venture still lost money though, partly due to the difficulties of collecting money from government officials during the Suharto era. Even with government favor, sales were never very large: between 1976 and 1985, only 1015 Volvo passenger cars (and 201 heavy trucks) were assembled in Indonesia.<ref name="TPx2">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], pp. 35, 37</ref>
The [[Salim Group]] still imports Volvo trucks, buses, and construction equipment as of 2017, through a company called PT Indotruck Utama.
== Luxury goods tax classification ==
{{update|date=November 2021|section}}
Indonesia imposes [[Luxury tax|luxury goods tax]] (Indonesian: ''Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah (PPnBM)'') based on engine displacement and body type.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarif PPnBM: Pengelompokan dan Besarannya {{!}} OnlinePajak|url=https://www.online-pajak.com/tarif-ppnbm|access-date=2019-07-14|website=www.online-pajak.com|date=10 December 2018}}</ref> While dimensions aren't used in the classification, [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] and [[station wagon]] body type are taxed differently. This tax scheme was phased out in October 2021 in favour of an emission-based classification.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Tahun 2021, Pemerintah Terapkan Pajak Kendaraan Berbasis Emisi|url=https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2019/03/13/072200515/tahun-2021-pemerintah-terapkan-pajak-kendaraan-berbasis-emisi|access-date=2020-12-17|website=KOMPAS.com|date=13 March 2019|language=id}}</ref>
A vehicle is considered a sedan if the rear window is not a part of the rear trunk opening.
;Classification used until October 2021
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Luxury goods<br />tax percentage
!Engine<br />displacement
!Layout
!Body type
|-
|0%
| colspan="3" |''main article: [[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |10%
|≤1.5 L
|2WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
|any capacity
|any layout
|minibus with 10-15 passengers capacity
|-
| rowspan="2" |20%
|>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)<br /> >1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
|2WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
|any capacity
|any layout
|double cabin pick-up
|-
| rowspan="2" |30%
| rowspan="2" |≤1.5 L
|2WD
|sedan and station wagon
|-
|4WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
| rowspan="5" |40%
|>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)
|2WD
|sedan and station wagon
|-
|>1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
|2WD
|sedan and station wagon
|-
|>2.5–3.0 L (petrol)
|2WD
|except sedan and station wagon
|-
|>1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
|4WD
|any body type
|-
|>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)
|4WD
|any body type
|-
|125%
|>2.5 L (diesel)<br /> >3.0 L (petrol)
|any layout
|any body type
|}
== Vehicles currently manufactured and sold in Indonesia ==
[[File:2022 Toyota Calya 1.2 G B401RA (20220410).jpg|thumb|[[Toyota Calya]], exclusively built and sold in Indonesia.]]
'''[[BMW]]:''' [[BMW 2 Series Gran Coupé|2 Series Gran Coupé]], [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]], [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]], [[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]], [[BMW X1|X1]], [[BMW X3|X3]], [[BMW X5|X5]], [[BMW X7|X7]]
'''[[Chery]]:''' [[Chery Tiggo 5x|Tiggo 5x]], [[Chery Tiggo 7|Tiggo 7 Pro]], [[Chery Tiggo 8|Tiggo 8 Pro]]
'''[[Citroën]]:''' [[Citroën C3#ë-C3|ë-C3]]
'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor|Daihatsu]]:''' [[Daihatsu Ayla|Ayla]], [[Daihatsu Gran Max|Gran Max]], [[Daihatsu Luxio|Luxio]], [[Daihatsu Rocky (A200)|Rocky]], [[Daihatsu Sigra|Sigra]], [[Daihatsu Terios|Terios]], [[Daihatsu Xenia|Xenia]]
'''[[DFSK Motor|DFSK]]:''' [[DFSK Gelora|Gelora E]], [[DFSK C-Series|Super Cab]]
'''[[Fuso (company)|Fuso]]:''' [[Mitsubishi Fuso Canter|Canter]], [[Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter|Fighter X]]
'''[[GAC Aion]]:''' [[Aion Y#Aion Y Plus|Y Plus]]
'''[[Haval (marque)|Haval]]:''' [[Haval Jolion|Jolion]]
'''[[Hino Motors|Hino]]:''' [[Hino Dutro|200 Series]]/[[Hino Dutro|300 Series]], [[Hino Ranger|500 Series]], [[Hino Profia|700 Series]]
'''[[Honda Prospect Motor|Honda]]:''' [[Honda Brio|Brio]], [[Honda BR-V|BR-V]], [[Honda City Hatchback|City Hatchback]], [[Honda HR-V|HR-V]], [[Honda Mobilio|Mobilio]], [[Honda WR-V|WR-V]]
'''[[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia|Hyundai]]:''' [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]], [[Hyundai Ioniq 5|Ioniq 5]]/[[Hyundai Ioniq 5#Ioniq 5 N|Ioniq 5 N]], [[Hyundai Kona Electric|Kona Electric]], [[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]], [[Hyundai Stargazer|Stargazer]]/[[Hyundai Stargazer#Stargazer X|Stargazer X]]
'''[[Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|Isuzu]]:''' [[Isuzu Elf|Elf]], [[Isuzu Forward|Giga]], [[Isuzu Traga|Traga]]
'''[[Jetour]]:''' [[Jetour Dashing|Dashing]], [[Jetour X70 Plus|X70 Plus]]
'''[[Mazda]]:''' [[Mazda CX-3|CX-3]], [[Mazda CX-5|CX-5]]
'''[[Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia|Mercedes-Benz]]:''' [[Mercedes-Benz Axor|Axor]], [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class|A-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLA|GLA]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLS|GLS]]
'''[[MG Motor|MG]]:''' [[MG4 EV|4 EV]], [[MG ZS EV|ZS EV]]
'''[[Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia|Mitsubishi]]:''' [[Mitsubishi Colt L300|Colt L300]], [[Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV|L100 EV]], [[Mitsubishi Pajero Sport|Pajero Sport]], [[Mitsubishi Xforce|Xforce]], [[Mitsubishi Xpander|Xpander]]/[[Mitsubishi Xpander Cross|Xpander Cross]]
'''[[Hozon Auto|Neta]]:''' [[Neta Aya|V-II]], [[Neta X|X]]
'''[[Nissan Motor Indonesia|Nissan]]:''' [[Nissan Livina|Livina]]
'''[[Omoda]]:''' [[Omoda 5|5]]/[[Omoda 5#Electric version|E5]]
'''[[Ora (marque)|Ora]]:''' [[Ora 03|03]]
'''[[Seres (automobiles)|Seres]]:''' [[Fengon Mini EV|E1]]
'''[[Suzuki Indomobil Motor|Suzuki]]:''' [[Suzuki APV|APV]], [[Suzuki Carry|Carry]], [[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]]/[[Suzuki XL7|XL7]]
'''[[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota]]:''' [[Toyota Agya|Agya]], [[Toyota Avanza|Avanza]]/[[Toyota Veloz|Veloz]], [[Toyota Calya|Calya]], [[Toyota Dyna|Dyna]], [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]], [[Toyota Kijang Innova|Kijang Innova]]/[[Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix|Kijang Innova Zenix]], [[Toyota Raize|Raize]], [[Toyota Rush|Rush]], [[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]], [[Toyota Yaris Cross (AC200)|Yaris Cross]]
'''[[UD Trucks]]:''' [[UD Quester|Quester]]
'''[[SGMW Motor Indonesia|Wuling]]:''' [[Wuling Air EV|Air EV]], [[Wuling Almaz|Almaz]], [[Wuling Alvez|Alvez]], [[Wuling Binguo|Binguo EV]], [[Baojun Yunduo|Cloud EV]], [[Wuling Confero|Confero]]/[[Wuling Formo|Formo]], [[Wuling Cortez|Cortez]]
''*Excluding buses''
== Active manufacturing facilities ==
Automotive manufacturing facilities in Indonesia is currently focused in the western part of [[Java]], mainly in the [[Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road|Jakarta–Cikampek toll road]] corridor in [[Bekasi Regency|Bekasi]] and [[Karawang Regency|Karawang]], where few [[Industrial park|industrial estates]] are located there.
{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="text-align: center; width:100%; font-size:85%;"
! colspan="7" |{{big|List of active automobile manufacturing plants in Indonesia}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:15%;" |Name
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Founded
! rowspan="2" style="width:7%;" |Location
! colspan="3" |Production
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |Exports
|-
! style="width:5%;" |Operational scope
! style="width:8%;" |Make
! style="width:15%;" |Models produced (as of 2024)
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor]]'''<br />(ADM)<br />Plant 1
| rowspan="3" |1998
| rowspan="3" |[[Sunter, Jakarta|Sunter]],<br />[[North Jakarta]],<br />[[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]]
| rowspan="7" |Manufacturing
|[[Daihatsu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Daihatsu Gran Max|Gran Max]] {{small|(2007–)}}| [[Daihatsu Luxio|Luxio]] {{small|(2009–)}}}}
| rowspan="7" |Yes
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota LiteAce|LiteAce]] {{small|(2008–, export only)}}}}
|-
|[[Mazda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mazda Bongo|Bongo]] {{small|(2020–, export only)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor]]'''<br />(ADM)<br />Plant 2
| rowspan="2" |2013
| rowspan="4" |[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|[[Daihatsu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Daihatsu Ayla|Ayla]] {{small|(2013–)}}|[[Daihatsu Sigra|Sigra]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Daihatsu Rocky (A200)|Rocky]] {{small|(2021–)}}}}
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Agya|Agya]] {{small|(2013–)}}| [[Toyota Calya|Calya]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Toyota Raize|Raize]] {{small|(2021–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Astra Daihatsu Motor]]'''<br />(ADM)<br />Plant 3
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Daihatsu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Daihatsu Xenia|Xenia]] {{small|(2024–)}}| [[Daihatsu Terios|Terios]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Avanza|Avanza]] {{small|(2024–)}}| [[Toyota Rush|Rush]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Astra International|Gaya Motor]]'''
| rowspan="2" |1969
| rowspan="2" |[[Tanjung Priok]],<br />[[North Jakarta]],<br />[[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]]
| rowspan="2" |Assembly
|[[BMW]]
|{{bulleted list|[[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]] {{small|(1993–)}}|[[BMW X1|X1]] {{small|(2011–)}}|[[BMW X3|X3]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[BMW X5|X5]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[BMW 7 Series|7 Series]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[BMW X7|X7]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[BMW 2 Series Gran Coupé|2 Series Gran Coupé]] {{small|(2022–)}}}}
|rowspan="2" |No
|-
|[[UD Trucks]]
|{{bulleted list|[[UD Quester|Quester]] {{small|(2016–)}}}}
|-
|'''Eurokars Produksi Pratama'''<br />(EPP)
|2024
|[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|Assembly
|[[Mazda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mazda CX-3|CX-3]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Mazda CX-5|CX-5]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|No
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Handal Indonesia Motor'''<br />(HIM)
| rowspan="4" |1995
| rowspan="4" |Pondok Ungu,<br />[[Bekasi|Bekasi City]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="4" |Assembly
|[[Chery]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Chery Tiggo 7|Tiggo 7 Pro]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Chery Tiggo 8|Tiggo 8 Pro]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Chery Tiggo 5x|Tiggo 5x]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="4" |Yes
|-
|[[Omoda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Omoda 5|5]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Omoda 5#Electric version|E5]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|-
|[[Hozon Auto|Neta]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Neta Aya|V-II]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Neta X|X]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|[[Jetour]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Jetour Dashing|Dashing]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Jetour X70 Plus|X70 Plus]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Hino Motors|Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(HMMI)
| rowspan="2" |2003
| rowspan="2" |[[Purwakarta Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[Hino Motors|Hino]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Hino Dutro|300 Series]] {{small|(2003–)}}|[[Hino Ranger|500 Series]] {{small|(2003–)}}|[[Hino Profia|700 Series]] {{small|(2003–)}}|[[Hino Dutro|200 Series]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Dyna|Dyna]] {{small|(2009–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Honda Prospect Motor]]'''<br />(HPM)<br />Plant 1
|2003
| rowspan="2" |[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
| rowspan="2" |[[Honda]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Honda Brio|Brio]] {{small|(2013–)}}|[[Honda HR-V|HR-V]] {{small|(2015–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|'''[[Honda Prospect Motor]]'''<br />(HPM)<br />Plant 2
|2014
|{{bulleted list|[[Honda Mobilio|Mobilio]] {{small|(2014–)}}|[[Honda BR-V|BR-V]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Honda City Hatchback|City Hatchback]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Honda WR-V|WR-V]] {{small|(2022–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(HMMI)
|2022
|[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|Manufacturing
|[[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]
|{{bulleted list| [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Ioniq 5|Ioniq 5]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Stargazer|Stargazer]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Hyundai Stargazer#Stargazer X|Stargazer X]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Hyundai Kona Electric|Kona Electric]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[Hyundai Ioniq 5#Ioniq 5 N|Ioniq 5 N]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|Yes
|-
|'''[[Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia]]'''<br />(IAMI)
|2015
|[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|Manufacturing
|[[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Isuzu Elf|Elf]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[Isuzu Forward|Giga]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[Isuzu Traga|Traga]] {{small|(2018–)}}}}
|Yes
|-
|'''[[Fuso (company)|Krama Yudha Ratu Motor]]'''<br />(KRM)
|1973
|[[Pulo Gadung]],<br />[[East Jakarta]],<br />[[Jakarta|DKI Jakarta]]
|Manufacturing
|[[Fuso (company)|Fuso]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mitsubishi Fuso Canter|Canter]] {{small|(?–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter|Fighter X]] {{small|(?–)}}}}
|Yes
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia|Mercedes-Benz Indonesia]]'''<br />(MBI)
| rowspan="3" |1978
| rowspan="3" |Wanaherang,<br />[[Bogor Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="3" |Assembly
|[[Mercedes-Benz]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]] {{small|(1994–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]] {{small|(1994–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]] {{small|(2000–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLS|GLS]] {{small|(2016–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz Axor|Axor]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz A-Class|A-Class]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Mercedes-Benz GLA|GLA]] {{small|(2021–)}}}}
| rowspan="3" |No
|-
|[[Haval (marque)|Haval]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Haval Jolion|Jolion]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|[[Ora (marque)|Ora]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Ora 03|03]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia]]'''<br />(MMKI)
| rowspan="2" |2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Mitsubishi Pajero Sport|Pajero Sport]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Xpander|Xpander]] {{small|(2017–)}}| [[Mitsubishi Colt L300|Colt L300]] {{small|(2018–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Xpander Cross|Xpander Cross]] {{small|(2019–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Xforce|Xforce]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV|L100 EV]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" | Yes
|-
|[[Nissan]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Nissan Livina|Livina]] {{small|(2019–)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Indomobil Group|National Assemblers]]'''
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |[[Purwakarta Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Assembly
|[[Citroën]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Citroën C3#ë-C3|ë-C3]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" | No
|-
|[[GAC Aion]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Aion Y#Aion Y Plus|Y Plus]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |'''[[SGMW Motor Indonesia]]'''<br />(SGMWI)
|rowspan="2" |2017
|rowspan="2" |[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[Wuling Motors|Wuling]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Wuling Confero|Confero]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[Wuling Cortez|Cortez]] {{small|(2018–)}}|[[Wuling Formo|Formo]] {{small|(2018–)}}|[[Wuling Almaz|Almaz]] {{small|(2019–)}}|[[Wuling Air EV|Air EV]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Wuling Alvez|Alvez]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Wuling Binguo|Binguo EV]] {{small|(2023–)}}|[[Baojun Yunduo|Cloud EV]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|[[MG Motor|MG]]
|{{bulleted list|[[MG ZS EV|ZS EV]] {{small|(2024–)}}|[[MG4 EV|4 EV]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |'''[[Seres Group|Sokonindo Automobile]]'''
|rowspan="2" | 2017
|rowspan="2" |Cikande,<br />[[Serang Regency]],<br />[[Banten]]
|rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|[[DFSK Motor|DFSK]]
|{{bulleted list|[[DFSK C-Series|Super Cab]] {{small|(2017–)}}|[[DFSK Gelora|Gelora E]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|[[Seres (automobiles)|Seres]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Fengon Mini EV|E1]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]]'''<br />(SIM)<br />Plant 1
|1991
|Tambun,<br />[[Bekasi|Bekasi City]],<br />[[West Java]]
|rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
|rowspan="2" |[[Suzuki]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Suzuki Carry|Carry]] {{small|(1991–)}}|[[Suzuki APV|APV]] {{small|(2004–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|'''[[Suzuki Indomobil Motor]]'''<br />(SIM)<br />Plant 2
|2015
|[[Cikarang]],<br />[[Bekasi Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]] {{small|(2015–)}}|[[Suzuki XL7|XL7]] {{small|(2020–)}}|[[Suzuki Fronx|Fronx]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
|-
|'''[[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(TMMIN)<br />Plant 1
|1998
| rowspan="2" |[[Karawang Regency]],<br />[[West Java]]
| rowspan="2" |Manufacturing
| rowspan="2" |[[Toyota]]
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Kijang Innova|Kijang Innova]] {{small|(2004–)}}|[[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]] {{small|(2007–)}}|[[Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix|Kijang Innova Zenix]] {{small|(2022–)}}|[[Toyota Voxy|Voxy]] {{small|(2024–)}}}}
| rowspan="2" |Yes
|-
|'''[[Toyota Astra Motor|Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia]]'''<br />(TMMIN)<br />Plant 2
|2013
|{{bulleted list|[[Toyota Yaris|Yaris]] {{small|(2014–)}}|[[Toyota Calya|Calya]] {{small|(2019–)}}|[[Toyota Avanza|Avanza]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Toyota Veloz|Veloz]] {{small|(2021–)}}|[[Toyota Yaris Cross (AC200)|Yaris Cross]] {{small|(2023–)}}}}
|}
{{Clear}}
== Statistics ==
=== Historical statistics ===
==== Sales rank ====
{| class="wikitable" align="left" style="text-align: center; width:100%; font-size:78%;"
! colspan="11" |{{anchor|top10models}}{{big|Top 10 best-selling models in Indonesia (passenger and light commercial vehicles), 1990–2023}}<br />Source: BSCB,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2019-07-20|title=Indonesia: 1976-2019 Historical Info available|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2019/07/indonesia-1976-2011-historical-info-now-available/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> GAIKINDO<ref name=":0" />
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:4%;" |Year
! colspan="10" style="width:90%;" |Models and ranking
|-
! style="width:9%;" |1st
! style="width:9%;" |2nd
! style="width:9%;" |3rd
! style="width:9%;" |4th
! style="width:9%;" |5th
! style="width:9%;" |6th
! style="width:9%;" |7th
! style="width:9%;" |8th
! style="width:9%;" |9th
! style="width:9%;" |10th
|-
|'''1990'''
|[[Toyota Kijang]]
|[[Daihatsu Zebra]]
|[[Suzuki Carry]]
|[[Suzuki Jimny|Suzuki Katana]]
|[[Honda Civic]]
|[[Toyota Corolla]]
|[[Daihatsu Rugger|Daihatsu Rocky]]
|[[Honda Accord]]
|[[Daihatsu Rugger|Daihatsu Hiline]]
|[[Mitsubishi Colt L300]]
|-
|'''1991'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Zebra
|[[Mitsubishi Colt T120SS]]
|[[Isuzu Panther]]
|Suzuki Katana
|Daihatsu Rocky
|Honda Civic
|Daihatsu Hiline
|[[Toyota Starlet]]
|-
|'''1992'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Suzuki Katana
|Daihatsu Rocky
|Toyota Corolla
|Honda Civic
|[[Suzuki Vitara]]
|-
|'''1993'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Katana
|Suzuki Vitara
|Daihatsu Rocky
|Toyota Corolla
|-
|'''1994'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|[[Daihatsu Rugger|Daihatsu Feroza]]
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Vitara
|Toyota Corolla
|Honda Accord
|-
|'''1995'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Daihatsu Feroza
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Vitara
|Toyota Corolla
|Daihatsu Hiline
|-
|'''1996'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Suzuki Vitara
|[[Kia Sephia|Timor S5]]
|Toyota Corolla
|Suzuki Katana
|-
|'''1997'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Isuzu Panther
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Timor S5
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|[[Suzuki Cultus Crescent|Suzuki Baleno]]
|Suzuki Vitara
|Suzuki Katana
|-
|'''1998'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Isuzu Panther
|Suzuki Carry
|Timor S5
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Suzuki Baleno
|Daihatsu Feroza
|[[Ford Laser]]
|-
|'''1999'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Isuzu Panther
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Mitsubishi Freeca|Mitsubishi Kuda]]
|[[Daihatsu Terios|Daihatsu Taruna]]
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Timor S5
|[[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Opel Blazer]]
|Suzuki Vitara
|-
|'''2000'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Taruna
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|[[Toyota Soluna]]
|Timor S5
|Suzuki Baleno
|Daihatsu Zebra
|-
|'''2001'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Daihatsu Taruna
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Toyota Soluna
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|[[Honda CR-V]]
|-
|'''2002'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Isuzu Panther
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Daihatsu Taruna
|Toyota Soluna
|Honda CR-V
|-
|'''2003'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Isuzu Panther
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Honda CR-V
|Mitsubishi Kuda
|[[Honda City]]
|Daihatsu Taruna
|-
|'''2004'''
|Toyota Kijang
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Toyota Avanza]]
|[[Honda Fit|Honda Jazz]]
|[[Daihatsu Xenia]]
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Daihatsu Zebra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Isuzu Panther
|[[Toyota Vios]]
|-
|'''2005'''
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Toyota Avanza
|Suzuki Carry
|Honda Jazz
|[[Suzuki APV]]
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Isuzu Panther
|Daihatsu Zebra
|-
|'''2006'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Honda Jazz
|Suzuki APV
|Isuzu Panther
|[[Toyota Yaris]]
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Daihatsu Zebra
|-
|'''2007'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Daihatsu Terios]]
|[[Toyota Rush]]
|Honda Jazz
|[[Nissan Livina]]
|Suzuki APV
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2008'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Xenia
|[[Daihatsu Gran Max]]
|Nissan Livina
|Honda Jazz
|Suzuki Carry
|Suzuki APV
|Honda CR-V
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2009'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Honda Jazz
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Nissan Livina
|Daihatsu Terios
|Toyota Rush
|Suzuki APV
|-
|'''2010'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Nissan Livina
|Honda Jazz
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Toyota Rush
|Suzuki APV
|-
|'''2011'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Nissan Livina
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|Toyota Rush
|Mitsubishi T120SS
|Daihatsu Terios
|-
|'''2012'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Suzuki Carry
|Nissan Livina
|[[Suzuki Ertiga]]
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Yaris
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2013'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Suzuki Ertiga
|Suzuki Carry
|Nissan Livina
|Toyota Rush
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|Honda Jazz
|-
|'''2014'''
|Toyota Avanza
|[[Honda Mobilio]]
|[[Toyota Agya]]
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Suzuki Carry
|Suzuki Ertiga
|Daihatsu Xenia
|[[Daihatsu Ayla]]
|Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
|-
|'''2015'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Agya
|Suzuki Carry
|[[Honda Brio]]
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|[[Honda HR-V]]
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Daihatsu Ayla
|Suzuki Ertiga
|-
|'''2016'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|[[Toyota Calya]]
|Honda Brio
|Toyota Agya
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Honda HR-V
|Daihatsu Ayla
|[[Honda BR-V]]
|-
|'''2017'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Calya
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Honda Brio
|[[Daihatsu Sigra]]
|Honda HR-V
|Daihatsu Xenia
|Suzuki Ertiga
|Suzuki Carry
|-
|'''2018'''
|Toyota Avanza
|[[Mitsubishi Xpander]]
|Toyota Calya
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Honda Brio
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Rush
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Suzuki Carry
|Honda HR-V
|-
|'''2019'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Honda Brio
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Calya
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2020'''
|Honda Brio
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Avanza
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Toyota Calya
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2021'''
|Toyota Avanza
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Honda Brio
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Toyota Calya
|Mitsubishi Colt L300
|-
|'''2022'''
|Honda Brio
|Toyota Avanza
|Suzuki Carry
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Toyota Rush
|Toyota Calya
|[[Toyota Veloz]]
|-
|'''2023'''
|Toyota Kijang Innova
|Honda Brio
|Daihatsu Sigra
|Toyota Avanza
|Toyota Calya
|Daihatsu Gran Max
|Mitsubishi Xpander
|Suzuki Carry
|Toyota Rush
|Honda HR-V
|-
!
