Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
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Page ID (page_id) | 460666 |
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Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Debenhams' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Debenhams' |
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Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
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Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Defunct British department store chain, 1778–2021}}
{{other uses|Debenham (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the online retailer|Debenhams.com}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Debenhams plc
| logo = Debenhams logo18.png
| logo_size = 250px
| image = Debenhams from Marylebone Lane 05.jpg
| image_caption = Debenhams' former flagship store on [[Oxford Street]], London
| type = [[Private limited company]]
| traded_as = {{LSE|DEB}} (2006–2019)<ref>[https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/other/14035625.html London Stock Exchange cancel Debenhams stock]</ref>
| trading_name = Debenhams plc (2006–2019)
| foundation = {{start date and age|1778|df=y}} (by William Clark)<br />{{start date and age|1813|df=y}} (as Clark & Debenham)
| defunct = {{end date and age|15 May 2021}}
| founder = William Clark<br>[[William Debenham]]
| fate = [[Liquidation]], folded into [[Boohoo.com]]
| successor = [[Debenhams.com]]
| location = 334–348 [[Oxford Street]], [[London]], England, UK
| key_people = Mark Gifford ([[Chairman]])<br>Stefaan Vansteenkiste ([[CEO]])
| industry = [[Fashion]] [[online retail]] <br> [[Beauty store]]
| area_served = {{hlist|[[United Kingdom|UK]]|[[Denmark]]|[[#International franchises|more]]}}
| brands =
| products = {{flat list|
* Fashion clothing
* shoes
* toys
* accessories
* cosmetics
* Gifts
* Electricals
* home and furniture
}}
| revenue = [[Pound sterling|£]]2,277.0 million (2018)<ref name=prelims>{{cite web |title=Preliminary Results 2018 |url=https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f |url-status=dead |publisher=Debenhams plc |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143157/https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f |archive-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
| operating_income = [[Pound sterling|£]]43.4 million (2018)<ref name=prelims/>
| net_income = [[Pound sterling|£]](461.0) million (2018)<ref name=prelims/>
| owner =
| parent = Celine Jersey Topco Limited
| num_employees = 25,000 (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams in profit alert as sales continue to slide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47453271 |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|www.debenhams.com}}; operated by Boohoo as Debenhams.com
}}
'''Debenhams plc''' was a British [[department store]] chain operating in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland, and is still operating as a franchise in seven Middle East countries.<ref name="middle-east-stores">{{cite web |title=Debenhams stores |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/ |website=Alshaya Group |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> It was founded in 1778 as a single store in London and grew to 178 locations across those countries, also owning the Danish department store chain [[Magasin du Nord]]. In its final years, its headquarters were within the premises of its flagship store in [[Oxford Street|Oxford Street, London]]. The range of goods sold included middle-to-high-end clothing, beauty, household items, and furniture.
The company suffered financial difficulties in the 21st century and entered [[Administration (law)|administration]] twice, in April 2019 and April 2020.<ref name="Sky20200309">{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Debenhams in administration for second time in year |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-debenhams-confirms-it-is-in-administration-11971244 |publisher=Sky News |date=9 April 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> In November 2020, Debenhams' main concession operator [[Arcadia Group|Arcadia]] also entered administration, leading to the collapse of talks with [[JD Sports]] and [[Frasers Group]] over a potential rescue.<ref name=BBCJD>{{cite news |title=Debenhams faces uncertain future as JD Sports quits rescue talks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139713 |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> As a result, Debenhams announced it would be [[liquidated]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Debenhams set to close putting 12,000 jobs at risk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55142724 |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The Debenhams brand and website were purchased by the online retailer [[Boohoo.com|Boohoo]] for £55M in January 2021. However, Boohoo did not retain any stores, meaning the loss of up to 12,000 jobs. Boohoo relaunched the website as [[Debenhams.com]] on 12 April 2021 under its own company, Debenhams.com Online Limited, when Debenhams' stores reopened to begin closing down sales following a relaxation of some [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19]] restrictions. After 243 years in business, the remaining Debenhams department stores closed for the final time during May 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=End of an era for Debenhams as final shops set to close |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56993816 |publisher=BBC News |date=12 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ng |first=Kate |title=Debenhams makes its return to the high street with beauty store in Manchester |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/debenhams-reopen-manchester-high-street-b1969859.html |website=The Independent |date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
==History==
===18th and 19th centuries===
[[File:Debenham and Freebody Wigmore Street 10.jpg|thumb|left|The former Debenham, Son & Freebody building in Wigmore Street which was completed in 1908]]
The business was formed in 1778 by William Clark, who began trading at 44 Wigmore Street in London as a [[Drapery|drapers]]' store.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Debenhams |url=http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064433/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1813, [[William Debenham]] became a partner and the corporate name changed to ''Clark & Debenham''. The shop was later renamed Cavendish House and sold drapery, silks, haberdashery, millinery, hosiery, lace, and family mourning goods. As the trade grew, the partners determined to expand the business by opening branches in Cheltenham and Harrogate.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=Cavendish House Co Ltd |url=http://www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk/company/?id=c1536 |publisher=House of Fraser Archive |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
By 1823, Clark & Debenham had opened a small drapery business at 3 Promenade Rooms, Cheltenham, selling a selection of silks, [[muslin]]s, shawls, gloves, lace and [[fancy goods]].<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/> In 1837, Clark retired from the business and Debenham took two of his most trusted staff, William Pooley and John Smith, as partners, trading in both London and Cheltenham as Debenham, Pooley & Smith.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/> By 1840, the management of the Cheltenham branch appears to have been given to Clement Freebody, Debenham's brother-in-law. Around 1843, another branch shop was launched in Harrogate.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/>
Extended and refurbished premises opened in Cheltenham in October 1844. Pooley and Smith retired from the business in 1851 when Debenham took his son, William, and Clement Freebody into partnership, trading as Debenham, Son & Freebody. At this time all three shops in London, Cheltenham, and Harrogate were trading in similar goods and issued a joint catalogue, called the Fashion Book, that was the basis of an extensive mail-order trade. In 1876 when Freebody retired, a new partnership, Debenham & Hewitt, was formed. George Hewitt appears to have worked at the Cheltenham store as a draper's assistant during the early 1860s but details of his subsequent career are not known. By 1883, George Hewitt was the sole owner of the Cheltenham business, Frank and William Debenham having withdrawn to manage the London store as a separate concern.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/>
===20th century===
[[File:Crypt Chambers 1.jpg|thumb|[[Crypt Chambers]] in Chester houses part of the Browns of Chester store and is a Grade I [[listed building]].]]
The business was incorporated as ''Debenhams Limited'' in 1905.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business History of Department Stores: Interesting Dates |url=http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm |publisher=KIPnotes |date=1 October 2008 |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226213520/http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm |archive-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> A new headquarters building, which was designed by William Wallace and [[James Glen Sivewright Gibson]]<ref>{{cite web |title=South-East Marylebone Old and New |url=https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/tag/debenham-and-freebody/ |publisher=Survey of London |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> and built by [[Trollope & Colls]], was completed in Wigmore Street in 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=074-btrl&cid=0#0 |title=Trollope & Colls |publisher= National Archives |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> Debenhams at this time did not operate any other department stores, but did supply to others across the country via its wholesale business. It was because of the debts owed to them through their wholesaling deals that they acquired control over [[Marshall & Snelgrove]] at [[Oxford Street]] and [[Harvey Nichols]] in [[Knightsbridge]] in 1919.<ref Name=hatry>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwWQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22&pg=PT92|title=Share Trading, Fraud and the Crash of 1929 A Biography of Clarence Hatry|author=Swinson. C|date=2019|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429648922}}</ref> The business at this time was run by [[Ernest Debenham]] and his close friend Frederick Oliver. In 1926, Oliver retired, and upon the advice of the Whitehall Trust, Debenhams Securities was formed to buy Oliver's share in the business, with Ernest Debenham as chair and being joined by Frederick Richmond and Maurice Wright.<ref name=hatry/>
However, during the mid-1920s, several new investment groups were created and started buying up regional drapers and department stores. [[Clarence Hatry]] had created the [[Drapery Trust]] in 1925, while [[Charterhouse Bank]]'s company, Charterhouse Investments Trust (under [[Sir Arthur Wheeler, 1st Baronet]]), had created [[United Drapery Stores]] in 1927, and [[Selfridge Provincial Stores]] was created by [[James White (financier)|James White]] and [[Gordon Selfridge]] in 1926.<ref name=hatry/> These were seen to be a threat to Debenhams' wholesale business, as the company would lose sales to these new combined groups. Frederick Richmond and Maurice Wright thought it was too late to start creating a provincial group, so started negotiations with Clarence Hatry in 1927 to purchase the Drapery Trust. By November the deal was agreed for £2,350,000, mostly funded through Hatry's company Austin Friars Trust purchasing £1,600,000 of Debenhams shares.<ref name=hatry/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases|title=Fine Silks and Oak Counters Debenhams 1778-1978|author=Corina. M|date=1978|isbn=9780091349103|page=101|publisher=Hutchinson }}</ref>
As part of the deal, Ernest Debenham was forced out of the business, along with his son Peter. In a letter to ''The Times'', Ernest wrote
{{block quote|''A month ago I had no intention of retiring from the management of Debenhams Securities. Indeed, I had every reason to hope that the connection of myself and my family with that business would be indefinitely prolonged. When the offer was made to purchase all or any of the ordinary shares in Debenhams Securities, circumstances of no interest to the general investing public compelled me to accept the offer.''<ref>''The Times'', 8 December 1927, p. 25</ref>}}
The new enlarged company was offered to the public in February 1928, with the release of 2 million preference shares through merchant bank M. Samuel & Co,<ref name=hatry/> with the company being first listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] later that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/28th-july-1928/32/drapery-profits|title=Drapery profits|publisher=The Spectator|date=27 July 1928|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> In 1929, as part of his fraudulent plan to raise the cash for his deal to purchase United Steel, Hatry forged £478,100 of shares in the Drapery Trust, but by September 1929 he had confessed to his crimes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVycBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases&pg=PT66|title=Rogue Banking. A History of Financial Fraud in Interwar Britain|author=Hollow. M|date=2014|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137360540}}</ref> The connection of Clarence Hatry to Debenhams plunged the company into a crisis once his finances started to unravel, in addition to the Drapery Trust dividend collapsing and its export business diving due to the economy. Maurice Wright completed a rewriting of the capital in 1934, and merged the three operations, Debenhams, Debenhams Securities and Drapery Trust, slashing the company's issued capital from £15,100,000 to £6,000,000. Wright would later be made Managing Director, before becoming Chairman in 1948.<ref name=priest>{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Derek |last2=Anderson |first2=Malcolm |last3=Edwards |first3=John Richard |title=The Priesthood of Industry. The Rise of the Professional Accountant in British Management |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |page=174 |isbn=9780198289609}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jervis |first=F.R.J. |title=The Economics of Mergers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cW1MAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22 |publisher=Routledge and K. Paul |date=1971 |page=68 |isbn=9780710070883}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvuWvOahe8UC&q=%22drapery+trust%22|title=Debenhams Securities|journal=The Statist|volume=120|date=1932|page=608}}</ref>
During the 1930s and 1940s the company continued to expand, becoming the biggest department store company in the country by 1948,<ref name=priest/> with the stores retaining their original names until a reorganisation in the 1970s. In 1944 the company announced a post-tax profit of £249,605.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y0gAQAAMAAJ&q=%22selincourt+%26+sons%22|title=The Financial Review of Reviews|date=1944|page=6}}</ref> An example of these acquisitions was the purchase of the Norwich stores of [[Buntings (department store)|Buntings]] and Chamberlains in 1949, leading to them controlling four of the city's department stores.<ref>{{cite book|title=Debenhams|publisher=Leathergoods|volume=66|date=1949|page=74}}</ref> During 1957, the company purchased the ladies fashion store, Cresta, from [[W. Garfield Weston]]'s Howardsgate Holdings.<ref name=cresta>{{cite web|url=https://www.welwyngarden-heritage.org/history/follow-the-silk-trail-around-wgc-the-history-of-cresta-silks|title=Follow the silk trail around WGC - the history of Cresta Silks|website=WGC Heritage Trust|date=31 August 2022}}</ref> In 1959 the business failed in a takeover of rival department store group [[Harrods]], rivalling [[United Drapery Stores]] and eventual winner [[House of Fraser]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMvGAAAAMAAJ&q=%22united+drapery+stores%22|title=Agenda: Co-operative Management Magazine|volume=9-10|author=Co-operative Press|date=1961|page=72}}</ref>
The company closed several branches in 1970, with Birmingham (Marshall & Snelgrove, formerly Warwick House), Manchester (Marshall & Snelgrove in St Annes Place), Sheffield (Marshall & Snelgrove, Leopold Street) and Southsea (Plummers, Palmerston Road) properties being sold by auction.<ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DplHAQAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store|title=Debenhams Department Stores for Auction|periodical=The Estates Gazette|volume=214|date=1970|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e90660df-e62f-4934-889e-2baa1f2ea5de|title=Marshall & Snelgrove, St. Ann's Place, Manchester 2 to Mrs Jennison, Berwick Lodge|website=The National Archives|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> In 1972, [[United Drapery Stores]] made an offer to purchase Debenhams, along with interest from [[Sears plc]] and [[Tesco]], but were fought off by chairman Sir Anthony Burney.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdzTBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22united+drapery+stores%22&pg=PA66|title=Welfare aspects of industrial markets|author=A.P. Jacquemin, H.W. de Jong|date=2012|page=66|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781461342311}}</ref> The company entered the superstore revolution by opening two Scan Superstores, which sold an assortment of Debenhams normal products in a supermarket like environment.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Debenhams plc|magazine=Retail Business|issue=197–202|page=27|date=1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzxPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fine+fare%22+tesco|title=Design and Planning of Retail Systems|author=David Gosling, Barry Maitland|date=1976|publisher=Architectural Press |isbn=9780851391427}}</ref> In 1976 the company acquired [[Browns of Chester]]. It remained the only one of the company's UK stores to have retained an individual identity until all stores closed in 2021.<ref name="history">{{cite web| url=http://www.debenhamsplc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=history| title=History| publisher=Debenhams| access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> The business diversified during the 1970s buying South East based supermarket group [[Cater Brothers]] in 1972, after the death of its chairman Leslie Cater. Using the new purchasing power Debenhams modernised its 40 food halls within its stores, branding them Cater's Food Halls, and opened two new Cater superstores. However the business declined in the intense marketplace and in 1979 the chain was sold to [[Allied Suppliers]] who converted the Cater stores into their [[Presto (UK Supermarket)|Presto]] format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/cater_brothers.htm|title=Cater Brothers|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Debenham's other experiment into the superstore market, tge two Scan Superstores were sold to [[Tesco]] in February 1978.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt96wAigg2oC&dq=debenhams+%22Scan+superstores%22&pg=PA213|title=Retailing Critical Concepts. Retail practices and operations|author=A. M. Findlay|date=2002|page=213|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-08722-3 }}</ref> Other diversifications included Greens Cameras & High-Fi and New Dimension, a home furniture and furnishing business.<ref name=rdgb79>{{cite periodical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItCRAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store|title=Debenhams|periodical=Retail Trade Developments in Great Britain|date=1979|isbn=9780566021527|page=175}}</ref> The company continued to open new stores, with [[Mansfield]], [[Stirling]] and [[Eltham]] being opened in 1977.<ref name=rdgb79/> The company at times struggled in the 1970s, with a former chief executive stating it had
{{block quote|''too much selling space and too little talent to fill it''<ref name=RLE>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9aWiH4UPT8C&dq=%22debenhams%22+merger+1970s&pg=PA297|title=Retail and Marketing Channels (RLE Retailing and Distribution)|author=Luca Pellegrini, Srinivas K. Reddy|date=2012|isbn=9780415540391|page=297|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>}}
Debenhams was targeted three times during the 1980s by the [[Animal Liberation Front]] in protest at the sale of [[Fur clothing|animal furs]] in stores. Stores in [[Romford]], [[Luton]], and [[Harrow, London|Harrow]] were fire-bombed by members, the worst attack being on the Luton store. As a result, the company stopped selling clothes with animal furs.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Undercover policeman 'fire-bombed shop,' MPs told |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18423441 |newspaper=BBC News |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> The company closed its ladies clothing chain Cresta in 1980.<ref name=cresta/> It was alleged by Caroline Lucas MP in a debate in [[Westminster Hall]] that [[Bob Lambert (academic)|Bob Lambert]], a then undercover police officer, planted the fire bomb that caused £340,000 worth of damage to the Harrow branch of Debenhams in 1987. It is unclear if anything has come of these allegations as of March 2014.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news |title=MP Caroline Lucas names undercover officer as shop fire bomber |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18426368 |newspaper=BBC News |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Undercover cop alleged to have fire-bombed Debenhams for ALF |url=http://www.constabulary.org.uk/2012/06/13/undercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf/ |newspaper=Constabulary |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124808/http://www.constabulary.org.uk/2012/06/13/undercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Caroline Lucas Exposes Allegations Ex-Undercover Cop Bob Lambert Firebombed Debenhams London Store |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/06/13/caroline-lucas-undercover-policeman-bob-lambert-firebombing_n_1592661.html?view=print |newspaper=The Huffington Post |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>
In 1985 the company was acquired by the [[Burton Group]].<ref name="history"/> At the time of the takeover deal, Burtons claimed,
{{block quote|''We will end, however, Debenhams' hotch potch of shops-in-shops with conflicting marketing images and the confusing merchandising and floor layouts''<ref name=RLE/>}}
Following the closure of the store in [[Dudley]] in January 1981 and the Birmingham store in 1983, the company's only store in the [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] for the next six years was a town centre store in [[Walsall]]. On 4 November 1989, it opened a store at the [[Merry Hill Shopping Centre]] in [[Brierley Hill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/408984/UK-REGIONAL-FOCUS---ROBIN-HOODS-MERRY-HILL|title=The Robin Hoods of Merry Hill|publisher=Management Today|date=1 November 1991|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref>
Debenhams entered [[Ireland]] as the anchor store at the [[Jervis Shopping Centre]] in [[Dublin]] in 1996,<ref>{{cite web|author=Siobhan Creaton |url=https://irishtimes.com/business/uk-outlets-in-a-rush-to-set-up-shop-1.119276 |title=UK outlets in a rush to set up shop |publisher=Irishtimes.com |date=27 December 1996 |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref> and then established a second anchor store at [[Mahon Point Shopping Centre]] in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/230m-mahon-point-centre-opens-in-cork-1.411407 |title=€230m Mahon Point centre opens in Cork |publisher=Irishtimes.com |date=2 February 2005 |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref>
Debenhams demerged from the Burton Group in January 1998 and was once again listed as a separate company on the London Stock Exchange.<ref>{{cite news |title=New look for Debenhams |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/84099.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=27 April 1998 |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> It expanded under the leadership of [[Belinda Earl]] who was appointed [[CEO]] in 2000.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news| title=The Queen of Retail makes a dull brand shine| url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/dec/15/retail| author=Jane Martinson| work=The Guardian| date=14 December 2006| access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref>
===21st century===
[[File:Debenhams store, arc shopping development - geograph.org.uk - 1554861.jpg|thumb|Debenhams in [[Bury St Edmunds]]]]
Debenhams opened its largest British store on 4 September 2003, at the new [[Bull Ring, Birmingham|Bull Ring]] shopping centre in [[Birmingham]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news| title=Bullring opens its doors| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/3079634.stm| publisher=BBC News Online| date=4 September 2003| access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> The new store contained 19,230 sq m and opened 20 years after the company closed its Birmingham city centre store due to declining trade.<ref name="bullring">{{cite web|title=Bullring Information Pack |publisher=Bullring Alliance |year=2003 |access-date=22 February 2012 |url=http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319220720/http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2012 }}</ref> A private consortium named Baroness Retail Limited acquired the company in November 2003,<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams backs Baroness takeover |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3258013.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=10 November 2003 |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> and it returned to a listing on the London Stock Exchange in 2006. The consortium comprised [[CVC Capital Partners]], [[Texas Pacific Group]], [[Merrill Lynch|Merrill Lynch Global Private Equity]], and management.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4972442.stm |title=Debenhams shares rise on listing |work=BBC News |date=4 May 2006 |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>
On 8 August 2006, it was announced that Debenhams would buy the leaseholds of nine of the 11 [[Roches Stores]] department stores in Ireland for €29 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams beefs up Irish presence |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5256558.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=8 August 2006 |accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> Under the deal, the stores, including those in [[St. Patrick's Street]] in Cork and Henry Street in Dublin would be rebranded as Debenhams stores. The Roche family retained the ownership of the stores, and Debenhams became the new tenants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fears for jobs at Roches Stores in Cork |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2006/1002/80981-roches/ |publisher=RTÉ News |date=26 January 2007 |accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/roches-sells-retail-arm-for-29m-10341.html|title=Roches sells retail arm for €29m|date=8 September 2006|website=www.irishexaminer.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:Oxford Street - Debenhams.jpg|thumb|left|Debenhams' flagship store in Oxford Street, London, England, during 2005 Christmas]]
The company purchased the brand name and stock of [[Principles (retailer)|Principles]] in March 2009 after the business entered administration. Principles operated concessions within 121 Debenhams stores, and was subsequently relaunched by [[Ben de Lisi]] as part of the Designers at Debenhams range.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fashion chain Principles to close 66 stores and axe majority of staff |author=Alastair Jamieson |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=7 March 2009 |access-date=5 October 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In November 2009, Debenhams acquired the Danish department store group Magasin Du Nord for £12.3 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams steps into mainland Europe |author=Ester Bintliff |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=12 November 2009 |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2bnQ9jII5 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221248/https://www.ft.com/content/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0#axzz2bnQ9jII5 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The company operates six stores in Denmark under the Magasin brand.<ref name=About>{{cite web |url=http://presscentre.debenhams.com/About-Us/About-Debenhams-7a.aspx |title=About Debenhams |year=2013 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119095158/http://presscentre.debenhams.com/About-Us/About-Debenhams-7a.aspx |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref>
In July 2010 Debenhams purchased the 115 [[Faith (shoe retailer)|Faith]] concessions trading within its stores, after Faith entered administration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams has faith in shoe chain |author=Rosie Baker |url=http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/debenhams-has-faith-in-shoe-chain/3015382.article |newspaper=Marketing Week |date=2 July 2010 |access-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> In April 2012 the company announced it would be building 14 new stores, and was in negotiations over a further 25 sites in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams profit edges higher in 'difficult' trading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17766493 |newspaper=BBC News Online |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> Debenhams agreed to become the anchor store at the [[New Riverside, Shrewsbury|Riverside shopping centre]] in Shrewsbury.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams to be Shrewsbury shopping centre 'anchor tenant' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-17771893 |newspaper=BBC News Online |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> By September 2012, the company announced that like-for-like sales had risen by 3.3% in the six months up to that date.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams sales rise as profits 'set to grow' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19632791 |newspaper=BBC News Online |date=18 September 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Debenhams - viewed from Leeds Road (geograph 4882310).jpg|thumb|right|Debenhams, [[Bradford]].]]
