Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Economist, philosopher and historian (1886–1964)}} {{Hungarian name|Polányi Károly}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox economist | school_tradition = [[Historical school of economics]] |image = Polányi Károly.jpg | caption = Polanyi, {{circa|1918}} | birth_date = 25 October 1886 | birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|4|23|1886|10|25|df=y}} | death_place = [[Pickering, Ontario]], Canada | spouse = {{marriage|[[Ilona Duczynska]]|1923}} | children = [[Kari Polanyi Levitt]] | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Michael Polanyi]] (brother) * [[John Polanyi]] (nephew) * [[Eva Zeisel]] (niece) }} | field = [[Economic sociology]], [[economic history]], [[economic anthropology]], [[skibidi toilet]] | influences = [[Robert Owen]], [[Bronisław Malinowski]], [[G. D. H. Cole]], [[Richard Tawney]], [[Richard Thurnwald]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Aristotle]], [[Karl Bücher]], [[Ferdinand Tönnies]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Alfred Radcliffe-Brown]], [[Werner Sombart]], [[Max Weber]], [[György Lukács]], [[Carl Menger]] | contributions = [[Embeddedness]], [[Double Movement]], [[fictitious commodities]], [[economistic fallacy]], the [[formalist–substantivist debate]] ([[substantivism]]) }} {{Economic anthropology}} '''Karl Paul Polanyi''' ({{IPAc-en|p|oʊ|ˈ|l|æ|n|j|i}}; {{lang-hu|Polányi Károly}} {{IPA-hu|ˈpolaːɲi ˈkaːroj|}}; 25 October 1886 – 23 April 1964)<ref name=":0">''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2003) vol 9. p. 554</ref> was an Austro-Hungarian [[economic anthropologist]], [[economic sociologist]], and politician,<ref>{{cite web |title=Karl Polanyi {{!}} Hungarian politician {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Polanyi |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=3 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> best known for his book ''[[The Great Transformation (book)|The Great Transformation]],'' which questions the conceptual validity of self-regulating markets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karl Polanyi|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100333942|access-date=26 July 2021|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref> In his writings, Polanyi advances the concept of the [[Double Movement]], which refers to the [[dialectical]] process of [[marketization]] and push for [[social protection]] against that marketization. He argues that market-based societies in modern Europe were not inevitable but historically contingent. Polanyi is remembered best as the originator of [[substantivism]], a cultural version of economics, which emphasizes the way economies are embedded in society and culture. This opinion is counter to [[mainstream economics]] but is popular in [[anthropology]], [[economic history]], [[economic sociology]] and [[political science]]. Polanyi's approach to the ancient economies has been applied to a variety of cases, such as [[Pre-Columbian America]] and ancient [[Mesopotamia]], although its utility to the study of ancient societies in general has been questioned.{{sfn|Silver|2007}} Polanyi's ''The Great Transformation'' became a model for [[historical sociology]]. His theories eventually became the foundation for the [[economic democracy]] movement. Polanyi was active in politics, and helped found the National Citizens' Radical Party in 1914, serving as its secretary. ==Early life== Polanyi was born into [[Polányi|a Jewish family]]. His younger brother was [[Michael Polanyi]], a [[philosopher]], and his niece was [[Eva Zeisel]], a world-renowned [[ceramist]].{{sfn|Harrod|2012}} He was born in [[Vienna]], at the time the capital of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]].{{sfn | Dale | 2016 | p=}} His father, [[Mihály Polányi|Mihály Pollacsek]], was a railway entrepreneur. Mihály never changed the name ''Pollacsek'', and is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Budapest. Mihály died in January 1905, which was an emotional shock to Karl, and he commemorated the anniversary of Mihály's death throughout his life.{{sfn | Dale | 2016 | p=13}} Karl and Michael Polanyi's mother was [[Cecília Wohl]]. The name change to Polanyi was made by Karl and his siblings. Polanyi was well educated despite the ups and downs of his father's fortune, and he immersed himself in [[Budapest]]'s active intellectual and artistic scene. ==Early career== Polanyi founded the radical and influential [[Galileo Circle]] while at the [[University of Budapest]], a club which would have far reaching effects on Hungarian intellectual thought. During this time, he was actively engaged with other notable thinkers, such as [[György Lukács]], [[Oszkár Jászi]], and [[Karl Mannheim]]. Polanyi graduated from Budapest University in 1912 with a doctorate in [[Law]]. In 1914, he helped found the National Citizens' Radical Party of Hungary and served as its [[party secretary|secretary]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}<!