! style="width:9%;" |1st
! style="width:9%;" |2nd
! style="width:9%;" |3rd
! style="width:9%;" |4th
! style="width:9%;" |5th
! style="width:9%;" |6th
! style="width:9%;" |7th
! style="width:9%;" |8th
! style="width:9%;" |9th
! style="width:9%;" |10th
|-
| colspan="11" | '''Note:''' 1. Suzuki Vitara includes Escudo and Sidekick{{spaces|3|type}}2. Suzuki Carry not including Mega Carry{{spaces|3|type}}3. Daihatsu Gran Max not including van/panel van models{{spaces|3|type}}4. Nissan Livina includes two-row Livina and three-row Grand Livina{{spaces|3|type}}5. Honda Brio includes [[Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)|LCGC]] Brio Satya{{spaces|3|type}}6. Mitsubishi Xpander includes Xpander Cross{{spaces|3|type}}7. Toyota Avanza not including W100 series Veloz{{spaces|3|type}}8. Toyota Kijang Innova includes AN140 series and AG10 series
|-
| colspan="11" | '''See also''' : Best-selling models in {{hlist|class=inline|[[Automotive industry in Australia#top10models|Australia]]|[[Automotive industry in Brazil#top10models|Brazil]]|[[Automotive industry in India#top10models|India]]|[[Automotive industry in Japan#top10models|Japan]]|[[Automotive industry in Malaysia#top10models|Malaysia]]|[[Automotive industry in the Philippines#top10models|Philippines]]|[[Automotive industry in Thailand#top10models|Thailand]]|[[Automotive industry in Sweden#top10models|Sweden]]}}
|-
|}
{{Clear}}
==== Industry data ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:90%;" align="left"
|+
!Calendar Year
!Wholesales
!Retail Sales
!Production
!Exports (CBU)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/indonesian-demand-for-imported-cbu-cars-still-strong/item6501|title=Indonesian Demand for Imported CBU Cars still Strong {{!}} Indonesia Investments|website=www.indonesia-investments.com|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>
|-
|'''1990<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1992-01-19|title=Indonesia 1990-1991: Toyota Kijang holds 25% share in record market|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1992/01/indonesia-1990-1991-toyota-kijang-holds-25-share-in-record-market/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|223,547
| rowspan="21" |''not available''
| rowspan="19" |''not available''
| rowspan="14" |''not available''
|-
|'''1991<ref name=":3" />'''
|215,644
|-
|'''1992<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1994-01-19|title=Indonesia 1992-1993: Kijang leads, Isuzu Panther on podium in imploding market (-30.3%)|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1994/01/indonesia-1992-1993-kijang-leads-isuzu-panther-on-podium-in-imploding-market-30-3/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|150,221
|-
|'''1993<ref name=":4" />'''
|184,977
|-
|'''1994<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1996-01-19|title=Indonesia 1994-1995: Market breaks all-time record twice|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1996/01/indonesia-1994-1995-market-breaks-all-time-record-twice/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|279,228
|-
|'''1995<ref name=":5" />'''
|326,965
|-
|'''1996<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1998-01-19|title=Indonesia 1996-1997: Toyota Kijang and Isuzu Panther on top, Timor brand launches|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1998/01/indonesia-1996-1997-toyota-kijang-1-isuzu-panther-up-to-2/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|278,416
|-
|'''1997<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=1999-01-19|title=Indonesia 1998: Timor S515 up to #4 in annihilated market (-84.1%)|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1999/01/indonesia-1998-timor-s515-up-to-4-in-annihilated-market-84-1/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|336,968
|-
|'''1998<ref name=":6" />'''
|53,412
|-
|'''1999<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2000-01-19|title=Indonesia 1999: Market bounces back up 59%, Mitsubishi up to #2 thanks to Kuda|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2000/01/indonesia-1999-market-bounces-back-up-59-mitsubishi-up-to-2-thanks-to-kuda/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|84,928
|-
|'''2000<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2003-01-20|title=Indonesia 2000-2002: Market back to pre-crisis levels, Suzuki strong|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2003/01/indonesia-2000-2001-market-back-to-pre-crisis-levels-suzuki-strong/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|289,747
|-
|'''2001<ref name=":7" />'''
|270,920
|-
|'''2002<ref name=":7" />'''
|288,553
|-
|'''2003<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2004-01-20|title=Indonesia 2003: Honda up 65.1% in highest market in 5 years|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2004/01/indonesia-2003-honda-up-65-1-in-highest-market-in-5-years/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|320,457
|-
|'''2004<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2005-01-20|title=Indonesia 2004: Toyota Innova, Avanza, Honda Jazz and Daihatsu Xenia land in first year above 400.000 sales|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2005/01/indonesia-2004-toyota-innova-avanza-honda-jazz-and-daihatsu-xenia-land-in-first-year-above-400-000-sales/|access-date=2020-10-19|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>'''
|441,912
|9,572
|-
|'''2005'''
|533,917
|17,805
|-
|'''2006'''
|318,904
|30,974
|-
|'''2007'''
|433,341
|60,267
|-
|'''2008'''
|603,774
|100,982
|-
|'''2009'''
|486,088
|464,816
|56,669
|-
|'''2010'''
|764,710
|702,508
|85,769
|-
|'''2011'''
|894,164
|890,559
|838,388
|107,932
|-
|'''2012'''
|1,116,230
|1,098,331
|1,052,895
|173,371
|-
|'''2013'''
|1,229,811
|1,218,817
|1,206,368
|170,958
|-
|'''2014'''
|1,208,019
|1,195,409
|1,298,523
|202,273
|-
|'''2015'''
|1,013,518
|1,031,842
|1,098,780
|207,961
|-
|'''2016'''
|1,062,694
|1,073,547
|1,178,346
|194,395
|-
|'''2017'''
|1,077,365
|1,067,396
|1,217,518
|231,169
|-
|'''2018'''
|1,151,284
|1,152,641
|1,343,743
|264,553
|-
|'''2019'''
|1,030,126
|1,043,017
|1,286,848
|332,023
|-
|'''2020'''
|532,027
|578,327
|690,150
|232,175
|-
|'''2021'''
|887,202
|863,348
|1,121,967
|294,639
|-
|'''2022'''
|1,048,040
|1,013,582
|1,470,146
|473,602
|-
|'''2023'''<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-01-16 |title=10 Mobil Terlaris 2023 |trans-title=10 Best Selling Car in 2023 |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/20240116081549-587-1050015/10-mobil-terlaris-2023 |language=Indonesian |website=CNN Indonesia |publisher=Transmedia |location=Indonesia |access-date=2024-01-16}}</ref>
|1,005,802
|998,059
|1,395,717
|505,134
|}
{{Clear}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Automotive industry in Indonesia|state=open}}{{Indonesia topics}}{{Automotive industry by country}}{{Asia topic|Automotive industry in}}
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:Industry in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Manufacturing in Indonesia|A]]
[[Category:Transport in Indonesia|A]]
[[Category:Automotive industry by country|Indonesia]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -164,38 +164,4 @@
== Defunct manufacturers ==
-
-=== General Motors (1927–2015) ===
-[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Het aan boord van de 'Bagan' takelen van een auto tijdens de inscheping in de haven van Makassar' TMnr 10029544.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1948 [[Chevrolet Advance Design]] being unloaded in [[Makassar]] in 1949.]][[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Overzicht gebouwen General Motors Tandjoengpriok Batavia Java TMnr 10008002.jpg|thumb|The General Motors complex in [[Tanjung Priok]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now [[Jakarta]]) in 1939.]]
-A variety of [[General Motors]] vehicles have been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the automobile there. General Motors (GM) vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. GM established their first local assembly operation (pictured) in [[Tanjung Priok]] in February 1927, as "KN Gaya Motor." The location was suitable as there was ample timber nearby, a necessity for car body manufacture at the time.<ref name="knalpok" /> In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their Jakarta factory were exported all across the region. After having been requisitioned by the [[Netherlands East Indies]] government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment was destroyed to avoid it falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese.<ref name="GMHer">{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|title=GM Indonesia|last=Bowman|first=Bill|work=Generations of GM History|publisher=GM Heritage Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the plant and interred all foreigners; on 31 December GM wrote off the entire enterprise.<ref name="GMHer" /> The plant was taken over by Toyota, and was used to assemble trucks for the military.<ref name="On a Global Mission GM Volume III 1 books.google.com.my">{{cite book|author=Louis F. Fourie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3DODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1131|title=On a Global Mission: The Automobiles of General Motors International Volume 3|date=2016|publisher=[[Friesens|FriesenPress]]|isbn=978-1-4602-9690-5|pages=1131–1132|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
-
-In 1946, General Motors Overseas Operations established a Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to continue the pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles in the next six years.<ref name="GMHer" /> By 1953, activities had mostly ended as Sukarno's pro-Chinese government took power. As of 1954 local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; the Indonesian government took over the assets in April 1955. GM dissolved this paper operation a year later.<ref name="GMHer" /> The government-run operations did not take good care of the plant and 60 per cent of the run-down assets were sold to [[Astra International|PT Astra Motor]] (who, coincidentally, had gotten their start by being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1967) in 1969.<ref name="AstraH">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|title=PT Astra International Tbk History|work=Funding Universe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Astra had expected to sell Chevrolets but were denied the contract and ended up importing [[Toyota]]s instead.<ref name="AstraH" />
-
-A number of other, smaller companies proceeded to import and assemble a variety of GM products. Udatimex/Udatin has generally handled Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has sold Chevrolets, Opels, and the short-lived [[Bedford HA#Morina|Morina]] national [[Basic utility vehicle|Basic Transportation Vehicle]] project.<ref name="TP26">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 26</ref> In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opels, particularly the [[Opel Rekord Series D|Rekord]]. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same cars by the various importers.
-
-;Holden
-
-At the time of their 1959 introduction to Indonesia (although Holden-built Chevrolets first arrived in 1938) Holdens were sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining some popularity in the 1960s Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman's Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as the assembler. From 1954 until 1959, Holden Australia held the General Motors rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia was the [[Holden FC|FC series]].<ref name="jejak">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|title=Jejak Holden di Indonesia|last=Alfan|first=Charis|date=2017-09-27|publisher=Mobil Motor Lama|trans-title=Holden's footprint in Indonesia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|archive-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> Sales increased considerably when the locally assembled [[Holden Gemini]] arrived in 1981. Other locally assembled Holdens were the Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, the [[Statesman (automobile)#HQ|HQ Statesman]] was sold as the "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (Chevrolet's sole agent in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.
-
-Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the [[Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]], called the Holden Lincah. This was superficially very similar to the [[Isuzu Trooper]], but had locally developed bodywork. A small number of Lincahs were exported to neighboring and [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island countries]] in the middle of the 1980s.<ref name="TP22">{{cite journal|last=Pawitra|first=T|date=July 1988|title=Marketing in the Automotive industry of Indonesia: Problems, Possibilities, and Limits|journal=ASEAN Economic Bulletin|volume=5|pages=22–23|jstor=25770186|ref=TPaw|number=1|doi=10.1355/AE5-1B}}</ref> A five-door version of the Lincah was also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never have entered production. The Lincah Gama was one of the many cars [[Malcolm Bricklin]] planned on importing, following his success with the [[Zastava Koral|Yugo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bangsberg|first=P.T.|date=1987-10-18|title=Indonesia takes its turn behind import wheel|url=https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html|journal=The Journal of Commerce|publisher=JOC Group Inc.}}</ref> While the Gemini Diesel remained popular with taxi operators, with passenger car sales slowing down Udatimex shut their doors in 1991, and regular imports of Holdens came to an end. The last new Holden introduced in Indonesia was the [[Holden Commodore (VL)|VL Calais]]. Even as the Indonesian automobile market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden did not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decreed the end of exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.<ref name="drive1">{{cite web|url=https://m.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=11092|title=Holden push in Middle East|last=Doak|first=Alastair|date=2001|publisher=Drive.com.au}}</ref>
-
-;Opel
-Opels had also been very popular before the war, with the [[Opel P4]] being assembled in Tanjung Priok. A locally bodied 7-seater taxibus arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933.<ref name="GM2000">{{cite book |title=General Motors in the Twentieth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Ward's Communications |isbn=0-910589-52-6 |editor1-last=Binder |editor1-first=Alan K. |location=Southfield, MI |page=153 |ref=GM20th |editor2-last=Ferris |editor2-first=Deebe}}</ref> The taxi model was called [[:id:Oplet|Oplet]] (short for the trade name "Opelette") - a name which was used for [[share taxi]]s until the type was abolished in 1979.
-
-In January 1993, GM re-established its presence in Indonesia by forming PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which is owned 60% by GM and 40% by local partner and previous importer/assembler PT Garmak Motor of Indonesia.<ref name="GMBI">{{Cite web |title=Historical Timeline General Motors in Indonesia |url=http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc}}</ref> The company built plant with 15,000 vehicle capacity in [[Bekasi]], West Java.<ref name="GMHer" /> In 1997, General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made product of the new company was the [[Opel Vectra]] (1994), followed by the [[Opel Astra|Opel Optima]] and the [[Opel Blazer]] SUV as the first right-hand drive Blazer in 1995.<ref name="GMHer" /> As of 2002, the Chevrolet nameplate has replaced Opel in Indonesia.<ref name="GMHer" />
-
-;Chevrolet
-
-[[File:2013 Chevrolet Spin 1.5 LTZ (20190616).jpg|thumb|Chevrolet manufactured the [[Chevrolet Spin|Spin]] MPV in [[Bekasi]], Indonesia between 2013 and 2015.|alt=]]Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. In particular the 210-series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge was mainly used on various Isuzu products like the [[Chevrolet LUV]] and [[Isuzu Trooper|Trooper]].
-
-The brand was re-introduced in Indonesia in 2001 with the Chevrolet Tavera, a rebadged [[Isuzu Panther]], and the imported [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]] and Blazer V6 4x4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Motors Indonesia optimist on 2000 sales target |url=https://jawawa.id/newsitem/general-motors-indonesia-optimist-on-2000-sales-target-1447893297 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Indonesian Business Updates |language=English}}</ref> In 2002, the locally assembled Opel Blazer was renamed to [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet Blazer]]. It was sold alongside GM dealers, known as GM AutoWorld also marketed the [[Subaru Forester]] and [[Subaru Impreza]] since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subaru Introduces All New Forester Available July 20 At GM AutoWorld |url=https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/07/12/143647.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.theautochannel.com}}</ref>
-
-In 2005, GM ended Blazer production in Indonesia, effectively rendering their manufacturing plant in Bekasi as dormant. Since then, GM effectively acts as an importer of [[GM Korea|Chevrolet-badged Daewoo]] cars from Thailand and South Korea.
-
-In 2012, GM announced that it would reactivate the Bekasi plant to assemble a compact MPV, the [[Chevrolet Spin]] for Southeast Asian market. The 58,000 square meter plant represents an investment of US$150 million, employs 700 people and was planned to produce 40,000 vehicles a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.chevrolet.co.th/about-us/news-events/2013/05/Bekasi-Indonesia-GM-Plant-Opens.html|title=Bekasi Indonesia GM Plant Opens|website=www.chevrolet.co.th|language=en-TH|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM said that the Bekasi plant was a critical part of GM's growth strategy in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The plant's location met GM's philosophy of "build where we sell and source where we build."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-indonesia-facilities/gm-bekasi-west-java-indonesia-plant/|title=General Motors Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia Plant|website=GM Authority|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>
-
-GM closed the plant in 2015, citing low sales and rising costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/85172-general-motors-to-shut-down-factory-in-indonesia|title=General Motors to shut down factory, axe jobs in Indonesia|agency=Reuters|website=Rappler|date=26 February 2015 |language=id|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/context/general-motors-prepares-close-bekasi-chevrolet-assembly-plant|title=General Motors Prepares to Close Down Bekasi Chevrolet Assembly Plant|website=Jakarta Globe|date=27 February 2015 |access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM's status in Indonesia was reverted to being an importer.