Debenhams moved to a new headquarters in 2013, in Brock Street, London built by [[British Land]]. The company leased {{convert|174500|sqft|m2|lk=in|sigfig=2}} of office space from British Land for 25 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishland.com/media/news/2012/01-05-2012.aspx |title=Debenhams to Take Additional Space at British Land's Regent's Place |date=1 May 2012 |publisher=British Land |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> The company began a refurbishment of its flagship store in Oxford Street in 2013, which involved the installation of 180,000 aluminium tiles on the exterior of the building that appears to ripple with the wind. An existing floor was also converted to become a trading floor. The total cost of the refurbishment was in the region of £40 million, of which Debenhams contributed £25 million. The owner of the building, British Land, also contributed towards the cost.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams to dazzle Oxford Street with 180,000 shiny tiles |author=Jonathan Prynn |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/debenhams-to-dazzle-oxford-street-with-180000-shiny-tiles-8653442.html |newspaper=Evening Standard |date=11 June 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> The refurbishment was due to be completed by February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishland.com/media/news/2013/11-06-2013.aspx |title=British Land Unveils Revolutionary Facelift for Debenhams Oxford Street Flagship |date=11 June 2013 |publisher=British Land |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>
The company's trading statement for the 17 weeks up to 28 December 2013 was released on 31 December 2013, and revealed a reduction in pre-tax profit from £115 million to £85 million.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 December 2013 |title=Debenhams warns on Christmas sales |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25559780 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> On 2 January 2014, the company's chief financial officer Simon Herrick resigned, following criticism of his financial decisions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Titcomb |first=James |date=2 January 2014 |title=Debenhams finance boss quits days after major profit warning |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10546564/Debenhams-finance-boss-quits-days-after-major-profit-warning.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10546564/Debenhams-finance-boss-quits-days-after-major-profit-warning.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=2 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 13 January 2014 4.6% of Debenhams shares were bought by [[Sports Direct]], the retailer run by [[Mike Ashley (businessman)|Mike Ashley]]. The stock market purchase of 56.8 million shares (worth around £46m) was made without the prior knowledge of the Debenhams board. Sports Direct stated at the time it intends to be a supportive share holder. The Debenhams board responded by stating they are open-minded with regard to exploring operational opportunities to improve its performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25709718|title= Sports Direct buys 4.6% Debenhams stake|publisher= BBC |date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1194228/sports-direct-nets-5-percent-stake-in-debenhams|title=Sports Direct nets 5% stake in Debenhams|publisher=Sky News |date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> Sports Direct sold its shares on 16 January 2014, although they took out an option to buy further shares up to a total of 6.6%.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2014 |title=Sports Direct takes option on Debenhams stake |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25755832 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> In August 2017, it emerged that Ashley had secured 21% of the shares which gave him over 10% of voting rights in the company.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/08/22/mike-ashley-increases-debenhams-stake-20pc/ "Mike Ashley increases Debenhams stake to more than 20pc"], ''The Telegraph'', 22 August 2017, accessed 19 November 2017.</ref>
[[File:Swindon debenhams.jpg|thumb|Debenhams, [[Swindon]]]]
During 2017 Debenhams opened two new stores, one in [[Stevenage]] and one in [[Wolverhampton]]. The 80,000 sq ft Stevenage store was opened on 24 August 2017 at Roaring Meg Retail and Leisure Park by Celebrity fashion designer Julien MacDonald and local hero Jean Robinson, who had won a competition for the privilege. The store was the first to be designed under the vision of CEO [[Sergio Bucher]], with a new layout and format with the emphasis on encouraging people to stay longer.<ref>{{cite web |author=JP Asher |url=http://www.thecomet.net/news/stevenage-debenhams-opens-as-glamour-king-julien-macdonald-and-community-hero-jean-robinson-cut-the-ribbon-1-5162975 |title=Stevenage Debenhams opens as glamour king Julien Macdonald and community hero Jean Robinson cut the ribbon | Stevenage, Hitchin, Letchworth, Biggleswade News |publisher=The Comet |date=24 August 2017 |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164424/http://www.thecomet.net/news/stevenage-debenhams-opens-as-glamour-king-julien-macdonald-and-community-hero-jean-robinson-cut-the-ribbon-1-5162975 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The second store to open during 2017 was the new 93,000 sq ft store at [[Wolverhampton]]'s [[Mander Centre]]. The store was opened on 12 October 2017 as part of the centre's £35 million refurbishments, it was also Debenhams' first store in Wolverhampton. It was only the second to feature the new layout previously only seen in the Stevenage store, and only the second to feature the company's new deli-restaurant format Loaf & Bloom, only previously seen at Milton Keynes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/local-hubs/wolverhampton/2017/10/12/live-debenhams-opens-in-wolverhampton/ |date=13 October 2017|title= Debenhams Wolverhampton: Thousands flock to opening of new city store|publisher=Express and Star|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref>
In February 2018, the company announced a reduction of up to 320 store management roles across the business by the end of March.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=Ben|title=Debenhams to slash up to 320 store management jobs in cost-cutting drive|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/debenhams-job-losses-store-management-jobs-cut-costs-profits-sales-a8200151.html|access-date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|date=8 February 2018}}</ref> Sports Direct increased its holding in the company to 29.7% on 2 March, just below the level whereby it would be required to submit a formal takeover approach.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Megaw|first1=Nicholas|title=Sports Direct lifts Debenhams stake to almost 30%|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2888bd78-1e1b-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2888bd78-1e1b-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2018|work=Financial Times|date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
====Financial difficulties====
After media speculation about Debenhams' survival,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/video/debenhams-faces-500m-loss-11534721 |title=The 'perfect storm' facing Debenhams |publisher=Sky News |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> in 2018 the company announced the largest loss in its history, a pre-tax loss of £491 million,<ref name=prelims/> and the closure of up to 50 stores with the potential loss of 4,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/video-news/debenhams-to-shut-up-to-50-stores-as-4000-staff-face-redundancy-37457040.html|title=Debenhams to shut up to 50 stores as 4,000 staff face redundancy|newspaper=Belfasttelegraph|publisher=Belfast Telegraph|date=25 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
On 9 April 2019, the company announced that they had gone into [[Pre-packaged insolvency|pre-pack]] [[Administration (law)|administration]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/apr/09/debenhams-is-taken-over-by-lenders-mike-ashley-loses-sta|title=Debenhams is taken over by lenders as Mike Ashley loses £150m stake|last=Butler|first=Sarah|date=9 April 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 April 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
On 26 April 2019, the company announced that in addition to rent reductions on all except 39 stores, 22 stores would close after Christmas 2019. This included the recently opened Wolverhampton store plus [[Altrincham]], Ashford, Birmingham Fort, [[Canterbury]], Chatham, [[Eastbourne]], [[Folkestone]], Great Yarmouth, [[Guildford]], [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Orpington]], [[Slough]], Southport, Southsea, Staines, [[Stockton-on-Tees]], [[Walton-on-Thames]], [[Wandsworth]], [[Welwyn Garden City]], Wimbledon and Witney.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48063604|title=Debenhams names 22 stores to close|date=26 April 2019|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
On 6 April 2020, Debenhams confirmed it had filed a notice of intent to appoint administrators.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodger |first1=James |title=Debenhams on brink of collapse with 22,000 jobs at risk |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/debenhams-brink-collapse-22000-jobs-18048979 |website=birminghammail |date=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Sarah |title=Debenhams prepares to file for bankruptcy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/03/debenhams-prepares-to-file-for-bankruptcy-coronavirus |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 April 2020 |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> CEO Stefaan Vansteenkiste said it was due to "unprecedented" circumstances caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19]] lockdown and was to "protect [the] business, ... employees, and other important stakeholders".<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Debenhams to file for administration |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-52182199 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=6 April 2020 |date=6 April 2020}}</ref> On 9 April 2020, the company went into administration.<ref name="Sky20200309" />
On 9 April 2020, Debenhams confirmed it planned to close 11 stores in the Republic of Ireland with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2020/0409/1129586-debenhams-pulling-out-of-ireland/ |title=Debenhams to put Irish operations into liquidation |date=9 April 2020 |publisher=Rte.ie |access-date=9 April 2020|last1=Goodbody |first1=Will }}</ref>
In April 2020, Debenhams closed seven UK stores and was set to close five more when Coronavirus restrictions were lifted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Debenhams stores closing: full list of store closures with five branches shuttin|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/shopping/debehams-stores-closing-list-store-closures-branches-uk-coronavirus-lockdown-end-2846168|website=inews.co.uk|language=en|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> This included the Croydon store that anchored the [[Centrale (Croydon)|Centrale]] shopping mall (previously the Drummond Centre) that Debenhams had acquired when they took over the Kennards chain of stores, bringing to a close a trading period of more than 150 years from that site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/croydon-debenhams-replaced-next-beauty-18214110|title=Croydon Debenham's to be replaced by Next Beauty Hall store|publisher=My London|date=7 May 2020|access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>
In July 2020, Debenhams was set to abandon its property in [[Princes Street]] in Edinburgh, which it leased from [[Legal & General]], in order to make room for a £50m hotel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2020|title=£50m hotel to replace Debenhams in Princes St|url=https://dailybusinessgroup.co.uk/2020/07/50m-hotel-to-replace-debenhams-in-princes-st/|access-date=20 July 2020|website=dailybusinessgroup}}</ref> In the same month, Debenhams put itself up for sale to prevent it going into liquidation, hoping to find a buyer by September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jul/26/debenhams-up-for-sale-in-last-ditch-bid-to-avoid-liquidation|title=Debenhams up for sale in last-ditch bid to avoid liquidation|work=The Guardian|date=26 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, the company announced it was cutting 2,500 job positions as a result of the economic effects of the pandemic. The job cuts affected store management positions; sales managers, visual merchandise managers, and selling support managers were set to be axed. According to the company, "The trading environment is clearly a long way from returning to normal. Such difficult decisions are being taken by many retailers right now, and we will continue to take all necessary steps to give Debenhams every chance of a viable future."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/aef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/aef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= Debenhams to cut another 2,500 jobs |work=Financial Times|last=Eley|first=Jonathan|date=11 August 2020|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, Debenhams put its seven store Danish chain, Magasin du Nord, up for sale.<ref name="RG-12Sep2020">{{cite news |last1=Jahshan |first1=Elias |title=Debenhams puts its Magasin du Nord business up for sale |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/09/debenhams-puts-its-magasin-du-nord-business-up-for-sale/ |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=Retail Gazette |date=12 September 2020}}</ref> Magasin Du Nord was later sold to German department store [[Peek & Cloppenburg]] for £120 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eley|first=Jonathan|date=17 November 2021|title=Hedge funds secure bulk of £300m recovered from Debenhams|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3c02899f-1d86-481f-9a31-63d10c4c71bc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3c02899f-1d86-481f-9a31-63d10c4c71bc |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
On 1 December 2020, after the collapse of talks with [[Arcadia Group|Arcadia]] (which went into administration the previous day)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139369|title=Topshop owner Arcadia goes into administration|publisher=BBC|date=30 November 2020|access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> and [[JD Sports]] over a potential rescue,<ref name=BBCJD/> Debenhams announced it was going into [[liquidation]], putting 12,000 jobs in 124 UK stores at risk unless the administrators could find buyers for all or parts of the business.<ref name=":0" /> With the company in administration and on the verge of liquidation, on 6 December 2020, [[Mike Ashley (businessman)|Mike Ashley]]'s [[Frasers Group]] was reported to be in talks to acquire Debenhams,<ref name="Fildes-06Dec2020">{{cite news |last1=Fildes |first1=Nic |title=Mike Ashley makes eleventh-hour play for Debenhams |url=https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nazir |first1=Sahar |title=How can Mike Ashley's Frasers Group revive Debenhams? - Retail Gazette |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/12/how-can-mike-ashley-frasers-group-revive-debenhams/ |website=Retail Gazette |access-date=9 December 2020 |date=8 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kollewe|first=Julia|date=7 December 2020|title=Mike Ashley's Frasers Group in talks to buy collapsed Debenhams|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/07/mike-ashley-frasers-group-buy-debenhams-ted-baker|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> though it was later reported that Ashley was mainly interested in using empty Debenhams stores to expand his other chains, including House of Fraser, Sports Direct and Flannels; taking 'vacant possession' would avoid redundancy costs for existing staff.<ref name="Ava-21Dec2020">{{cite news |last1=Szajna-Hopgood |first1=Ava |title=Debenhams gift cards expire as Mike Ashley considers empty stores |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/12/debenhams-gift-cards-expire-as-mike-ashley-considers-empty-stores/ |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Retail Gazette |date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
On 13 January 2021, Debenhams announced it would permanently shut six stores in [[England]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19]] lockdown. They included the flagship [[Oxford Street]] store in [[London]], plus those in [[Worcester, England|Worcester]], [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]], [[Staines]], [[Harrogate]] and [[Portsmouth]]; the move involved 320 job losses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/13/debenhams-shut-six-stores-including-oxford-street-flagship-london|title=Debenhams to shut six stores including Oxford Street flagship|access-date=13 January 2021|website=The Guardian|date=13 January 2021}}</ref>
On 25 January 2021, it was announced that [[Boohoo.com|Boohoo]] had bought the Debenhams brand and website for £55m, but did not retain any of the remaining 118 stores, meaning the loss of up to 12,000 jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Boohoo buys Debenhams brand and website for £55m|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55793411|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Boohoo relaunched the website as [[Debenhams.com]] in April that year. On 5 May 2021, the liquidator announced that all remaining UK stores would close on 15 May 2021, marking the end of Debenhams as a department store retailer in the UK after 243 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/britains-debenhams-close-last-stores-by-may-15-2021-05-05/|title=After 242 years it's goodbye, last Debenhams to close on May 15|date=5 May 2021|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> Despite the closure in the UK, Debenhams in Middle East countries remained unaffected and continues its operations as of June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haine |first=Alice |date=1 December 2020 |title=What the UK demise of Debenhams means for stores in the UAE |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/what-the-uk-demise-of-debenhams-means-for-stores-in-the-uae-1.1121231 |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/|title= Debenhams|publisher=Alshaya}}</ref>
==Products and services==
[[File:Benefit, Debenhams, Sutton, Surrey, London.JPG|thumb|Benefit stand in the [[Sutton, London]] branch]]
In 1993 the company introduced the 'Designers at Debenhams' brand, the creation of then CEO [[Belinda Earl]], [[Ben de Lisi]] and [[Spencer Hawken]].<ref name="designers">{{cite web|title=Designers at Debenhams |url=http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301123130/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1 |archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref> The idea introduced designer names and brands such as [[Jasper Conran]], [[John Rocha]], Butterfly by [[Matthew Williamson]], H! by [[Henry Holland (fashion designer)|Henry Holland]], Star by [[Julien Macdonald]], Frost French, Janet Reger, [[Ted Baker]], St George by Duffer, [[Jeff Banks]], and Ben de Lisi. The company also started selling goods under a number of brand names that it owned. In 2010, Debenhams announced the launch of four new designer names to its fashion range: [[Jonathan Saunders]], Preen, Jonathan Kelsey, and Roksanda Ilincic.<ref name="four">{{cite web|title=Four new designers join Debenhams for 'Edition' |url=http://blog.debenhams.com/four-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition/womens-fashion/ |publisher=Debenhams blog |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724055431/http://blog.debenhams.com/four-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition/womens-fashion/ |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Oasis, Debenhams, Sutton, Surrey, London.JPG|thumb|Oasis concession in the [[Sutton, London]] branch]]
Stores also contained [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] whereby other retailers could trade. Brands in stores include [[Oasis Stores|Oasis]], Coast, [[Phase Eight]] and Warehouse. In June 2014, the company announced a trial of Sports Direct concessions in its Harrow and Southsea stores, which if successful would be expanded to other stores. This followed the purchase of a stake in Debenhams by Mike Ashley, the owner of Sports Direct, in January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ruddick|first=Graham|title=Debenhams to open Sports Direct concessions |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 September 2014 |date=20 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Later that year, Debenhams also launched trials of [[Costa Coffee]] and [[Mothercare]] concessions within stores.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=Matthew|title=Debenhams to open Costa coffee shops as it taps brands for hospitality push|url=http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1299666/debenhams-open-costa-coffee-shops-taps-brands-hospitality-push|access-date=22 February 2015|work=Marketing Magazine|date=20 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wood|first1=Zoe|title=Debenhams gives Mothercare floor space to make stores more appealing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/06/debenhams-mothercare-concessions-stores-appealing|access-date=22 February 2015|work=The Guardian|date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
In October 2016, the company announced it would begin to focus less on clothing and more on food, beauty products and gifts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ough|first1=Tom|title=Debenhams profits slip as it looks to shift away from reliance on clothing|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Telegraph|date=27 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It also hired the former lighting buying team of collapsed rival [[British Home Stores|BHS]] to begin introducing new lighting departments in stores.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Butler|first1=Sarah|title=Debenhams targets BHS customers with new lighting departments|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/27/debenhams-targets-bhs-customers-with-new-lighting-departments|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Guardian|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Debenhams followed this in December 2016 with a plan to discontinue its Betty Jackson Black ladies fashion brand, and significantly reduce its Jeff Banks menswear range in favour of expanding the Hammond & Co. brand.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Armitage|first1=Jim|title=Debenhams shakes-up long-standing fashion designer partnerships|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/debenhams-shakesup-longstanding-fashion-designer-partnerships-a3423831.html|access-date=31 December 2016|work=Evening Standard|date=19 December 2016}}</ref>
