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'{{for|the oil and gas companies|Attock Group of Companies}} {{Infobox City |official_name = Attock |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |image_flag = |flag_link = |flag_size = |image_shield = |shield_link = |shield_size = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map =Pakistan |pushpin_mapsize =300 |subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] |leader_title1 = Founded By |leader_name1 = Sir Campbell |leader_title2 = Awan Khan of Attock |leader_name2 = |established_title = Established |established_date = 1904 |established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] |established_date2 = 1978 |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Metric |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 6857 |area_metro_km2 = |area_urban_km2 = |elevation_m = 266 |population_note = |population_as_of = 2006 |population_total = 1,274,935 |population_density_km2 = |population_urban = 260,724 |population_metro = 1,014,211 |population_blank1_title= |population_blank1 = |population_footnotes = |timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] |utc_offset = +5 |postal_code_type = Postal code span |postal_code = [[List of Postal Codes of Pakistan|43600]] |area_code = 0597 |website = http://www.attocknews.com |latd=33 |latm=46 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=72 |longm=22 |longs= |longEW=E }} [[Image:Attock Fort.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Akbar's Fort at Attock]] '''Attock''' ([[Urdu]]: '''{{Nastaliq|اٹک}}'''), the headquarters of [[Attock District]], is a city located in the northern border of the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]], and also a border district on the river [[Indus]]. The district is named after Attock Kurdh, the ancient town of the same name. It lies at the end of a natural corridor formed by the [[Kabul River]] where it flows into the [[Indus]]. Historically and strategically, Attock is considered the gateway to [[Central Asia]]<ref>[http://pakistaniat.com/2007/01/24/kabul-river-pakistan-attock/ Adil Najam, "When Kabul comes to Attock", Pervaiz Munir Alvi, Travel & Tourism, History and Economy & Development]</ref> since it is near the [[NWFP]] border. The city lies on the bank of the [[River Indus]]. It is just 80 km from [[Rawalpindi]] and 100 km from [[Peshawar]], and 10 km from the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]], [[Kamra]]. == History == ===Ancient history=== Attock Khurd (the old city) has a rich history and was of special importance to the entire sub-continent. The great mathematician and grammarian [[Panini]] (पाणिन), who wrote Ashtodhyaya, the oldest surviving [[Sanskrit]] [[grammar]], was born near Attock in Shalātura, modern Lahur, on the right bank of [[Indus River]] in the ancient [[Kamboja]]n/[[Gandhara]]n territory in 520 [[B.C.E.]]. In those days Attock was located on the high road, the [[Uttarapatha]], the principal route of international commerce and communication between the sub-continent, Persia and China. Attock then finds its name in the history books dating to the rule of [[Chandragupta]]'s grandson [[Ashoka]], the Emperor of upper India, who had converted to the [[Buddhist]] faith. In the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], set in stone, some of them written in Greek, it is declared that Greek populations within his realm also had converted to Buddhism: :"Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dharma." ::—Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika). In the spring of 326 [[B.C.E.]] [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III of Macedon]] passed into the Punjab (at Ohind, 16 m. above Attock), using a bridge over the [[Indus]] constructed by [[Perdiccas]] and [[Hephaestion]]<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexander_the_Great M. A. Foucher, ''Notes sur la géographie ancienne du Gandhara (commentaire a un chapitre de Hiuen-tsang", ''Bulletin de l´École Française d´Extrême-Orient,'' I, No. 4 (Oct., 1901), pp. 322-369; cited, ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 1911.]</ref>. The region became part of the Kingdom of Ederatides the Greek or [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], who extended his power over western Punjab. The Indo-Greek kings held the country after him (until about 80 [[B.C.E.]]) until its invasion by the [[Indo-scythians]]. When the Chinese pilgrim [[Hiuen Tsang]] visited the district in 630 [[Common Era|C.E.]] and again in 643 [[Common Era|C.E.]], Buddhism was rapidly declining. The [[Brahman]] revival, to which India owes its present form of Hinduism, had already set in the early years of the fifth century, and must have been at its height in the days of Hiuen Tsang. From that time the light afforded by the records of the Chinese pilgrims fades. The country was under the dominion of the Hindu kings of [[Kashmir]], and remained so till the end of the 9th century. After that, the district became part of the Kingdom of the rulers of [[Kabul]], Samanta Deva and his successors (more accurately designated as the "Hindu [[Shahi]]s of Kabul"), who remained in possession till the times of [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]]. With the passage of time, the [[Gakhars]] became strong in the hills to the east, but their dominion never extended beyond the [[Margalla Hills|Margalla pass]] and the Khari Moorat. ===Mughal, Maratha, Afghan and Sikh (Warraich) rule=== [[Akbar the Great]] built [[Attock Fort]] from 1581 - 1583 under the supervision of [[Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi]] to protect the passage of the Indus. Attock was won by [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] led by [[Peshwas]] (Prime Ministers of Maratha rulers, based in Pune] between 1751-1760. The brother of then Peshwa [[Balaji Bajirao]] named [[Raghunathrao]] had won Attock. It saw countless battles and skirmishes between the [[Sikhs]] and the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]] in later years. When [[Ranjit Singh]] sought to include the [[Sikh]] states south of the [[Sutlej]] within his jurisdiction, in 1808 the heads of these states sought and obtained the protection of the British, whose territories had now extended to their neighbourhood. The British sought alliances with Lahore, as well as with Kabul, for protection against supposed [[France|French]] designs on India. A British envoy, [[Charles Metcalfe]], was received by Ranjit at [[Kasur]] in 1809 and the alliance was formed. In 1813 [[Ranjit Singh]] secured Attock Fort as well as the [[Koh-i-Noor diamond]]<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Punjab ''Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911,'' "Punjab".]</ref>, consolidating his control over the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. ===British rule=== Attock District was constituted in 1904. The district was named Campbellpur (Campbell town) - after Sir Campbell who laid the foundation stone of Campbellpur City in 1908 a few kilometres south-east of old Attock Khurd town. In 1857 at the village of Gheb 143 people were killed during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. ===After independence=== Although Pakistan had become independent from Britain in 1947 it wasn't until 1978 that the name Attock was adopted for the city. Attock's first oil well was drilled in Khore in 1946. It has an oil and gas field Dakhini near Jand. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} One-third of Pakistan's oil is produced .Many companies have come to Pakistan and visited different sites to search for oil and gas. here<ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ATTOCK/ Attock District Home Page]</ref>. ==Geography and Climate== Attock is located at '''33° 46' 20N''' Latitude and '''72° 22' 6E''' Longitude. It has an altitude of 348 metres (1145 ft). The average annual rainfall in the district is 783mm (30.83 inches).<reF>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/4/Attock_City.html Falling Rain Genomics - Attock City]</ref> Attock District's climate is characterized by very hot summers and very cold winters. The maximum temperature reaches 40°C. The northern part is more humid with a relatively moderate climate as compared to the southern part. The river [[Indus]] flows on the western and northern sides of the district; the [[Haro River]] comes from [[Haripur District|Haripur]] and passes through the Attock tehsil on the north of the [[Kala Chitta Range]]. The land consists mainly of hills, plateaus, and dissected plains. The area north of the [[Haro River]] is a [[flood plain]] with fertile soil. ==Administration== The city of Attock, as well as being district capital, is also the administrative centre of [[Attock Tehsil]], the city is subdivided into 4 [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]], these are:<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=2&dn=Attock Tehsils & Unions in the District of Attock]</ref> *Ameenabad *Chhoi (ATTOCK city-III) *Civil Bazar (ATTOCK city-II) *Meharpura (ATTOCK city-I) *Mohallah Shed *Dhoke Fateh and tehsils are 1)hassan abdal 2)fateh jang 3)hazro 4)jand 5)pindi gheb == IMPORTANT PERSONALTIES == '''' Afzaal khan (journalist and columnist,,, E.mail: afzaalkhan2030@yahoo.com Image:Example.jpg|Caption1 Image:Example.jpg|Caption2 </gallery> ==See also== * [[Attock District]] Mohallah shed is the biggest neighbourhood of Attock. It is in union council number 1 which has almost all important local government sites including District Nazim, Tehsil Nazim, Civil Court, boys and girls colleges, government school, municipal administration office, railway station, bus stop, hockey stadium, and, private hospitals. All these places show the importance of Mohallah shed. Dhoke Fateh is another important area of Attock where many academic institutions are located including the only Government Technical College of the area, the Government Polytechnical Institute, Commerce College and many private schools. ==External links== * {{wikitravelpar|Attock}} =References= {{Reflist}} {{1911}} {{coord|33|54|26|N|72|18|40|E|region:PK_type:city|display=title}} {{PakistanCities}} {{Pakistan topics}} [[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Attock District]] [[ca:Attock]] [[cy:Attock]] [[fr:Attock]] [[hi:अटक]] [[lt:Atokas]] [[mr:अटक, पाकिस्तान]] [[pt:Attock]] [[simple:Attock]] [[sv:Attock]] [[ur:اٹک]]'