-
-In October 2019, General Motors Indonesia announced that it would exit the Indonesian market entirely by 31 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GM Hengkang dari Indonesia, Ini Kata Pengguna Chevrolet|url=https://otomotif.tempo.co/read/1265752/gm-hengkang-dari-indonesia-ini-kata-pengguna-chevrolet|last=Priyanto|first=Wawan|date=2019-10-29|website=Tempo|language=en|trans-title=GM would exit the Indonesian market, here's what Chevrolet owners say|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chevrolet Hengkang dari RI, Bakal Bikin Penggemar Ilfil|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20191110080232-17-114053/chevrolet-hengkang-dari-ri-bakal-bikin-penggemar-ilfil|last=Indonesia|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id-ID|trans-title=Chevrolet exited the Indonesian market, would make fans lost trust|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Later in February 2020 GM also exited Thailand and Australia, leaving GM without any major presence in [[Left- and right-hand traffic|right-hand drive]] markets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GM axes Holden in global exit from right-hand-drive markets|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1127140_gm-axes-holden-in-global-exit-from-right-hand-drive-markets|website=Motor Authority|date=17 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Holden brand axed as GM pulls out of all RHD markets globally|url=https://drivetribe.com/p/holden-brand-axed-as-gm-pulls-out-Kn9FJQK_R72UraDTCftf4g|last=Jackson|first=Patrick|date=2020-02-17|website=DriveTribe|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>
-
=== Mazda (1985–1998) ===
{{multiple image
' |
New page size (new_size) | 97422 |
Old page size (old_size) | 111015 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -13593 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '',
1 => '=== General Motors (1927–2015) ===',
2 => '[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Het aan boord van de 'Bagan' takelen van een auto tijdens de inscheping in de haven van Makassar' TMnr 10029544.jpg|thumb|upright|A 1948 [[Chevrolet Advance Design]] being unloaded in [[Makassar]] in 1949.]][[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Overzicht gebouwen General Motors Tandjoengpriok Batavia Java TMnr 10008002.jpg|thumb|The General Motors complex in [[Tanjung Priok]], [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now [[Jakarta]]) in 1939.]]',
3 => 'A variety of [[General Motors]] vehicles have been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the automobile there. General Motors (GM) vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. GM established their first local assembly operation (pictured) in [[Tanjung Priok]] in February 1927, as "KN Gaya Motor." The location was suitable as there was ample timber nearby, a necessity for car body manufacture at the time.<ref name="knalpok" /> In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their Jakarta factory were exported all across the region. After having been requisitioned by the [[Netherlands East Indies]] government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment was destroyed to avoid it falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese.<ref name="GMHer">{{cite web|url=https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|title=GM Indonesia|last=Bowman|first=Bill|work=Generations of GM History|publisher=GM Heritage Center|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia|archive-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the plant and interred all foreigners; on 31 December GM wrote off the entire enterprise.<ref name="GMHer" /> The plant was taken over by Toyota, and was used to assemble trucks for the military.<ref name="On a Global Mission GM Volume III 1 books.google.com.my">{{cite book|author=Louis F. Fourie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3DODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1131|title=On a Global Mission: The Automobiles of General Motors International Volume 3|date=2016|publisher=[[Friesens|FriesenPress]]|isbn=978-1-4602-9690-5|pages=1131–1132|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>',
4 => '',
5 => 'In 1946, General Motors Overseas Operations established a Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to continue the pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles in the next six years.<ref name="GMHer" /> By 1953, activities had mostly ended as Sukarno's pro-Chinese government took power. As of 1954 local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; the Indonesian government took over the assets in April 1955. GM dissolved this paper operation a year later.<ref name="GMHer" /> The government-run operations did not take good care of the plant and 60 per cent of the run-down assets were sold to [[Astra International|PT Astra Motor]] (who, coincidentally, had gotten their start by being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1967) in 1969.<ref name="AstraH">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|title=PT Astra International Tbk History|work=Funding Universe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/|archive-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> Astra had expected to sell Chevrolets but were denied the contract and ended up importing [[Toyota]]s instead.<ref name="AstraH" />',
6 => '',
7 => 'A number of other, smaller companies proceeded to import and assemble a variety of GM products. Udatimex/Udatin has generally handled Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has sold Chevrolets, Opels, and the short-lived [[Bedford HA#Morina|Morina]] national [[Basic utility vehicle|Basic Transportation Vehicle]] project.<ref name="TP26">[[#TPaw|Pawitra]], p. 26</ref> In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opels, particularly the [[Opel Rekord Series D|Rekord]]. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same cars by the various importers.',
8 => '',
9 => ';Holden',
10 => '',
11 => 'At the time of their 1959 introduction to Indonesia (although Holden-built Chevrolets first arrived in 1938) Holdens were sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining some popularity in the 1960s Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman's Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as the assembler. From 1954 until 1959, Holden Australia held the General Motors rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia was the [[Holden FC|FC series]].<ref name="jejak">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|title=Jejak Holden di Indonesia|last=Alfan|first=Charis|date=2017-09-27|publisher=Mobil Motor Lama|trans-title=Holden's footprint in Indonesia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html|archive-date=2018-01-01}}</ref> Sales increased considerably when the locally assembled [[Holden Gemini]] arrived in 1981. Other locally assembled Holdens were the Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, the [[Statesman (automobile)#HQ|HQ Statesman]] was sold as the "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (Chevrolet's sole agent in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.',
12 => '',
13 => 'Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the [[Isuzu Faster|Isuzu KB]], called the Holden Lincah. This was superficially very similar to the [[Isuzu Trooper]], but had locally developed bodywork. A small number of Lincahs were exported to neighboring and [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island countries]] in the middle of the 1980s.<ref name="TP22">{{cite journal|last=Pawitra|first=T|date=July 1988|title=Marketing in the Automotive industry of Indonesia: Problems, Possibilities, and Limits|journal=ASEAN Economic Bulletin|volume=5|pages=22–23|jstor=25770186|ref=TPaw|number=1|doi=10.1355/AE5-1B}}</ref> A five-door version of the Lincah was also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never have entered production. The Lincah Gama was one of the many cars [[Malcolm Bricklin]] planned on importing, following his success with the [[Zastava Koral|Yugo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bangsberg|first=P.T.|date=1987-10-18|title=Indonesia takes its turn behind import wheel|url=https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html|journal=The Journal of Commerce|publisher=JOC Group Inc.}}</ref> While the Gemini Diesel remained popular with taxi operators, with passenger car sales slowing down Udatimex shut their doors in 1991, and regular imports of Holdens came to an end. The last new Holden introduced in Indonesia was the [[Holden Commodore (VL)|VL Calais]]. Even as the Indonesian automobile market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden did not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decreed the end of exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.<ref name="drive1">{{cite web|url=https://m.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=11092|title=Holden push in Middle East|last=Doak|first=Alastair|date=2001|publisher=Drive.com.au}}</ref>',
14 => '',
15 => ';Opel',
16 => 'Opels had also been very popular before the war, with the [[Opel P4]] being assembled in Tanjung Priok. A locally bodied 7-seater taxibus arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933.<ref name="GM2000">{{cite book |title=General Motors in the Twentieth Century |date=2000 |publisher=Ward's Communications |isbn=0-910589-52-6 |editor1-last=Binder |editor1-first=Alan K. |location=Southfield, MI |page=153 |ref=GM20th |editor2-last=Ferris |editor2-first=Deebe}}</ref> The taxi model was called [[:id:Oplet|Oplet]] (short for the trade name "Opelette") - a name which was used for [[share taxi]]s until the type was abolished in 1979.',
17 => '',
18 => 'In January 1993, GM re-established its presence in Indonesia by forming PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which is owned 60% by GM and 40% by local partner and previous importer/assembler PT Garmak Motor of Indonesia.<ref name="GMBI">{{Cite web |title=Historical Timeline General Motors in Indonesia |url=http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc}}</ref> The company built plant with 15,000 vehicle capacity in [[Bekasi]], West Java.<ref name="GMHer" /> In 1997, General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made product of the new company was the [[Opel Vectra]] (1994), followed by the [[Opel Astra|Opel Optima]] and the [[Opel Blazer]] SUV as the first right-hand drive Blazer in 1995.<ref name="GMHer" /> As of 2002, the Chevrolet nameplate has replaced Opel in Indonesia.<ref name="GMHer" />',
19 => '',
20 => ';Chevrolet',
21 => '',
22 => '[[File:2013 Chevrolet Spin 1.5 LTZ (20190616).jpg|thumb|Chevrolet manufactured the [[Chevrolet Spin|Spin]] MPV in [[Bekasi]], Indonesia between 2013 and 2015.|alt=]]Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. In particular the 210-series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge was mainly used on various Isuzu products like the [[Chevrolet LUV]] and [[Isuzu Trooper|Trooper]].',
23 => '',
24 => 'The brand was re-introduced in Indonesia in 2001 with the Chevrolet Tavera, a rebadged [[Isuzu Panther]], and the imported [[Opel Zafira|Zafira]] and Blazer V6 4x4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Motors Indonesia optimist on 2000 sales target |url=https://jawawa.id/newsitem/general-motors-indonesia-optimist-on-2000-sales-target-1447893297 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Indonesian Business Updates |language=English}}</ref> In 2002, the locally assembled Opel Blazer was renamed to [[Chevrolet S-10 Blazer|Chevrolet Blazer]]. It was sold alongside GM dealers, known as GM AutoWorld also marketed the [[Subaru Forester]] and [[Subaru Impreza]] since 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subaru Introduces All New Forester Available July 20 At GM AutoWorld |url=https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/07/12/143647.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.theautochannel.com}}</ref>',
25 => '',
26 => 'In 2005, GM ended Blazer production in Indonesia, effectively rendering their manufacturing plant in Bekasi as dormant. Since then, GM effectively acts as an importer of [[GM Korea|Chevrolet-badged Daewoo]] cars from Thailand and South Korea.',
27 => '',
28 => 'In 2012, GM announced that it would reactivate the Bekasi plant to assemble a compact MPV, the [[Chevrolet Spin]] for Southeast Asian market. The 58,000 square meter plant represents an investment of US$150 million, employs 700 people and was planned to produce 40,000 vehicles a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.chevrolet.co.th/about-us/news-events/2013/05/Bekasi-Indonesia-GM-Plant-Opens.html|title=Bekasi Indonesia GM Plant Opens|website=www.chevrolet.co.th|language=en-TH|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM said that the Bekasi plant was a critical part of GM's growth strategy in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The plant's location met GM's philosophy of "build where we sell and source where we build."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-indonesia-facilities/gm-bekasi-west-java-indonesia-plant/|title=General Motors Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia Plant|website=GM Authority|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>',
29 => '',
30 => 'GM closed the plant in 2015, citing low sales and rising costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/85172-general-motors-to-shut-down-factory-in-indonesia|title=General Motors to shut down factory, axe jobs in Indonesia|agency=Reuters|website=Rappler|date=26 February 2015 |language=id|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/context/general-motors-prepares-close-bekasi-chevrolet-assembly-plant|title=General Motors Prepares to Close Down Bekasi Chevrolet Assembly Plant|website=Jakarta Globe|date=27 February 2015 |access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref> GM's status in Indonesia was reverted to being an importer.',
31 => '',
32 => 'In October 2019, General Motors Indonesia announced that it would exit the Indonesian market entirely by 31 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GM Hengkang dari Indonesia, Ini Kata Pengguna Chevrolet|url=https://otomotif.tempo.co/read/1265752/gm-hengkang-dari-indonesia-ini-kata-pengguna-chevrolet|last=Priyanto|first=Wawan|date=2019-10-29|website=Tempo|language=en|trans-title=GM would exit the Indonesian market, here's what Chevrolet owners say|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chevrolet Hengkang dari RI, Bakal Bikin Penggemar Ilfil|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20191110080232-17-114053/chevrolet-hengkang-dari-ri-bakal-bikin-penggemar-ilfil|last=Indonesia|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id-ID|trans-title=Chevrolet exited the Indonesian market, would make fans lost trust|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> Later in February 2020 GM also exited Thailand and Australia, leaving GM without any major presence in [[Left- and right-hand traffic|right-hand drive]] markets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GM axes Holden in global exit from right-hand-drive markets|url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1127140_gm-axes-holden-in-global-exit-from-right-hand-drive-markets|website=Motor Authority|date=17 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Holden brand axed as GM pulls out of all RHD markets globally|url=https://drivetribe.com/p/holden-brand-axed-as-gm-pulls-out-Kn9FJQK_R72UraDTCftf4g|last=Jackson|first=Patrick|date=2020-02-17|website=DriveTribe|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref>',
33 => ''
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/85172-general-motors-to-shut-down-factory-in-indonesia',
1 => 'https://jakartaglobe.id/context/general-motors-prepares-close-bekasi-chevrolet-assembly-plant',
2 => 'https://otomotif.tempo.co/read/1265752/gm-hengkang-dari-indonesia-ini-kata-pengguna-chevrolet',
3 => 'https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20191110080232-17-114053/chevrolet-hengkang-dari-ri-bakal-bikin-penggemar-ilfil',
4 => 'https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1127140_gm-axes-holden-in-global-exit-from-right-hand-drive-markets',
5 => 'https://drivetribe.com/p/holden-brand-axed-as-gm-pulls-out-Kn9FJQK_R72UraDTCftf4g'
] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1074289/menperin-industri-otomotif-sumbang-1016-persen-ke-pdb',
1 => 'http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2014/09/18/industri-otomotif-indonesia-untung-25-miliar-dolar-as',
2 => 'https://ceoworld.biz/2018/11/20/worlds-top-20-largest-passenger-car-producing-countries-in-2017-million-units/',
3 => 'https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/industries-sectors/automotive-industry/item6047',
4 => 'https://carsalesbase.com/car-cultures-around-world-bali-indonesia/',
5 => 'https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2016-09/indonesia-automotive-industry-outlook-2020.pdf',
6 => 'https://files.gaikindo.or.id/',
7 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/11/us-cars-japan/544991/',
8 => 'https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf',
9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171207080244/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf',
10 => 'https://www.astra.co.id/Business/Automotive/Cars/Daihatsu',
11 => 'https://www.gooto.com/read/1190391/inilah-3-provinsi-dengan-penjualan-mobil-terbesar-2018',
12 => 'https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2018/08/09/150807015/hampir-40-persen-penjualan-mobil-nasional-hanya-di-jakarta-jabar',
13 => 'https://oto.detik.com/mobil/d-3822854/2017-warga-jabar-dan-jakarta-paling-banyak-beli-mobil-baru',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191222072822/https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/',
16 => 'https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/',
17 => 'https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151',
18 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0125-9520',
19 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-7591',
20 => 'http://finance.detik.com/read/2011/12/23/113104/1798314/1036/mobil-murah-nasional-rp-3999-juta-meluncur-januari-2012?f771108bcj',
21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170730224324/http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173799/PP0412013.pdf',
22 => 'http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173799/PP0412013.pdf',
23 => 'https://www.gaikindo.or.id/bea-masuk-barang-impor-naik/',
24 => 'https://otopedia.com/berita/tata-cara-dan-menghitung-biaya-bea-masuk-impor-kendaraan/#:~:text=Contoh%20simulasi%20pajak%20impor%20kendaraan%20mobil%20mewah&text=Jika%20sebelumnya%20tarif%20PPh%20pasal,mewah%20impor%20dinaikkan%20menjadi%2010%25.',
25 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-imports/update-1-indonesia-raises-import-taxes-on-1000-plus-goods-to-support-rupiah-idUSL3N1VR3ZT',
26 => 'https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/indonesian-demand-for-imported-cbu-cars-still-strong/item6501',
27 => 'https://www.gaikindo.or.id/en/gaikindo-history-2/',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=GnKZBQAAQBAJ',
29 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180101041718/http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/',
30 => 'http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161018130524/http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/',
32 => 'http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/',
33 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0215-7713',
34 => 'http://kreatifitasurangbandung.blogspot.com/2010/01/sejarah-motor-bmw-di-indonesia.html',
35 => 'http://e12.de/palette/ckd/02a71l10.htm',
36 => 'https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/asia/article/detail/T0047752EN/bmw-group-to-establish-subsidiary-in-indonesia?language=en',
37 => 'https://www.daihatsu.com/news/2003/03121101.html',
38 => 'https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/68497/mobil-serba-guna-ala-avanza-dan-xenia',
39 => 'https://otomania.gridoto.com/read/241263122/hari-bersejarah-buat-duo-daihatsu-xenia-dan-toyota-avanza-ada-apa',
40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia',
41 => 'https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia',
42 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=y3DODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1131',
43 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/',
44 => 'http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/',
45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html',
46 => 'http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html',
47 => 'https://doi.org/10.1355%2FAE5-1B',
48 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/25770186',
49 => 'https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html',
50 => 'https://m.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=11092',
51 => 'http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc',
52 => 'https://jawawa.id/newsitem/general-motors-indonesia-optimist-on-2000-sales-target-1447893297',
53 => 'https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/07/12/143647.html',
54 => 'https://en.chevrolet.co.th/about-us/news-events/2013/05/Bekasi-Indonesia-GM-Plant-Opens.html',
55 => 'http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-indonesia-facilities/gm-bekasi-west-java-indonesia-plant/',
56 => 'https://www.carmudi.co.id/journal/sejarah-honda-di-indonesia/',
57 => 'http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=107863',
58 => 'https://hyundai.factorytour.id/en',
59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210519203001/https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611',
60 => 'https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611',
61 => 'https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/otomotif-koran/16/10/14/of1ak71-ktb-pisahkan-dua-merek-mitsubishi',
62 => 'https://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.id/sejarah-perusahaan',
63 => 'http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/overall_chronological_table/1971.html',
64 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42',
65 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161128181704/https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html',
66 => 'https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html',
67 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350965',
68 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53657',
69 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350965',
70 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=52ngAwAAQBAJ&q=Indonesia',
71 => 'https://www.wulingmotorbali.com/company-profile/',
72 => 'https://wuling.id/en/',
73 => 'https://wuling.id/',
74 => 'https://www.medcom.id/otomotif/mobil/xkEvLvrK-sejarah-perjalanan-mazda-di-indonesia',
75 => 'https://historia.id/urban/articles/cerita-pahit-mobil-rakyat-mazda-mr-90-PNRw7',
76 => 'https://finance.detik.com/bursa-dan-valas/d-572117/mazda-cerai-dengan-indomobil',
77 => 'https://otoseken.gridoto.com/read/341765934/flashback-mazda-e2000-punya-teknologi-dan-fitur-canggih-di-zamannya',
78 => 'https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2017/02/16/183500430/merek.chery.menghilang.dua.kali.begini.ceritanya.',
79 => 'https://www.liputan6.com/otomotif/read/2626379/mengenal-eurokars-group-penguasa-baru-mazda-di-indonesia',
80 => 'https://kumparan.com/potongan-nostalgia/timor-mobil-nasional-orde-baru-bagian-i',
81 => 'http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html',
82 => 'https://www.online-pajak.com/tarif-ppnbm',
83 => 'https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2019/03/13/072200515/tahun-2021-pemerintah-terapkan-pajak-kendaraan-berbasis-emisi',
84 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2019/07/indonesia-1976-2011-historical-info-now-available/',
85 => 'https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/indonesian-demand-for-imported-cbu-cars-still-strong/item6501',
86 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1992/01/indonesia-1990-1991-toyota-kijang-holds-25-share-in-record-market/',
87 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1994/01/indonesia-1992-1993-kijang-leads-isuzu-panther-on-podium-in-imploding-market-30-3/',
88 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1996/01/indonesia-1994-1995-market-breaks-all-time-record-twice/',
89 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1998/01/indonesia-1996-1997-toyota-kijang-1-isuzu-panther-up-to-2/',
90 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1999/01/indonesia-1998-timor-s515-up-to-4-in-annihilated-market-84-1/',
91 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2000/01/indonesia-1999-market-bounces-back-up-59-mitsubishi-up-to-2-thanks-to-kuda/',
92 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2003/01/indonesia-2000-2001-market-back-to-pre-crisis-levels-suzuki-strong/',
93 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2004/01/indonesia-2003-honda-up-65-1-in-highest-market-in-5-years/',
94 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2005/01/indonesia-2004-toyota-innova-avanza-honda-jazz-and-daihatsu-xenia-land-in-first-year-above-400-000-sales/',
95 => 'https://www.cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/20240116081549-587-1050015/10-mobil-terlaris-2023'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2014/09/18/industri-otomotif-indonesia-untung-25-miliar-dolar-as',
1 => 'http://finance.detik.com/read/2011/12/23/113104/1798314/1036/mobil-murah-nasional-rp-3999-juta-meluncur-januari-2012?f771108bcj',
2 => 'http://sipuu.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/173799/PP0412013.pdf',
3 => 'https://www.gaikindo.or.id/en/gaikindo-history-2/',
4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180101041718/http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/',
5 => 'http://tarulh.com/2016/05/02/kota-asap-knalpot-dan-cinta-nan-rumit/',
6 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161018130524/http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/',
7 => 'http://hprplawyers.com/what-kind-of-business-does-an-exclusive-licensee-agent-agen-tunggal-pemegang-merk-or-atpm-actually-do/',
8 => 'http://kreatifitasurangbandung.blogspot.com/2010/01/sejarah-motor-bmw-di-indonesia.html',
9 => 'http://e12.de/palette/ckd/02a71l10.htm',
10 => 'https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/asia/article/detail/T0047752EN/bmw-group-to-establish-subsidiary-in-indonesia?language=en',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia',
12 => 'https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/',
14 => 'http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html',
16 => 'http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html',
17 => 'https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html',
18 => 'https://m.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=11092',
19 => 'http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/overall_chronological_table/1971.html',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161128181704/https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html',
21 => 'https://www.mercedes-benz.co.id/content/indonesia/mpc/mpc_indonesia_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/about-us/mercedes_benz_indonesia/brief_history.html',
22 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-imports/update-1-indonesia-raises-import-taxes-on-1000-plus-goods-to-support-rupiah-idUSL3N1VR3ZT',
23 => 'https://www.wulingmotorbali.com/company-profile/',
24 => 'https://wuling.id/en/',
25 => 'https://wuling.id/',
26 => 'https://ceoworld.biz/2018/11/20/worlds-top-20-largest-passenger-car-producing-countries-in-2017-million-units/',
27 => 'https://kumparan.com/potongan-nostalgia/timor-mobil-nasional-orde-baru-bagian-i',
28 => 'https://en.chevrolet.co.th/about-us/news-events/2013/05/Bekasi-Indonesia-GM-Plant-Opens.html',
29 => 'http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/gm-facilities/gm-indonesia-facilities/gm-bekasi-west-java-indonesia-plant/',
30 => 'http://www.rappler.com/world/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia/85172-general-motors-to-shut-down-factory-in-indonesia',
31 => 'https://jakartaglobe.id/context/general-motors-prepares-close-bekasi-chevrolet-assembly-plant',
32 => 'https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151',
33 => 'https://www.astra.co.id/Business/Automotive/Cars/Daihatsu',
34 => 'https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/news/todays-headlines/indonesian-demand-for-imported-cbu-cars-still-strong/item6501',
35 => 'https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1074289/menperin-industri-otomotif-sumbang-1016-persen-ke-pdb',
36 => 'https://www.medcom.id/otomotif/mobil/xkEvLvrK-sejarah-perjalanan-mazda-di-indonesia',
37 => 'https://historia.id/urban/articles/cerita-pahit-mobil-rakyat-mazda-mr-90-PNRw7',
38 => 'https://finance.detik.com/bursa-dan-valas/d-572117/mazda-cerai-dengan-indomobil',
39 => 'https://otoseken.gridoto.com/read/341765934/flashback-mazda-e2000-punya-teknologi-dan-fitur-canggih-di-zamannya',
40 => 'https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2017/02/16/183500430/merek.chery.menghilang.dua.kali.begini.ceritanya.',
41 => 'https://www.liputan6.com/otomotif/read/2626379/mengenal-eurokars-group-penguasa-baru-mazda-di-indonesia',
42 => 'https://www.daihatsu.com/news/2003/03121101.html',
43 => 'https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/68497/mobil-serba-guna-ala-avanza-dan-xenia',
44 => 'https://otomania.gridoto.com/read/241263122/hari-bersejarah-buat-duo-daihatsu-xenia-dan-toyota-avanza-ada-apa',
45 => 'https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/otomotif-koran/16/10/14/of1ak71-ktb-pisahkan-dua-merek-mitsubishi',
46 => 'https://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.id/sejarah-perusahaan',
47 => 'https://www.gooto.com/read/1190391/inilah-3-provinsi-dengan-penjualan-mobil-terbesar-2018',
48 => 'https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2018/08/09/150807015/hampir-40-persen-penjualan-mobil-nasional-hanya-di-jakarta-jabar',
49 => 'https://oto.detik.com/mobil/d-3822854/2017-warga-jabar-dan-jakarta-paling-banyak-beli-mobil-baru',
50 => 'https://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/industries-sectors/automotive-industry/item6047',
51 => 'https://carsalesbase.com/car-cultures-around-world-bali-indonesia/',
52 => 'https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2016-09/indonesia-automotive-industry-outlook-2020.pdf',
53 => 'https://www.carmudi.co.id/journal/sejarah-honda-di-indonesia/',
54 => 'http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html',
55 => 'https://otomotif.tempo.co/read/1265752/gm-hengkang-dari-indonesia-ini-kata-pengguna-chevrolet',
56 => 'https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20191110080232-17-114053/chevrolet-hengkang-dari-ri-bakal-bikin-penggemar-ilfil',
57 => 'https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1127140_gm-axes-holden-in-global-exit-from-right-hand-drive-markets',
58 => 'https://drivetribe.com/p/holden-brand-axed-as-gm-pulls-out-Kn9FJQK_R72UraDTCftf4g',
59 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/11/us-cars-japan/544991/',
60 => 'https://www.gaikindo.or.id/bea-masuk-barang-impor-naik/',
61 => 'https://otopedia.com/berita/tata-cara-dan-menghitung-biaya-bea-masuk-impor-kendaraan/#:~:text=Contoh%20simulasi%20pajak%20impor%20kendaraan%20mobil%20mewah&text=Jika%20sebelumnya%20tarif%20PPh%20pasal,mewah%20impor%20dinaikkan%20menjadi%2010%25.',
62 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2019/07/indonesia-1976-2011-historical-info-now-available/',
63 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1992/01/indonesia-1990-1991-toyota-kijang-holds-25-share-in-record-market/',
64 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1994/01/indonesia-1992-1993-kijang-leads-isuzu-panther-on-podium-in-imploding-market-30-3/',
65 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1996/01/indonesia-1994-1995-market-breaks-all-time-record-twice/',
66 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1998/01/indonesia-1996-1997-toyota-kijang-1-isuzu-panther-up-to-2/',
67 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1999/01/indonesia-1998-timor-s515-up-to-4-in-annihilated-market-84-1/',
68 => 'https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2000/01/indonesia-1999-market-bounces-back-up-59-mitsubishi-up-to-2-thanks-to-kuda/',
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79 => 'https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611',
80 => 'https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf',
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82 => 'http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc',
83 => 'https://jawawa.id/newsitem/general-motors-indonesia-optimist-on-2000-sales-target-1447893297',
84 => 'https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2002/07/12/143647.html',
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86 => 'https://files.gaikindo.or.id/',
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89 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0215-7713',
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91 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53657',
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93 => 'https://doi.org/10.1355%2FAE5-1B',
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96 => 'http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=107863',
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99 => 'https://www.cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/20240116081549-587-1050015/10-mobil-terlaris-2023',
100 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191222072822/https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/',
101 => 'https://www.daihatsu.com/company/history/E_history110/'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the automotive industry in Indonesia</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Giias-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Giias-2015.jpg/500px-Giias-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Giias-2015.jpg/750px-Giias-2015.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Giias-2015.jpg/1000px-Giias-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_International_Auto_Show" title="Indonesia International Auto Show">Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show (GIIAS)</a>, the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auto_show" title="Auto show">auto show</a> in Southeast Asia.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <b>automotive industry in Indonesia</b> plays an important role to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> of the nation, contributing 10.16 per cent of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> automotive product <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> is currently higher in value than their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> In 2017, Indonesia is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">17th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world</a> and the 5th largest passenger vehicle producer in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, producing 0.98 million vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most of the vehicles built in Indonesia are from foreign brands, notably <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japanese</a>, and produced in the country through a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> plant with a local partner or a fully owned plant. While full manufacturing with a high percentage of local components in the country is usually preferred by manufacturers and encouraged by the government, several plants in the country also conducted a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knock-down_kit" title="Knock-down kit">CKD</a> assembly. CBU imports of new cars in the country is also allowed since 1999 with considerably light import tariffs, although it is discouraged by the government.