--<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Congdon |first1=Lee |title=Karl Polanyi in Hungary, 1900-19 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=1976 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=167–183 |doi=10.1177/002200947601100108 |jstor=260008 |s2cid=160241557 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/260008 |access-date=3 August 2022 |issn=0022-0094}}</ref>--> Polanyi was a [[cavalry]] officer in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] in [[World War I]], in active service at the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Russian Front]] and hospitalized in Budapest. Polanyi supported the republican government of [[Mihály Károlyi]] and its [[Social Democratic Party (Hungary)|Social Democratic]] regime. The republic was short-lived, however, and when [[Béla Kun]] toppled the Karolyi government to create the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]], Polanyi left for Vienna. == In Vienna == From 1924 to 1933, he was employed as a senior editor of the prestigious ''[[Der Österreichische Volkswirt]]'' (''The Austrian Economist'') magazine. It was at this time that he first began criticizing the [[Austrian School]] of economists, who he felt created abstract models which lost sight of the organic, interrelated reality of economic processes. Polanyi himself was attracted to [[Fabianism]] and the works of [[G. D. H. Cole]]. It was also during this period that Polanyi grew interested in [[Christian socialism]]. He married the communist revolutionary [[Ilona Duczyńska]], of Polish-Hungarian background. Their daughter [[Kari Polanyi Levitt]] carried on the family tradition of economic academic research. == In London == Polanyi was asked to resign from ''Der Oesterreichische Volkswirt'' because the liberal publisher of the journal could not keep on a prominent socialist after the accession of Hitler to office in January 1933 and the suspension of the Austrian parliament by the rising tide of clerical fascism in Austria. He left for London in 1933, where he earned a living as a journalist and tutor and obtained a position as a lecturer for the [[Workers' Educational Association]] in 1936. His lecture notes contained the research for what later became ''[[The Great Transformation (book)|The Great Transformation]]''. However, he would not start writing this work until 1940, when he moved to [[Vermont]] to take up a position at [[Bennington College]]. The book was published in 1944, to great acclaim. In it, Polanyi described the [[enclosure]] process in [[England]] and the creation of the contemporary economic system at the beginning of the 19th century. == United States and Canada == Polanyi joined the staff of [[Bennington College]] in 1940, teaching a series of five timely lectures on the "Present Age of Transformation".<ref>{{Cite speech |last=Polanyi |first=Karl |event=Five Lectures on The Present Age of Transformation |location=Bennington College |date=1940 |title=Karl Polanyi: Five Lectures on The Present Age of Transformation-Lecture Series Listing of Topics |year=1940 |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8502}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Leigh |first=Robert D. |title=Letter from President Robert Devore Leigh to Peter Drucker |date=25 September 1940 |work=Letter |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/5449}}</ref> The lectures "The Passing of the 19th Century",<ref>{{Cite speech |last=Polanyi |first=Karl |date=1940 |title=The Passing of 19th Century Civilization (Lecture #1 of 5) |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8514}}</ref> "The Trend Towards an Integrated Society",<ref>{{Cite speech |last=Polanyi |first=Karl |title=The Trend Towards an Integrated Society (Lecture #2 of 5) |year=1940 |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8515}}</ref> "The Breakdown of the International System",<ref>{{Cite speech |last=Polanyi |first=Karl |title=The Breakdown of the International System (Lecture #3 of 5) |year=1940 |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8516}}</ref> "Is America an Exception?",<ref>{{Cite speech |last=Polanyi |first=Karl |title=Is America an Exception? (Lecture #4 of 5) |year=1940 |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8517}}</ref> and "Marxism and the Inner History of the Russian Revolution"<ref>{{Cite speech |last=Polanyi |first=Karl |title=Marxism and the Inner History of the Russian Revolution |year=1940 |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8518}}</ref> took place during the early stages of World War II. Polanyi participated in [[Bennington College|Bennington's]] Humanism Lecture Series (1941)<ref>{{Citation |last=Boas |first=George |title=Bennington College Humanism-Lecture Series Listing of Speakers and Topics |date=April 1941 |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8501 |last2=Fergusson |first2=Francis |last3=Patterson |first3=Margaret |last4=Chapman |first4=Dwight |last5=Hardman |first5=Yvette |last6=Kouwenhoven |first6=John |last7=Luening |first7=Otto |last8=Polanyi |first8=Karl |last9=Stein |first9=Peg |last10=Truman |first10=David |last11=Smith |first11=Bradford |last12=Whittinghill |first12=Maurice}}</ref> and [[Bennington College]]'s Lecture Series (1943) where his topic was "[[Jean Jacques Rousseau]]: Or Is a Free Society Possible?"