The company operated retail websites in the UK and Ireland, as well as a mobile-enabled website and [[mobile app]]s that allowed customers to shop the online range and scan product [[barcode]]s in store.<ref name="mobile">{{cite press release|title=Shopping goes truly mobile |url=http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx |date=16 September 2011 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130191638/http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2011 }}</ref>
Debenhams provided store card and [[credit card]] services, operated by [[NewDay (company)|NewDay]]. Insurance products were also provided under the Debenhams brand by other financial companies. Debenhams also operated [[bureaux de change]] in selected stores. The company ran a [[Loyalty program|loyalty card programme]], branded the Debenhams Beauty Club, where customers could collect points with the purchase of health and beauty products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debenhams.com/content/beauty-club|title=Beauty Club|publisher=Debenhams|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>
==Former stores and franchises==
===United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland===
In 1956, Debenhams owned or controlled through its subsidiary, the Drapery Trust the following businesses, which it rated in different classes:
{{div col}}
'''High class stores'''<ref name=invest1>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams|title=Debenhams|journal=Investors Chronicle and Money Market Review|volume=194|date=1956|page=626}}</ref>
*Barrance & Ford (Brighton)
*Bradley's Furs (Chepstow Place)
*Debenham & Freebody
*[[Harvey Nichols|Harvey Nichols & Co]] (2 branches)
*[[Marshall & Snelgrove]] (12 branches)
*Stanley (Birmingham)
*Williams & Hopkins
*[[Woolland Brothers]]
'''Medium class stores'''<ref name=invest1/>
*[[Afflecks|Affleck & Brown]]
*Adnitt Brothers
*William Baker & Co
*V H Bennett
*[[Bobby & Co.]] (9 branches)
*[[Buntings (department store)|Buntings]]
*Dust & Co
*[[Elliston & Cavell]]
*Gardiner & Co
*Garland & Sons
*[[Griffin & Spalding]]
*Handleys
*Haymans
*William Hill (Hove)
*John K Hubbard
*C Morrish & Son
*Pendlebury & Co
*[[Plummer Roddis]] (13 branches)
*E P Rose & Son
*[[Swan & Edgar]]
*Thornton-Varley
*Wellsteeds
'''Popular class stores'''<ref name=invest2>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams|title=Debenhams|journal=Investors Chronicle and Money Market Review|volume=194|date=1956|page=626}}</ref>
*Arnolds
*Bon Marche (Gloucester)
*Bon Marche (part of Edwin Jones- 2 branches)
*Clinton Restaurants
*[[Curl Brothers]]
*Dawson Brothers (London)
*N Dudley
*Z Dudley
*James G. Farmer
*Footman Pretty & Co
*Jermyn & Sons
*Jones & Co
*[[Edwin Jones (department store)|Edwin Jones & Co]] (2 branches)
*[[Kennards]] (2 branches)
*Kennards (Staines)
*Lefevre (Gillingham)
*[[William Lefevre|Wm Lefevre]]
*Nicholsons
*Pauldens (2 branches)
*E Pretty & Co
*Sherriff & Ward
*J C Smiths (3 branches)
*Sopers (of Harrow)
*Spooner & Co
*Staddons (Plaistow)
*Style & Gerrish
{{div col end}}
In addition, the business ran several wholesale businesses including, amongst others Debenhams Wholesale, Chamberlins, DLMS and St Aldate Warehouse.<ref name=invest2/>
As of December 2020, the company owned and operated 124 stores in the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Sarah |title=UK high street left reeling as Debenhams goes into liquidation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/01/debenhams-close-stores-jobs-department-store-jd-sports |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 December 2020}}</ref> and 7 under the [[Magasin du Nord]] brand in [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stores – own operated|url=https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated|publisher=Debenhams|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410225821/https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated|url-status=dead}}</ref> Debenhams occupied the most sites of any of the traditional department store groups in the UK. The majority of the original trading names of the stores, in each of their respective locations, were replaced with the "Debenhams" name during the 1970s. All the department stores in the group traded as "Debenhams" (although the store in Chester was still dual-signed as Debenhams and Browns of Chester).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-cheshire--live-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/browns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489.amp?amp_js_v=a2&_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15699161257818&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fbrowns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489|title=Is Browns of Chester among Debenhams stores due to close?|date=25 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref>
In April 2020, stores operated in the Republic of Ireland by [[Debenhams Ireland]] ceased trading with the loss of nearly 2,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/roches-stores-v-debenhams-so-who-are-the-roche-family-34748689.html|title=Roches Stores v Debenhams: So who are the Roche family?|date=26 May 2016|work=The Independent|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>
===International franchises===
====Middle East (in operation)====
In the Middle East the franchise license is held by the [[Alshaya Group]], the first store in the Middle East opened in 1997 in [[Bahrain]]. The store now operates in:<ref name=middle-east-stores/>
*[[Kuwait]] - [[List of shopping malls in Kuwait|Fashion Way]], Grand Plaza at [[The Avenues (Kuwait)|The Avenues]], [[Kuwait International Airport]],and [[List of shopping malls in Kuwait|The Gate Mall]]
*[[Saudi Arabia]] - [[Riyadh]] - [[Granada Mall]], [[Riyadh Park]]
*[[UAE]] - 3 in [[Dubai]] - [[City Centre Mirdif]], [[Mall of the Emirates]], [[Dubai Mall]], and The Galleria [[Abu Dhabi]]
*[[Egypt]] - [[Cairo Festival City]]
*[[Oman]]
*[[Qatar]] - [[:Category:Shopping malls in Doha|City Center Doha]], [[Doha Festival City]]
*[[Bahrain]] - [[City Centre Bahrain]]
They also operate a beauty chain called Debenhams Cosmetics in the same countries (Debenhams Cosmetics operate solely in Debenhams stores).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Debenhams' GCC stores 'not affected' by closure plans |newspaper=Arabian Business |date=28 April 2019 |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428120609/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans |archive-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams - Middle East locations |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams Cosmetics - Locations |url=https://locations.alshaya.com/debenhams-cosmetics}}</ref>
====Southeast Asia (defunct)====
Debenhams opened in [[Malaysia]] in 2003 first at [[Berjaya Times Square]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. In 2006 Debenhams exited Malaysia but in 2008 it returned after finding a new master franchiser, the stores were still operating in 2019 at [[The Curve (shopping mall)|The Curve]] and [[Gurney Paragon|Gurney Paagon]] but later closed.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vasantha |last=Ganesan |date=23 April 2019 |title=Amid store closure news in the UK, Debenhams Malaysia plans expansion |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/amid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=The Edge Markets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=Amid store closure news in the UK, Debenhams Malaysia plans expansion |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/amid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=The Edge Markets}}</ref>
The first store in the [[Philippines]] opened in 2005, the brand was previously operated by the SSI Group and were located at Shangri-la Plaza, Abreeza, and a shop-in-shop inside [[Rustan's]] [[Glorietta|Glorietta 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teehankee |first=Pepper |title=Delightful Debenhams |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/newsmakers/2005/12/27/313909/delightful-debenhams |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SSI Group, Inc. (SSI) |url=http://www.ssigroup.com.ph/brands |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=www.ssigroup.com.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Magsaysay |first=John A. |title=Think British, think Debenhams |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2015/03/11/1432121/think-british-think-debenhams |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref>
Also in 2012 a store opened at Lippo Mall Kemang in [[Indonesia]], however on 31 December 2017 the store at [[Senayan City]] was closed and with this the brand left Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2012 |title=Debenhams adds store in Indonesia |url=https://insideretail.asia/2012/09/27/debenhams-adds-store-in-indonesia/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Inside Retail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agustiyanti |title=Debenhams Senayan City Resmi Ditutup Akhir Tahun Ini |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20171026155328-92-251320/debenhams-senayan-city-resmi-ditutup-akhir-tahun-ini |access-date=2 December 2020 |website=ekonomi |language=id-ID}}</ref>
====Europe (defunct)====
In 2006 a store opened in Russia on Krasnaya Presnya Street but in 2007 the store closed, Debenhams re-entered the Russian market in 2012 with a store opened in [[Russia]] at MEGA Belaya Dacha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2012 |title=Debenhams to open first store in Russia in September |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-debenhams-russia-idUKBRE82R0IQ20120328 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Debenhams - department store stores in Russia - Malls.Com |url=https://www.malls.com/ru/stores/debenhams.shtml |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=www.malls.com |language=en-us}}</ref> This store closed down in 2016, with the brand leaving the country entirely in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2017 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2017/07/21/725090-debenhams-zakroetsya |title=Последний в России универмаг Debenhams закроется в конце лета - Ведомости |newspaper=Ведомости |publisher=Vedomosti |accessdate=16 October 2023 |lang=ru}}</ref>
In 2010 they entered [[Malta]], the two stores closed in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams Malta to close after UK franchise goes into liquidation |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/debenhams-malta-to-close-after-uk-franchise-goes-into-liquidation.876413 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Times of Malta |date=2 June 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams Malta to close down as UK franchise goes into liquidation - The Malta Independent |url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-06-02/local-news/Debenhams-Malta-to-close-down-as-UK-franchise-goes-into-liquidation-6736234005 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=www.independent.com.mt}}</ref>
A store opened at [[Bulgaria Mall]] in [[Sofia|Sofia, Bulgaria]] in 2012 and was the 71st international store.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2012 |title=Debenhams opens first store in Bulgaria |newspaper=Fashion United |url=https://www.fashionunited.uk/v1/fashion/debenhams-opens-first-store-in-bulgaria/2012120412108%3 |access-date=26 July 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Debenham's opened a store in the European part of [[Turkey]] in the [[Mall of Istanbul]] in 2014<ref name=r2015>{{cite book |last1=Riebe |first1=Marc-Christian |title=Retail Market Study 2015 |date=2 February 2015 |publisher=The Location Group |isbn=978-3-9524314-5-0 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Retail_Market_Study_2015/vgKRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mall+of+istanbul%22&pg=PA599&printsec=frontcover |access-date=12 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and in the [[Istanbul Cevahir]] mall. Both closed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Debenhams |url=https://foursquare.com/v/debenhams/5383093a498efeb5b3d50ff3 |website=Foursquare |access-date=12 June 2024 |language=en |quote=Not present on current MOI map on official MOI website, and confirmed by Foursquare}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams Türkiye'deki 2 mağazasını kapatıyor|trans-title=Debenhams closes 2 stores in Turkey |url=https://www.posta.com.tr/ekonomi/debenhams-turkiyedeki-2-magazasini-kapatiyor-1318752 |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Posta |date=27 July 2017 |language=tr}}</ref>
====Elsewhere (defunct)====
Another store opened in [[Pakistan]] in the same year and the last location at [[Dolmen Malls|Dolmen Mall Clifton]] in [[Karachi]] closed in September 2020 and Debenhams left the country.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Images Staff |date=27 August 2021 |title=Department store Debenhams to shut its doors in Pakistan after nine years |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188266 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
In 2017 a store opened in [[Australia]] at [[Melbourne]]'s [[St. Collins Lane]], the store was closed in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Debenhams to close only Australian store |url=https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/debenhams-store-closure-melbourne-outlet-to-close-doors-next-year/8757a1a7-a8b4-4b6b-93ee-40e32793754b |access-date=26 July 2020 |website=finance.nine.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brook |first=Benedict |title=The reckless decision that killed Debenhams |url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/one-reckless-decision-that-killed-uk-retail-giant-debenhams/news-story/0940ae877658b01de698c9eb5a32accc |website=news.com.au}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Debenhams}}
* {{Official website|http://www.debenhams.com|Debenhams}} – official site
* [http://www.debenhamsplc.com Debenhams] – corporate site
* {{PM20|FID=co/005796|TEXT=Documents and clippings about}}
{{UK Department stores}}
{{Arcadia Group}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Debenhams| ]]
[[Category:1778 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:British companies disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1778]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:CVC Capital Partners companies]]
[[Category:Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Kamani family]]
[[Category:Private equity portfolio companies]]
[[Category:Retail companies disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1778]]
[[Category:Defunct department stores of Australia]]
[[Category:Defunct department stores of the United Kingdom]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Defunct British department store chain, 1778–2021}}
{{other uses|Debenham (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the online retailer|Debenhams.com}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Debenhams plc
| logo = Debenhams logo18.png
| logo_size = 250px
| image = Debenhams from Marylebone Lane 05.jpg
| image_caption = Debenhams' former flagship store on [[Oxford Street]], London
| type = [[Private limited company]]
| traded_as = {{LSE|DEB}} (2006–2019)<ref>[https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/other/14035625.html London Stock Exchange cancel Debenhams stock]</ref>
| trading_name = Debenhams plc (2006–2019)
| foundation = {{start date and age|1778|df=y}} (by William Clark)<br />{{start date and age|1813|df=y}} (as Clark & Debenham)
| defunct = {{end date and age|15 May 2021}}
| founder = William Clark<br>[[William Debenham]]
| fate = [[Liquidation]], folded into [[Boohoo.com]]
| successor = [[Debenhams.com]]
| location = 334–348 [[Oxford Street]], [[London]], England, UK
| key_people = Mark Gifford ([[Chairman]])<br>Stefaan Vansteenkiste ([[CEO]])
| industry = [[Fashion]] [[online retail]] <br> [[Beauty store]]
| area_served = {{hlist|[[United Kingdom|UK]]|[[Denmark]]|[[#International franchises|more]]}}
| brands =
| products = {{flat list|
* Fashion clothing
* shoes
* toys
* accessories
* cosmetics
* Gifts
* Electricals
* home and furniture
}}
| revenue = [[Pound sterling|£]]2,277.0 million (2018)<ref name=prelims>{{cite web |title=Preliminary Results 2018 |url=https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f |url-status=dead |publisher=Debenhams plc |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143157/https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f |archive-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
| operating_income = [[Pound sterling|£]]43.4 million (2018)<ref name=prelims/>
| net_income = [[Pound sterling|£]](461.0) million (2018)<ref name=prelims/>
| owner =
| parent = Celine Jersey Topco Limited
| num_employees = 25,000 (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams in profit alert as sales continue to slide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47453271 |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2019 |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|www.debenhams.com}}; operated by Boohoo as Debenhams.com
}}
'''Debenhams plc''' was a British POO FACEEEEEE [[department store]] chain operating in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland, and is still operating as a franchise in seven Middle East countries.<ref name="middle-east-stores">{{cite web |title=Debenhams stores |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/ |website=Alshaya Group |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> It was founded in 1778 as a single store in London and grew to 178 locations across those countries, also owning the Danish department store chain [[Magasin du Nord]]. In its final years, its headquarters were within the premises of its flagship store in [[Oxford Street|Oxford Street, London]]. The range of goods sold included middle-to-high-end clothing, beauty, household items, and furniture.
The company suffered financial difficulties in the 21st century and entered [[Administration (law)|administration]] twice, in April 2019 and April 2020.<ref name="Sky20200309">{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Debenhams in administration for second time in year |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-debenhams-confirms-it-is-in-administration-11971244 |publisher=Sky News |date=9 April 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> In November 2020, Debenhams' main concession operator [[Arcadia Group|Arcadia]] also entered administration, leading to the collapse of talks with [[JD Sports]] and [[Frasers Group]] over a potential rescue.<ref name=BBCJD>{{cite news |title=Debenhams faces uncertain future as JD Sports quits rescue talks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139713 |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> As a result, Debenhams announced it would be [[liquidated]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Debenhams set to close putting 12,000 jobs at risk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55142724 |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The Debenhams brand and website were purchased by the online retailer [[Boohoo.com|Boohoo]] for £55M in January 2021. However, Boohoo did not retain any stores, meaning the loss of up to 12,000 jobs. Boohoo relaunched the website as [[Debenhams.com]] on 12 April 2021 under its own company, Debenhams.com Online Limited, when Debenhams' stores reopened to begin closing down sales following a relaxation of some [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19]] restrictions. After 243 years in business, the remaining Debenhams department stores closed for the final time during May 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=End of an era for Debenhams as final shops set to close |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56993816 |publisher=BBC News |date=12 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ng |first=Kate |title=Debenhams makes its return to the high street with beauty store in Manchester |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/debenhams-reopen-manchester-high-street-b1969859.html |website=The Independent |date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
==History==
===18th and 19th centuries===
[[File:Debenham and Freebody Wigmore Street 10.jpg|thumb|left|The former Debenham, Son & Freebody building in Wigmore Street which was completed in 1908]]
The business was formed in 1778 by William Clark, who began trading at 44 Wigmore Street in London as a [[Drapery|drapers]]' store.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Debenhams |url=http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=14 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064433/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1|archive-date=26 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1813, [[William Debenham]] became a partner and the corporate name changed to ''Clark & Debenham''. The shop was later renamed Cavendish House and sold drapery, silks, haberdashery, millinery, hosiery, lace, and family mourning goods. As the trade grew, the partners determined to expand the business by opening branches in Cheltenham and Harrogate.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=Cavendish House Co Ltd |url=http://www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk/company/?id=c1536 |publisher=House of Fraser Archive |access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref>
By 1823, Clark & Debenham had opened a small drapery business at 3 Promenade Rooms, Cheltenham, selling a selection of silks, [[muslin]]s, shawls, gloves, lace and [[fancy goods]].<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/> In 1837, Clark retired from the business and Debenham took two of his most trusted staff, William Pooley and John Smith, as partners, trading in both London and Cheltenham as Debenham, Pooley & Smith.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/> By 1840, the management of the Cheltenham branch appears to have been given to Clement Freebody, Debenham's brother-in-law. Around 1843, another branch shop was launched in Harrogate.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/>
Extended and refurbished premises opened in Cheltenham in October 1844. Pooley and Smith retired from the business in 1851 when Debenham took his son, William, and Clement Freebody into partnership, trading as Debenham, Son & Freebody. At this time all three shops in London, Cheltenham, and Harrogate were trading in similar goods and issued a joint catalogue, called the Fashion Book, that was the basis of an extensive mail-order trade. In 1876 when Freebody retired, a new partnership, Debenham & Hewitt, was formed. George Hewitt appears to have worked at the Cheltenham store as a draper's assistant during the early 1860s but details of his subsequent career are not known. By 1883, George Hewitt was the sole owner of the Cheltenham business, Frank and William Debenham having withdrawn to manage the London store as a separate concern.<ref name="housefraserarchive.ac.uk"/>
===20th century===
[[File:Crypt Chambers 1.jpg|thumb|[[Crypt Chambers]] in Chester houses part of the Browns of Chester store and is a Grade I [[listed building]].]]