</p><p>Indonesia predominantly produces <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">mini</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">compact MPVs</a> (52 per cent of total production), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUVs</a> and light <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup trucks</a> under one ton. In 2019, a total 26 per cent of its production output was exported. Around 7.2 per cent of total automobile sales in Indonesia consists of imported vehicles, notably from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a>, and to lesser extent, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a>.
</p><p>Most automobile manufacturers in Indonesia (including passenger car manufacturers and commercial truck manufacturers) are a member of the non-governmental Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries (<i>Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia</i>, GAIKINDO).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Government_programs"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Government programs</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Low_Cost_Green_Car"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Low Cost Green Car</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Local_manufacture_encouraged"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Local manufacture encouraged</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Associations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Associations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Manufacturers"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Manufacturers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Distribution_and_manufacture"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution and manufacture</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Active_manufacturers"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Active manufacturers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#BMW"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">BMW</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Daihatsu"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Daihatsu</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#General_Motors"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">General Motors</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Honda"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Honda</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hyundai"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Hyundai</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Mercedes-Benz"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Mercedes-Benz</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Mitsubishi"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Mitsubishi</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Suzuki"><span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">Suzuki</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Toyota"><span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">Toyota</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Volkswagen"><span class="tocnumber">6.10</span> <span class="toctext">Volkswagen</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Wuling"><span class="tocnumber">6.11</span> <span class="toctext">Wuling</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Defunct_manufacturers"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Defunct manufacturers</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Mazda_(1985–1998)"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mazda (1985–1998)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Timor_(1996–2000)"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Timor (1996–2000)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Volvo"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Volvo</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Luxury_goods_tax_classification"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Luxury goods tax classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Vehicles_currently_manufactured_and_sold_in_Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Vehicles currently manufactured and sold in Indonesia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Active_manufacturing_facilities"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Active manufacturing facilities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Statistics"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Statistics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Historical_statistics"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical statistics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Sales_rank"><span class="tocnumber">11.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sales rank</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Industry_data"><span class="tocnumber">11.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Industry data</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2018_Honda_Brio_Satya_1.2_E_hatchback_(DD1;_01-12-2019),_South_Tangerang_-_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2018_Honda_Brio_Satya_1.2_E_hatchback_%28DD1%3B_01-12-2019%29%2C_South_Tangerang_-_front.jpg/220px-2018_Honda_Brio_Satya_1.2_E_hatchback_%28DD1%3B_01-12-2019%29%2C_South_Tangerang_-_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2018_Honda_Brio_Satya_1.2_E_hatchback_%28DD1%3B_01-12-2019%29%2C_South_Tangerang_-_front.jpg/330px-2018_Honda_Brio_Satya_1.2_E_hatchback_%28DD1%3B_01-12-2019%29%2C_South_Tangerang_-_front.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2018_Honda_Brio_Satya_1.2_E_hatchback_%28DD1%3B_01-12-2019%29%2C_South_Tangerang_-_front.jpg/440px-2018_Honda_Brio_Satya_1.2_E_hatchback_%28DD1%3B_01-12-2019%29%2C_South_Tangerang_-_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4563" data-file-height="2561" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Brio" title="Honda Brio">Honda Brio</a> was the best-selling passenger car in Indonesia in 2020 and 2022.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2022_Toyota_Avanza_1.5_G_Toyota_Safety_Sense_W101RE_(20220403).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2022_Toyota_Avanza_1.5_G_Toyota_Safety_Sense_W101RE_%2820220403%29.jpg/220px-2022_Toyota_Avanza_1.5_G_Toyota_Safety_Sense_W101RE_%2820220403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2022_Toyota_Avanza_1.5_G_Toyota_Safety_Sense_W101RE_%2820220403%29.jpg/330px-2022_Toyota_Avanza_1.5_G_Toyota_Safety_Sense_W101RE_%2820220403%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2022_Toyota_Avanza_1.5_G_Toyota_Safety_Sense_W101RE_%2820220403%29.jpg/440px-2022_Toyota_Avanza_1.5_G_Toyota_Safety_Sense_W101RE_%2820220403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="2553" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Avanza" title="Toyota Avanza">Toyota Avanza</a> was the best-selling passenger car in Indonesia between 2006 and 2019, and then in 2021.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2022_Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix_V_(Indonesia)_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2022_Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix_V_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg/220px-2022_Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix_V_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2022_Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix_V_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg/330px-2022_Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix_V_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2022_Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix_V_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg/440px-2022_Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix_V_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1845" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">for the first time since its launch in 2004 and in 2005, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Innova" title="Toyota Innova">Toyota Kijang Innova</a> becoming best selling car in 2023.</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Traditionally, Indonesia is a market heavily oriented to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Japanese_car_manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese car manufacturers">Japanese cars</a> like most of its Southeast Asian neighbours. However, while other Southeast Asian markets prefer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">compact</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedans</a>, Indonesian car market has a strong preference to three-row <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multi_Purpose_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi Purpose Vehicle">MPVs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> In 2019, 96.3 per cent of cars and trucks sold in Indonesia are from Japanese brands.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup> The percentage is even higher than the proportion of Japanese brands in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a> itself which stood at 90 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> In the same year, around 550,000 cars or 68 per cent of passenger cars sold in Indonesia consisted of MPVs, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">crossovers</a> and SUVs equipped with three rows of seats.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup> The percentage is one of the highest in the world. For example, in 2006, models such as Toyota Avanza (16.4%), Toyota Kijang Innova (14.6%), Daihatsu Xenia (7.4%), and Suzuki Carry/Futura (7.3%) had a very high market share. Top ten best-selling models consisted of almost 73 per cent of domestic sales of the vehicles in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Japanese manufacturer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> is leading the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> in Indonesia for decades since the early <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">80s</a>. Despite that, the largest manufacturer in Indonesia is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a> as several popular Toyota-branded models sold in Indonesia are developed and produced by Daihatsu, which is wholly owned by Toyota since 2016. The subsidiary, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Daihatsu_Motor" title="Astra Daihatsu Motor">Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM)</a> operates several plants capable of producing a total 530,000 cars per year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Around 2 out of 5 automobiles sold in Indonesia is produced by ADM.
</p><p>Apart from Indonesian consumers wanting a large car to carry the whole family, the popularity of MPVs or three-row cars in general could be explained by the regulations and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Car culture">car culture</a> that followed after. When the complete ban on car imports on 22 January 1974 by a Decree No. 25/74 was imposed, the Indonesian government also imposed a tax scheme which saw pickup trucks and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minibuses</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">wagon</a> body style free from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">luxury goods tax</a>, while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> cars were charged a 100% luxury goods tax. As the result, a sedan of any size became a luxury-type vehicle for most consumers while minibuses became more popular, even when at the time, despite its natural practicality, tended to be much less comfortable to drive or to ride in.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a></sup> As the result, unlike its neighbouring countries in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> that prefers mostly compact sedans, Indonesian consumers are predominantly buying three-row MPVs.
</p><p>According to GAIKINDO, 82 per cent of the national automobile sales in 2018 is contributed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> province contributed 19.6 per cent of the national car sales at around 207,000 vehicles, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">DKI Jakarta</a> at 19.3 per cent, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> at 13.1 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The first motor vehicle to arrive in Indonesia is reported to have been a German <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hildebrand_%26_Wolfm%C3%BCller" title="Hildebrand & Wolfmüller">Hildebrand & Wolfmüller</a> two-cylinder motorcycle, brought in by Briton John C Potter who was a machinist at the Oemboel Sugar Factory in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Probolinggo" title="Probolinggo">Probolinggo</a>, East Java.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a></sup> The first car arrived shortly thereafter, an 1894 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benz_Viktoria" title="Benz Viktoria">Benz Viktoria</a> belonging to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakubuwono_X" title="Pakubuwono X">Pakubuwono X</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susuhunan" title="Susuhunan">Susuhunan</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-luhulima_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luhulima-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Local production of automobiles began in 1964, originally with SKD assembly of imported cars and commercial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-InTw_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InTw-16">[16]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_programs">Government programs</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>From 1969, the National Plan for Industrial Development was aimed at substituting imports in all areas of manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-ww1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww1-17">[17]</a></sup> A series of laws were enacted in the following years to create this situation, affecting passenger cars as well as commercial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-InTw_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InTw-16">[16]</a></sup> Gradual limitations on CBU vehicle imports were introduced, reaching a complete ban on CBUs by 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-ww1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww1-17">[17]</a></sup> A localization program commenced with Decree no. 307 of 1976. This law included a provision requiring the bodies for cargo vehicles of a one-ton capacity or less to be made locally beginning in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> The new law then led to a series of subsequential decrees designed to minimize its harmful impacts.
</p><p>Beginning in 1980, new rules were also enacted to inhibit the sprawl of brands, with the government limiting local assembly to 71 models of 42 different makes.<sup id="cite_ref-ww1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww1-17">[17]</a></sup> All assemblers and agents were to be forced into eight separate groups manufacturing everything except engines. Engines were to be supplied by separate corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-AND681_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AND681-19">[19]</a></sup> GAAKINDO, made up in large part of small <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">pribumi</a> operations, was opposed to these programs and also had an outspokenly anti-Chinese leader from 1981 to 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Doner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doner-20">[20]</a></sup> The companies most in favor of localization were the large Chinese firms like the Liem Group and PT Astra Motor.<sup id="cite_ref-doner152_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doner152-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1981, the Government declared that no engine built in Indonesia was to be of less than one liter's displacement by 1985. As a result, manufacturers of local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keitora" class="mw-redirect" title="Keitora">microvans and trucks</a> scrambled to install larger engines.<sup id="cite_ref-pisang45_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pisang45-22">[22]</a></sup> Daihatsu and Suzuki already manufactured suitable engines for other vehicles, but Mitsubishi did not and used a Daihatsu engine for a few years, while Honda withdrew from the mini pick-up/microvan segment. In October 1982, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Value_Added_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value Added Tax">VAT</a> on certain diesel vehicles were raised dramatically. Diesel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedans</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagons</a>, as well as diesel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">off-roaders</a>, were hit with a 40 per cent VAT, while light commercial vehicles (Category 1) in the form of small trucks, pickups, and passenger vans received a twenty per cent VAT.<sup id="cite_ref-MM1082_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM1082-23">[23]</a></sup> Some commentators expected this to spell the end of diesel vehicles in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-MMsolar_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMsolar-24">[24]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Low_Cost_Green_Car">Low Cost Green Car</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_Cost_Green_Car_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)">Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2014_Daihatsu_Ayla_1.0_X_B100RS_(20190123)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2014_Daihatsu_Ayla_1.0_X_B100RS_%2820190123%29_01.jpg/220px-2014_Daihatsu_Ayla_1.0_X_B100RS_%2820190123%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2014_Daihatsu_Ayla_1.0_X_B100RS_%2820190123%29_01.jpg/330px-2014_Daihatsu_Ayla_1.0_X_B100RS_%2820190123%29_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2014_Daihatsu_Ayla_1.0_X_B100RS_%2820190123%29_01.jpg/440px-2014_Daihatsu_Ayla_1.0_X_B100RS_%2820190123%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla" title="Daihatsu Ayla">Daihatsu Ayla</a>, one of the first model in "Low Cost Green Car" category alongside the Toyota Agya.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2007, the Indonesian government announced a set of tax incentives intended to help develop a "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_Cost_Green_Car_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)">Low Cost Green Car</a>" (LCGC) as an Indonesian people's car. The initial rules required a low price, set lower for villagers, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> of at least 20 km/L (56 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>; 47 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>), and at least 60 per cent domestic content.<sup id="cite_ref-LCGC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCGC-25">[25]</a></sup> A few projects were shown but none made it to market, and in May 2013 a new set of regulations were issued, meaning a 0% luxury tax for cars under 1,200 cc (1,500 cc for diesels) as long as they could meet the same 20 km/L mileage goal. The luxury tax is between 50 and 75 per cent for larger and less fuel efficient vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Local_manufacture_encouraged">Local manufacture encouraged</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Indonesia levies an import tax of 10% on foreign imported luxury cars, while the import tariff for imported cars from outside the free trade area is currently at 50 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Associations">Associations</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>From 1969 until 1975, sole agents and assemblers were represented by separate groups, GAM (Gabungan Assembler Mobil) and GAKINDO.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghist_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghist-31">[31]</a></sup> In 1972 the government decreed that assemblers and agencies be consolidated and since 1975 the industry was represented by the unified GAAKINDO trade group (<i>Gabungan Agen-agen dan Assembler Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia</i>, "Association of Indonesia Sole Agents and Automobile Assemblers").<sup id="cite_ref-ww32_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww32-32">[32]</a></sup> In the first half of the 1980s, GAAKINDO was an outspoken opponent of the government's localization programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Doner_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doner-20">[20]</a></sup> In 1985 the group was reconsolidated into a new organization called GAIKINDO (<i>Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia</i>, "the Association of Indonesia Automotive Industries").
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Toyota_Astra_Motor_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Toyota_Astra_Motor_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Toyota_Astra_Motor_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Toyota_Astra_Motor_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Toyota_Astra_Motor_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Toyota_Astra_Motor_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Toyota_Astra_Motor_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3275" data-file-height="2444" /></a><figcaption>The Toyota-Astra Motor headquarters in Sunter, North Jakarta.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The dominant manufacturer in Indonesia is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_International" title="Astra International">Astra International</a>, which is indirectly controlled by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jardine_Matheson" title="Jardine Matheson">Jardine Matheson</a>; their products represented around half of the annual vehicle sales in Indonesia in the early 2010s - in large part thanks to the success of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang" title="Toyota Kijang">Toyota Kijang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liem241_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liem241-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most cars sold in Indonesia were originally European in origins; In the 1950s, the most popular cars were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knalpok_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knalpok-34">[34]</a></sup> Japanese imports commenced on a small scale in 1959 with the Mitsubishi Jupiter truck, but by the 1970s this had changed considerably as the Japanese took an ever-growing share of the market. Japanese cars was first imported by the government in 1961 as a fleet for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> across Indonesia. It was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser" title="Toyota Land Cruiser">Toyota Land Cruiser Canvastop</a>. The main reason the Toyota was picked is its low price compared to the nominated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a>. At the same year, A.H. Budi, the founder of Nasmoco Toyota dealership network in Central Java bought a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyopet_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyopet Tiara">Toyopet Tiara</a> from an importer in Jakarta. Impressed by the quality of the car, Budi founded the PT Ratna Dewi Motor Coy to retail Toyota cars.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The January 1974 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malari_incident" title="Malari incident">Malari incident</a> started as a protest against Japanese trading practices and included the burning of a Toyota dealership, but sales of Japanese cars reached new heights soon afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-knalpok_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knalpok-34">[34]</a></sup> By 1980, from 181,100 new registrations, 88.5 per cent were Japanese in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-jepang_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jepang-35">[35]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_and_manufacture">Distribution and manufacture</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In Indonesia, the import, marketing, distribution, and after sales service rights of foreign brands are usually held by firms called ATPMs (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merek</i></span>, "sole trademark-holding agent").<sup id="cite_ref-atpm_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atpm-36">[36]</a></sup> ATPMs may be foreign or locally owned, with certain differences to their licensing requirements and scope. Foreign firms, for instance, may not sell directly to Indonesian consumers (Agency), although Distribution may be foreign-controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-atpm_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atpm-36">[36]</a></sup> ATPMs may carry out the manufacture under license, or contract the manufacture to third parties (subject to approval of the principal), or may simply act as distributors and retailers. In the case of special-bodied vehicles, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkot">angkots</a> offered by many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coachbuilder" title="Coachbuilder">body builders</a> (<i>karoseri,</i> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word <i>carrosserie</i>), ATPMs also have relationships with specific companies and often sell their designs through their own showrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-im92_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-im92-37">[37]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Active_manufacturers">Active manufacturers</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="BMW">BMW</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>NV Spemotri was BMW's main importer of motorcycles during the 1950s; they mainly brought in the 250cc one-cylinder R25, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_R27" title="BMW R27">R26, and R27</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bob_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob-38">[38]</a></sup> A handful of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_700" title="BMW 700">BMW 700s</a> were imported to Indonesia by NV Spemotri in the early 1960s; the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salim_Group" title="Salim Group">Salim Group</a> held the import rights until they sold the tiny concession to the Astra Group in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Liem241_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liem241-33">[33]</a></sup> Astra sells BMW through a wholly owned subsidiary called PT Tjahja Sakti Motor. The first BMW to be assembled locally was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_E12" class="mw-redirect" title="BMW E12">520/4</a>, which was sent CKD and built in Jakarta by PT Indonesia Service Coy. 780 E12 were assembled from 1976 until 1981, with the 520/6 replacing the four-cylinder in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-E12_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E12-39">[39]</a></sup> Indonesia Service Coy later built the E28, E30, E36, and E34 models, until assembly was taken over by the PT Gaya Motor company in 1993.