<ref>{{Citation |last=Polanyi |first=Karl |title=Bennington College Lecture Series, 1943 – Lecture Series Listing of Speakers and Topics |year=1943 |publisher=Bennington College |hdl=11209/8499 |last2=Fergusson |first2=Francis |last3=Mendershausen |first3=Horst |last4=d'Estournelles |first4=Paul |last5=Drucker |first5=Peter F. |last6=Hanks |first6=Lucien |last7=Forbes |first7=John D.}}</ref> After the war, Polanyi received a teaching position at [[Columbia University]] (1947–1953). However, his wife, [[Ilona Duczyńska]] (1897–1978), had a background as a former [[communism|communist]], which made gaining an entrance visa in the [[United States]] impossible. As a result, they moved to [[Canada]], and Polanyi commuted to New York City. In the early 1950s, Polanyi received a large grant from the [[Ford Foundation]] to study the economic systems of ancient empires. Having described the emergence of the modern economic system, Polanyi now sought to understand how "the economy" emerged as a distinct sphere in the distant past. His seminar at Columbia drew several famous scholars and influenced a generation of teachers, resulting in the 1957 volume ''Trade and Market in the Early Empires''. Polanyi continued to write in his later years and established a new journal entitled ''Coexistence''. In Canada he lived in [[Pickering, Ontario]], where he died in 1964. == Selected works == * "Socialist Accounting" (1922) * "The Essence of Fascism" (1933–1934); article<ref>{{cite periodical|last=Polanyi|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Polanyi|title=The Essence of Fascism|editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Polanyi|editor2-first=Karl|editor3-last=Kitchin|editor3-first=Donald K.|journal=Christianity and the Social Revolution|publisher=Victor Gollancz Limited|place=London|year=1935|pages=359–394|url=http://kpolanyi.scoolaid.net:8080/xmlui/handle/10694/565}}</ref> * ''[[The Great Transformation (book)|The Great Transformation]]'' (1944) * "Universal Capitalism or Regional Planning?", ''The London Quarterly of World Affairs'', vol. 10 (3) (1945) * ''Trade and Market in the Early Empires'' (1957, edited and with contributions by others) * ''Dahomey and the Slave Trade'' (1966) * [[George Dalton (economist)|George Dalton]] (ed), ''Primitive, Archaic, and Modern Economics: Essays of Karl Polanyi'' (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1968); collected essays and selections from his work. * Harry W. Pearson (ed.), ''The Livelihood of Man'' (Academic Press, 1977) * Karl Polanyi, ''For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958'' (Polity Press, 2014), {{ISBN|978-0745684444}} *Gareth Dale (ed), ''Karl Polanyi'': ''The Hungarian Writings'' (Manchester University Press, 2016) ==See also== * [[Michael Polanyi]] (brother) * [[John Polanyi]] (nephew) * [[Eva Zeisel]] (cousin) ==Notes== <references /> == References == {{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=77112818}} {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal|first=Fred |last=Block|title=Polanyi's Double Movement and the Reconstruction of Critical Theory |journal= Revue Interventions économiques [En ligne]|volume= 38 |date= 2008|issue=38|url=http://journals.openedition.org/interventionseconomiques/274 |doi=10.4000/interventionseconomiques.274|doi-access=free}} * {{Citation |title=Karl Polanyi: The Limits of the Market |last=Dale |first=Gareth |publisher=Polity |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7456-4072-3}} *Dale, Gareth (2016), ''Reconstructing Karl Polanyi'', Pluto Press, ISBN 978-0745335186 * {{cite book | last=Dale | first=Gareth | title=Karl Polanyi : a life on the left | publisher=Columbia University Press | publication-place=New York | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-231-17608-8 | oclc=948826672}} *{{cite news|first=Tanya |last=Harrod|date=15 January 2012|title=Eva Zeisel obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jan/15/eva-zeisel}} * {{Citation |title=Humanity, Society and Commitment: On Karl Polanyi |editor-last=McRobbie |editor-first=Kenneth |publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. |year=1994 |isbn=1-895431-84-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/humanitysocietyc0000unse }} * {{Citation |title=Karl Polanyi in Vienna: The Contemporary Significance of The Great Transformation |editor-last=McRobbie |editor-first=Kenneth |editor2-last=Polanyi-Levitt |editor2-first=Kari |publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. |year=2000 |isbn=1-55164-142-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/karlpolanyiinvie0000unse }} * {{Citation |title=The Legacy of Karl Polanyi: Market, State, and Society at the End of the Twentieth Century |last1=Mendell |first1=Marguerite |last2=Salée |first2=Daniel |publisher=St. Martins Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-312-04783-5}} * {{Citation |title=The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi: A Celebration |editor-last=Polanyi-Levitt |editor-first=Kari |publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. |year=1990 |isbn=0-921689-80-2}} *{{cite journal|first=Morris |last=Silver|title=Redistribution and Markets in the Economy of Ancient Mesopotamia: Updating Polanyi| journal=[[Antiguo Oriente]] |volume=5 |date=2007|pages= 89–112|url=https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/handle/123456789/11939}} * {{Citation |title=The Economic Thought of Karl Polanyi: Lives and Livelihood |last=Stanfield |first=J. Ron |publisher=Macmillan |year=1986 |isbn=0-333-39629-4}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== * [[Robert Kuttner]], "The Man from Red Vienna" (review of Gareth Dale, ''Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left'', [[Columbia University Press]], 381 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp.&nbsp;55–57. "In sum, Polanyi got some details wrong, but he got the big picture right. Democracy cannot survive an excessively [[free market]]; and containing the market is the task of [[politics]]. To ignore that is to court [[fascism]]. (Robert Kuttner, p.&nbsp;57.) == External links == {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.concordia.ca/research/polanyi/archive.html Karl Polanyi Digital Archive] * [http://artsandscience.concordia.ca/polanyi/about/ The Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy] – The Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy at Concordia University web site. * [http://karl.polanyi.fr/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Karl Polanyi Wiki] * [http://eh.net/book_reviews/the-great-transformation-the-political-and-economic-origins-of-our-time/ Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944) Review Essay by Anne Mayhew, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tennessee] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070408041159/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/polanyi.htm Profile on Karl Polanyi] – On the History of Economic Thought Website * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/18/the-free-market-is-an-impossible-utopia/ The free market is an impossible utopia] (2014-07-18), ''The Washington Post''. A conversation with [[Fred Block]] and [[Sociology of culture#Key figures|Margaret Somers]] on their book, ''The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s Critique'' (Harvard University Press, 2014). The book argues that the ideas of Karl Polanyi are crucial to help understand economic recessions and their aftermath. * [http://www.kolleg-postwachstum.de/sozwgmedia/dokumente/WorkingPaper/WP+1_2017+Fraser.pdf] – Why Two Karls Are Better Than One: Integrating Polyani and Marx in a [[Critical Theory]] of the Current Crisis by [[Nancy Fraser]] * {{Internet Archive author |sname= |sopt=w}} {{Guild Socialism}} {{Historical school economists}} {{Property navbox}} {{Social and political philosophy}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polanyi, Karl}} [[Category:1886 births]] [[Category:1964 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century anthropologists]] [[Category:20th-century Hungarian economists]] [[Category:20th-century essayists]] [[Category:20th-century Hungarian historians]] [[Category:20th-century Hungarian philosophers]] [[Category:Jews from Austria-Hungary]] [[Category:Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery]] [[Category:Economic historians]] [[Category:Historical school economists]] [[Category:Columbia University faculty]] [[Category:Hungarian anthropologists]] [[Category:Hungarian Christian socialists]] [[Category:Hungarian essayists]] [[Category:Hungarian expatriates in Austria]] [[Category:Hungarian nobility]] [[Category:Hungarian socialists]] [[Category:Hungarian sociologists]] [[Category:Jewish historians]] [[Category:Jewish philosophers]] [[Category:Jewish sociologists]] [[Category:Jewish anthropologists]] [[Category:Liberal socialism]] [[Category:People from Pickering, Ontario]] [[Category:Philosophers of culture]] [[Category:Philosophers of economics]] [[Category:Philosophers of history]] [[Category:Philosophers of social science]] [[Category:Polányi family|Karl]] [[Category:Social philosophers]] [[Category:Socialist economists]] [[Category:Writers from Vienna]] [[Category:Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United Kingdom]]'