The business was incorporated as ''Debenhams Limited'' in 1905.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business History of Department Stores: Interesting Dates |url=http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm |publisher=KIPnotes |date=1 October 2008 |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226213520/http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm |archive-date=26 December 2009}}</ref> A new headquarters building, which was designed by William Wallace and [[James Glen Sivewright Gibson]]<ref>{{cite web |title=South-East Marylebone Old and New |url=https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/tag/debenham-and-freebody/ |publisher=Survey of London |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> and built by [[Trollope & Colls]], was completed in Wigmore Street in 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=074-btrl&cid=0#0 |title=Trollope & Colls |publisher= National Archives |access-date=27 July 2019}}</ref> Debenhams at this time did not operate any other department stores, but did supply to others across the country via its wholesale business. It was because of the debts owed to them through their wholesaling deals that they acquired control over [[Marshall & Snelgrove]] at [[Oxford Street]] and [[Harvey Nichols]] in [[Knightsbridge]] in 1919.<ref Name=hatry>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwWQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22&pg=PT92|title=Share Trading, Fraud and the Crash of 1929 A Biography of Clarence Hatry|author=Swinson. C|date=2019|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429648922}}</ref> The business at this time was run by [[Ernest Debenham]] and his close friend Frederick Oliver. In 1926, Oliver retired, and upon the advice of the Whitehall Trust, Debenhams Securities was formed to buy Oliver's share in the business, with Ernest Debenham as chair and being joined by Frederick Richmond and Maurice Wright.<ref name=hatry/>
However, during the mid-1920s, several new investment groups were created and started buying up regional drapers and department stores. [[Clarence Hatry]] had created the [[Drapery Trust]] in 1925, while [[Charterhouse Bank]]'s company, Charterhouse Investments Trust (under [[Sir Arthur Wheeler, 1st Baronet]]), had created [[United Drapery Stores]] in 1927, and [[Selfridge Provincial Stores]] was created by [[James White (financier)|James White]] and [[Gordon Selfridge]] in 1926.<ref name=hatry/> These were seen to be a threat to Debenhams' wholesale business, as the company would lose sales to these new combined groups. Frederick Richmond and Maurice Wright thought it was too late to start creating a provincial group, so started negotiations with Clarence Hatry in 1927 to purchase the Drapery Trust. By November the deal was agreed for £2,350,000, mostly funded through Hatry's company Austin Friars Trust purchasing £1,600,000 of Debenhams shares.<ref name=hatry/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases|title=Fine Silks and Oak Counters Debenhams 1778-1978|author=Corina. M|date=1978|isbn=9780091349103|page=101|publisher=Hutchinson }}</ref>
As part of the deal, Ernest Debenham was forced out of the business, along with his son Peter. In a letter to ''The Times'', Ernest wrote
{{block quote|''A month ago I had no intention of retiring from the management of Debenhams Securities. Indeed, I had every reason to hope that the connection of myself and my family with that business would be indefinitely prolonged. When the offer was made to purchase all or any of the ordinary shares in Debenhams Securities, circumstances of no interest to the general investing public compelled me to accept the offer.''<ref>''The Times'', 8 December 1927, p. 25</ref>}}
The new enlarged company was offered to the public in February 1928, with the release of 2 million preference shares through merchant bank M. Samuel & Co,<ref name=hatry/> with the company being first listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] later that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/28th-july-1928/32/drapery-profits|title=Drapery profits|publisher=The Spectator|date=27 July 1928|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> In 1929, as part of his fraudulent plan to raise the cash for his deal to purchase United Steel, Hatry forged £478,100 of shares in the Drapery Trust, but by September 1929 he had confessed to his crimes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVycBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases&pg=PT66|title=Rogue Banking. A History of Financial Fraud in Interwar Britain|author=Hollow. M|date=2014|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137360540}}</ref> The connection of Clarence Hatry to Debenhams plunged the company into a crisis once his finances started to unravel, in addition to the Drapery Trust dividend collapsing and its export business diving due to the economy. Maurice Wright completed a rewriting of the capital in 1934, and merged the three operations, Debenhams, Debenhams Securities and Drapery Trust, slashing the company's issued capital from £15,100,000 to £6,000,000. Wright would later be made Managing Director, before becoming Chairman in 1948.<ref name=priest>{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Derek |last2=Anderson |first2=Malcolm |last3=Edwards |first3=John Richard |title=The Priesthood of Industry. The Rise of the Professional Accountant in British Management |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |page=174 |isbn=9780198289609}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jervis |first=F.R.J. |title=The Economics of Mergers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cW1MAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22 |publisher=Routledge and K. Paul |date=1971 |page=68 |isbn=9780710070883}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvuWvOahe8UC&q=%22drapery+trust%22|title=Debenhams Securities|journal=The Statist|volume=120|date=1932|page=608}}</ref>
During the 1930s and 1940s the company continued to expand, becoming the biggest department store company in the country by 1948,<ref name=priest/> with the stores retaining their original names until a reorganisation in the 1970s. In 1944 the company announced a post-tax profit of £249,605.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y0gAQAAMAAJ&q=%22selincourt+%26+sons%22|title=The Financial Review of Reviews|date=1944|page=6}}</ref> An example of these acquisitions was the purchase of the Norwich stores of [[Buntings (department store)|Buntings]] and Chamberlains in 1949, leading to them controlling four of the city's department stores.<ref>{{cite book|title=Debenhams|publisher=Leathergoods|volume=66|date=1949|page=74}}</ref> During 1957, the company purchased the ladies fashion store, Cresta, from [[W. Garfield Weston]]'s Howardsgate Holdings.<ref name=cresta>{{cite web|url=https://www.welwyngarden-heritage.org/history/follow-the-silk-trail-around-wgc-the-history-of-cresta-silks|title=Follow the silk trail around WGC - the history of Cresta Silks|website=WGC Heritage Trust|date=31 August 2022}}</ref> In 1959 the business failed in a takeover of rival department store group [[Harrods]], rivalling [[United Drapery Stores]] and eventual winner [[House of Fraser]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMvGAAAAMAAJ&q=%22united+drapery+stores%22|title=Agenda: Co-operative Management Magazine|volume=9-10|author=Co-operative Press|date=1961|page=72}}</ref>
The company closed several branches in 1970, with Birmingham (Marshall & Snelgrove, formerly Warwick House), Manchester (Marshall & Snelgrove in St Annes Place), Sheffield (Marshall & Snelgrove, Leopold Street) and Southsea (Plummers, Palmerston Road) properties being sold by auction.<ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DplHAQAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store|title=Debenhams Department Stores for Auction|periodical=The Estates Gazette|volume=214|date=1970|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e90660df-e62f-4934-889e-2baa1f2ea5de|title=Marshall & Snelgrove, St. Ann's Place, Manchester 2 to Mrs Jennison, Berwick Lodge|website=The National Archives|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> In 1972, [[United Drapery Stores]] made an offer to purchase Debenhams, along with interest from [[Sears plc]] and [[Tesco]], but were fought off by chairman Sir Anthony Burney.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdzTBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22united+drapery+stores%22&pg=PA66|title=Welfare aspects of industrial markets|author=A.P. Jacquemin, H.W. de Jong|date=2012|page=66|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781461342311}}</ref> The company entered the superstore revolution by opening two Scan Superstores, which sold an assortment of Debenhams normal products in a supermarket like environment.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Debenhams plc|magazine=Retail Business|issue=197–202|page=27|date=1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzxPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fine+fare%22+tesco|title=Design and Planning of Retail Systems|author=David Gosling, Barry Maitland|date=1976|publisher=Architectural Press |isbn=9780851391427}}</ref> In 1976 the company acquired [[Browns of Chester]]. It remained the only one of the company's UK stores to have retained an individual identity until all stores closed in 2021.<ref name="history">{{cite web| url=http://www.debenhamsplc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=history| title=History| publisher=Debenhams| access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> The business diversified during the 1970s buying South East based supermarket group [[Cater Brothers]] in 1972, after the death of its chairman Leslie Cater. Using the new purchasing power Debenhams modernised its 40 food halls within its stores, branding them Cater's Food Halls, and opened two new Cater superstores. However the business declined in the intense marketplace and in 1979 the chain was sold to [[Allied Suppliers]] who converted the Cater stores into their [[Presto (UK Supermarket)|Presto]] format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/cater_brothers.htm|title=Cater Brothers|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Debenham's other experiment into the superstore market, tge two Scan Superstores were sold to [[Tesco]] in February 1978.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt96wAigg2oC&dq=debenhams+%22Scan+superstores%22&pg=PA213|title=Retailing Critical Concepts. Retail practices and operations|author=A. M. Findlay|date=2002|page=213|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-08722-3 }}</ref> Other diversifications included Greens Cameras & High-Fi and New Dimension, a home furniture and furnishing business.<ref name=rdgb79>{{cite periodical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItCRAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store|title=Debenhams|periodical=Retail Trade Developments in Great Britain|date=1979|isbn=9780566021527|page=175}}</ref> The company continued to open new stores, with [[Mansfield]], [[Stirling]] and [[Eltham]] being opened in 1977.<ref name=rdgb79/> The company at times struggled in the 1970s, with a former chief executive stating it had
{{block quote|''too much selling space and too little talent to fill it''<ref name=RLE>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9aWiH4UPT8C&dq=%22debenhams%22+merger+1970s&pg=PA297|title=Retail and Marketing Channels (RLE Retailing and Distribution)|author=Luca Pellegrini, Srinivas K. Reddy|date=2012|isbn=9780415540391|page=297|publisher=Routledge }}</ref>}}
Debenhams was targeted three times during the 1980s by the [[Animal Liberation Front]] in protest at the sale of [[Fur clothing|animal furs]] in stores. Stores in [[Romford]], [[Luton]], and [[Harrow, London|Harrow]] were fire-bombed by members, the worst attack being on the Luton store. As a result, the company stopped selling clothes with animal furs.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Undercover policeman 'fire-bombed shop,' MPs told |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18423441 |newspaper=BBC News |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref> The company closed its ladies clothing chain Cresta in 1980.<ref name=cresta/> It was alleged by Caroline Lucas MP in a debate in [[Westminster Hall]] that [[Bob Lambert (academic)|Bob Lambert]], a then undercover police officer, planted the fire bomb that caused £340,000 worth of damage to the Harrow branch of Debenhams in 1987. It is unclear if anything has come of these allegations as of March 2014.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news |title=MP Caroline Lucas names undercover officer as shop fire bomber |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18426368 |newspaper=BBC News |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Undercover cop alleged to have fire-bombed Debenhams for ALF |url=http://www.constabulary.org.uk/2012/06/13/undercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf/ |newspaper=Constabulary |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124808/http://www.constabulary.org.uk/2012/06/13/undercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Caroline Lucas Exposes Allegations Ex-Undercover Cop Bob Lambert Firebombed Debenhams London Store |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/06/13/caroline-lucas-undercover-policeman-bob-lambert-firebombing_n_1592661.html?view=print |newspaper=The Huffington Post |date=13 June 2012 |access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>
In 1985 the company was acquired by the [[Burton Group]].<ref name="history"/> At the time of the takeover deal, Burtons claimed,
{{block quote|''We will end, however, Debenhams' hotch potch of shops-in-shops with conflicting marketing images and the confusing merchandising and floor layouts''<ref name=RLE/>}}
Following the closure of the store in [[Dudley]] in January 1981 and the Birmingham store in 1983, the company's only store in the [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] for the next six years was a town centre store in [[Walsall]]. On 4 November 1989, it opened a store at the [[Merry Hill Shopping Centre]] in [[Brierley Hill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/408984/UK-REGIONAL-FOCUS---ROBIN-HOODS-MERRY-HILL|title=The Robin Hoods of Merry Hill|publisher=Management Today|date=1 November 1991|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref>
Debenhams entered [[Ireland]] as the anchor store at the [[Jervis Shopping Centre]] in [[Dublin]] in 1996,<ref>{{cite web|author=Siobhan Creaton |url=https://irishtimes.com/business/uk-outlets-in-a-rush-to-set-up-shop-1.119276 |title=UK outlets in a rush to set up shop |publisher=Irishtimes.com |date=27 December 1996 |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref> and then established a second anchor store at [[Mahon Point Shopping Centre]] in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/230m-mahon-point-centre-opens-in-cork-1.411407 |title=€230m Mahon Point centre opens in Cork |publisher=Irishtimes.com |date=2 February 2005 |accessdate=9 April 2020}}</ref>
Debenhams demerged from the Burton Group in January 1998 and was once again listed as a separate company on the London Stock Exchange.<ref>{{cite news |title=New look for Debenhams |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/84099.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=27 April 1998 |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> It expanded under the leadership of [[Belinda Earl]] who was appointed [[CEO]] in 2000.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news| title=The Queen of Retail makes a dull brand shine| url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/dec/15/retail| author=Jane Martinson| work=The Guardian| date=14 December 2006| access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref>
===21st century===
[[File:Debenhams store, arc shopping development - geograph.org.uk - 1554861.jpg|thumb|Debenhams in [[Bury St Edmunds]]]]
Debenhams opened its largest British store on 4 September 2003, at the new [[Bull Ring, Birmingham|Bull Ring]] shopping centre in [[Birmingham]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite news| title=Bullring opens its doors| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/3079634.stm| publisher=BBC News Online| date=4 September 2003| access-date=22 February 2012}}</ref> The new store contained 19,230 sq m and opened 20 years after the company closed its Birmingham city centre store due to declining trade.<ref name="bullring">{{cite web|title=Bullring Information Pack |publisher=Bullring Alliance |year=2003 |access-date=22 February 2012 |url=http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319220720/http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2012 }}</ref> A private consortium named Baroness Retail Limited acquired the company in November 2003,<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams backs Baroness takeover |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3258013.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=10 November 2003 |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> and it returned to a listing on the London Stock Exchange in 2006. The consortium comprised [[CVC Capital Partners]], [[Texas Pacific Group]], [[Merrill Lynch|Merrill Lynch Global Private Equity]], and management.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4972442.stm |title=Debenhams shares rise on listing |work=BBC News |date=4 May 2006 |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>
On 8 August 2006, it was announced that Debenhams would buy the leaseholds of nine of the 11 [[Roches Stores]] department stores in Ireland for €29 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams beefs up Irish presence |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5256558.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=8 August 2006 |accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref> Under the deal, the stores, including those in [[St. Patrick's Street]] in Cork and Henry Street in Dublin would be rebranded as Debenhams stores. The Roche family retained the ownership of the stores, and Debenhams became the new tenants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fears for jobs at Roches Stores in Cork |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2006/1002/80981-roches/ |publisher=RTÉ News |date=26 January 2007 |accessdate=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/roches-sells-retail-arm-for-29m-10341.html|title=Roches sells retail arm for €29m|date=8 September 2006|website=www.irishexaminer.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:Oxford Street - Debenhams.jpg|thumb|left|Debenhams' flagship store in Oxford Street, London, England, during 2005 Christmas]]
The company purchased the brand name and stock of [[Principles (retailer)|Principles]] in March 2009 after the business entered administration. Principles operated concessions within 121 Debenhams stores, and was subsequently relaunched by [[Ben de Lisi]] as part of the Designers at Debenhams range.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fashion chain Principles to close 66 stores and axe majority of staff |author=Alastair Jamieson |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |date=7 March 2009 |access-date=5 October 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In November 2009, Debenhams acquired the Danish department store group Magasin Du Nord for £12.3 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams steps into mainland Europe |author=Ester Bintliff |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=12 November 2009 |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2bnQ9jII5 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221248/https://www.ft.com/content/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0#axzz2bnQ9jII5 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The company operates six stores in Denmark under the Magasin brand.<ref name=About>{{cite web |url=http://presscentre.debenhams.com/About-Us/About-Debenhams-7a.aspx |title=About Debenhams |year=2013 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119095158/http://presscentre.debenhams.com/About-Us/About-Debenhams-7a.aspx |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref>
In July 2010 Debenhams purchased the 115 [[Faith (shoe retailer)|Faith]] concessions trading within its stores, after Faith entered administration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams has faith in shoe chain |author=Rosie Baker |url=http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/debenhams-has-faith-in-shoe-chain/3015382.article |newspaper=Marketing Week |date=2 July 2010 |access-date=5 October 2012}}</ref> In April 2012 the company announced it would be building 14 new stores, and was in negotiations over a further 25 sites in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams profit edges higher in 'difficult' trading |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17766493 |newspaper=BBC News Online |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> Debenhams agreed to become the anchor store at the [[New Riverside, Shrewsbury|Riverside shopping centre]] in Shrewsbury.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams to be Shrewsbury shopping centre 'anchor tenant' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-17771893 |newspaper=BBC News Online |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> By September 2012, the company announced that like-for-like sales had risen by 3.3% in the six months up to that date.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams sales rise as profits 'set to grow' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19632791 |newspaper=BBC News Online |date=18 September 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Debenhams - viewed from Leeds Road (geograph 4882310).jpg|thumb|right|Debenhams, [[Bradford]].]]