</p><p>As of April 2001, BMW has their own wholesale company in Indonesia, PT BMW Indonesia, although Astra continues to assemble BMW automobiles through PT Gaya Motor.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Assembly is currently of a limited variety of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knock-down_kit" title="Knock-down kit">semi-knocked down</a> cars, while the remainder of the range is available CBU.<sup id="cite_ref-E12_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E12-39">[39]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Daihatsu_Motor" title="Astra Daihatsu Motor">Astra Daihatsu Motor</a></div>
<p>From 1973, when PT Astra gained distribution rights, until the 1980s, PT Daihatsu Indonesia distributed Daihatsus while assembly was carried out by Gaya Motor - both companies were located in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a>. PT Daihatsu Indonesia was a joint venture between a Japanese holding company (30%) and PT Astra International (70%), while PT Gaya Motor was a joint venture between the Indonesian government, PT Astra International, PT Multi France and PT Multi Astra.<sup id="cite_ref-pisang47_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pisang47-41">[41]</a></sup> Gaya Motor was a general assembler and also built Peugeot and Renault automobiles in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-pisang47_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pisang47-41">[41]</a></sup> Daihatsu's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Hijet" title="Daihatsu Hijet">Hijet</a> was very popular in Indonesia, especially after the larger one-litre engine from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Charade" title="Daihatsu Charade">Charade</a> was introduced - one out of eight four-wheeled vehicles built in Indonesia in 1983 was a Hijet.<sup id="cite_ref-pisang45_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pisang45-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2003, Daihatsu through PT Astra Daihatsu Motor (ADM) launched its joint project with Toyota, which spawned the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Avanza" title="Toyota Avanza">Toyota Avanza</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Avanza" title="Toyota Avanza">Daihatsu Xenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> Both cars are designed according to Indonesian needs in mind. As an entry-level MPV, it complements the role of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang" title="Toyota Kijang">Toyota Kijang</a>, offering similar capability in a smaller and cheaper package. Both cars would later send Astra Daihatsu Motor as the largest car manufacturer in the country, surpassing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia">Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia</a>, and saw the Avanza as the best selling car in Indonesia since 2007 until today. 40.8% of Indonesia's total vehicle production output (four-wheel or above) in 2019 was contributed by ADM.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General_Motors">General Motors</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_aan_boord_van_de_%27Bagan%27_takelen_van_een_auto_tijdens_de_inscheping_in_de_haven_van_Makassar%27_TMnr_10029544.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_aan_boord_van_de_%27Bagan%27_takelen_van_een_auto_tijdens_de_inscheping_in_de_haven_van_Makassar%27_TMnr_10029544.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_aan_boord_van_de_%27Bagan%27_takelen_van_een_auto_tijdens_de_inscheping_in_de_haven_van_Makassar%27_TMnr_10029544.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_aan_boord_van_de_%27Bagan%27_takelen_van_een_auto_tijdens_de_inscheping_in_de_haven_van_Makassar%27_TMnr_10029544.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_aan_boord_van_de_%27Bagan%27_takelen_van_een_auto_tijdens_de_inscheping_in_de_haven_van_Makassar%27_TMnr_10029544.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_aan_boord_van_de_%27Bagan%27_takelen_van_een_auto_tijdens_de_inscheping_in_de_haven_van_Makassar%27_TMnr_10029544.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Het_aan_boord_van_de_%27Bagan%27_takelen_van_een_auto_tijdens_de_inscheping_in_de_haven_van_Makassar%27_TMnr_10029544.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A 1948 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevrolet_Advance_Design" title="Chevrolet Advance Design">Chevrolet Advance Design</a> being unloaded in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> in 1949.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Overzicht_gebouwen_General_Motors_Tandjoengpriok_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Overzicht_gebouwen_General_Motors_Tandjoengpriok_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008002.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Overzicht_gebouwen_General_Motors_Tandjoengpriok_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Overzicht_gebouwen_General_Motors_Tandjoengpriok_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008002.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Overzicht_gebouwen_General_Motors_Tandjoengpriok_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008002.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Overzicht_gebouwen_General_Motors_Tandjoengpriok_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008002.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Overzicht_gebouwen_General_Motors_Tandjoengpriok_Batavia_Java_TMnr_10008002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>The General Motors complex in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>) in 1939.</figcaption></figure>
<p>A variety of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> vehicles have been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the automobile there. General Motors (GM) vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. GM established their first local assembly operation (pictured) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a> in February 1927, as "KN Gaya Motor." The location was suitable as there was ample timber nearby, a necessity for car body manufacture at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-knalpok_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knalpok-34">[34]</a></sup> In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their Jakarta factory were exported all across the region. After having been requisitioned by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment was destroyed to avoid it falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-GMHer_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMHer-45">[45]</a></sup> Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the plant and interred all foreigners; on 31 December GM wrote off the entire enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-GMHer_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMHer-45">[45]</a></sup> The plant was taken over by Toyota, and was used to assemble trucks for the military.<sup id="cite_ref-On_a_Global_Mission_GM_Volume_III_1_books.google.com.my_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_a_Global_Mission_GM_Volume_III_1_books.google.com.my-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1946, General Motors Overseas Operations established a Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to continue the pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles in the next six years.<sup id="cite_ref-GMHer_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMHer-45">[45]</a></sup> By 1953, activities had mostly ended as Sukarno's pro-Chinese government took power. As of 1954 local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; the Indonesian government took over the assets in April 1955. GM dissolved this paper operation a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-GMHer_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMHer-45">[45]</a></sup> The government-run operations did not take good care of the plant and 60 per cent of the run-down assets were sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_International" title="Astra International">PT Astra Motor</a> (who, coincidentally, had gotten their start by being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1967) in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-AstraH_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstraH-47">[47]</a></sup> Astra had expected to sell Chevrolets but were denied the contract and ended up importing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyotas</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-AstraH_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstraH-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>A number of other, smaller companies proceeded to import and assemble a variety of GM products. Udatimex/Udatin has generally handled Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has sold Chevrolets, Opels, and the short-lived <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bedford_HA#Morina" title="Bedford HA">Morina</a> national <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basic_utility_vehicle" title="Basic utility vehicle">Basic Transportation Vehicle</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-TP26_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TP26-48">[48]</a></sup> In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opels, particularly the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Rekord_Series_D" title="Opel Rekord Series D">Rekord</a>. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same cars by the various importers.
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<dl><dt>Holden</dt></dl>
<p>At the time of their 1959 introduction to Indonesia (although Holden-built Chevrolets first arrived in 1938) Holdens were sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining some popularity in the 1960s Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman's Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as the assembler. From 1954 until 1959, Holden Australia held the General Motors rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holden_FC" title="Holden FC">FC series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jejak_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jejak-49">[49]</a></sup> Sales increased considerably when the locally assembled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holden_Gemini" title="Holden Gemini">Holden Gemini</a> arrived in 1981. Other locally assembled Holdens were the Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statesman_(automobile)#HQ" title="Statesman (automobile)">HQ Statesman</a> was sold as the "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (Chevrolet's sole agent in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.
</p><p>Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Faster" title="Isuzu Faster">Isuzu KB</a>, called the Holden Lincah. This was superficially very similar to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Trooper" title="Isuzu Trooper">Isuzu Trooper</a>, but had locally developed bodywork. A small number of Lincahs were exported to neighboring and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Island countries</a> in the middle of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-TP22_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TP22-50">[50]</a></sup> A five-door version of the Lincah was also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never have entered production. The Lincah Gama was one of the many cars <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malcolm_Bricklin" title="Malcolm Bricklin">Malcolm Bricklin</a> planned on importing, following his success with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zastava_Koral" class="mw-redirect" title="Zastava Koral">Yugo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> While the Gemini Diesel remained popular with taxi operators, with passenger car sales slowing down Udatimex shut their doors in 1991, and regular imports of Holdens came to an end. The last new Holden introduced in Indonesia was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holden_Commodore_(VL)" title="Holden Commodore (VL)">VL Calais</a>. Even as the Indonesian automobile market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden did not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decreed the end of exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-drive1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drive1-52">[52]</a></sup>
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<dl><dt>Opel</dt></dl>
<p>Opels had also been very popular before the war, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_P4" class="mw-redirect" title="Opel P4">Opel P4</a> being assembled in Tanjung Priok. A locally bodied 7-seater taxibus arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-GM2000_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM2000-53">[53]</a></sup> The taxi model was called <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplet" class="extiw" title="id:Oplet">Oplet</a> (short for the trade name "Opelette") - a name which was used for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">share taxis</a> until the type was abolished in 1979.
</p><p>In January 1993, GM re-established its presence in Indonesia by forming PT General Motors Buana Indonesia, which is owned 60% by GM and 40% by local partner and previous importer/assembler PT Garmak Motor of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-GMBI_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMBI-54">[54]</a></sup> The company built plant with 15,000 vehicle capacity in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, West Java.<sup id="cite_ref-GMHer_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMHer-45">[45]</a></sup> In 1997, General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made product of the new company was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Vectra" title="Opel Vectra">Opel Vectra</a> (1994), followed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Astra" title="Opel Astra">Opel Optima</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Blazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Opel Blazer">Opel Blazer</a> SUV as the first right-hand drive Blazer in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-GMHer_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMHer-45">[45]</a></sup> As of 2002, the Chevrolet nameplate has replaced Opel in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-GMHer_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMHer-45">[45]</a></sup>
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<dl><dt>Chevrolet</dt></dl>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2013_Chevrolet_Spin_1.5_LTZ_(20190616).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2013_Chevrolet_Spin_1.5_LTZ_%2820190616%29.jpg/220px-2013_Chevrolet_Spin_1.5_LTZ_%2820190616%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2013_Chevrolet_Spin_1.5_LTZ_%2820190616%29.jpg/330px-2013_Chevrolet_Spin_1.5_LTZ_%2820190616%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2013_Chevrolet_Spin_1.5_LTZ_%2820190616%29.jpg/440px-2013_Chevrolet_Spin_1.5_LTZ_%2820190616%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4610" data-file-height="2658" /></a><figcaption>Chevrolet manufactures the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevrolet_Spin" title="Chevrolet Spin">Spin</a> MPV in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, Indonesia since 2013.</figcaption></figure><p>Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. In particular the 210-series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge was mainly used on various Isuzu products like the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevrolet_LUV" title="Chevrolet LUV">Chevrolet LUV</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Trooper" title="Isuzu Trooper">Trooper</a>.
</p><p>The brand was re-introduced in Indonesia in 2001 with the Chevrolet Tavera, a rebadged <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Panther" title="Isuzu Panther">Isuzu Panther</a>, and the imported <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opel_Zafira" title="Opel Zafira">Zafira</a> and Blazer V6 4x4.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> In 2002, the locally assembled Opel Blazer was renamed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevrolet_S-10_Blazer" title="Chevrolet S-10 Blazer">Chevrolet Blazer</a>. It was sold alongside GM dealers, known as GM AutoWorld also marketed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subaru_Forester" title="Subaru Forester">Subaru Forester</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subaru_Impreza" title="Subaru Impreza">Subaru Impreza</a> since 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2005, GM ended Blazer production in Indonesia, effectively rendering their manufacturing plant in Bekasi as dormant. Since then, GM effectively acts as an importer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GM_Korea" title="GM Korea">Chevrolet-badged Daewoo</a> cars from Thailand and South Korea.
</p><p>In 2012, GM announced that it would reactivate the Bekasi plant to assemble a compact MPV, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevrolet_Spin" title="Chevrolet Spin">Chevrolet Spin</a> for Southeast Asian market. The 58,000 square meter plant represents an investment of US$150 million, employs 700 people and was planned to produce 40,000 vehicles a year.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> GM said that the Bekasi plant was a critical part of GM's growth strategy in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The plant's location met GM's philosophy of "build where we sell and source where we build."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Honda">Honda</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Prospect_Motor" title="Honda Prospect Motor">Honda Prospect Motor</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> first entered Indonesia in the 1960s through PT Imora Motor as its sole national distributor, with its first model <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_T360" title="Honda T360">Honda T360</a> pickup. In 1972, Honda also introduced the two-door <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Civic" title="Honda Civic">Civic</a> to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> As a response to the vehicle import ban, PT Prospect Motor began local assembly of Honda automobiles in Sunter, North Jakarta. The brand then gained reputation for its passenger cars, contrary to several other Japanese brands which relied on commercial pickups and minivans. Honda's best selling products at the time were the Civic and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Accord" title="Honda Accord">Accord</a>.
</p><p>In 1999, Honda established a new joint venture company, PT Honda Prospect Motor (HPM), which took over Imora Motor's sole national distribution rights that same year. HPM integrated Honda's Indonesian automobile businesses, which was previously conducted by four separate companies ranging across vehicle assembly, engine and component manufacturing, and wholesale distribution. A new manufacturing plant in Karawang was opened in 2003.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hyundai">Hyundai</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Indonesia" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia">Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia</a></div>
<p>Hyundai cars has been in the Indonesian market since the 1990s. It was handled by "PT Hyundai Mobil Indonesia (HMI)" as the sales company with the authorized assembling company entitled to "PT Hyundai Indonesia Motor", which assembled Hyundai cars in Indonesia since 1996.
</p><p>In 2019, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai Motor Company</a> signed an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MoU" class="mw-redirect" title="MoU">MoU</a> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Government">Indonesian Government</a> to conduct business of Hyundai automobiles directly in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, especially to foster the production of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5" title="Hyundai Ioniq 5">Hyundai Ioniq 5</a> in the country. Since 2019, Hyundai sales company is directly handled by Hyundai Motor Indonesia (HMID) with its head office at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>, and the newly built advanced manufacturing plant, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Indonesia" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia">Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia</a> (HMMI) located at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, both subsidiaries of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai Motor Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>To welcome and enhance public relations, Hyundai Indonesia initiated to welcome the general public to visit and tour its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Indonesia" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia">plant</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang</a>, to witness the automotive manufacturing process directly. The first initiative from the automotive industrial sector in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Distribution_Indonesia" title="Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia">Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> officially entered Indonesian market in 1970, when PT Star Motors Indonesia (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/MBDI" class="mw-redirect" title="MBDI">MBDI</a>) established together with PT German Motor Manufacturing (nowaday's PT Mercedes-Benz Indonesia) in collaboration with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> in Tanjung Priok. They have since then become the dominant market leader on premium vehicles in Indonesia. Currently, the following models that are locally assembled including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz A-Class">A-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLA" title="Mercedes-Benz GLA">GLA</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class">C-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLC" title="Mercedes-Benz GLC">GLC</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz E-Class">E-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLE" title="Mercedes-Benz GLE">GLE</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class">S-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS" title="Mercedes-Benz GLS">GLS</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Axor" title="Mercedes-Benz Axor">Axor</a> trucks, and some Mercedes-Benz buses. In the mid-1990s, Mercedes-Benz Indonesia tried to break Mitsubishi's dominance in the medium-weight truck markets with the locally developed and built <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_MB700" title="Mercedes-Benz MB700">MB700/MB800</a> truck, without notable success.<sup id="cite_ref-truckID_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truckID-62">[62]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2021_Mitsubishi_Colt_L300_Pick_Up_Standard_2.5_L039P_(20211007)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2021_Mitsubishi_Colt_L300_Pick_Up_Standard_2.5_L039P_%2820211007%29_01.jpg/220px-2021_Mitsubishi_Colt_L300_Pick_Up_Standard_2.5_L039P_%2820211007%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2021_Mitsubishi_Colt_L300_Pick_Up_Standard_2.5_L039P_%2820211007%29_01.jpg/330px-2021_Mitsubishi_Colt_L300_Pick_Up_Standard_2.5_L039P_%2820211007%29_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2021_Mitsubishi_Colt_L300_Pick_Up_Standard_2.5_L039P_%2820211007%29_01.jpg/440px-2021_Mitsubishi_Colt_L300_Pick_Up_Standard_2.5_L039P_%2820211007%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4388" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>The Mitsubishi Colt L300 is the vehicle with the longest production run in Indonesia under a single generation. Production started in 1982.</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Krama_Yudha_Indonesia" title="Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia">Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia</a></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi</a>, through <b>PT Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors</b> (KTB) has a long presence in Indonesia, but their first true hit was the Colt T120. This was a locally built version of the first generation <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Delica" title="Mitsubishi Delica">Mitsubishi Delica</a>, and from its introduction in the early 1970s it became a seminal vehicle. It was mostly alone in its class and for a generation of Indonesians "Colt" became synonymous with minibus.<sup id="cite_ref-klakson3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klakson3-63">[63]</a></sup> The T120 was finally discontinued in 1982 and replaced by the L300 (also based on the Delica); but sales never reached their earlier highs. Mitsubishi finally revived the T120 nametag with a Mitsubishi-engined version of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Carry#Futura" title="Suzuki Carry">Suzuki Carry Futura</a> called the Mitsubishi Colt T120SS.<sup id="cite_ref-klakson3_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klakson3-63">[63]</a></sup> This alliance with Suzuki was an attempt to challenge the dominance of the Astra Group's Toyota, Daihatsu, and Isuzu.<sup id="cite_ref-klak2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klak2-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2014, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation announced to build an MMC-owned plant in Indonesia. On 24 March 2015, the construction of a new manufacturing plant in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang, West Java</a> was started. The plant was designed with a maximum production capacity of 160,000 vehicles per year. PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia owned 51% by MMC was established to operate the plant. The plant was started its operation in April 2017 by producing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Pajero_Sport" title="Mitsubishi Pajero Sport">Mitsubishi Pajero Sport</a>. At the same time, the passenger cars and LCV operations were transferred from PT KTB to PT Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Sales Indonesia (MMKSI).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xpander" title="Mitsubishi Xpander">Mitsubishi Xpander</a> was launched in August 2017 and nearly doubled Mitsubishi Motors sales in the country between 2017 and 2018 from 79,807 units to 142,861 units, emerging as the largest market for MMC. In 2019, MMKI surpassed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Astra_Motor" title="Toyota Astra Motor">Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia</a> as the second largest car manufacturer in Indonesia by a production output of 193,954 units.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Suzuki">Suzuki</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor" title="Suzuki Indomobil Motor">Suzuki Indomobil Motor</a></div>
<p><b>PT Suzuki Indomobil Motor</b> is a joint venture between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki Motor Corporation</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indomobil_Group" title="Indomobil Group">Indomobil Group</a>. Until recently, the company was known as <b>PT Indomobil Suzuki International.</b> The company is located in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and specialized in manufacturing Suzuki vehicles for the local market. Their first products were the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Carry#ST10" title="Suzuki Carry">ST10 Carry</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Fronte#LC20" title="Suzuki Fronte">Fronte LC20</a> of 1976. The Carry (soon replaced by the ST20) saw extensive use as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Angkot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> Suzuki's first Indonesian activity was in 1970 through its import firm PT Indohero Steel & Engineering Company. Six years later they had built their manufacturing facility in Jakarta, which is the oldest part of the Indomobil Group. Suzuki's sales rose exponentially in the mid-1980s as sales of minitrucks boomed and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus" title="Suzuki Cultus">Forsa/Swift</a> was introduced: Suzuki Indonesia sold 13,434 vehicles in 1984, followed by 58,032 in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-MMabd_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMabd-68">[68]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since 2004, Suzuki Indonesia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_APV" title="Suzuki APV">APV (All Purpose Vehicle)</a> budget <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">MPV</a> has been assembled exclusively in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Designed in Japan, it is exported to numerous countries since 2005, to the ASEAN and beyond. It is also available with Mitsubishi badging (as the "Maven").
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Toyota">Toyota</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1997-2000_Toyota_Kijang_Krista_1.8_KF80R_(20211006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1997-2000_Toyota_Kijang_Krista_1.8_KF80R_%2820211006%29.jpg/220px-1997-2000_Toyota_Kijang_Krista_1.8_KF80R_%2820211006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1997-2000_Toyota_Kijang_Krista_1.8_KF80R_%2820211006%29.jpg/330px-1997-2000_Toyota_Kijang_Krista_1.8_KF80R_%2820211006%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1997-2000_Toyota_Kijang_Krista_1.8_KF80R_%2820211006%29.jpg/440px-1997-2000_Toyota_Kijang_Krista_1.8_KF80R_%2820211006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2465" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang" title="Toyota Kijang">Toyota Kijang</a> is regarded as one of the most influential vehicles in Indonesian automotive industry.</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Astra_Motor" title="Toyota Astra Motor">Toyota Astra Motor</a></div>
<p><b>PT Toyota Astra Motor</b> (TAM) was founded in April 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Toy75_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toy75-69">[69]</a></sup> Vehicle production began in September 1974 at the PT Multi-Astra manufacturing subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-Toy75_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toy75-69">[69]</a></sup> Toyota Indonesia's most famous product is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang" title="Toyota Kijang">Kijang</a> series of light trucks and vans. The Kijang, developed from the Philippine market Tamaraw Revo of 1976, has spawned an entire range of vehicles and is now built in a number of Asian countries including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The Kijang was one of a series of BUV's, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basic_utility_vehicle" title="Basic utility vehicle">Basic Utility Vehicles</a>, developed for developing markets by several global manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s. The Kijang was very successful for Toyota Astra Motor, with the 100,000th example leaving the line in February 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-MM1085_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM1085-70">[70]</a></sup> Production was almost entirely localized by the mid-eighties, with engine parts as well beginning to be produced in Indonesia by January 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-MM1085_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM1085-70">[70]</a></sup> The Kijang also caused major upheavals amongst Indonesia's host of small body builders, as the body was built to a whole new standard of quality and was offered directly by Toyota in a number of variants that had hitherto been the purview of the body builders.<sup id="cite_ref-im92_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-im92-37">[37]</a></sup> The success of the Kijang was helpful for TAM as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Crown#S110" title="Toyota Crown">Crown</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Mark_II#X60" title="Toyota Mark II">Mark II</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser" title="Toyota Land Cruiser">Land Cruiser</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Corona#T150" title="Toyota Corona">Corona GL</a> were all struggling in the market place in the first half of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-motor80_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor80-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Land Cruiser dominated the "Jeep" category until the early 1980s, when lighter and more economical competitors began taking away its market share.<sup id="cite_ref-motor80_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor80-71">[71]</a></sup> Unable to compete with the smaller offerings from Suzuki and Daihatsu, Toyota chose to not further increase the local content levels of the Land Cruiser and had withdrawn it from the Indonesian market by 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-TP37_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TP37-72">[72]</a></sup> Currently Toyota Astra Motor's production is carried out by PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), which consists of the erstwhile PT Multi-Astra as well as PT Toyota Mobilindo (which was established in December 1976 with production commencing in May 1977).