Debenhams moved to a new headquarters in 2013, in Brock Street, London built by [[British Land]]. The company leased {{convert|174500|sqft|m2|lk=in|sigfig=2}} of office space from British Land for 25 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishland.com/media/news/2012/01-05-2012.aspx |title=Debenhams to Take Additional Space at British Land's Regent's Place |date=1 May 2012 |publisher=British Land |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> The company began a refurbishment of its flagship store in Oxford Street in 2013, which involved the installation of 180,000 aluminium tiles on the exterior of the building that appears to ripple with the wind. An existing floor was also converted to become a trading floor. The total cost of the refurbishment was in the region of £40 million, of which Debenhams contributed £25 million. The owner of the building, British Land, also contributed towards the cost.<ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams to dazzle Oxford Street with 180,000 shiny tiles |author=Jonathan Prynn |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/debenhams-to-dazzle-oxford-street-with-180000-shiny-tiles-8653442.html |newspaper=Evening Standard |date=11 June 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> The refurbishment was due to be completed by February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishland.com/media/news/2013/11-06-2013.aspx |title=British Land Unveils Revolutionary Facelift for Debenhams Oxford Street Flagship |date=11 June 2013 |publisher=British Land |access-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>
The company's trading statement for the 17 weeks up to 28 December 2013 was released on 31 December 2013, and revealed a reduction in pre-tax profit from £115 million to £85 million.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 December 2013 |title=Debenhams warns on Christmas sales |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25559780 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> On 2 January 2014, the company's chief financial officer Simon Herrick resigned, following criticism of his financial decisions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Titcomb |first=James |date=2 January 2014 |title=Debenhams finance boss quits days after major profit warning |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10546564/Debenhams-finance-boss-quits-days-after-major-profit-warning.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10546564/Debenhams-finance-boss-quits-days-after-major-profit-warning.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=2 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 13 January 2014 4.6% of Debenhams shares were bought by [[Sports Direct]], the retailer run by [[Mike Ashley (businessman)|Mike Ashley]]. The stock market purchase of 56.8 million shares (worth around £46m) was made without the prior knowledge of the Debenhams board. Sports Direct stated at the time it intends to be a supportive share holder. The Debenhams board responded by stating they are open-minded with regard to exploring operational opportunities to improve its performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25709718|title= Sports Direct buys 4.6% Debenhams stake|publisher= BBC |date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1194228/sports-direct-nets-5-percent-stake-in-debenhams|title=Sports Direct nets 5% stake in Debenhams|publisher=Sky News |date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> Sports Direct sold its shares on 16 January 2014, although they took out an option to buy further shares up to a total of 6.6%.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2014 |title=Sports Direct takes option on Debenhams stake |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25755832 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> In August 2017, it emerged that Ashley had secured 21% of the shares which gave him over 10% of voting rights in the company.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/08/22/mike-ashley-increases-debenhams-stake-20pc/ "Mike Ashley increases Debenhams stake to more than 20pc"], ''The Telegraph'', 22 August 2017, accessed 19 November 2017.</ref>
[[File:Swindon debenhams.jpg|thumb|Debenhams, [[Swindon]]]]
During 2017 Debenhams opened two new stores, one in [[Stevenage]] and one in [[Wolverhampton]]. The 80,000 sq ft Stevenage store was opened on 24 August 2017 at Roaring Meg Retail and Leisure Park by Celebrity fashion designer Julien MacDonald and local hero Jean Robinson, who had won a competition for the privilege. The store was the first to be designed under the vision of CEO [[Sergio Bucher]], with a new layout and format with the emphasis on encouraging people to stay longer.<ref>{{cite web |author=JP Asher |url=http://www.thecomet.net/news/stevenage-debenhams-opens-as-glamour-king-julien-macdonald-and-community-hero-jean-robinson-cut-the-ribbon-1-5162975 |title=Stevenage Debenhams opens as glamour king Julien Macdonald and community hero Jean Robinson cut the ribbon | Stevenage, Hitchin, Letchworth, Biggleswade News |publisher=The Comet |date=24 August 2017 |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164424/http://www.thecomet.net/news/stevenage-debenhams-opens-as-glamour-king-julien-macdonald-and-community-hero-jean-robinson-cut-the-ribbon-1-5162975 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The second store to open during 2017 was the new 93,000 sq ft store at [[Wolverhampton]]'s [[Mander Centre]]. The store was opened on 12 October 2017 as part of the centre's £35 million refurbishments, it was also Debenhams' first store in Wolverhampton. It was only the second to feature the new layout previously only seen in the Stevenage store, and only the second to feature the company's new deli-restaurant format Loaf & Bloom, only previously seen at Milton Keynes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/local-hubs/wolverhampton/2017/10/12/live-debenhams-opens-in-wolverhampton/ |date=13 October 2017|title= Debenhams Wolverhampton: Thousands flock to opening of new city store|publisher=Express and Star|access-date=24 May 2018}}</ref>
In February 2018, the company announced a reduction of up to 320 store management roles across the business by the end of March.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=Ben|title=Debenhams to slash up to 320 store management jobs in cost-cutting drive|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/debenhams-job-losses-store-management-jobs-cut-costs-profits-sales-a8200151.html|access-date=2 March 2018|work=The Independent|date=8 February 2018}}</ref> Sports Direct increased its holding in the company to 29.7% on 2 March, just below the level whereby it would be required to submit a formal takeover approach.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Megaw|first1=Nicholas|title=Sports Direct lifts Debenhams stake to almost 30%|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2888bd78-1e1b-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2888bd78-1e1b-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2 March 2018|work=Financial Times|date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
====Financial difficulties====
After media speculation about Debenhams' survival,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/video/debenhams-faces-500m-loss-11534721 |title=The 'perfect storm' facing Debenhams |publisher=Sky News |date=25 October 2018 |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> in 2018 the company announced the largest loss in its history, a pre-tax loss of £491 million,<ref name=prelims/> and the closure of up to 50 stores with the potential loss of 4,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/video-news/debenhams-to-shut-up-to-50-stores-as-4000-staff-face-redundancy-37457040.html|title=Debenhams to shut up to 50 stores as 4,000 staff face redundancy|newspaper=Belfasttelegraph|publisher=Belfast Telegraph|date=25 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
On 9 April 2019, the company announced that they had gone into [[Pre-packaged insolvency|pre-pack]] [[Administration (law)|administration]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/apr/09/debenhams-is-taken-over-by-lenders-mike-ashley-loses-sta|title=Debenhams is taken over by lenders as Mike Ashley loses £150m stake|last=Butler|first=Sarah|date=9 April 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 April 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
On 26 April 2019, the company announced that in addition to rent reductions on all except 39 stores, 22 stores would close after Christmas 2019. This included the recently opened Wolverhampton store plus [[Altrincham]], Ashford, Birmingham Fort, [[Canterbury]], Chatham, [[Eastbourne]], [[Folkestone]], Great Yarmouth, [[Guildford]], [[Kirkcaldy]], [[Orpington]], [[Slough]], Southport, Southsea, Staines, [[Stockton-on-Tees]], [[Walton-on-Thames]], [[Wandsworth]], [[Welwyn Garden City]], Wimbledon and Witney.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48063604|title=Debenhams names 22 stores to close|date=26 April 2019|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>
On 6 April 2020, Debenhams confirmed it had filed a notice of intent to appoint administrators.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodger |first1=James |title=Debenhams on brink of collapse with 22,000 jobs at risk |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/debenhams-brink-collapse-22000-jobs-18048979 |website=birminghammail |date=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Sarah |title=Debenhams prepares to file for bankruptcy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/03/debenhams-prepares-to-file-for-bankruptcy-coronavirus |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=6 April 2020 |date=3 April 2020}}</ref> CEO Stefaan Vansteenkiste said it was due to "unprecedented" circumstances caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19]] lockdown and was to "protect [the] business, ... employees, and other important stakeholders".<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Debenhams to file for administration |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-52182199 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=6 April 2020 |date=6 April 2020}}</ref> On 9 April 2020, the company went into administration.<ref name="Sky20200309" />
On 9 April 2020, Debenhams confirmed it planned to close 11 stores in the Republic of Ireland with immediate effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2020/0409/1129586-debenhams-pulling-out-of-ireland/ |title=Debenhams to put Irish operations into liquidation |date=9 April 2020 |publisher=Rte.ie |access-date=9 April 2020|last1=Goodbody |first1=Will }}</ref>
In April 2020, Debenhams closed seven UK stores and was set to close five more when Coronavirus restrictions were lifted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Debenhams stores closing: full list of store closures with five branches shuttin|url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/shopping/debehams-stores-closing-list-store-closures-branches-uk-coronavirus-lockdown-end-2846168|website=inews.co.uk|language=en|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> This included the Croydon store that anchored the [[Centrale (Croydon)|Centrale]] shopping mall (previously the Drummond Centre) that Debenhams had acquired when they took over the Kennards chain of stores, bringing to a close a trading period of more than 150 years from that site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/south-london-news/croydon-debenhams-replaced-next-beauty-18214110|title=Croydon Debenham's to be replaced by Next Beauty Hall store|publisher=My London|date=7 May 2020|access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>
In July 2020, Debenhams was set to abandon its property in [[Princes Street]] in Edinburgh, which it leased from [[Legal & General]], in order to make room for a £50m hotel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2020|title=£50m hotel to replace Debenhams in Princes St|url=https://dailybusinessgroup.co.uk/2020/07/50m-hotel-to-replace-debenhams-in-princes-st/|access-date=20 July 2020|website=dailybusinessgroup}}</ref> In the same month, Debenhams put itself up for sale to prevent it going into liquidation, hoping to find a buyer by September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jul/26/debenhams-up-for-sale-in-last-ditch-bid-to-avoid-liquidation|title=Debenhams up for sale in last-ditch bid to avoid liquidation|work=The Guardian|date=26 July 2020|access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, the company announced it was cutting 2,500 job positions as a result of the economic effects of the pandemic. The job cuts affected store management positions; sales managers, visual merchandise managers, and selling support managers were set to be axed. According to the company, "The trading environment is clearly a long way from returning to normal. Such difficult decisions are being taken by many retailers right now, and we will continue to take all necessary steps to give Debenhams every chance of a viable future."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/aef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/aef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title= Debenhams to cut another 2,500 jobs |work=Financial Times|last=Eley|first=Jonathan|date=11 August 2020|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, Debenhams put its seven store Danish chain, Magasin du Nord, up for sale.<ref name="RG-12Sep2020">{{cite news |last1=Jahshan |first1=Elias |title=Debenhams puts its Magasin du Nord business up for sale |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/09/debenhams-puts-its-magasin-du-nord-business-up-for-sale/ |access-date=1 December 2020 |work=Retail Gazette |date=12 September 2020}}</ref> Magasin Du Nord was later sold to German department store [[Peek & Cloppenburg]] for £120 million.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eley|first=Jonathan|date=17 November 2021|title=Hedge funds secure bulk of £300m recovered from Debenhams|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3c02899f-1d86-481f-9a31-63d10c4c71bc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3c02899f-1d86-481f-9a31-63d10c4c71bc |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
On 1 December 2020, after the collapse of talks with [[Arcadia Group|Arcadia]] (which went into administration the previous day)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139369|title=Topshop owner Arcadia goes into administration|publisher=BBC|date=30 November 2020|access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> and [[JD Sports]] over a potential rescue,<ref name=BBCJD/> Debenhams announced it was going into [[liquidation]], putting 12,000 jobs in 124 UK stores at risk unless the administrators could find buyers for all or parts of the business.<ref name=":0" /> With the company in administration and on the verge of liquidation, on 6 December 2020, [[Mike Ashley (businessman)|Mike Ashley]]'s [[Frasers Group]] was reported to be in talks to acquire Debenhams,<ref name="Fildes-06Dec2020">{{cite news |last1=Fildes |first1=Nic |title=Mike Ashley makes eleventh-hour play for Debenhams |url=https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=Financial Times |date=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nazir |first1=Sahar |title=How can Mike Ashley's Frasers Group revive Debenhams? - Retail Gazette |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/12/how-can-mike-ashley-frasers-group-revive-debenhams/ |website=Retail Gazette |access-date=9 December 2020 |date=8 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kollewe|first=Julia|date=7 December 2020|title=Mike Ashley's Frasers Group in talks to buy collapsed Debenhams|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/07/mike-ashley-frasers-group-buy-debenhams-ted-baker|access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> though it was later reported that Ashley was mainly interested in using empty Debenhams stores to expand his other chains, including House of Fraser, Sports Direct and Flannels; taking 'vacant possession' would avoid redundancy costs for existing staff.<ref name="Ava-21Dec2020">{{cite news |last1=Szajna-Hopgood |first1=Ava |title=Debenhams gift cards expire as Mike Ashley considers empty stores |url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2020/12/debenhams-gift-cards-expire-as-mike-ashley-considers-empty-stores/ |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Retail Gazette |date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
On 13 January 2021, Debenhams announced it would permanently shut six stores in [[England]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19]] lockdown. They included the flagship [[Oxford Street]] store in [[London]], plus those in [[Worcester, England|Worcester]], [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]], [[Staines]], [[Harrogate]] and [[Portsmouth]]; the move involved 320 job losses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/13/debenhams-shut-six-stores-including-oxford-street-flagship-london|title=Debenhams to shut six stores including Oxford Street flagship|access-date=13 January 2021|website=The Guardian|date=13 January 2021}}</ref>
On 25 January 2021, it was announced that [[Boohoo.com|Boohoo]] had bought the Debenhams brand and website for £55m, but did not retain any of the remaining 118 stores, meaning the loss of up to 12,000 jobs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Boohoo buys Debenhams brand and website for £55m|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55793411|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Boohoo relaunched the website as [[Debenhams.com]] in April that year. On 5 May 2021, the liquidator announced that all remaining UK stores would close on 15 May 2021, marking the end of Debenhams as a department store retailer in the UK after 243 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/britains-debenhams-close-last-stores-by-may-15-2021-05-05/|title=After 242 years it's goodbye, last Debenhams to close on May 15|date=5 May 2021|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> Despite the closure in the UK, Debenhams in Middle East countries remained unaffected and continues its operations as of June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haine |first=Alice |date=1 December 2020 |title=What the UK demise of Debenhams means for stores in the UAE |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/what-the-uk-demise-of-debenhams-means-for-stores-in-the-uae-1.1121231 |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/|title= Debenhams|publisher=Alshaya}}</ref>
==Products and services==
[[File:Benefit, Debenhams, Sutton, Surrey, London.JPG|thumb|Benefit stand in the [[Sutton, London]] branch]]
In 1993 the company introduced the 'Designers at Debenhams' brand, the creation of then CEO [[Belinda Earl]], [[Ben de Lisi]] and [[Spencer Hawken]].<ref name="designers">{{cite web|title=Designers at Debenhams |url=http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301123130/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1 |archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref> The idea introduced designer names and brands such as [[Jasper Conran]], [[John Rocha]], Butterfly by [[Matthew Williamson]], H! by [[Henry Holland (fashion designer)|Henry Holland]], Star by [[Julien Macdonald]], Frost French, Janet Reger, [[Ted Baker]], St George by Duffer, [[Jeff Banks]], and Ben de Lisi. The company also started selling goods under a number of brand names that it owned. In 2010, Debenhams announced the launch of four new designer names to its fashion range: [[Jonathan Saunders]], Preen, Jonathan Kelsey, and Roksanda Ilincic.<ref name="four">{{cite web|title=Four new designers join Debenhams for 'Edition' |url=http://blog.debenhams.com/four-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition/womens-fashion/ |publisher=Debenhams blog |date=21 October 2010 |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724055431/http://blog.debenhams.com/four-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition/womens-fashion/ |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Oasis, Debenhams, Sutton, Surrey, London.JPG|thumb|Oasis concession in the [[Sutton, London]] branch]]
Stores also contained [[Concession (contract)|concessions]] whereby other retailers could trade. Brands in stores include [[Oasis Stores|Oasis]], Coast, [[Phase Eight]] and Warehouse. In June 2014, the company announced a trial of Sports Direct concessions in its Harrow and Southsea stores, which if successful would be expanded to other stores. This followed the purchase of a stake in Debenhams by Mike Ashley, the owner of Sports Direct, in January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ruddick|first=Graham|title=Debenhams to open Sports Direct concessions |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=Daily Telegraph |access-date=7 September 2014 |date=20 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Later that year, Debenhams also launched trials of [[Costa Coffee]] and [[Mothercare]] concessions within stores.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chapman|first1=Matthew|title=Debenhams to open Costa coffee shops as it taps brands for hospitality push|url=http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1299666/debenhams-open-costa-coffee-shops-taps-brands-hospitality-push|access-date=22 February 2015|work=Marketing Magazine|date=20 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wood|first1=Zoe|title=Debenhams gives Mothercare floor space to make stores more appealing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/06/debenhams-mothercare-concessions-stores-appealing|access-date=22 February 2015|work=The Guardian|date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
In October 2016, the company announced it would begin to focus less on clothing and more on food, beauty products and gifts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ough|first1=Tom|title=Debenhams profits slip as it looks to shift away from reliance on clothing|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Telegraph|date=27 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It also hired the former lighting buying team of collapsed rival [[British Home Stores|BHS]] to begin introducing new lighting departments in stores.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Butler|first1=Sarah|title=Debenhams targets BHS customers with new lighting departments|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/27/debenhams-targets-bhs-customers-with-new-lighting-departments|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Guardian|date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Debenhams followed this in December 2016 with a plan to discontinue its Betty Jackson Black ladies fashion brand, and significantly reduce its Jeff Banks menswear range in favour of expanding the Hammond & Co. brand.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Armitage|first1=Jim|title=Debenhams shakes-up long-standing fashion designer partnerships|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/debenhams-shakesup-longstanding-fashion-designer-partnerships-a3423831.html|access-date=31 December 2016|work=Evening Standard|date=19 December 2016}}</ref>
The company operated retail websites in the UK and Ireland, as well as a mobile-enabled website and [[mobile app]]s that allowed customers to shop the online range and scan product [[barcode]]s in store.<ref name="mobile">{{cite press release|title=Shopping goes truly mobile |url=http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx |date=16 September 2011 |publisher=Debenhams |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130191638/http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2011 }}</ref>
Debenhams provided store card and [[credit card]] services, operated by [[NewDay (company)|NewDay]]. Insurance products were also provided under the Debenhams brand by other financial companies. Debenhams also operated [[bureaux de change]] in selected stores. The company ran a [[Loyalty program|loyalty card programme]], branded the Debenhams Beauty Club, where customers could collect points with the purchase of health and beauty products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debenhams.com/content/beauty-club|title=Beauty Club|publisher=Debenhams|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>
==Former stores and franchises==
===United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland===
In 1956, Debenhams owned or controlled through its subsidiary, the Drapery Trust the following businesses, which it rated in different classes:
{{div col}}
'''High class stores'''<ref name=invest1>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams|title=Debenhams|journal=Investors Chronicle and Money Market Review|volume=194|date=1956|page=626}}</ref>
*Barrance & Ford (Brighton)
*Bradley's Furs (Chepstow Place)
*Debenham & Freebody
*[[Harvey Nichols|Harvey Nichols & Co]] (2 branches)
*[[Marshall & Snelgrove]] (12 branches)
*Stanley (Birmingham)
*Williams & Hopkins
*[[Woolland Brothers]]
'''Medium class stores'''<ref name=invest1/>
*[[Afflecks|Affleck & Brown]]
*Adnitt Brothers
*William Baker & Co
*V H Bennett
*[[Bobby & Co.]] (9 branches)
*[[Buntings (department store)|Buntings]]
*Dust & Co
*[[Elliston & Cavell]]
*Gardiner & Co
*Garland & Sons
*[[Griffin & Spalding]]
*Handleys
*Haymans
*William Hill (Hove)
*John K Hubbard
*C Morrish & Son
*Pendlebury & Co
*[[Plummer Roddis]] (13 branches)
*E P Rose & Son
*[[Swan & Edgar]]
*Thornton-Varley
*Wellsteeds
'''Popular class stores'''<ref name=invest2>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams|title=Debenhams|journal=Investors Chronicle and Money Market Review|volume=194|date=1956|page=626}}</ref>
*Arnolds
*Bon Marche (Gloucester)
*Bon Marche (part of Edwin Jones- 2 branches)
*Clinton Restaurants
*[[Curl Brothers]]
*Dawson Brothers (London)
*N Dudley
*Z Dudley
*James G. Farmer
*Footman Pretty & Co
*Jermyn & Sons
*Jones & Co
*[[Edwin Jones (department store)|Edwin Jones & Co]] (2 branches)
*[[Kennards]] (2 branches)
*Kennards (Staines)
*Lefevre (Gillingham)
*[[William Lefevre|Wm Lefevre]]
*Nicholsons
*Pauldens (2 branches)
*E Pretty & Co
*Sherriff & Ward
*J C Smiths (3 branches)
*Sopers (of Harrow)
*Spooner & Co
*Staddons (Plaistow)
*Style & Gerrish
{{div col end}}
In addition, the business ran several wholesale businesses including, amongst others Debenhams Wholesale, Chamberlins, DLMS and St Aldate Warehouse.<ref name=invest2/>
As of December 2020, the company owned and operated 124 stores in the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Sarah |title=UK high street left reeling as Debenhams goes into liquidation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/01/debenhams-close-stores-jobs-department-store-jd-sports |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 December 2020}}</ref> and 7 under the [[Magasin du Nord]] brand in [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stores – own operated|url=https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated|publisher=Debenhams|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410225821/https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated|url-status=dead}}</ref> Debenhams occupied the most sites of any of the traditional department store groups in the UK. The majority of the original trading names of the stores, in each of their respective locations, were replaced with the "Debenhams" name during the 1970s. All the department stores in the group traded as "Debenhams" (although the store in Chester was still dual-signed as Debenhams and Browns of Chester).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-cheshire--live-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/browns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489.amp?amp_js_v=a2&_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15699161257818&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fbrowns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489|title=Is Browns of Chester among Debenhams stores due to close?|date=25 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref>
In April 2020, stores operated in the Republic of Ireland by [[Debenhams Ireland]] ceased trading with the loss of nearly 2,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/roches-stores-v-debenhams-so-who-are-the-roche-family-34748689.html|title=Roches Stores v Debenhams: So who are the Roche family?|date=26 May 2016|work=The Independent|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>
===International franchises===
====Middle East (in operation)====
In the Middle East the franchise license is held by the [[Alshaya Group]], the first store in the Middle East opened in 1997 in [[Bahrain]]. The store now operates in:<ref name=middle-east-stores/>
*[[Kuwait]] - [[List of shopping malls in Kuwait|Fashion Way]], Grand Plaza at [[The Avenues (Kuwait)|The Avenues]], [[Kuwait International Airport]],and [[List of shopping malls in Kuwait|The Gate Mall]]
*[[Saudi Arabia]] - [[Riyadh]] - [[Granada Mall]], [[Riyadh Park]]
*[[UAE]] - 3 in [[Dubai]] - [[City Centre Mirdif]], [[Mall of the Emirates]], [[Dubai Mall]], and The Galleria [[Abu Dhabi]]
*[[Egypt]] - [[Cairo Festival City]]
*[[Oman]]
*[[Qatar]] - [[:Category:Shopping malls in Doha|City Center Doha]], [[Doha Festival City]]
*[[Bahrain]] - [[City Centre Bahrain]]
They also operate a beauty chain called Debenhams Cosmetics in the same countries (Debenhams Cosmetics operate solely in Debenhams stores).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Debenhams' GCC stores 'not affected' by closure plans |newspaper=Arabian Business |date=28 April 2019 |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428120609/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans |archive-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams - Middle East locations |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams Cosmetics - Locations |url=https://locations.alshaya.com/debenhams-cosmetics}}</ref>
====Southeast Asia (defunct)====
Debenhams opened in [[Malaysia]] in 2003 first at [[Berjaya Times Square]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]]. In 2006 Debenhams exited Malaysia but in 2008 it returned after finding a new master franchiser, the stores were still operating in 2019 at [[The Curve (shopping mall)|The Curve]] and [[Gurney Paragon|Gurney Paagon]] but later closed.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vasantha |last=Ganesan |date=23 April 2019 |title=Amid store closure news in the UK, Debenhams Malaysia plans expansion |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/amid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=The Edge Markets}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=Amid store closure news in the UK, Debenhams Malaysia plans expansion |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/amid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=The Edge Markets}}</ref>
The first store in the [[Philippines]] opened in 2005, the brand was previously operated by the SSI Group and were located at Shangri-la Plaza, Abreeza, and a shop-in-shop inside [[Rustan's]] [[Glorietta|Glorietta 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teehankee |first=Pepper |title=Delightful Debenhams |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/newsmakers/2005/12/27/313909/delightful-debenhams |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SSI Group, Inc. (SSI) |url=http://www.ssigroup.com.ph/brands |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=www.ssigroup.com.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Magsaysay |first=John A. |title=Think British, think Debenhams |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2015/03/11/1432121/think-british-think-debenhams |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Philstar.com}}</ref>
Also in 2012 a store opened at Lippo Mall Kemang in [[Indonesia]], however on 31 December 2017 the store at [[Senayan City]] was closed and with this the brand left Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2012 |title=Debenhams adds store in Indonesia |url=https://insideretail.asia/2012/09/27/debenhams-adds-store-in-indonesia/ |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Inside Retail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agustiyanti |title=Debenhams Senayan City Resmi Ditutup Akhir Tahun Ini |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20171026155328-92-251320/debenhams-senayan-city-resmi-ditutup-akhir-tahun-ini |access-date=2 December 2020 |website=ekonomi |language=id-ID}}</ref>
====Europe (defunct)====
In 2006 a store opened in Russia on Krasnaya Presnya Street but in 2007 the store closed, Debenhams re-entered the Russian market in 2012 with a store opened in [[Russia]] at MEGA Belaya Dacha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2012 |title=Debenhams to open first store in Russia in September |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-debenhams-russia-idUKBRE82R0IQ20120328 |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Debenhams - department store stores in Russia - Malls.Com |url=https://www.malls.com/ru/stores/debenhams.shtml |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=www.malls.com |language=en-us}}</ref> This store closed down in 2016, with the brand leaving the country entirely in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2017 |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2017/07/21/725090-debenhams-zakroetsya |title=Последний в России универмаг Debenhams закроется в конце лета - Ведомости |newspaper=Ведомости |publisher=Vedomosti |accessdate=16 October 2023 |lang=ru}}</ref>