</p><p>Toyota and the Astra Group remains dominant in Indonesia, with their market share historically hovering from 35 to 50 per cent. They are bigger than the two second biggest brands combined.<sup id="cite_ref-InTw42_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InTw42-73">[73]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Volkswagen and their local partner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garuda_Mataram_Motor" title="Garuda Mataram Motor">PT Garuda Mataram</a> was a major player until the mid-1970s but sales dropped precipitously in the latter half of the decade. In 1970, Volkswagen entered into a collaboration with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Distribution_Indonesia" title="Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia">Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia</a> to set up a manufacturing line in Tanjung Priok, Jakarta. The resulting company was called <b>PT German Motor Manufacturing</b>, with Garuda Mataram retaining the Volkswagen distribution rights. The partnership was dissolved in 1979 and Volkswagen went their own way.<sup id="cite_ref-BriefH_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriefH-74">[74]</a></sup> In or just before 1971 Indonesia's Army Strategic Command (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kostrad" title="Kostrad">Kostrad</a>) took over the local Volkswagen operations as part of a trend of direct government involvement in vehicle manufacturing (and industry in general).<sup id="cite_ref-doner128_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doner128-75">[75]</a></sup> Kostrad owned the Volkswagen agency through its Yayasan Dharma Putra business group, in partnership with two Chinese entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>As with Volkswagen in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, sales dropped precipitously as the Japanese brands took hold. By 1980, the locally developed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_EA489_Basistransporter" title="Volkswagen EA489 Basistransporter">Mitra</a> project had come to an end as had assembly of the Beetle and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_181" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen 181">Typ 181 (Camat)</a>. Assembly of German-made Kombis and Transporters ended in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-T2indo_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T2indo-77">[77]</a></sup> Volkswagen replaced this on their Indonesian assembly lines with the Brazilian-made <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2#T2" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Volkswagen Combi Clipper</a>. This remained Volkswagen's single model on offer in Indonesia until the middle of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-motorharga_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorharga-78">[78]</a></sup> By 1986, Volkswagens were no longer available in Indonesia, after 13,162 Volkswagens had been assembled between 1976 and 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-TP33_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TP33-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1998, a new distributor company called <b>PT Garuda Mataram Motor</b> was founded as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IndoMobil_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="IndoMobil Group">Indomobil Group</a>. Currently, the company assembles and distributes Volkswagens passenger cars in Indonesia.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wuling">Wuling</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SGMW_Motor_Indonesia" title="SGMW Motor Indonesia">SGMW Motor Indonesia</a></div>
<p>Wuling Motors (Indonesia) is established in August 2015 as a subsidiary of SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Company Limited (SGMW) with share composition 50.1 per cent of SAIC (Shanghai Automotive International Corporation), 44 per cent of GM China and 5.9 per cent Guangxi Automobile Group. The company has 60 hectares land in Cikarang, 30 hectares is for the manufacturing and 30 hectares is for supplier park for accessibility of the parts.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Defunct_manufacturers">Defunct manufacturers</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span id="Mazda_.281985.E2.80.931998.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mazda_(1985–1998)">Mazda (1985–1998)</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:576px;max-width:576px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mazda_MR90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mazda_MR90.jpg/214px-Mazda_MR90.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mazda_MR90.jpg/321px-Mazda_MR90.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mazda_MR90.jpg/428px-Mazda_MR90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="311" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mazda MR90</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mazda_Baby_Boomers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mazda_Baby_Boomers.jpg/187px-Mazda_Baby_Boomers.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mazda_Baby_Boomers.jpg/281px-Mazda_Baby_Boomers.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mazda_Baby_Boomers.jpg/374px-Mazda_Baby_Boomers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mazda Baby Boomer</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mazda_VanTrend_(front),_Tuban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mazda_VanTrend_%28front%29%2C_Tuban.jpg/163px-Mazda_VanTrend_%28front%29%2C_Tuban.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mazda_VanTrend_%28front%29%2C_Tuban.jpg/245px-Mazda_VanTrend_%28front%29%2C_Tuban.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mazda_VanTrend_%28front%29%2C_Tuban.jpg/326px-Mazda_VanTrend_%28front%29%2C_Tuban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mazda Vantrend</div></div></div></div></div><p>Mazda first entered the Indonesian market in the 1960s as an imported brand. In 1985, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indomobil_Group" title="Indomobil Group">Indomobil</a> started manufacturing Mazda vehicles in Indonesia through its fully owned plant and was distributed through PT National Motors Co. (now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicor_Prima_Motor" title="Unicor Prima Motor">PT Unicor Prima Motor</a>), another Indomobil subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> In 1989, Indomobil together with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a> started work on the <b>PT Mazda Indonesia Manufacturing (MIM)</b> plant through a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> The plant would manufacture the Mazda MR90, a car based on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_Familia#Fourth_generation_(FA4;_1977–1980)" title="Mazda Familia">third generation Mazda 323 Familia</a>. With the support of President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>, the MR90 was designated as a 'people's car' to compete directly with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang" title="Toyota Kijang">Toyota Kijang</a>. MR90 stands for 'Mobil Rakyat 1990', ('people's car of the 1990s'), as the car was introduced around July 1990. To achieve a competitive price for the car, and with the support of Suharto, Indomobile requested that the government remove the 30 per cent luxury goods tax. This proposal was unexpectedly rejected by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)">Finance Ministry</a>, citing the absence of a 'national car' regulation and the fact that the car is categorized as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> - which meant it ould only be considered a luxury good. As the result, sales were below expectations by an order of magnitude, since the car ended up significantly more expensive than the Toyota Kijang.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85">[85]</a></sup> The Mazda MR90 was later revised and renamed to Mazda Vantrend and Mazda Baby Boomer, hoping to improve sales. In 1998, PT MIM went bankrupt in the midst of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Southeast Asian financial crisis</a> and the plant in Tambun was sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor" title="Suzuki Indomobil Motor">Suzuki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>Between 1998 and 2006, Mazda cars were imported and distributed by PT Unicor Prima Motor before the distribution was taken over by Mazda Motor Corporation, creating <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_Motor_Indonesia" title="Mazda Motor Indonesia">PT Mazda Motor Indonesia</a> as the sole importer and distributor.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> The handover marked the end of production of the locally assembled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_Bongo" title="Mazda Bongo">Mazda E2000</a> which was introduced in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> and also saw PT Unicor Prima Motor transformed into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery</a> car distributor.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> Mazda Motor Indonesia solely relied on importing its line-up of vehicles from Japan, Thailand and the Philippines, except the Suzuki-made <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_VX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazda VX-1">Mazda VX-1</a> (a rebadged Ertiga).
</p><p>In 2017, Mazda Motor Corporation transferred its operations in Indonesia to <b>PT Eurokars Motor Indonesia</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> Mazda remained an import brand, sourcing Mazda vehicles from Japan, Thailand and Malaysia.
</p>
<h3><span id="Timor_.281996.E2.80.932000.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Timor_(1996–2000)">Timor (1996–2000)</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor_Putra_Nasional" title="Timor Putra Nasional">Timor Putra Nasional</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Timor_S515_sedan_(2007-07-09)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Timor_S515_sedan_%282007-07-09%29_02.jpg/220px-Timor_S515_sedan_%282007-07-09%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Timor_S515_sedan_%282007-07-09%29_02.jpg/330px-Timor_S515_sedan_%282007-07-09%29_02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Timor_S515_sedan_%282007-07-09%29_02.jpg/440px-Timor_S515_sedan_%282007-07-09%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Timor S515</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1996, the Ministry of Industry and Trade announced a president instruction (Inpress) No. 2 year 1996 regarding the development of the national car industry, instructing the Minister of Industry and Trade, the Minister of Finance, and the State Minister for Mobilization of Investment Funds to immediately realize the national car industry. It also mentioned the pioneer company to do so is <b>PT Timor Putra Nasional</b> (TPN), owned by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tommy_Suharto" title="Tommy Suharto">Hutomo Mandala Putra</a>, the son of president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>. TPN is the only car manufacturer to be declared free from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">luxury goods tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup> TPN partnered with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kia_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Motors">Kia Motors</a> to import <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kia_Sephia" title="Kia Sephia">Kia Sephia</a> sedan as the Timor S515i by a semi knock down (SKD) scheme. The sedan was introduced on 8 July 1996. Due to its low price, the car quickly gained some traction in Indonesia.
</p><p>However, several countries such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> immediately protested the national car program and privilege of Timor cars. A lawsuit was then brought to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization (WTO)</a>. The program was declared incompatible with WTO rules by Dispute Settlement Body of WTO in 1998. It was proved that the "national car program" violated the World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties because the exemption from taxes is a subsidy contingent upon the use of domestic goods.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> As such, the company had to stop its operations by a presidential decree (Keppres) No 20 1998 issued on 21 January 1998.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Volvo">Volvo</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Indonesian_police_cars,_Sekilas_Lintas_Kepolisian_Republik_Indonesia,_p37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Indonesian_police_cars%2C_Sekilas_Lintas_Kepolisian_Republik_Indonesia%2C_p37.jpg/220px-Indonesian_police_cars%2C_Sekilas_Lintas_Kepolisian_Republik_Indonesia%2C_p37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Indonesian_police_cars%2C_Sekilas_Lintas_Kepolisian_Republik_Indonesia%2C_p37.jpg/330px-Indonesian_police_cars%2C_Sekilas_Lintas_Kepolisian_Republik_Indonesia%2C_p37.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Indonesian_police_cars%2C_Sekilas_Lintas_Kepolisian_Republik_Indonesia%2C_p37.jpg/440px-Indonesian_police_cars%2C_Sekilas_Lintas_Kepolisian_Republik_Indonesia%2C_p37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>A fleet of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volvo_140_Series" title="Volvo 140 Series">Volvo 144</a>'s being used as police cars in 1976, a result of Liem's close relationship with the Indonesian government.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Volvo automobiles have been regularly imported to Indonesia since 1971, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liem_Sioe_Liong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liem Sioe Liong">Liem Sioe Liong</a>'s <b>PT Central Sole Agency</b> gained the concession.<sup id="cite_ref-Liem240_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liem240-92">[92]</a></sup> By 1975, industrial policy dictated that the cars be assembled locally and Liem responded by creating a joint venture called PT Salim Jaya Motor, operated by his son Albert. A small number of heavy trucks were also imported. They assembled two Volvo models and had a steady market in the form of military and government officials. The venture still lost money though, partly due to the difficulties of collecting money from government officials during the Suharto era. Even with government favor, sales were never very large: between 1976 and 1985, only 1015 Volvo passenger cars (and 201 heavy trucks) were assembled in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-TPx2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPx2-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salim_Group" title="Salim Group">Salim Group</a> still imports Volvo trucks, buses, and construction equipment as of 2017, through a company called PT Indotruck Utama.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Luxury_goods_tax_classification">Luxury goods tax classification</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Indonesia imposes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">luxury goods tax</a> (Indonesian: <i>Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah (PPnBM)</i>) based on engine displacement and body type.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> While dimensions aren't used in the classification, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">sedan</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagon</a> body type are taxed differently. This tax scheme was phased out in October 2021 in favour of an emission-based classification.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>A vehicle is considered a sedan if the rear window is not a part of the rear trunk opening.
</p>
<dl><dt>Classification used until October 2021</dt></dl>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Luxury goods<br />tax percentage
</th>
<th>Engine<br />displacement
</th>
<th>Layout
</th>
<th>Body type
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>0%
</td>
<td colspan="3"><i>main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_Cost_Green_Car_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)">Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)</a></i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">10%
</td>
<td>≤1.5 L
</td>
<td>2WD
</td>
<td>except sedan and station wagon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>any capacity
</td>
<td>any layout
</td>
<td>minibus with 10-15 passengers capacity
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">20%
</td>
<td>>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)<br /> >1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
</td>
<td>2WD
</td>
<td>except sedan and station wagon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>any capacity
</td>
<td>any layout
</td>
<td>double cabin pick-up
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">30%
</td>
<td rowspan="2">≤1.5 L
</td>
<td>2WD
</td>
<td>sedan and station wagon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4WD
</td>
<td>except sedan and station wagon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5">40%
</td>
<td>>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)
</td>
<td>2WD
</td>
<td>sedan and station wagon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>>1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
</td>
<td>2WD
</td>
<td>sedan and station wagon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>>2.5–3.0 L (petrol)
</td>
<td>2WD
</td>
<td>except sedan and station wagon
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>>1.5–2.5 L (diesel)
</td>
<td>4WD
</td>
<td>any body type
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>>1.5–3.0 L (petrol)
</td>
<td>4WD
</td>
<td>any body type
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>125%
</td>
<td>>2.5 L (diesel)<br /> >3.0 L (petrol)
</td>
<td>any layout
</td>
<td>any body type
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Vehicles_currently_manufactured_and_sold_in_Indonesia">Vehicles currently manufactured and sold in Indonesia</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2022_Toyota_Calya_1.2_G_B401RA_(20220410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2022_Toyota_Calya_1.2_G_B401RA_%2820220410%29.jpg/220px-2022_Toyota_Calya_1.2_G_B401RA_%2820220410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2022_Toyota_Calya_1.2_G_B401RA_%2820220410%29.jpg/330px-2022_Toyota_Calya_1.2_G_B401RA_%2820220410%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2022_Toyota_Calya_1.2_G_B401RA_%2820220410%29.jpg/440px-2022_Toyota_Calya_1.2_G_B401RA_%2820220410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4825" data-file-height="2769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Calya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Calya">Toyota Calya</a>, exclusively built and sold in Indonesia.</figcaption></figure>
<p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_2_Series_Gran_Coup%C3%A9" title="BMW 2 Series Gran Coupé">2 Series Gran Coupé</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_3_Series" title="BMW 3 Series">3 Series</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_5_Series" title="BMW 5 Series">5 Series</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_7_Series" title="BMW 7 Series">7 Series</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X1" title="BMW X1">X1</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X3" title="BMW X3">X3</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X5" title="BMW X5">X5</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X7" title="BMW X7">X7</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery_Tiggo_5x" title="Chery Tiggo 5x">Tiggo 5x</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery_Tiggo_7" title="Chery Tiggo 7">Tiggo 7 Pro</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery_Tiggo_8" title="Chery Tiggo 8">Tiggo 8 Pro</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3#ë-C3" title="Citroën C3">ë-C3</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Daihatsu_Motor" title="Astra Daihatsu Motor">Daihatsu</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla" title="Daihatsu Ayla">Ayla</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Gran_Max" title="Daihatsu Gran Max">Gran Max</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Luxio" title="Daihatsu Luxio">Luxio</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Rocky_(A200)" title="Daihatsu Rocky (A200)">Rocky</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Sigra" title="Daihatsu Sigra">Sigra</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Terios" title="Daihatsu Terios">Terios</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Xenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daihatsu Xenia">Xenia</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DFSK_Motor" title="DFSK Motor">DFSK</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DFSK_Gelora" class="mw-redirect" title="DFSK Gelora">Gelora E</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DFSK_C-Series" title="DFSK C-Series">Super Cab</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuso_(company)" title="Fuso (company)">Fuso</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Canter" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Canter">Canter</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Fighter" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter">Fighter X</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GAC_Aion" title="GAC Aion">GAC Aion</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aion_Y#Aion_Y_Plus" title="Aion Y">Y Plus</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haval_(marque)" title="Haval (marque)">Haval</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haval_Jolion" title="Haval Jolion">Jolion</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Dutro" title="Hino Dutro">200 Series</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Dutro" title="Hino Dutro">300 Series</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Ranger" title="Hino Ranger">500 Series</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Profia" title="Hino Profia">700 Series</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Prospect_Motor" title="Honda Prospect Motor">Honda</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Brio" title="Honda Brio">Brio</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_BR-V" title="Honda BR-V">BR-V</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_City_Hatchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda City Hatchback">City Hatchback</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_HR-V" title="Honda HR-V">HR-V</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Mobilio" title="Honda Mobilio">Mobilio</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_WR-V" title="Honda WR-V">WR-V</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Indonesia" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia">Hyundai</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Creta" title="Hyundai Creta">Creta</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5" title="Hyundai Ioniq 5">Ioniq 5</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5#Ioniq_5_N" title="Hyundai Ioniq 5">Ioniq 5 N</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Kona_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Kona Electric">Kona Electric</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Santa_Fe" title="Hyundai Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Stargazer" title="Hyundai Stargazer">Stargazer</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Stargazer#Stargazer_X" title="Hyundai Stargazer">Stargazer X</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Astra_Motor_Indonesia" title="Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia">Isuzu</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Elf" title="Isuzu Elf">Elf</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Forward" title="Isuzu Forward">Giga</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Traga" title="Isuzu Traga">Traga</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jetour" title="Jetour">Jetour</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jetour_Dashing" title="Jetour Dashing">Dashing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jetour_X70_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetour X70 Plus">X70 Plus</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_CX-3" title="Mazda CX-3">CX-3</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_CX-5" title="Mazda CX-5">CX-5</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Distribution_Indonesia" title="Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia">Mercedes-Benz</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Axor" title="Mercedes-Benz Axor">Axor</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz A-Class">A-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class">C-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz E-Class">E-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class">S-Class</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLA" title="Mercedes-Benz GLA">GLA</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLC" title="Mercedes-Benz GLC">GLC</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLE" title="Mercedes-Benz GLE">GLE</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS" title="Mercedes-Benz GLS">GLS</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG_Motor" title="MG Motor">MG</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG4_EV" title="MG4 EV">4 EV</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG_ZS_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="MG ZS EV">ZS EV</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Krama_Yudha_Indonesia" title="Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia">Mitsubishi</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Colt_L300" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Colt L300">Colt L300</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Minicab_MiEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV">L100 EV</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Pajero_Sport" title="Mitsubishi Pajero Sport">Pajero Sport</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xforce" title="Mitsubishi Xforce">Xforce</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xpander" title="Mitsubishi Xpander">Xpander</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xpander_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Xpander Cross">Xpander Cross</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hozon_Auto" title="Hozon Auto">Neta</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neta_Aya" title="Neta Aya">V-II</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neta_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Neta X">X</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Indonesia" title="Nissan Motor Indonesia">Nissan</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan_Livina" title="Nissan Livina">Livina</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omoda" title="Omoda">Omoda</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omoda_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Omoda 5">5</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omoda_5#Electric_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Omoda 5">E5</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ora_(marque)" title="Ora (marque)">Ora</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ora_03" class="mw-redirect" title="Ora 03">03</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seres_(automobiles)" title="Seres (automobiles)">Seres</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fengon_Mini_EV" title="Fengon Mini EV">E1</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor" title="Suzuki Indomobil Motor">Suzuki</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_APV" title="Suzuki APV">APV</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Carry" title="Suzuki Carry">Carry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Ertiga" title="Suzuki Ertiga">Ertiga</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_XL7" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki XL7">XL7</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Astra_Motor" title="Toyota Astra Motor">Toyota</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Agya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Agya">Agya</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Avanza" title="Toyota Avanza">Avanza</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Veloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Veloz">Veloz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Calya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Calya">Calya</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Dyna" title="Toyota Dyna">Dyna</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Fortuner" title="Toyota Fortuner">Fortuner</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang_Innova" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Kijang Innova">Kijang Innova</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix">Kijang Innova Zenix</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Raize" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Raize">Raize</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Rush">Rush</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Yaris" title="Toyota Yaris">Yaris</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Cross_(AC200)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Cross (AC200)">Yaris Cross</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Trucks" title="UD Trucks">UD Trucks</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Quester" title="UD Quester">Quester</a>
</p><p><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SGMW_Motor_Indonesia" title="SGMW Motor Indonesia">Wuling</a>:</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Air_EV" title="Wuling Air EV">Air EV</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Almaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Almaz">Almaz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Alvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Alvez">Alvez</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Binguo" title="Wuling Binguo">Binguo EV</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baojun_Yunduo" title="Baojun Yunduo">Cloud EV</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Confero" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Confero">Confero</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Formo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Formo">Formo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Cortez" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Cortez">Cortez</a>
</p><p><i>*Excluding buses</i>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Active_manufacturing_facilities">Active manufacturing facilities</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h2>
<p>Automotive manufacturing facilities in Indonesia is currently focused in the western part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, mainly in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta%E2%80%93Cikampek_Toll_Road" title="Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road">Jakarta–Cikampek toll road</a> corridor in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang</a>, where few <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial estates</a> are located there.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" align="left" style="text-align: center; width:100%; font-size:85%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="7"><span style="font-size:120%">List of active automobile manufacturing plants in Indonesia</span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" style="width:15%;">Name
</th>
<th rowspan="2" style="width:5%;">Founded
</th>
<th rowspan="2" style="width:7%;">Location
</th>
<th colspan="3">Production
</th>
<th rowspan="2" style="width:5%;">Exports
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th style="width:5%;">Operational scope
</th>
<th style="width:8%;">Make
</th>
<th style="width:15%;">Models produced (as of 2024)
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Daihatsu_Motor" title="Astra Daihatsu Motor">Astra Daihatsu Motor</a></b><br />(ADM)<br />Plant 1
</td>
<td rowspan="3">1998
</td>
<td rowspan="3"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunter,_Jakarta" title="Sunter, Jakarta">Sunter</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">DKI Jakarta</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="7">Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Gran_Max" title="Daihatsu Gran Max">Gran Max</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Luxio" title="Daihatsu Luxio">Luxio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="7">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_LiteAce" title="Toyota LiteAce">LiteAce</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–, export only)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_Bongo" title="Mazda Bongo">Bongo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–, export only)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Daihatsu_Motor" title="Astra Daihatsu Motor">Astra Daihatsu Motor</a></b><br />(ADM)<br />Plant 2
</td>
<td rowspan="2">2013
</td>
<td rowspan="4"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla" title="Daihatsu Ayla">Ayla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Sigra" title="Daihatsu Sigra">Sigra</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Rocky_(A200)" title="Daihatsu Rocky (A200)">Rocky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Agya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Agya">Agya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Calya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Calya">Calya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Raize" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Raize">Raize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Daihatsu_Motor" title="Astra Daihatsu Motor">Astra Daihatsu Motor</a></b><br />(ADM)<br />Plant 3
</td>
<td rowspan="2">2024
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Xenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daihatsu Xenia">Xenia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Terios" title="Daihatsu Terios">Terios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Avanza" title="Toyota Avanza">Avanza</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Rush">Rush</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_International" title="Astra International">Gaya Motor</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">1969
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">DKI Jakarta</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Assembly
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_3_Series" title="BMW 3 Series">3 Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X1" title="BMW X1">X1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X3" title="BMW X3">X3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X5" title="BMW X5">X5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_5_Series" title="BMW 5 Series">5 Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_7_Series" title="BMW 7 Series">7 Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_X7" title="BMW X7">X7</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW_2_Series_Gran_Coup%C3%A9" title="BMW 2 Series Gran Coupé">2 Series Gran Coupé</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Trucks" title="UD Trucks">UD Trucks</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Quester" title="UD Quester">Quester</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Eurokars Produksi Pratama</b><br />(EPP)
</td>
<td>2024
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td>Assembly
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_CX-3" title="Mazda CX-3">CX-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_CX-5" title="Mazda CX-5">CX-5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td>No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4"><b>Handal Indonesia Motor</b><br />(HIM)
</td>
<td rowspan="4">1995
</td>
<td rowspan="4">Pondok Ungu,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi City</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="4">Assembly
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery_Tiggo_7" title="Chery Tiggo 7">Tiggo 7 Pro</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery_Tiggo_8" title="Chery Tiggo 8">Tiggo 8 Pro</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery_Tiggo_5x" title="Chery Tiggo 5x">Tiggo 5x</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="4">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omoda" title="Omoda">Omoda</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omoda_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Omoda 5">5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omoda_5#Electric_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Omoda 5">E5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hozon_Auto" title="Hozon Auto">Neta</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neta_Aya" title="Neta Aya">V-II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neta_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Neta X">X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jetour" title="Jetour">Jetour</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jetour_Dashing" title="Jetour Dashing">Dashing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jetour_X70_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetour X70 Plus">X70 Plus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia</a></b><br />(HMMI)
</td>
<td rowspan="2">2003