In 2010 they entered [[Malta]], the two stores closed in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams Malta to close after UK franchise goes into liquidation |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/debenhams-malta-to-close-after-uk-franchise-goes-into-liquidation.876413 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Times of Malta |date=2 June 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debenhams Malta to close down as UK franchise goes into liquidation - The Malta Independent |url=https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-06-02/local-news/Debenhams-Malta-to-close-down-as-UK-franchise-goes-into-liquidation-6736234005 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=www.independent.com.mt}}</ref>
A store opened at [[Bulgaria Mall]] in [[Sofia|Sofia, Bulgaria]] in 2012 and was the 71st international store.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2012 |title=Debenhams opens first store in Bulgaria |newspaper=Fashion United |url=https://www.fashionunited.uk/v1/fashion/debenhams-opens-first-store-in-bulgaria/2012120412108%3 |access-date=26 July 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Debenham's opened a store in the European part of [[Turkey]] in the [[Mall of Istanbul]] in 2014<ref name=r2015>{{cite book |last1=Riebe |first1=Marc-Christian |title=Retail Market Study 2015 |date=2 February 2015 |publisher=The Location Group |isbn=978-3-9524314-5-0 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Retail_Market_Study_2015/vgKRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mall+of+istanbul%22&pg=PA599&printsec=frontcover |access-date=12 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and in the [[Istanbul Cevahir]] mall. Both closed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Debenhams |url=https://foursquare.com/v/debenhams/5383093a498efeb5b3d50ff3 |website=Foursquare |access-date=12 June 2024 |language=en |quote=Not present on current MOI map on official MOI website, and confirmed by Foursquare}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Debenhams Türkiye'deki 2 mağazasını kapatıyor|trans-title=Debenhams closes 2 stores in Turkey |url=https://www.posta.com.tr/ekonomi/debenhams-turkiyedeki-2-magazasini-kapatiyor-1318752 |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Posta |date=27 July 2017 |language=tr}}</ref>
====Elsewhere (defunct)====
Another store opened in [[Pakistan]] in the same year and the last location at [[Dolmen Malls|Dolmen Mall Clifton]] in [[Karachi]] closed in September 2020 and Debenhams left the country.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Images Staff |date=27 August 2021 |title=Department store Debenhams to shut its doors in Pakistan after nine years |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188266 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=Images |language=en}}</ref>
In 2017 a store opened in [[Australia]] at [[Melbourne]]'s [[St. Collins Lane]], the store was closed in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Debenhams to close only Australian store |url=https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/debenhams-store-closure-melbourne-outlet-to-close-doors-next-year/8757a1a7-a8b4-4b6b-93ee-40e32793754b |access-date=26 July 2020 |website=finance.nine.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brook |first=Benedict |title=The reckless decision that killed Debenhams |url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/one-reckless-decision-that-killed-uk-retail-giant-debenhams/news-story/0940ae877658b01de698c9eb5a32accc |website=news.com.au}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Debenhams}}
* {{Official website|http://www.debenhams.com|Debenhams}} – official site
* [http://www.debenhamsplc.com Debenhams] – corporate site
* {{PM20|FID=co/005796|TEXT=Documents and clippings about}}
{{UK Department stores}}
{{Arcadia Group}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Debenhams| ]]
[[Category:1778 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2020 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:British companies disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1778]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:CVC Capital Partners companies]]
[[Category:Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Kamani family]]
[[Category:Private equity portfolio companies]]
[[Category:Retail companies disestablished in 2020]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1778]]
[[Category:Defunct department stores of Australia]]
[[Category:Defunct department stores of the United Kingdom]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -42,5 +42,5 @@
}}
-'''Debenhams plc''' was a British [[department store]] chain operating in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland, and is still operating as a franchise in seven Middle East countries.<ref name="middle-east-stores">{{cite web |title=Debenhams stores |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/ |website=Alshaya Group |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> It was founded in 1778 as a single store in London and grew to 178 locations across those countries, also owning the Danish department store chain [[Magasin du Nord]]. In its final years, its headquarters were within the premises of its flagship store in [[Oxford Street|Oxford Street, London]]. The range of goods sold included middle-to-high-end clothing, beauty, household items, and furniture.
+'''Debenhams plc''' was a British POO FACEEEEEE [[department store]] chain operating in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland, and is still operating as a franchise in seven Middle East countries.<ref name="middle-east-stores">{{cite web |title=Debenhams stores |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/ |website=Alshaya Group |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> It was founded in 1778 as a single store in London and grew to 178 locations across those countries, also owning the Danish department store chain [[Magasin du Nord]]. In its final years, its headquarters were within the premises of its flagship store in [[Oxford Street|Oxford Street, London]]. The range of goods sold included middle-to-high-end clothing, beauty, household items, and furniture.
The company suffered financial difficulties in the 21st century and entered [[Administration (law)|administration]] twice, in April 2019 and April 2020.<ref name="Sky20200309">{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Debenhams in administration for second time in year |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-debenhams-confirms-it-is-in-administration-11971244 |publisher=Sky News |date=9 April 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> In November 2020, Debenhams' main concession operator [[Arcadia Group|Arcadia]] also entered administration, leading to the collapse of talks with [[JD Sports]] and [[Frasers Group]] over a potential rescue.<ref name=BBCJD>{{cite news |title=Debenhams faces uncertain future as JD Sports quits rescue talks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139713 |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> As a result, Debenhams announced it would be [[liquidated]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Debenhams set to close putting 12,000 jobs at risk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55142724 |publisher=BBC News |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 December 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
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0 => ''''Debenhams plc''' was a British POO FACEEEEEE [[department store]] chain operating in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland, and is still operating as a franchise in seven Middle East countries.<ref name="middle-east-stores">{{cite web |title=Debenhams stores |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/ |website=Alshaya Group |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> It was founded in 1778 as a single store in London and grew to 178 locations across those countries, also owning the Danish department store chain [[Magasin du Nord]]. In its final years, its headquarters were within the premises of its flagship store in [[Oxford Street|Oxford Street, London]]. The range of goods sold included middle-to-high-end clothing, beauty, household items, and furniture.'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => ''''Debenhams plc''' was a British [[department store]] chain operating in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland, and is still operating as a franchise in seven Middle East countries.<ref name="middle-east-stores">{{cite web |title=Debenhams stores |url=https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/ |website=Alshaya Group |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref> It was founded in 1778 as a single store in London and grew to 178 locations across those countries, also owning the Danish department store chain [[Magasin du Nord]]. In its final years, its headquarters were within the premises of its flagship store in [[Oxford Street|Oxford Street, London]]. The range of goods sold included middle-to-high-end clothing, beauty, household items, and furniture.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/other/14035625.html',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143157/https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f',
2 => 'https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f',
3 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47453271',
4 => 'https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/',
5 => 'https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-debenhams-confirms-it-is-in-administration-11971244',
6 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139713',
7 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55142724',
8 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56993816',
9 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/debenhams-reopen-manchester-high-street-b1969859.html',
10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064433/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1',
11 => 'http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1',
12 => 'http://www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk/company/?id=c1536',
13 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20091226213520/http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm',
14 => 'http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm',
15 => 'https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/tag/debenham-and-freebody/',
16 => 'http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=074-btrl&cid=0#0',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wwWQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22&pg=PT92',
18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases',
19 => 'http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/28th-july-1928/32/drapery-profits',
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28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=PdzTBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22united+drapery+stores%22&pg=PA66',
29 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YzxPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fine+fare%22+tesco',
30 => 'http://www.debenhamsplc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=history',
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32 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt96wAigg2oC&dq=debenhams+%22Scan+superstores%22&pg=PA213',
33 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ItCRAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store',
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35 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18423441',
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37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124808/http://www.constabulary.org.uk/2012/06/13/undercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf/',
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39 => 'http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/06/13/caroline-lucas-undercover-policeman-bob-lambert-firebombing_n_1592661.html?view=print',
40 => 'http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/408984/UK-REGIONAL-FOCUS---ROBIN-HOODS-MERRY-HILL',
41 => 'https://irishtimes.com/business/uk-outlets-in-a-rush-to-set-up-shop-1.119276',
42 => 'https://www.irishtimes.com/news/230m-mahon-point-centre-opens-in-cork-1.411407',
43 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/84099.stm',
44 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/dec/15/retail',
45 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/3079634.stm',
46 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120319220720/http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf',
47 => 'http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf',
48 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3258013.stm',
49 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4972442.stm',
50 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5256558.stm',
51 => 'http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2006/1002/80981-roches/',
52 => 'https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/roches-sells-retail-arm-for-29m-10341.html',
53 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html',
54 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html',
55 => 'http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2bnQ9jII5',
56 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221248/https://www.ft.com/content/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0#axzz2bnQ9jII5',
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61 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-17771893',
62 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19632791',
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72 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/08/22/mike-ashley-increases-debenhams-stake-20pc/',
73 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164424/http://www.thecomet.net/news/stevenage-debenhams-opens-as-glamour-king-julien-macdonald-and-community-hero-jean-robinson-cut-the-ribbon-1-5162975',
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78 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2888bd78-1e1b-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6',
79 => 'https://news.sky.com/video/debenhams-faces-500m-loss-11534721',
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82 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
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96 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/3c02899f-1d86-481f-9a31-63d10c4c71bc',
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107 => 'https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/',
108 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120301123130/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1',
109 => 'http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1',
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111 => 'http://blog.debenhams.com/four-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition/womens-fashion/',
112 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html',
113 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html',
114 => 'http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1299666/debenhams-open-costa-coffee-shops-taps-brands-hospitality-push',
115 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/06/debenhams-mothercare-concessions-stores-appealing',
116 => 'https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/',
117 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/',
118 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/27/debenhams-targets-bhs-customers-with-new-lighting-departments',
119 => 'https://www.standard.co.uk/business/debenhams-shakesup-longstanding-fashion-designer-partnerships-a3423831.html',
120 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111130191638/http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx',
121 => 'http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx',
122 => 'http://www.debenhams.com/content/beauty-club',
123 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams',
124 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/01/debenhams-close-stores-jobs-department-store-jd-sports',
125 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200410225821/https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated',
126 => 'https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated',
127 => 'https://www-cheshire--live-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/browns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489.amp?amp_js_v=a2&_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15699161257818&referrer=https://www.google.com&_tf=From%20%251$s&share=https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/browns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489',
128 => 'http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/roches-stores-v-debenhams-so-who-are-the-roche-family-34748689.html',
129 => 'https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans',
130 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190428120609/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans',
131 => 'https://locations.alshaya.com/debenhams-cosmetics',
132 => 'http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/amid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion',
133 => 'https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/newsmakers/2005/12/27/313909/delightful-debenhams',
134 => 'http://www.ssigroup.com.ph/brands',
135 => 'https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2015/03/11/1432121/think-british-think-debenhams',
136 => 'https://insideretail.asia/2012/09/27/debenhams-adds-store-in-indonesia/',
137 => 'https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20171026155328-92-251320/debenhams-senayan-city-resmi-ditutup-akhir-tahun-ini',
138 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-debenhams-russia-idUKBRE82R0IQ20120328',
139 => 'https://www.malls.com/ru/stores/debenhams.shtml',
140 => 'https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2017/07/21/725090-debenhams-zakroetsya',
141 => 'https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/debenhams-malta-to-close-after-uk-franchise-goes-into-liquidation.876413',
142 => 'https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-06-02/local-news/Debenhams-Malta-to-close-down-as-UK-franchise-goes-into-liquidation-6736234005',
143 => 'https://www.fashionunited.uk/v1/fashion/debenhams-opens-first-store-in-bulgaria/2012120412108%3',
144 => 'https://www.google.com/books/edition/Retail_Market_Study_2015/vgKRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mall+of+istanbul%22&pg=PA599&printsec=frontcover',
145 => 'https://foursquare.com/v/debenhams/5383093a498efeb5b3d50ff3',
146 => 'https://www.posta.com.tr/ekonomi/debenhams-turkiyedeki-2-magazasini-kapatiyor-1318752',
147 => 'https://images.dawn.com/news/1188266',
148 => 'https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/debenhams-store-closure-melbourne-outlet-to-close-doors-next-year/8757a1a7-a8b4-4b6b-93ee-40e32793754b',
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152 => 'https://www.londonstockexchange.com/stock/DEB//',
153 => 'http://www.debenhams.com/',
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155 => 'http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/005796',
156 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/5297560-5',
157 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/label/b9e3897f-6329-466a-97b7-54334d0af90c'
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2 => 'http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx',
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16 => 'http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm',
17 => 'http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/28th-july-1928/32/drapery-profits',
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22 => 'http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/408984/UK-REGIONAL-FOCUS---ROBIN-HOODS-MERRY-HILL',
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42 => 'https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/debenhams-to-dazzle-oxford-street-with-180000-shiny-tiles-8653442.html',
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60 => 'http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=074-btrl&cid=0#0',
61 => 'https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/tag/debenham-and-freebody/',
62 => 'https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f',
63 => 'https://www-cheshire--live-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/browns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489.amp?amp_js_v=a2&_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15699161257818&referrer=https://www.google.com&_tf=From%20%251$s&share=https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/browns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489',
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80 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139369',
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82 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290',
83 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/07/mike-ashley-frasers-group-buy-debenhams-ted-baker',
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87 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/01/debenhams-close-stores-jobs-department-store-jd-sports',
88 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jan/13/debenhams-shut-six-stores-including-oxford-street-flagship-london',
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93 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56993816',
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95 => 'https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans',
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100 => 'https://images.dawn.com/news/1188266',
101 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/3c02899f-1d86-481f-9a31-63d10c4c71bc',
102 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=gMvGAAAAMAAJ&q=%22united+drapery+stores%22',
103 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=PdzTBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22united+drapery+stores%22&pg=PA66',
104 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/debenhams-reopen-manchester-high-street-b1969859.html',
105 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html',
106 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10546564/Debenhams-finance-boss-quits-days-after-major-profit-warning.html',
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108 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/',
109 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190428120609/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans',
110 => 'https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/shopping/debenhams-brink-collapse-22000-jobs-18048979',
111 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064433/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1',
112 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2888bd78-1e1b-11e8-aaca-4574d7dabfb6',
113 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/aef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026',
114 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3c02899f-1d86-481f-9a31-63d10c4c71bc',
115 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290',
116 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077',
117 => 'https://irishtimes.com/business/uk-outlets-in-a-rush-to-set-up-shop-1.119276',
118 => 'https://www.irishtimes.com/news/230m-mahon-point-centre-opens-in-cork-1.411407',
119 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5256558.stm',
120 => 'http://www.rte.ie/news/business/2006/1002/80981-roches/',
121 => 'https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/roches-sells-retail-arm-for-29m-10341.html',
122 => 'https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221248/https://www.ft.com/content/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0#axzz2bnQ9jII5',
123 => 'http://www.debenhamsplc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=history',
124 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18423441',
125 => 'https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/',
126 => 'https://locations.alshaya.com/debenhams-cosmetics',
127 => 'https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/newsmakers/2005/12/27/313909/delightful-debenhams',
128 => 'https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2015/03/11/1432121/think-british-think-debenhams',
129 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-debenhams-russia-idUKBRE82R0IQ20120328',
130 => 'https://www.malls.com/ru/stores/debenhams.shtml',
131 => 'https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/debenhams-malta-to-close-after-uk-franchise-goes-into-liquidation.876413',
132 => 'https://insideretail.asia/2012/09/27/debenhams-adds-store-in-indonesia/',
133 => 'https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/one-reckless-decision-that-killed-uk-retail-giant-debenhams/news-story/0940ae877658b01de698c9eb5a32accc',
134 => 'https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e90660df-e62f-4934-889e-2baa1f2ea5de',
135 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wwWQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22&pg=PT92',
136 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases',
137 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=UVycBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases&pg=PT66',
138 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=cW1MAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22',
139 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=jvuWvOahe8UC&q=%22drapery+trust%22',
140 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y0gAQAAMAAJ&q=%22selincourt+%26+sons%22',
141 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=DplHAQAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store',
142 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=ItCRAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store',
143 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=_9aWiH4UPT8C&dq=%22debenhams%22+merger+1970s&pg=PA297',
144 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams',
145 => 'https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-06-02/local-news/Debenhams-Malta-to-close-down-as-UK-franchise-goes-into-liquidation-6736234005',
146 => 'https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/what-the-uk-demise-of-debenhams-means-for-stores-in-the-uae-1.1121231',
147 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180916164424/http://www.thecomet.net/news/stevenage-debenhams-opens-as-glamour-king-julien-macdonald-and-community-hero-jean-robinson-cut-the-ribbon-1-5162975',
148 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200410225821/https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated',
149 => 'https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2017/07/21/725090-debenhams-zakroetsya',
150 => 'https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/',
151 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143157/https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f',
152 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YzxPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fine+fare%22+tesco',
153 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt96wAigg2oC&dq=debenhams+%22Scan+superstores%22&pg=PA213',
154 => 'https://www.welwyngarden-heritage.org/history/follow-the-silk-trail-around-wgc-the-history-of-cresta-silks',
155 => 'https://www.google.com/books/edition/Retail_Market_Study_2015/vgKRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mall+of+istanbul%22&pg=PA599&printsec=frontcover',
156 => 'https://foursquare.com/v/debenhams/5383093a498efeb5b3d50ff3',
157 => 'https://www.posta.com.tr/ekonomi/debenhams-turkiyedeki-2-magazasini-kapatiyor-1318752'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct British department store chain, 1778–2021</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Debenham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Debenham (disambiguation)">Debenham (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the online retailer, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Debenhams.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Debenhams.com">Debenhams.com</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Debenhams plc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Debenhams_logo18.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Debenhams_logo18.png/250px-Debenhams_logo18.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Debenhams_logo18.png/375px-Debenhams_logo18.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Debenhams_logo18.png/500px-Debenhams_logo18.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Debenhams_from_Marylebone_Lane_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Debenhams_from_Marylebone_Lane_05.jpg/220px-Debenhams_from_Marylebone_Lane_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Debenhams_from_Marylebone_Lane_05.jpg/330px-Debenhams_from_Marylebone_Lane_05.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Debenhams_from_Marylebone_Lane_05.jpg/440px-Debenhams_from_Marylebone_Lane_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3237" data-file-height="3246" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Debenhams' former flagship store on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a>, London</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Debenhams plc (2006–2019)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Private_limited_company" title="Private limited company">Private limited company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonstockexchange.com/stock/DEB//">DEB</a> (2006–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_retail" class="mw-redirect" title="Online retail">online retail</a> <br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beauty_store" title="Beauty store">Beauty store</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drapery_Trust" title="Drapery Trust">Drapery Trust</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1181484?uselang=en#P155" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">1778<span class="noprint">; 246 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1778</span>)</span> (by William Clark)<br />1813<span class="noprint">; 211 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1813</span>)</span> (as Clark & Debenham)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;">William Clark<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Debenham" title="William Debenham">William Debenham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">15 May 2021<span class="noprint">; 3 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">15 May 2021</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">Liquidation</a>, folded into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boohoo.com" title="Boohoo.com">Boohoo.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Debenhams.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Debenhams.com">Debenhams.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height: 1.35em;">334–348 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, UK</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="#International_franchises">more</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Mark Gifford (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)<br />Stefaan Vansteenkiste (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li>Fashion clothing</li>
<li>shoes</li>
<li>toys</li>
<li>accessories</li>
<li>cosmetics</li>
<li>Gifts</li>
<li>Electricals</li>
<li>home and furniture</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>2,277.0 million (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-prelims_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prelims-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>43.4 million (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-prelims_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prelims-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>(461.0) million (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-prelims_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prelims-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">25,000 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Celine Jersey Topco Limited</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debenhams.com">www<wbr />.debenhams<wbr />.com</a></span>; operated by Boohoo as Debenhams.com</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Debenhams plc</b> was a British POO FACEEEEEE <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> chain operating in the United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland, and is still operating as a franchise in seven Middle East countries.<sup id="cite_ref-middle-east-stores_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middle-east-stores-4">[4]</a></sup> It was founded in 1778 as a single store in London and grew to 178 locations across those countries, also owning the Danish department store chain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magasin_du_Nord" title="Magasin du Nord">Magasin du Nord</a>. In its final years, its headquarters were within the premises of its flagship store in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street, London</a>. The range of goods sold included middle-to-high-end clothing, beauty, household items, and furniture.
</p><p>The company suffered financial difficulties in the 21st century and entered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administration_(law)" title="Administration (law)">administration</a> twice, in April 2019 and April 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Sky20200309_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky20200309-5">[5]</a></sup> In November 2020, Debenhams' main concession operator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcadia_Group" title="Arcadia Group">Arcadia</a> also entered administration, leading to the collapse of talks with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JD_Sports" title="JD Sports">JD Sports</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frasers_Group" title="Frasers Group">Frasers Group</a> over a potential rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCJD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCJD-6">[6]</a></sup> As a result, Debenhams announced it would be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liquidated" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidated">liquidated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Debenhams brand and website were purchased by the online retailer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boohoo.com" title="Boohoo.com">Boohoo</a> for £55M in January 2021. However, Boohoo did not retain any stores, meaning the loss of up to 12,000 jobs. Boohoo relaunched the website as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Debenhams.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Debenhams.com">Debenhams.com</a> on 12 April 2021 under its own company, Debenhams.com Online Limited, when Debenhams' stores reopened to begin closing down sales following a relaxation of some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19</a> restrictions. After 243 years in business, the remaining Debenhams department stores closed for the final time during May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">18th and 19th centuries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">21st century</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Financial_difficulties"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Financial difficulties</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Products_and_services"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Products and services</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Former_stores_and_franchises"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Former stores and franchises</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#United_Kingdom,_Denmark_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#International_franchises"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">International franchises</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Middle_East_(in_operation)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Middle East (in operation)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Southeast_Asia_(defunct)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Southeast Asia (defunct)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Europe_(defunct)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Europe (defunct)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Elsewhere_(defunct)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Elsewhere (defunct)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Debenham_and_Freebody_Wigmore_Street_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Debenham_and_Freebody_Wigmore_Street_10.jpg/220px-Debenham_and_Freebody_Wigmore_Street_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Debenham_and_Freebody_Wigmore_Street_10.jpg/330px-Debenham_and_Freebody_Wigmore_Street_10.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Debenham_and_Freebody_Wigmore_Street_10.jpg/440px-Debenham_and_Freebody_Wigmore_Street_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The former Debenham, Son & Freebody building in Wigmore Street which was completed in 1908</figcaption></figure>
<p>The business was formed in 1778 by William Clark, who began trading at 44 Wigmore Street in London as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drapery" title="Drapery">drapers</a>' store.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> In 1813, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Debenham" title="William Debenham">William Debenham</a> became a partner and the corporate name changed to <i>Clark & Debenham</i>. The shop was later renamed Cavendish House and sold drapery, silks, haberdashery, millinery, hosiery, lace, and family mourning goods. As the trade grew, the partners determined to expand the business by opening branches in Cheltenham and Harrogate.<sup id="cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housefraserarchive.ac.uk-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1823, Clark & Debenham had opened a small drapery business at 3 Promenade Rooms, Cheltenham, selling a selection of silks, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslins</a>, shawls, gloves, lace and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fancy_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Fancy goods">fancy goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housefraserarchive.ac.uk-11">[11]</a></sup> In 1837, Clark retired from the business and Debenham took two of his most trusted staff, William Pooley and John Smith, as partners, trading in both London and Cheltenham as Debenham, Pooley & Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housefraserarchive.ac.uk-11">[11]</a></sup> By 1840, the management of the Cheltenham branch appears to have been given to Clement Freebody, Debenham's brother-in-law. Around 1843, another branch shop was launched in Harrogate.<sup id="cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housefraserarchive.ac.uk-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Extended and refurbished premises opened in Cheltenham in October 1844. Pooley and Smith retired from the business in 1851 when Debenham took his son, William, and Clement Freebody into partnership, trading as Debenham, Son & Freebody. At this time all three shops in London, Cheltenham, and Harrogate were trading in similar goods and issued a joint catalogue, called the Fashion Book, that was the basis of an extensive mail-order trade. In 1876 when Freebody retired, a new partnership, Debenham & Hewitt, was formed. George Hewitt appears to have worked at the Cheltenham store as a draper's assistant during the early 1860s but details of his subsequent career are not known. By 1883, George Hewitt was the sole owner of the Cheltenham business, Frank and William Debenham having withdrawn to manage the London store as a separate concern.<sup id="cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housefraserarchive.ac.uk-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Crypt_Chambers_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crypt_Chambers_1.jpg/220px-Crypt_Chambers_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crypt_Chambers_1.jpg/330px-Crypt_Chambers_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crypt_Chambers_1.jpg/440px-Crypt_Chambers_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crypt_Chambers" title="Crypt Chambers">Crypt Chambers</a> in Chester houses part of the Browns of Chester store and is a Grade I <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The business was incorporated as <i>Debenhams Limited</i> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> A new headquarters building, which was designed by William Wallace and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Glen_Sivewright_Gibson" title="James Glen Sivewright Gibson">James Glen Sivewright Gibson</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and built by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trollope_%26_Colls" title="Trollope & Colls">Trollope & Colls</a>, was completed in Wigmore Street in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Debenhams at this time did not operate any other department stores, but did supply to others across the country via its wholesale business. It was because of the debts owed to them through their wholesaling deals that they acquired control over <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall_%26_Snelgrove" title="Marshall & Snelgrove">Marshall & Snelgrove</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a> in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-hatry_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatry-15">[15]</a></sup> The business at this time was run by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Debenham" title="Ernest Debenham">Ernest Debenham</a> and his close friend Frederick Oliver. In 1926, Oliver retired, and upon the advice of the Whitehall Trust, Debenhams Securities was formed to buy Oliver's share in the business, with Ernest Debenham as chair and being joined by Frederick Richmond and Maurice Wright.<sup id="cite_ref-hatry_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatry-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, during the mid-1920s, several new investment groups were created and started buying up regional drapers and department stores. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_Hatry" title="Clarence Hatry">Clarence Hatry</a> had created the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drapery_Trust" title="Drapery Trust">Drapery Trust</a> in 1925, while <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charterhouse_Bank" title="Charterhouse Bank">Charterhouse Bank</a>'s company, Charterhouse Investments Trust (under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Wheeler,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Wheeler, 1st Baronet">Sir Arthur Wheeler, 1st Baronet</a>), had created <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Drapery_Stores" title="United Drapery Stores">United Drapery Stores</a> in 1927, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selfridge_Provincial_Stores" title="Selfridge Provincial Stores">Selfridge Provincial Stores</a> was created by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_White_(financier)" title="James White (financier)">James White</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Selfridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Selfridge">Gordon Selfridge</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-hatry_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatry-15">[15]</a></sup> These were seen to be a threat to Debenhams' wholesale business, as the company would lose sales to these new combined groups. Frederick Richmond and Maurice Wright thought it was too late to start creating a provincial group, so started negotiations with Clarence Hatry in 1927 to purchase the Drapery Trust. By November the deal was agreed for £2,350,000, mostly funded through Hatry's company Austin Friars Trust purchasing £1,600,000 of Debenhams shares.<sup id="cite_ref-hatry_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatry-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>As part of the deal, Ernest Debenham was forced out of the business, along with his son Peter. In a letter to <i>The Times</i>, Ernest wrote
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>A month ago I had no intention of retiring from the management of Debenhams Securities. Indeed, I had every reason to hope that the connection of myself and my family with that business would be indefinitely prolonged. When the offer was made to purchase all or any of the ordinary shares in Debenhams Securities, circumstances of no interest to the general investing public compelled me to accept the offer.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>The new enlarged company was offered to the public in February 1928, with the release of 2 million preference shares through merchant bank M. Samuel & Co,<sup id="cite_ref-hatry_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatry-15">[15]</a></sup> with the company being first listed on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> In 1929, as part of his fraudulent plan to raise the cash for his deal to purchase United Steel, Hatry forged £478,100 of shares in the Drapery Trust, but by September 1929 he had confessed to his crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The connection of Clarence Hatry to Debenhams plunged the company into a crisis once his finances started to unravel, in addition to the Drapery Trust dividend collapsing and its export business diving due to the economy. Maurice Wright completed a rewriting of the capital in 1934, and merged the three operations, Debenhams, Debenhams Securities and Drapery Trust, slashing the company's issued capital from £15,100,000 to £6,000,000. Wright would later be made Managing Director, before becoming Chairman in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-priest_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priest-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the 1930s and 1940s the company continued to expand, becoming the biggest department store company in the country by 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-priest_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priest-20">[20]</a></sup> with the stores retaining their original names until a reorganisation in the 1970s. In 1944 the company announced a post-tax profit of £249,605.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> An example of these acquisitions was the purchase of the Norwich stores of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buntings_(department_store)" title="Buntings (department store)">Buntings</a> and Chamberlains in 1949, leading to them controlling four of the city's department stores.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> During 1957, the company purchased the ladies fashion store, Cresta, from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._Garfield_Weston" title="W. Garfield Weston">W. Garfield Weston</a>'s Howardsgate Holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-cresta_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cresta-25">[25]</a></sup> In 1959 the business failed in a takeover of rival department store group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a>, rivalling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Drapery_Stores" title="United Drapery Stores">United Drapery Stores</a> and eventual winner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Fraser" title="House of Fraser">House of Fraser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company closed several branches in 1970, with Birmingham (Marshall & Snelgrove, formerly Warwick House), Manchester (Marshall & Snelgrove in St Annes Place), Sheffield (Marshall & Snelgrove, Leopold Street) and Southsea (Plummers, Palmerston Road) properties being sold by auction.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> In 1972, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Drapery_Stores" title="United Drapery Stores">United Drapery Stores</a> made an offer to purchase Debenhams, along with interest from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sears_plc" title="Sears plc">Sears plc</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a>, but were fought off by chairman Sir Anthony Burney.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> The company entered the superstore revolution by opening two Scan Superstores, which sold an assortment of Debenhams normal products in a supermarket like environment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> In 1976 the company acquired <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Browns_of_Chester" title="Browns of Chester">Browns of Chester</a>. It remained the only one of the company's UK stores to have retained an individual identity until all stores closed in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-history_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-32">[32]</a></sup> The business diversified during the 1970s buying South East based supermarket group <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cater_Brothers" title="Cater Brothers">Cater Brothers</a> in 1972, after the death of its chairman Leslie Cater. Using the new purchasing power Debenhams modernised its 40 food halls within its stores, branding them Cater's Food Halls, and opened two new Cater superstores. However the business declined in the intense marketplace and in 1979 the chain was sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allied_Suppliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Suppliers">Allied Suppliers</a> who converted the Cater stores into their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presto_(UK_Supermarket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presto (UK Supermarket)">Presto</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Debenham's other experiment into the superstore market, tge two Scan Superstores were sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> in February 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Other diversifications included Greens Cameras & High-Fi and New Dimension, a home furniture and furnishing business.<sup id="cite_ref-rdgb79_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdgb79-35">[35]</a></sup> The company continued to open new stores, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansfield" title="Mansfield">Mansfield</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eltham" title="Eltham">Eltham</a> being opened in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-rdgb79_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdgb79-35">[35]</a></sup> The company at times struggled in the 1970s, with a former chief executive stating it had
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>too much selling space and too little talent to fill it</i><sup id="cite_ref-RLE_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLE-36">[36]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Debenhams was targeted three times during the 1980s by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a> in protest at the sale of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">animal furs</a> in stores. Stores in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrow,_London" title="Harrow, London">Harrow</a> were fire-bombed by members, the worst attack being on the Luton store. As a result, the company stopped selling clothes with animal furs.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-37">[37]</a></sup> The company closed its ladies clothing chain Cresta in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-cresta_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cresta-25">[25]</a></sup> It was alleged by Caroline Lucas MP in a debate in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Lambert_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Lambert (academic)">Bob Lambert</a>, a then undercover police officer, planted the fire bomb that caused £340,000 worth of damage to the Harrow branch of Debenhams in 1987. It is unclear if anything has come of these allegations as of March 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1985 the company was acquired by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burton_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton Group">Burton Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-32">[32]</a></sup> At the time of the takeover deal, Burtons claimed,
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>We will end, however, Debenhams' hotch potch of shops-in-shops with conflicting marketing images and the confusing merchandising and floor layouts</i><sup id="cite_ref-RLE_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLE-36">[36]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Following the closure of the store in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a> in January 1981 and the Birmingham store in 1983, the company's only store in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> for the next six years was a town centre store in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walsall" title="Walsall">Walsall</a>. On 4 November 1989, it opened a store at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merry_Hill_Shopping_Centre" title="Merry Hill Shopping Centre">Merry Hill Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brierley_Hill" title="Brierley Hill">Brierley Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Debenhams entered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> as the anchor store at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jervis_Shopping_Centre" title="Jervis Shopping Centre">Jervis Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> and then established a second anchor store at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahon_Point_Shopping_Centre" title="Mahon Point Shopping Centre">Mahon Point Shopping Centre</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Debenhams demerged from the Burton Group in January 1998 and was once again listed as a separate company on the London Stock Exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> It expanded under the leadership of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belinda_Earl" title="Belinda Earl">Belinda Earl</a> who was appointed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-45">[45]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Debenhams_store,_arc_shopping_development_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1554861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Debenhams_store%2C_arc_shopping_development_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1554861.jpg/220px-Debenhams_store%2C_arc_shopping_development_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1554861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Debenhams_store%2C_arc_shopping_development_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1554861.jpg/330px-Debenhams_store%2C_arc_shopping_development_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1554861.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Debenhams_store%2C_arc_shopping_development_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1554861.jpg/440px-Debenhams_store%2C_arc_shopping_development_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1554861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Debenhams in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Debenhams opened its largest British store on 4 September 2003, at the new <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring</a> shopping centre in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-46">[46]</a></sup> The new store contained 19,230 sq m and opened 20 years after the company closed its Birmingham city centre store due to declining trade.<sup id="cite_ref-bullring_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bullring-47">[47]</a></sup> A private consortium named Baroness Retail Limited acquired the company in November 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> and it returned to a listing on the London Stock Exchange in 2006. The consortium comprised <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CVC_Capital_Partners" title="CVC Capital Partners">CVC Capital Partners</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Pacific_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Pacific Group">Texas Pacific Group</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch Global Private Equity</a>, and management.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 8 August 2006, it was announced that Debenhams would buy the leaseholds of nine of the 11 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roches_Stores" title="Roches Stores">Roches Stores</a> department stores in Ireland for €29 million.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> Under the deal, the stores, including those in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Street">St. Patrick's Street</a> in Cork and Henry Street in Dublin would be rebranded as Debenhams stores. The Roche family retained the ownership of the stores, and Debenhams became the new tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Oxford_Street_-_Debenhams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oxford_Street_-_Debenhams.jpg/220px-Oxford_Street_-_Debenhams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oxford_Street_-_Debenhams.jpg/330px-Oxford_Street_-_Debenhams.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Oxford_Street_-_Debenhams.jpg/440px-Oxford_Street_-_Debenhams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Debenhams' flagship store in Oxford Street, London, England, during 2005 Christmas</figcaption></figure>
<p>The company purchased the brand name and stock of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principles_(retailer)" title="Principles (retailer)">Principles</a> in March 2009 after the business entered administration. Principles operated concessions within 121 Debenhams stores, and was subsequently relaunched by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_de_Lisi" title="Ben de Lisi">Ben de Lisi</a> as part of the Designers at Debenhams range.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> In November 2009, Debenhams acquired the Danish department store group Magasin Du Nord for £12.3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> The company operates six stores in Denmark under the Magasin brand.<sup id="cite_ref-About_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-55">[55]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2010 Debenhams purchased the 115 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faith_(shoe_retailer)" title="Faith (shoe retailer)">Faith</a> concessions trading within its stores, after Faith entered administration.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> In April 2012 the company announced it would be building 14 new stores, and was in negotiations over a further 25 sites in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> Debenhams agreed to become the anchor store at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Riverside,_Shrewsbury" title="New Riverside, Shrewsbury">Riverside shopping centre</a> in Shrewsbury.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> By September 2012, the company announced that like-for-like sales had risen by 3.3% in the six months up to that date.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Debenhams_-_viewed_from_Leeds_Road_(geograph_4882310).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Debenhams_-_viewed_from_Leeds_Road_%28geograph_4882310%29.jpg/220px-Debenhams_-_viewed_from_Leeds_Road_%28geograph_4882310%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Debenhams_-_viewed_from_Leeds_Road_%28geograph_4882310%29.jpg/330px-Debenhams_-_viewed_from_Leeds_Road_%28geograph_4882310%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Debenhams_-_viewed_from_Leeds_Road_%28geograph_4882310%29.jpg/440px-Debenhams_-_viewed_from_Leeds_Road_%28geograph_4882310%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Debenhams, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Debenhams moved to a new headquarters in 2013, in Brock Street, London built by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Land" title="British Land">British Land</a>. The company leased 174,500 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square feet</a> (16,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of office space from British Land for 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> The company began a refurbishment of its flagship store in Oxford Street in 2013, which involved the installation of 180,000 aluminium tiles on the exterior of the building that appears to ripple with the wind. An existing floor was also converted to become a trading floor. The total cost of the refurbishment was in the region of £40 million, of which Debenhams contributed £25 million. The owner of the building, British Land, also contributed towards the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> The refurbishment was due to be completed by February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company's trading statement for the 17 weeks up to 28 December 2013 was released on 31 December 2013, and revealed a reduction in pre-tax profit from £115 million to £85 million.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> On 2 January 2014, the company's chief financial officer Simon Herrick resigned, following criticism of his financial decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup> On 13 January 2014 4.6% of Debenhams shares were bought by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_Direct" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports Direct">Sports Direct</a>, the retailer run by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(businessman)" title="Mike Ashley (businessman)">Mike Ashley</a>. The stock market purchase of 56.8 million shares (worth around £46m) was made without the prior knowledge of the Debenhams board. Sports Direct stated at the time it intends to be a supportive share holder. The Debenhams board responded by stating they are open-minded with regard to exploring operational opportunities to improve its performance.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> Sports Direct sold its shares on 16 January 2014, although they took out an option to buy further shares up to a total of 6.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> In August 2017, it emerged that Ashley had secured 21% of the shares which gave him over 10% of voting rights in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Swindon_debenhams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Swindon_debenhams.jpg/220px-Swindon_debenhams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Swindon_debenhams.jpg/330px-Swindon_debenhams.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Swindon_debenhams.jpg/440px-Swindon_debenhams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4561" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Debenhams, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>During 2017 Debenhams opened two new stores, one in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a> and one in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>. The 80,000 sq ft Stevenage store was opened on 24 August 2017 at Roaring Meg Retail and Leisure Park by Celebrity fashion designer Julien MacDonald and local hero Jean Robinson, who had won a competition for the privilege. The store was the first to be designed under the vision of CEO <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergio_Bucher" title="Sergio Bucher">Sergio Bucher</a>, with a new layout and format with the emphasis on encouraging people to stay longer.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