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purwakarta_Regency" title="Purwakarta Regency">Purwakarta Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Dutro" title="Hino Dutro">300 Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Ranger" title="Hino Ranger">500 Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Profia" title="Hino Profia">700 Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Dutro" title="Hino Dutro">200 Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Dyna" title="Toyota Dyna">Dyna</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Prospect_Motor" title="Honda Prospect Motor">Honda Prospect Motor</a></b><br />(HPM)<br />Plant 1
</td>
<td>2003
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Manufacturing
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Brio" title="Honda Brio">Brio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_HR-V" title="Honda HR-V">HR-V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Prospect_Motor" title="Honda Prospect Motor">Honda Prospect Motor</a></b><br />(HPM)<br />Plant 2
</td>
<td>2014
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Mobilio" title="Honda Mobilio">Mobilio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_BR-V" title="Honda BR-V">BR-V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_City_Hatchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda City Hatchback">City Hatchback</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_WR-V" title="Honda WR-V">WR-V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Indonesia" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia">Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia</a></b><br />(HMMI)
</td>
<td>2022
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td>Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Creta" title="Hyundai Creta">Creta</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5" title="Hyundai Ioniq 5">Ioniq 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Santa_Fe" title="Hyundai Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Stargazer" title="Hyundai Stargazer">Stargazer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Stargazer#Stargazer_X" title="Hyundai Stargazer">Stargazer X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Kona_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Kona Electric">Kona Electric</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5#Ioniq_5_N" title="Hyundai Ioniq 5">Ioniq 5 N</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Astra_Motor_Indonesia" title="Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia">Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia</a></b><br />(IAMI)
</td>
<td>2015
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td>Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Isuzu Motors">Isuzu</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Elf" title="Isuzu Elf">Elf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Forward" title="Isuzu Forward">Giga</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Traga" title="Isuzu Traga">Traga</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuso_(company)" title="Fuso (company)">Krama Yudha Ratu Motor</a></b><br />(KRM)
</td>
<td>1973
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulo_Gadung" title="Pulo Gadung">Pulo Gadung</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">DKI Jakarta</a>
</td>
<td>Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuso_(company)" title="Fuso (company)">Fuso</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Canter" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Canter">Canter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(?–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Fighter" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Fighter">Fighter X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(?–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td>Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Distribution_Indonesia" title="Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia">Mercedes-Benz Indonesia</a></b><br />(MBI)
</td>
<td rowspan="3">1978
</td>
<td rowspan="3">Wanaherang,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">Assembly
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz C-Class">C-Class</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz E-Class">E-Class</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class">S-Class</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLC" title="Mercedes-Benz GLC">GLC</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLE" title="Mercedes-Benz GLE">GLE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLS" title="Mercedes-Benz GLS">GLS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Axor" title="Mercedes-Benz Axor">Axor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz A-Class">A-Class</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_GLA" title="Mercedes-Benz GLA">GLA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3">No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haval_(marque)" title="Haval (marque)">Haval</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haval_Jolion" title="Haval Jolion">Jolion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ora_(marque)" title="Ora (marque)">Ora</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ora_03" class="mw-redirect" title="Ora 03">03</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Krama_Yudha_Indonesia" title="Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia">Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia</a></b><br />(MMKI)
</td>
<td rowspan="2">2017
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Pajero_Sport" title="Mitsubishi Pajero Sport">Pajero Sport</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xpander" title="Mitsubishi Xpander">Xpander</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Colt_L300" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Colt L300">Colt L300</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xpander_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Xpander Cross">Xpander Cross</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xforce" title="Mitsubishi Xforce">Xforce</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Minicab_MiEV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV">L100 EV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan_Livina" title="Nissan Livina">Livina</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indomobil_Group" title="Indomobil Group">National Assemblers</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">2019
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purwakarta_Regency" title="Purwakarta Regency">Purwakarta Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Assembly
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3#ë-C3" title="Citroën C3">ë-C3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">No
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GAC_Aion" title="GAC Aion">GAC Aion</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aion_Y#Aion_Y_Plus" title="Aion Y">Y Plus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SGMW_Motor_Indonesia" title="SGMW Motor Indonesia">SGMW Motor Indonesia</a></b><br />(SGMWI)
</td>
<td rowspan="2">2017
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Motors" title="Wuling Motors">Wuling</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Confero" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Confero">Confero</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Cortez" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Cortez">Cortez</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Formo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Formo">Formo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Almaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Almaz">Almaz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Air_EV" title="Wuling Air EV">Air EV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Alvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuling Alvez">Alvez</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuling_Binguo" title="Wuling Binguo">Binguo EV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baojun_Yunduo" title="Baojun Yunduo">Cloud EV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG_Motor" title="MG Motor">MG</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG_ZS_EV" class="mw-redirect" title="MG ZS EV">ZS EV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MG4_EV" title="MG4 EV">4 EV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seres_Group" title="Seres Group">Sokonindo Automobile</a></b>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">2017
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Cikande,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serang_Regency" title="Serang Regency">Serang Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Manufacturing
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DFSK_Motor" title="DFSK Motor">DFSK</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DFSK_C-Series" title="DFSK C-Series">Super Cab</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DFSK_Gelora" class="mw-redirect" title="DFSK Gelora">Gelora E</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seres_(automobiles)" title="Seres (automobiles)">Seres</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fengon_Mini_EV" title="Fengon Mini EV">E1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor" title="Suzuki Indomobil Motor">Suzuki Indomobil Motor</a></b><br />(SIM)<br />Plant 1
</td>
<td>1991
</td>
<td>Tambun,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi City</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Manufacturing
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Carry" title="Suzuki Carry">Carry</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_APV" title="Suzuki APV">APV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor" title="Suzuki Indomobil Motor">Suzuki Indomobil Motor</a></b><br />(SIM)<br />Plant 2
</td>
<td>2015
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cikarang" title="Cikarang">Cikarang</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Ertiga" title="Suzuki Ertiga">Ertiga</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_XL7" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki XL7">XL7</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Fronx" title="Suzuki Fronx">Fronx</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Astra_Motor" title="Toyota Astra Motor">Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia</a></b><br />(TMMIN)<br />Plant 1
</td>
<td>1998
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karawang_Regency" title="Karawang Regency">Karawang Regency</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Manufacturing
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang_Innova" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Kijang Innova">Kijang Innova</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Fortuner" title="Toyota Fortuner">Fortuner</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang_Innova_Zenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Kijang Innova Zenix">Kijang Innova Zenix</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Voxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Voxy">Voxy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">Yes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Astra_Motor" title="Toyota Astra Motor">Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia</a></b><br />(TMMIN)<br />Plant 2
</td>
<td>2013
</td>
<td><div><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Yaris" title="Toyota Yaris">Yaris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Calya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Calya">Calya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Avanza" title="Toyota Avanza">Avanza</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Veloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Veloz">Veloz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–)</span></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Cross_(AC200)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Yaris Cross (AC200)">Yaris Cross</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023–)</span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Statistics">Statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=28"title="Edit section: Statistics"
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</h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_statistics">Historical statistics</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=29"title="Edit section: Historical statistics"
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</h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sales_rank">Sales rank</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h4>
<table class="wikitable" align="left" style="text-align: center; width:100%; font-size:78%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="11"><span class="anchor" id="top10models"></span><span style="font-size:120%">Top 10 best-selling models in Indonesia (passenger and light commercial vehicles), 1990–2023</span><br />Source: BSCB,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> GAIKINDO<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" style="width:4%;">Year
</th>
<th colspan="10" style="width:90%;">Models and ranking
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th style="width:9%;">1st
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">2nd
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">3rd
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">4th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">5th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">6th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">7th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">8th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">9th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">10th
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1990</b>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Kijang" title="Toyota Kijang">Toyota Kijang</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Zebra" title="Daihatsu Zebra">Daihatsu Zebra</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Carry" title="Suzuki Carry">Suzuki Carry</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Jimny" title="Suzuki Jimny">Suzuki Katana</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Civic" title="Honda Civic">Honda Civic</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Rugger" title="Daihatsu Rugger">Daihatsu Rocky</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Accord" title="Honda Accord">Honda Accord</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Rugger" title="Daihatsu Rugger">Daihatsu Hiline</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Colt_L300" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Colt L300">Mitsubishi Colt L300</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1991</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Colt_T120SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Colt T120SS">Mitsubishi Colt T120SS</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Panther" title="Isuzu Panther">Isuzu Panther</a>
</td>
<td>Suzuki Katana
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Rocky
</td>
<td>Honda Civic
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Hiline
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Starlet" title="Toyota Starlet">Toyota Starlet</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1992</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Suzuki Katana
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Rocky
</td>
<td>Toyota Corolla
</td>
<td>Honda Civic
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Vitara" title="Suzuki Vitara">Suzuki Vitara</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1993</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Suzuki Katana
</td>
<td>Suzuki Vitara
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Rocky
</td>
<td>Toyota Corolla
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1994</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Rugger" title="Daihatsu Rugger">Daihatsu Feroza</a>
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Suzuki Vitara
</td>
<td>Toyota Corolla
</td>
<td>Honda Accord
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1995</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Feroza
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Suzuki Vitara
</td>
<td>Toyota Corolla
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Hiline
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1996</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Suzuki Vitara
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kia_Sephia" title="Kia Sephia">Timor S5</a>
</td>
<td>Toyota Corolla
</td>
<td>Suzuki Katana
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1997</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Timor S5
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Cultus_Crescent" title="Suzuki Cultus Crescent">Suzuki Baleno</a>
</td>
<td>Suzuki Vitara
</td>
<td>Suzuki Katana
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1998</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Timor S5
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Suzuki Baleno
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Feroza
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Laser" title="Ford Laser">Ford Laser</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1999</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Freeca" title="Mitsubishi Freeca">Mitsubishi Kuda</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Terios" title="Daihatsu Terios">Daihatsu Taruna</a>
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Timor S5
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevrolet_S-10_Blazer" title="Chevrolet S-10 Blazer">Opel Blazer</a>
</td>
<td>Suzuki Vitara
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2000</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Taruna
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Kuda
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Soluna" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Soluna">Toyota Soluna</a>
</td>
<td>Timor S5
</td>
<td>Suzuki Baleno
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2001</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Taruna
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Toyota Soluna
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Kuda
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_CR-V" title="Honda CR-V">Honda CR-V</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2002</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Kuda
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Taruna
</td>
<td>Toyota Soluna
</td>
<td>Honda CR-V
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2003</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Honda CR-V
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Kuda
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_City" title="Honda City">Honda City</a>
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Taruna
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2004</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Avanza" title="Toyota Avanza">Toyota Avanza</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Fit" title="Honda Fit">Honda Jazz</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Xenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daihatsu Xenia">Daihatsu Xenia</a>
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Vios" title="Toyota Vios">Toyota Vios</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2005</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Honda Jazz
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_APV" title="Suzuki APV">Suzuki APV</a>
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2006</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Honda Jazz
</td>
<td>Suzuki APV
</td>
<td>Isuzu Panther
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Yaris" title="Toyota Yaris">Toyota Yaris</a>
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Zebra
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2007</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Terios" title="Daihatsu Terios">Daihatsu Terios</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Rush">Toyota Rush</a>
</td>
<td>Honda Jazz
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan_Livina" title="Nissan Livina">Nissan Livina</a>
</td>
<td>Suzuki APV
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2008</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Gran_Max" title="Daihatsu Gran Max">Daihatsu Gran Max</a>
</td>
<td>Nissan Livina
</td>
<td>Honda Jazz
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Suzuki APV
</td>
<td>Honda CR-V
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2009</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Honda Jazz
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Nissan Livina
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Terios
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Suzuki APV
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2010</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Nissan Livina
</td>
<td>Honda Jazz
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Suzuki APV
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2011</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Nissan Livina
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi T120SS
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Terios
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2012</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Nissan Livina
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Ertiga" title="Suzuki Ertiga">Suzuki Ertiga</a>
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Toyota Yaris
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2013</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Suzuki Ertiga
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Nissan Livina
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td>
<td>Honda Jazz
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2014</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Mobilio" title="Honda Mobilio">Honda Mobilio</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Agya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Agya">Toyota Agya</a>
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Suzuki Ertiga
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Ayla" title="Daihatsu Ayla">Daihatsu Ayla</a>
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt T120SS
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2015</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Toyota Agya
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Brio" title="Honda Brio">Honda Brio</a>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_HR-V" title="Honda HR-V">Honda HR-V</a>
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Ayla
</td>
<td>Suzuki Ertiga
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2016</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Calya" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Calya">Toyota Calya</a>
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td>Toyota Agya
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Honda HR-V
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Ayla
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_BR-V" title="Honda BR-V">Honda BR-V</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2017</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Toyota Calya
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daihatsu_Sigra" title="Daihatsu Sigra">Daihatsu Sigra</a>
</td>
<td>Honda HR-V
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Xenia
</td>
<td>Suzuki Ertiga
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2018</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Xpander" title="Mitsubishi Xpander">Mitsubishi Xpander</a>
</td>
<td>Toyota Calya
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Sigra
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Honda HR-V
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2019</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Xpander
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Toyota Calya
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Sigra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2020</b>
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Xpander
</td>
<td>Toyota Calya
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Sigra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2021</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Xpander
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Sigra
</td>
<td>Toyota Calya
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Colt L300
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2022</b>
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Sigra
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Xpander
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Toyota Calya
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Veloz" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Veloz">Toyota Veloz</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2023</b>
</td>
<td>Toyota Kijang Innova
</td>
<td>Honda Brio
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Sigra
</td>
<td>Toyota Avanza
</td>
<td>Toyota Calya
</td>
<td>Daihatsu Gran Max
</td>
<td>Mitsubishi Xpander
</td>
<td>Suzuki Carry
</td>
<td>Toyota Rush
</td>
<td>Honda HR-V
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">1st
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">2nd
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">3rd
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">4th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">5th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">6th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">7th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">8th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">9th
</th>
<th style="width:9%;">10th
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><b>Note:</b> 1. Suzuki Vitara includes Escudo and Sidekick<span class="nowrap">   </span>2. Suzuki Carry not including Mega Carry<span class="nowrap">   </span>3. Daihatsu Gran Max not including van/panel van models<span class="nowrap">   </span>4. Nissan Livina includes two-row Livina and three-row Grand Livina<span class="nowrap">   </span>5. Honda Brio includes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_Cost_Green_Car_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)">LCGC</a> Brio Satya<span class="nowrap">   </span>6. Mitsubishi Xpander includes Xpander Cross<span class="nowrap">   </span>7. Toyota Avanza not including W100 series Veloz<span class="nowrap">   </span>8. Toyota Kijang Innova includes AN140 series and AG10 series
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="11"><b>See also</b> : Best-selling models in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia#top10models" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil#top10models" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India#top10models" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan#top10models" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia#top10models" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines#top10models" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand#top10models" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden#top10models" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Industry_data">Industry data</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h4>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:90%;" align="left">
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Calendar Year
</th>
<th>Wholesales
</th>
<th>Retail Sales
</th>
<th>Production
</th>
<th>Exports (CBU)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1990<sup id="cite_ref-:3_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-98">[98]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>223,547
</td>
<td rowspan="21"><i>not available</i>
</td>
<td rowspan="19"><i>not available</i>
</td>
<td rowspan="14"><i>not available</i>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1991<sup id="cite_ref-:3_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-98">[98]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>215,644
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1992<sup id="cite_ref-:4_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-99">[99]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>150,221
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1993<sup id="cite_ref-:4_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-99">[99]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>184,977
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1994<sup id="cite_ref-:5_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-100">[100]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>279,228
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1995<sup id="cite_ref-:5_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-100">[100]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>326,965
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1996<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>278,416
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1997<sup id="cite_ref-:6_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-102">[102]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>336,968
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1998<sup id="cite_ref-:6_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-102">[102]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>53,412
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>1999<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>84,928
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2000<sup id="cite_ref-:7_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-104">[104]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>289,747
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2001<sup id="cite_ref-:7_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-104">[104]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>270,920
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2002<sup id="cite_ref-:7_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-104">[104]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>288,553
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2003<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>320,457
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2004<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup></b>
</td>
<td>441,912
</td>
<td>9,572
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2005</b>
</td>
<td>533,917
</td>
<td>17,805
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2006</b>
</td>
<td>318,904
</td>
<td>30,974
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2007</b>
</td>
<td>433,341
</td>
<td>60,267
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2008</b>
</td>
<td>603,774
</td>
<td>100,982
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2009</b>
</td>
<td>486,088
</td>
<td>464,816
</td>
<td>56,669
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2010</b>
</td>
<td>764,710
</td>
<td>702,508
</td>
<td>85,769
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2011</b>
</td>
<td>894,164
</td>
<td>890,559
</td>
<td>838,388
</td>
<td>107,932
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2012</b>
</td>
<td>1,116,230
</td>
<td>1,098,331
</td>
<td>1,052,895
</td>
<td>173,371
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2013</b>
</td>
<td>1,229,811
</td>
<td>1,218,817
</td>
<td>1,206,368
</td>
<td>170,958
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2014</b>
</td>
<td>1,208,019
</td>
<td>1,195,409
</td>
<td>1,298,523
</td>
<td>202,273
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2015</b>
</td>
<td>1,013,518
</td>
<td>1,031,842
</td>
<td>1,098,780
</td>
<td>207,961
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2016</b>
</td>
<td>1,062,694
</td>
<td>1,073,547
</td>
<td>1,178,346
</td>
<td>194,395
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2017</b>
</td>
<td>1,077,365
</td>
<td>1,067,396
</td>
<td>1,217,518
</td>
<td>231,169
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2018</b>
</td>
<td>1,151,284
</td>
<td>1,152,641
</td>
<td>1,343,743
</td>
<td>264,553
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2019</b>
</td>
<td>1,030,126
</td>
<td>1,043,017
</td>
<td>1,286,848
</td>
<td>332,023
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2020</b>
</td>
<td>532,027
</td>
<td>578,327
</td>
<td>690,150
</td>
<td>232,175
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2021</b>
</td>
<td>887,202
</td>
<td>863,348
</td>
<td>1,121,967
</td>
<td>294,639
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2022</b>
</td>
<td>1,048,040
</td>
<td>1,013,582
</td>
<td>1,470,146
</td>
<td>473,602
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>2023</b><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
</td>
<td>1,005,802
</td>
<td>998,059
</td>
<td>1,395,717
</td>
<td>505,134
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf">"Changing Features of the Automobile Industry in Asia: Comparison of Production, Trade and Market Structure in Selected Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (pdf). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207080244/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7022404.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+Features+of+the+Automobile+Industry+in+Asia%3A+Comparison+of+Production%2C+Trade+and+Market+Structure+in+Selected+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F7022404.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLuhulima2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luhulima, James (2012). <i>Sejarah Mobil & Kisah Kehadiran Mobil di Negeri Ini</i> [<i>History of Cars & The Story of the Presence of Cars in this Country</i>] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas Penerbit Buku. p. 16. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-709-648-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-709-648-9"><bdi>978-979-709-648-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Mobil+%26+Kisah+Kehadiran+Mobil+di+Negeri+Ini&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Kompas+Penerbit+Buku&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-979-709-648-9&rft.aulast=Luhulima&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMedia2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Media, Kompas Cyber (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://otomotif.kompas.com/read/2018/08/09/150807015/hampir-40-persen-penjualan-mobil-nasional-hanya-di-jakarta-jabar">"Hampir 40 Persen Penjualan Mobil Nasional Hanya di Jakarta-Jabar"</a> [Almost 40 per cent of national car sales were from Jakarta and West Java]. <i>KOMPAS.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KOMPAS.com&rft.atitle=Hampir+40+Persen+Penjualan+Mobil+Nasional+Hanya+di+Jakarta-Jabar&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Media&rft.aufirst=Kompas+Cyber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fotomotif.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2018%2F08%2F09%2F150807015%2Fhampir-40-persen-penjualan-mobil-nasional-hanya-di-jakarta-jabar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIdris" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Idris, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oto.detik.com/mobil/d-3822854/2017-warga-jabar-dan-jakarta-paling-banyak-beli-mobil-baru">"2017, Warga Jabar dan Jakarta Paling Banyak Beli Mobil Baru"</a> [2017, West Java and Jakarta citizens bought the most new cars]. <i>detikoto</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=detikoto&rft.atitle=2017%2C+Warga+Jabar+dan+Jakarta+Paling+Banyak+Beli+Mobil+Baru&rft.aulast=Idris&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foto.detik.com%2Fmobil%2Fd-3822854%2F2017-warga-jabar-dan-jakarta-paling-banyak-beli-mobil-baru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-luhulima-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-luhulima_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLuhulima2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luhulima, James (25 March 2014), <i>Sejarah Mobil & Kisah Kehadiran Mobil Di Negeri Ini</i> (in Indonesian), Jakarta, Indonesia: Kompas, p. 16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Mobil+%26+Kisah+Kehadiran+Mobil+Di+Negeri+Ini&rft.place=Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Kompas&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Luhulima&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-InTw-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InTw_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InTw_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="InTw" class="citation cs2">Adriana, Elisabeth; Tu, Chaw-Hsia, eds. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Indonesia-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Arrangement: Is it Feasible?</i></a>, Jakarta, Indonesia: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, p. 41, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-461-858-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-461-858-5"><bdi>978-979-461-858-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia-Taiwan+Economic+Cooperation+Arrangement%3A+Is+it+Feasible%3F&rft.place=Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Yayasan+Pustaka+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-979-461-858-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfJPDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Doner-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doner_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doner_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="RfD" class="citation cs2">Doner, Richard F. (1991), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151"><i>Driving a Bargain: Automobile Industrialization and Japanese Firms in Southeast Asia</i></a></span>, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford: University of California, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drivingbargainau0000done/page/151">151, 157</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06938-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06938-2"><bdi>0-520-06938-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving+a+Bargain%3A+Automobile+Industrialization+and+Japanese+Firms+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+and+Oxford&rft.pages=151%2C+157&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-06938-2&rft.aulast=Doner&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrivingbargainau0000done%2Fpage%2F151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-E12-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E12_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E12_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThieme" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thieme, Ulrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e12.de/palette/ckd/02a71l10.htm">"CKD: Indonesien"</a>. <i>E12.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E12.de&rft.atitle=CKD%3A+Indonesien&rft.aulast=Thieme&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe12.de%2Fpalette%2Fckd%2F02a71l10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/asia/article/detail/T0047752EN/bmw-group-to-establish-subsidiary-in-indonesia?language=en">"BMW Group To Establish Subsidiary in Indonesia"</a>. BMW Group. 29 January 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BMW+Group+To+Establish+Subsidiary+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=BMW+Group&rft.date=2001-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.bmwgroup.com%2Fasia%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2FT0047752EN%2Fbmw-group-to-establish-subsidiary-in-indonesia%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pisang47-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pisang47_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pisang47_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MOB1">Salamun</a>, p. 47</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daihatsu.com/news/2003/03121101.html">"Daihatsu, Toyota Announce Dual-model Debut for Indonesia —Innovative Small Car Aimed at Creating New Segment—"</a>. <i>DAIHATSU Global Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAIHATSU+Global+Website&rft.atitle=Daihatsu%2C+Toyota+Announce+Dual-model+Debut+for+Indonesia+%E2%80%94Innovative+Small+Car+Aimed+at+Creating+New+Segment%E2%80%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daihatsu.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F03121101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiputan6.com2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liputan6.com (19 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/68497/mobil-serba-guna-ala-avanza-dan-xenia">"Mobil Serba Guna ala Avanza dan Xenia"</a>. <i>liputan6.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liputan6.com&rft.atitle=Mobil+Serba+Guna+ala+Avanza+dan+Xenia&rft.date=2003-12-19&rft.au=Liputan6.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liputan6.com%2Fnews%2Fread%2F68497%2Fmobil-serba-guna-ala-avanza-dan-xenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GMHer-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GMHer_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMHer_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMHer_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMHer_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMHer_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMHer_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GMHer_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBowman" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312090938/https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia">"GM Indonesia"</a>. <i>Generations of GM History</i>. GM Heritage Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/GM_Indonesia">the original</a> on 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Generations+of+GM+History&rft.atitle=GM+Indonesia&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.gmheritagecenter.com%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FGM_Indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-On_a_Global_Mission_GM_Volume_III_1_books.google.com.my-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-On_a_Global_Mission_GM_Volume_III_1_books.google.com.my_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_F._Fourie2016" class="citation book cs1">Louis F. Fourie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3DODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1131"><i>On a Global Mission: The Automobiles of General Motors International Volume 3</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friesens" title="Friesens">FriesenPress</a>. pp. 1131–1132. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-9690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4602-9690-5"><bdi>978-1-4602-9690-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+a+Global+Mission%3A+The+Automobiles+of+General+Motors+International+Volume+3&rft.pages=1131-1132&rft.pub=FriesenPress&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4602-9690-5&rft.au=Louis+F.+Fourie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3DODQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AstraH-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AstraH_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AstraH_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223083440/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/">"PT Astra International Tbk History"</a>. <i>Funding Universe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/pt-astra-international-tbk-history/">the original</a> on 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Funding+Universe&rft.atitle=PT+Astra+International+Tbk+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2Fpt-astra-international-tbk-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TP26-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TP26_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TPaw">Pawitra</a>, p. 26</span>
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<li id="cite_note-jejak-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jejak_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlfan2017" class="citation web cs1">Alfan, Charis (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101054837/http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html">"Jejak Holden di Indonesia"</a> [Holden's footprint in Indonesia]. Mobil Motor Lama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilmotorlama.com/2017/09/jejak-holden-di-indonesia.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jejak+Holden+di+Indonesia&rft.pub=Mobil+Motor+Lama&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Alfan&rft.aufirst=Charis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilmotorlama.com%2F2017%2F09%2Fjejak-holden-di-indonesia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TP22-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TP22_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="TPaw" class="citation journal cs1">Pawitra, T (July 1988). "Marketing in the Automotive industry of Indonesia: Problems, Possibilities, and Limits". <i>ASEAN Economic Bulletin</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 22–23. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2FAE5-1B">10.1355/AE5-1B</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25770186">25770186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASEAN+Economic+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Marketing+in+the+Automotive+industry+of+Indonesia%3A+Problems%2C+Possibilities%2C+and+Limits&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=1988-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2FAE5-1B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25770186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pawitra&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBangsberg1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bangsberg, P.T. (18 October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/indonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html">"Indonesia takes its turn behind import wheel"</a>. <i>The Journal of Commerce</i>. JOC Group Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Indonesia+takes+its+turn+behind+import+wheel&rft.date=1987-10-18&rft.aulast=Bangsberg&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joc.com%2Fmaritime-news%2Findonesia-takes-its-turn-behind-import-wheel_19871018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GM2000-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GM2000_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="GM20th" class="citation book cs1">Binder, Alan K.; Ferris, Deebe, eds. (2000). <i>General Motors in the Twentieth Century</i>. Southfield, MI: Ward's Communications. p. 153. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910589-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-910589-52-6"><bdi>0-910589-52-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Motors+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Southfield%2C+MI&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Ward%27s+Communications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-910589-52-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GMBI-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GMBI_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.gmc.com/dld/content/Pages/news/id/en/2013/May/0508_GM_Plant_Opens/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Indonesia%20Historical%20Timeline.doc">"Historical Timeline General Motors in Indonesia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Timeline+General+Motors+in+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.gmc.com%2Fdld%2Fcontent%2FPages%2Fnews%2Fid%2Fen%2F2013%2FMay%2F0508_GM_Plant_Opens%2F_jcr_content%2Frightpar%2Fsectioncontainer_0%2Fpar%2Fdownload_0%2Ffile.res%2FIndonesia%2520Historical%2520Timeline.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=107863">"Hyundai Motor Accelerating Penetration of the ASEAN Market"</a>. <i>www.businesskorea.co.kr/</i>. 17 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.businesskorea.co.kr%2F&rft.atitle=Hyundai+Motor+Accelerating+Penetration+of+the+ASEAN+Market&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesskorea.co.kr%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D107863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hyundai.factorytour.id/en">"Hyundai Factory Tour Program | Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyundai+Factory+Tour+Program+%26%23124%3B+Hyundai+Motor+Manufacturing+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhyundai.factorytour.id%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-truckID-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-truckID_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFS.2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S., Suryo (17 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519203001/https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611">"MB700 Dan MB800, Sempat Jadi Andalan Mercedes-Benz Untuk Tekuk Colt Diesel"</a> [MB700 and MB800, Mercedes-Benz' mainstay to best the Colt Diesel]. <i>Bus-Truck.id</i> (in Indonesian). BLM Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bus-truck.id/truk/mercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik/9611">the original</a> on 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bus-Truck.id&rft.atitle=MB700+Dan+MB800%2C+Sempat+Jadi+Andalan+Mercedes-Benz+Untuk+Tekuk+Colt+Diesel&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Suryo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbus-truck.id%2Ftruk%2Fmercedes-benz-urban-e-truck-sang-pelopor-truk-bertenaga-listrik%2F9611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-klakson3-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klakson3_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klakson3_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRuwendo_Suswanto1991" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruwendo Suswanto, Budiono (21 January 1991). "Nostalgia Raya Jalanan" [Nostalgia for the King of the Road]. <i>Mobil & Motor</i> (in Indonesian). Vol. XX, no. 21. PT Informedia Indonesia. pp. 12–13. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-7591">0047-7591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobil+%26+Motor&rft.atitle=Nostalgia+Raya+Jalanan&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=1991-01-21&rft.issn=0047-7591&rft.aulast=Ruwendo+Suswanto&rft.aufirst=Budiono&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-klak2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klak2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKusnaeni1991" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kusnaeni, Mohamad (21 January 1991). "Pertempuran kelas 1.300cc" [Battle in the 1300 cc class]. <i>Mobil & Motor</i> (in Indonesian). Vol. XX, no. 21. PT Informedia Indonesia. p. 13. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-7591">0047-7591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobil+%26+Motor&rft.atitle=Pertempuran+kelas+1.300cc&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1991-01-21&rft.issn=0047-7591&rft.aulast=Kusnaeni&rft.aufirst=Mohamad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.id/sejarah-perusahaan">"Sejarah Perusahaan"</a>. <i>Mitsubishi Motors Indonesia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mitsubishi+Motors+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Perusahaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitsubishi-motors.co.id%2Fsejarah-perusahaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTrisuloSamudraFirmansyah2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trisulo, Bambang; Samudra, M; Firmansyah, Arif (2003). <i>Arsip mobil kita: Tamasya sejarah seabad perjalanan mobil di Indonesia</i> [<i>Our cars archive: Sightseeing through a century of the car in Indonesia</i>] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Temprint. p. 109. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789799768506" title="Special:BookSources/9789799768506"><bdi>9789799768506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsip+mobil+kita%3A+Tamasya+sejarah+seabad+perjalanan+mobil+di+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=PT+Temprint&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789799768506&rft.aulast=Trisulo&rft.aufirst=Bambang&rft.au=Samudra%2C+M&rft.au=Firmansyah%2C+Arif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MMabd-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMabd_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFA.B.1986" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A.B., Dahlan, ed. (15 March 1986). "Laporan Test: Suzuki Forsa GL" [Test report]. <i>Mobil & Motor</i> (in Indonesian). Vol. 15, no. 17. PT Inscore Indonesia. p. 42. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-7591">0047-7591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobil+%26+Motor&rft.atitle=Laporan+Test%3A+Suzuki+Forsa+GL&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1986-03-15&rft.issn=0047-7591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Toy75-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toy75_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toy75_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/overall_chronological_table/1971.html">"Overall Chronological Table: 1971–1980"</a>. <i>75 Years of Toyota</i>. Toyota Motor Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=75+Years+of+Toyota&rft.atitle=Overall+Chronological+Table%3A+1971%E2%80%931980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toyota-global.com%2Fcompany%2Fhistory_of_toyota%2F75years%2Fdata%2Foverall_chronological_table%2F1971.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-motor80-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-motor80_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motor80_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFB.J.1984" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">B.J., Zulkifli (1 January 1984). "Loncatan Kijang" [Kijang climbs]. <i>Motor80</i> (in Indonesian). Vol. IV, no. 1. PT Blora Mulya. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor80&rft.atitle=Loncatan+Kijang&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.aulast=B.J.&rft.aufirst=Zulkifli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TP37-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TP37_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TPaw">Pawitra</a>, p. 37</span>
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<li id="cite_note-InTw42-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InTw42_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#InTw"><i>Indonesia-Taiwan Economic Cooperation Arrangement: Is it Feasible?</i></a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfJPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">42</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-doner128-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doner128_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#RfD">Doner</a>, p. 128</span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRobison1978" class="citation cs2">Robison, Richard (April 1978), "Toward a Class Analysis of the Indonesian Military Bureaucratic State", <i>Indonesia</i>, <b>25</b> (25), Cornell University Southeast Asia Program: 28, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350965">10.2307/3350965</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53657">1813/53657</a></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350965">3350965</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Class+Analysis+of+the+Indonesian+Military+Bureaucratic+State&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1978-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F53657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3350965%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3350965&rft.aulast=Robison&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-T2indo-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T2indo_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMolenaarPrinz2013" class="citation cs2">Molenaar, Vincent; Prinz, Alexander (1 March 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52ngAwAAQBAJ&q=Indonesia"><i>VW Transporter and Microbus Specification Guide 1967-1979</i></a>, Crowood, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847975454" title="Special:BookSources/9781847975454"><bdi>9781847975454</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VW+Transporter+and+Microbus+Specification+Guide+1967-1979&rft.pub=Crowood&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.isbn=9781847975454&rft.aulast=Molenaar&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Prinz%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52ngAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIndonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TP33-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TP33_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#TPaw">Pawitra</a>, p. 33</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier1992" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Matt (19 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1992/01/indonesia-1990-1991-toyota-kijang-holds-25-share-in-record-market/">"Indonesia 1990-1991: Toyota Kijang holds 25% share in record market"</a>. <i>Best Selling Cars Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.atitle=Indonesia+1990-1991%3A+Toyota+Kijang+holds+25%25+share+in+record+market&rft.date=1992-01-19&rft.aulast=Gasnier&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F1992%2F01%2Findonesia-1990-1991-toyota-kijang-holds-25-share-in-record-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier1994" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Matt (19 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1994/01/indonesia-1992-1993-kijang-leads-isuzu-panther-on-podium-in-imploding-market-30-3/">"Indonesia 1992-1993: Kijang leads, Isuzu Panther on podium in imploding market (-30.3%)"</a>. <i>Best Selling Cars Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.atitle=Indonesia+1992-1993%3A+Kijang+leads%2C+Isuzu+Panther+on+podium+in+imploding+market+%28-30.3%25%29&rft.date=1994-01-19&rft.aulast=Gasnier&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F1994%2F01%2Findonesia-1992-1993-kijang-leads-isuzu-panther-on-podium-in-imploding-market-30-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:5-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier1996" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Matt (19 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1996/01/indonesia-1994-1995-market-breaks-all-time-record-twice/">"Indonesia 1994-1995: Market breaks all-time record twice"</a>. <i>Best Selling Cars Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.atitle=Indonesia+1994-1995%3A+Market+breaks+all-time+record+twice&rft.date=1996-01-19&rft.aulast=Gasnier&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F1996%2F01%2Findonesia-1994-1995-market-breaks-all-time-record-twice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:6-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier1999" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Matt (19 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/1999/01/indonesia-1998-timor-s515-up-to-4-in-annihilated-market-84-1/">"Indonesia 1998: Timor S515 up to #4 in annihilated market (-84.1%)"</a>. <i>Best Selling Cars Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Best+Selling+Cars+Blog&rft.atitle=Indonesia+1998%3A+Timor+S515+up+to+%234+in+annihilated+market+%28-84.1%25%29&rft.date=1999-01-19&rft.aulast=Gasnier&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F1999%2F01%2Findonesia-1998-timor-s515-up-to-4-in-annihilated-market-84-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutomotive+industry+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible open navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Automotive industry in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Automotive industry in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Indonesia&#124;link=Indonesia_Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automotive industry in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy of Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport in Indonesia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Active Indonesian<br />manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_International" title="Astra International">Astra International</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fin_Komodo_Teknologi" title="Fin Komodo Teknologi">Fin Komodo Teknologi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indomobil_Group" title="Indomobil Group">Indomobil Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kreasi_Mandiri_Wintor_Indonesia" title="Kreasi Mandiri Wintor Indonesia">Kreasi Mandiri Wintor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esemka" title="Esemka">Solo Manufaktur Kreasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pindad" title="Pindad">Pindad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Tractors" title="United Tractors">United Tractors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viar_Motor_Indonesia" title="Viar Motor Indonesia">Viar Motor Indonesia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Defunct Indonesian<br />manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bimantara_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimantara (car)">Bimantara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industri_Kereta_Api" title="Industri Kereta Api">INKA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tawon_Car" title="Tawon Car">Tawon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor_Putra_Nasional" title="Timor Putra Nasional">Timor Putra Nasional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texmaco_Perkasa" title="Texmaco Perkasa">Wahana Perkasa Auto Jaya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Foreign/joint venture<br />manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Daihatsu_Motor" title="Astra Daihatsu Motor">Astra Daihatsu Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astra_Honda_Motor" title="Astra Honda Motor">Astra Honda Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daimler_Truck" title="Daimler Truck">Daimler Commercial Vehicles Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Eurokars Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honda_Prospect_Motor" title="Honda Prospect Motor">Honda Prospect Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Manufacturing_Indonesia" title="Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Indonesia">Hyundai Motors Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Wall_Motor" title="Great Wall Motor">Inchcape Indomobil Energi Baru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GAC_Aion" title="GAC Aion">Indomobil Energi Baru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foton_Motor" title="Foton Motor">Indomobil Global Transportasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Indomobil National Distributor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isuzu_Astra_Motor_Indonesia" title="Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia">Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jetour" title="Jetour">Jetour Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawasaki_Motors" title="Kawasaki Motors">Kawasaki Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuso_(company)" title="Fuso (company)">Krama Yudha Ratu Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Distribution_Indonesia" title="Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia">Mercedes-Benz Distribution Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors_Krama_Yudha_Indonesia" title="Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia">Mitsubishi Motors Krama Yudha Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hozon_Auto" title="Hozon Auto">Neta Auto Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SAIC_Motor" title="SAIC Motor">SAIC Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SGMW_Motor_Indonesia" title="SGMW Motor Indonesia">SGMW Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seres_Group" title="Seres Group">Sokonindo Automobile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suzuki_Indomobil_Motor" title="Suzuki Indomobil Motor">Suzuki Indomobil Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyota_Astra_Motor" title="Toyota Astra Motor">Toyota Astra Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVS_Motor_Company" title="TVS Motor Company">TVS Motor Company Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UD_Trucks" title="UD Trucks">UD Astra Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VinFast" title="VinFast">VinFast Automobile Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company" title="Yamaha Motor Company">Yamaha Indonesia Motor Manufacturing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Active importers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">DAS Indonesia Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garuda_Mataram_Motor" title="Garuda Mataram Motor">Garuda Mataram Motor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FAW_Jiefang" title="FAW Jiefang">Gaya Makmur Mobil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BAIC_Group" title="BAIC Group">Jio Distribusi Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kia" title="Kia">Kreta Indo Artha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Indonesia" title="Nissan Motor Indonesia">Nissan Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Plaza Auto Mega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeekr" title="Zeekr">Premium Auto Prima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata Motors Indonesia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Defunct foreign/joint venture<br />manufacturers and importers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Astra Peugeot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auto_Euro_Indonesia" title="Auto Euro Indonesia">Auto Euro Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indobuana_Autoraya" title="Indobuana Autoraya">Indobuana Autoraya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kia" title="Kia">Kia Mobil Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mazda_Motor_Indonesia" title="Mazda Motor Indonesia">Mazda Motor Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicor_Prima_Motor" title="Unicor Prima Motor">Unicor Prima Motor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_International_Auto_Show" title="Indonesia International Auto Show">Indonesia International Auto Show (GIIAS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_International_Motor_Show" title="Indonesia International Motor Show">Indonesia International Motor Show (IIMS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ASEAN_NCAP" title="ASEAN NCAP">ASEAN NCAP</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_Cost_Green_Car_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Cost Green Car (Indonesia)">Low Cost Green Car (LCGC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rural_car_(Indonesia)" title="Rural car (Indonesia)">Rural car</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Roads and highways of Indonesia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia_topics" title="Template talk:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations" title="History of Indonesia">Hinduism-Buddhism era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese era (1512–1605)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">VOC era (1603–1800)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British era (1806–1816)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation (1942–45)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution (1945–49)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era (1950–59)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy (1959–65)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional period (1965–66)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (1966–98)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i> (since 1998)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Historical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies & Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Automotive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Human trafficking in Indonesia">Human trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry" title="Template talk:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_by_country" title="Automotive industry by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt" title="Automotive industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya" title="Automotive industry in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco" title="Automotive industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Automotive industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Automotive industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Africa" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Africa">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">China</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_China" title="List of automobile manufacturers of China">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_India" title="List of automobile manufacturers of India">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Malaysia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Malaysia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_South_Korea" title="List of automobile manufacturers of South Korea">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_automakers" title="List of Taiwanese automakers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan" title="Automotive industry in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Asia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Asia">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus" title="Automotive industry in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria" title="Automotive industry in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Croatia" title="Automotive industry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Automotive industry in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">France</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_France" title="List of automobile manufacturers of France">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Germany</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary" title="Automotive industry in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ireland" title="Automotive industry in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Italy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Italy" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Italy">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Poland" title="Automotive industry in Poland">Poland</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Poland" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Poland">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Russia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia" title="Automotive industry in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Spain</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Spanish_automobiles" title="List of Spanish automobiles">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Sweden</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Sweden" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Sweden">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine" title="Automotive industry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Europe" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Europe">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Canada" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Canada">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the United States">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Argentina" title="Automotive industry in Argentina">Argentina</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Argentina" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Argentina">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Brazil</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Brazil" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Australia</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Australia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Australia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Automotive industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_sales_by_model" title="List of automobile sales by model">Automobile sales by model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">Best-selling automobiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">Countries by motor vehicle production</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">Countries by vehicles per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production">Top manufacturers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">History of the automobile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle" title="History of the motorcycle">History of the motorcycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_vehicle_brands" title="Timeline of motor vehicle brands">Timeline of motor vehicle brands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">Automobile manufacturers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_car_brands" title="List of car brands">marques</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_by_parent_company" title="List of automobile manufacturers by parent company">by parent company</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Bus_manufacturers" title="Category:Bus manufacturers">Bus manufacturers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="List of motorcycle manufacturers">Motorcycle manufacturers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers">Truck manufacturers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minor_automotive_manufacturing_groups" title="Minor automotive manufacturing groups">Minor automotive manufacturing groups</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_for_Standardisation_of_Automation_and_Measuring_Systems" title="Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems">Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_auto_shows_and_motor_shows_by_continent" title="List of auto shows and motor shows by continent">Auto and motor shows</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drive_time" title="Drive time">Drive time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Facelift_(automotive)" title="Facelift (automotive)">Facelift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebadging" title="Rebadging">Rebadging</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_badge-engineered_vehicles" title="List of badge-engineered vehicles">list of vehicles</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Debadging" title="Debadging">Debadging</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_automotive_terms" title="Glossary of automotive terms">Glossary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="hlist"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" title="Category:Automotive industry">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automotive_industry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automotive industry">Commons</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_automobile-related_articles" title="Lists of automobile-related articles">List</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Automotive industry in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt" title="Automotive industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan" title="Automotive industry in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automotive industry in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1717980822' |