The second store to open during 2017 was the new 93,000 sq ft store at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mander_Centre" title="Mander Centre">Mander Centre</a>. The store was opened on 12 October 2017 as part of the centre's £35 million refurbishments, it was also Debenhams' first store in Wolverhampton. It was only the second to feature the new layout previously only seen in the Stevenage store, and only the second to feature the company's new deli-restaurant format Loaf & Bloom, only previously seen at Milton Keynes.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2018, the company announced a reduction of up to 320 store management roles across the business by the end of March.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> Sports Direct increased its holding in the company to 29.7% on 2 March, just below the level whereby it would be required to submit a formal takeover approach.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_difficulties">Financial difficulties</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>After media speculation about Debenhams' survival,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> in 2018 the company announced the largest loss in its history, a pre-tax loss of £491 million,<sup id="cite_ref-prelims_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prelims-2">[2]</a></sup> and the closure of up to 50 stores with the potential loss of 4,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 9 April 2019, the company announced that they had gone into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-packaged_insolvency" title="Pre-packaged insolvency">pre-pack</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administration_(law)" title="Administration (law)">administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 26 April 2019, the company announced that in addition to rent reductions on all except 39 stores, 22 stores would close after Christmas 2019. This included the recently opened Wolverhampton store plus <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a>, Ashford, Birmingham Fort, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, Chatham, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a>, Great Yarmouth, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirkcaldy" title="Kirkcaldy">Kirkcaldy</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orpington" title="Orpington">Orpington</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, Southport, Southsea, Staines, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walton-on-Thames" title="Walton-on-Thames">Walton-on-Thames</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wandsworth" title="Wandsworth">Wandsworth</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a>, Wimbledon and Witney.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 6 April 2020, Debenhams confirmed it had filed a notice of intent to appoint administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> CEO Stefaan Vansteenkiste said it was due to "unprecedented" circumstances caused by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19</a> lockdown and was to "protect [the] business, ... employees, and other important stakeholders".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> On 9 April 2020, the company went into administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Sky20200309_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky20200309-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 9 April 2020, Debenhams confirmed it planned to close 11 stores in the Republic of Ireland with immediate effect.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2020, Debenhams closed seven UK stores and was set to close five more when Coronavirus restrictions were lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup> This included the Croydon store that anchored the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centrale_(Croydon)" title="Centrale (Croydon)">Centrale</a> shopping mall (previously the Drummond Centre) that Debenhams had acquired when they took over the Kennards chain of stores, bringing to a close a trading period of more than 150 years from that site.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2020, Debenhams was set to abandon its property in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Princes_Street" title="Princes Street">Princes Street</a> in Edinburgh, which it leased from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a>, in order to make room for a £50m hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> In the same month, Debenhams put itself up for sale to prevent it going into liquidation, hoping to find a buyer by September.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> In August 2020, the company announced it was cutting 2,500 job positions as a result of the economic effects of the pandemic. The job cuts affected store management positions; sales managers, visual merchandise managers, and selling support managers were set to be axed. According to the company, "The trading environment is clearly a long way from returning to normal. Such difficult decisions are being taken by many retailers right now, and we will continue to take all necessary steps to give Debenhams every chance of a viable future."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> In September 2020, Debenhams put its seven store Danish chain, Magasin du Nord, up for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-RG-12Sep2020_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RG-12Sep2020-86">[86]</a></sup> Magasin Du Nord was later sold to German department store <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peek_%26_Cloppenburg" title="Peek & Cloppenburg">Peek & Cloppenburg</a> for £120 million.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 1 December 2020, after the collapse of talks with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcadia_Group" title="Arcadia Group">Arcadia</a> (which went into administration the previous day)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JD_Sports" title="JD Sports">JD Sports</a> over a potential rescue,<sup id="cite_ref-BBCJD_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCJD-6">[6]</a></sup> Debenhams announced it was going into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidation</a>, putting 12,000 jobs in 124 UK stores at risk unless the administrators could find buyers for all or parts of the business.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a></sup> With the company in administration and on the verge of liquidation, on 6 December 2020, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(businessman)" title="Mike Ashley (businessman)">Mike Ashley</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frasers_Group" title="Frasers Group">Frasers Group</a> was reported to be in talks to acquire Debenhams,<sup id="cite_ref-Fildes-06Dec2020_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fildes-06Dec2020-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup> though it was later reported that Ashley was mainly interested in using empty Debenhams stores to expand his other chains, including House of Fraser, Sports Direct and Flannels; taking 'vacant possession' would avoid redundancy costs for existing staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Ava-21Dec2020_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ava-21Dec2020-92">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 13 January 2021, Debenhams announced it would permanently shut six stores in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> due to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19</a> lockdown. They included the flagship <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a> store in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, plus those in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staines" class="mw-redirect" title="Staines">Staines</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>; the move involved 320 job losses.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 25 January 2021, it was announced that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boohoo.com" title="Boohoo.com">Boohoo</a> had bought the Debenhams brand and website for £55m, but did not retain any of the remaining 118 stores, meaning the loss of up to 12,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> Boohoo relaunched the website as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Debenhams.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Debenhams.com">Debenhams.com</a> in April that year. On 5 May 2021, the liquidator announced that all remaining UK stores would close on 15 May 2021, marking the end of Debenhams as a department store retailer in the UK after 243 years.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> Despite the closure in the UK, Debenhams in Middle East countries remained unaffected and continues its operations as of June 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_services">Products and services</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Benefit,_Debenhams,_Sutton,_Surrey,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Benefit%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG/220px-Benefit%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Benefit%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG/330px-Benefit%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Benefit%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG/440px-Benefit%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4430" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Benefit stand in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton, London</a> branch</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1993 the company introduced the 'Designers at Debenhams' brand, the creation of then CEO <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belinda_Earl" title="Belinda Earl">Belinda Earl</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_de_Lisi" title="Ben de Lisi">Ben de Lisi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spencer_Hawken" title="Spencer Hawken">Spencer Hawken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-designers_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designers-98">[98]</a></sup> The idea introduced designer names and brands such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jasper_Conran" title="Jasper Conran">Jasper Conran</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Rocha" title="John Rocha">John Rocha</a>, Butterfly by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthew_Williamson" title="Matthew Williamson">Matthew Williamson</a>, H! by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)" title="Henry Holland (fashion designer)">Henry Holland</a>, Star by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julien_Macdonald" title="Julien Macdonald">Julien Macdonald</a>, Frost French, Janet Reger, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Baker" title="Ted Baker">Ted Baker</a>, St George by Duffer, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Banks" title="Jeff Banks">Jeff Banks</a>, and Ben de Lisi. The company also started selling goods under a number of brand names that it owned. In 2010, Debenhams announced the launch of four new designer names to its fashion range: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Saunders" title="Jonathan Saunders">Jonathan Saunders</a>, Preen, Jonathan Kelsey, and Roksanda Ilincic.<sup id="cite_ref-four_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-four-99">[99]</a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Oasis,_Debenhams,_Sutton,_Surrey,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oasis%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG/220px-Oasis%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oasis%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG/330px-Oasis%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oasis%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG/440px-Oasis%2C_Debenhams%2C_Sutton%2C_Surrey%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>Oasis concession in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton, London</a> branch</figcaption></figure>
<p>Stores also contained <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concession_(contract)" title="Concession (contract)">concessions</a> whereby other retailers could trade. Brands in stores include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oasis_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Oasis Stores">Oasis</a>, Coast, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phase_Eight" title="Phase Eight">Phase Eight</a> and Warehouse. In June 2014, the company announced a trial of Sports Direct concessions in its Harrow and Southsea stores, which if successful would be expanded to other stores. This followed the purchase of a stake in Debenhams by Mike Ashley, the owner of Sports Direct, in January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> Later that year, Debenhams also launched trials of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Coffee" title="Costa Coffee">Costa Coffee</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mothercare" title="Mothercare">Mothercare</a> concessions within stores.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2016, the company announced it would begin to focus less on clothing and more on food, beauty products and gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> It also hired the former lighting buying team of collapsed rival <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Home_Stores" title="British Home Stores">BHS</a> to begin introducing new lighting departments in stores.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> Debenhams followed this in December 2016 with a plan to discontinue its Betty Jackson Black ladies fashion brand, and significantly reduce its Jeff Banks menswear range in favour of expanding the Hammond & Co. brand.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>The company operated retail websites in the UK and Ireland, as well as a mobile-enabled website and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a> that allowed customers to shop the online range and scan product <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcodes</a> in store.<sup id="cite_ref-mobile_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobile-106">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>Debenhams provided store card and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> services, operated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NewDay_(company)" title="NewDay (company)">NewDay</a>. Insurance products were also provided under the Debenhams brand by other financial companies. Debenhams also operated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bureaux_de_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaux de change">bureaux de change</a> in selected stores. The company ran a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loyalty_program" title="Loyalty program">loyalty card programme</a>, branded the Debenhams Beauty Club, where customers could collect points with the purchase of health and beauty products.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_stores_and_franchises">Former stores and franchises</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom,_Denmark_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland"><span id="United_Kingdom.2C_Denmark_and_the_Republic_of_Ireland"></span>United Kingdom, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 1956, Debenhams owned or controlled through its subsidiary, the Drapery Trust the following businesses, which it rated in different classes:
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<p><b>High class stores</b><sup id="cite_ref-invest1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invest1-108">[108]</a></sup>
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<ul><li>Barrance & Ford (Brighton)</li>
<li>Bradley's Furs (Chepstow Place)</li>
<li>Debenham & Freebody</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols & Co</a> (2 branches)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshall_%26_Snelgrove" title="Marshall & Snelgrove">Marshall & Snelgrove</a> (12 branches)</li>
<li>Stanley (Birmingham)</li>
<li>Williams & Hopkins</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woolland_Brothers" title="Woolland Brothers">Woolland Brothers</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Medium class stores</b><sup id="cite_ref-invest1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invest1-108">[108]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afflecks" title="Afflecks">Affleck & Brown</a></li>
<li>Adnitt Brothers</li>
<li>William Baker & Co</li>
<li>V H Bennett</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobby_%26_Co." title="Bobby & Co.">Bobby & Co.</a> (9 branches)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buntings_(department_store)" title="Buntings (department store)">Buntings</a></li>
<li>Dust & Co</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elliston_%26_Cavell" title="Elliston & Cavell">Elliston & Cavell</a></li>
<li>Gardiner & Co</li>
<li>Garland & Sons</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griffin_%26_Spalding" title="Griffin & Spalding">Griffin & Spalding</a></li>
<li>Handleys</li>
<li>Haymans</li>
<li>William Hill (Hove)</li>
<li>John K Hubbard</li>
<li>C Morrish & Son</li>
<li>Pendlebury & Co</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plummer_Roddis" title="Plummer Roddis">Plummer Roddis</a> (13 branches)</li>
<li>E P Rose & Son</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_%26_Edgar" title="Swan & Edgar">Swan & Edgar</a></li>
<li>Thornton-Varley</li>
<li>Wellsteeds</li></ul>
<p><b>Popular class stores</b><sup id="cite_ref-invest2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invest2-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Arnolds</li>
<li>Bon Marche (Gloucester)</li>
<li>Bon Marche (part of Edwin Jones- 2 branches)</li>
<li>Clinton Restaurants</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curl_Brothers" title="Curl Brothers">Curl Brothers</a></li>
<li>Dawson Brothers (London)</li>
<li>N Dudley</li>
<li>Z Dudley</li>
<li>James G. Farmer</li>
<li>Footman Pretty & Co</li>
<li>Jermyn & Sons</li>
<li>Jones & Co</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwin_Jones_(department_store)" title="Edwin Jones (department store)">Edwin Jones & Co</a> (2 branches)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kennards" title="Kennards">Kennards</a> (2 branches)</li>
<li>Kennards (Staines)</li>
<li>Lefevre (Gillingham)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Lefevre" title="William Lefevre">Wm Lefevre</a></li>
<li>Nicholsons</li>
<li>Pauldens (2 branches)</li>
<li>E Pretty & Co</li>
<li>Sherriff & Ward</li>
<li>J C Smiths (3 branches)</li>
<li>Sopers (of Harrow)</li>
<li>Spooner & Co</li>
<li>Staddons (Plaistow)</li>
<li>Style & Gerrish</li></ul>
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<p>In addition, the business ran several wholesale businesses including, amongst others Debenhams Wholesale, Chamberlins, DLMS and St Aldate Warehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-invest2_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invest2-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of December 2020, the company owned and operated 124 stores in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> and 7 under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magasin_du_Nord" title="Magasin du Nord">Magasin du Nord</a> brand in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup> Debenhams occupied the most sites of any of the traditional department store groups in the UK. The majority of the original trading names of the stores, in each of their respective locations, were replaced with the "Debenhams" name during the 1970s. All the department stores in the group traded as "Debenhams" (although the store in Chester was still dual-signed as Debenhams and Browns of Chester).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2020, stores operated in the Republic of Ireland by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Debenhams_Ireland" title="Debenhams Ireland">Debenhams Ireland</a> ceased trading with the loss of nearly 2,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_franchises">International franchises</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East_(in_operation)"><span id="Middle_East_.28in_operation.29"></span>Middle East (in operation)</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the Middle East the franchise license is held by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alshaya_Group" title="Alshaya Group">Alshaya Group</a>, the first store in the Middle East opened in 1997 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>. The store now operates in:<sup id="cite_ref-middle-east-stores_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middle-east-stores-4">[4]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Kuwait" title="List of shopping malls in Kuwait">Fashion Way</a>, Grand Plaza at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenues_(Kuwait)" title="The Avenues (Kuwait)">The Avenues</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport" title="Kuwait International Airport">Kuwait International Airport</a>,and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Kuwait" title="List of shopping malls in Kuwait">The Gate Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granada_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Mall">Granada Mall</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riyadh_Park" title="Riyadh Park">Riyadh Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> - 3 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Centre_Mirdif" title="City Centre Mirdif">City Centre Mirdif</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_of_the_Emirates" title="Mall of the Emirates">Mall of the Emirates</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubai_Mall" title="Dubai Mall">Dubai Mall</a>, and The Galleria <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairo_Festival_City" title="Cairo Festival City">Cairo Festival City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Shopping_malls_in_Doha" title="Category:Shopping malls in Doha">City Center Doha</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doha_Festival_City" title="Doha Festival City">Doha Festival City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> - <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Centre_Bahrain" title="City Centre Bahrain">City Centre Bahrain</a></li></ul>
<p>They also operate a beauty chain called Debenhams Cosmetics in the same countries (Debenhams Cosmetics operate solely in Debenhams stores).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia_(defunct)"><span id="Southeast_Asia_.28defunct.29"></span>Southeast Asia (defunct)</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Debenhams opened in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> in 2003 first at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berjaya_Times_Square" title="Berjaya Times Square">Berjaya Times Square</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>. In 2006 Debenhams exited Malaysia but in 2008 it returned after finding a new master franchiser, the stores were still operating in 2019 at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Curve_(shopping_mall)" title="The Curve (shopping mall)">The Curve</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gurney_Paragon" title="Gurney Paragon">Gurney Paagon</a> but later closed.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first store in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> opened in 2005, the brand was previously operated by the SSI Group and were located at Shangri-la Plaza, Abreeza, and a shop-in-shop inside <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rustan%27s" title="Rustan's">Rustan's</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glorietta" title="Glorietta">Glorietta 3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>Also in 2012 a store opened at Lippo Mall Kemang in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, however on 31 December 2017 the store at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senayan_City" title="Senayan City">Senayan City</a> was closed and with this the brand left Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_(defunct)"><span id="Europe_.28defunct.29"></span>Europe (defunct)</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 2006 a store opened in Russia on Krasnaya Presnya Street but in 2007 the store closed, Debenhams re-entered the Russian market in 2012 with a store opened in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> at MEGA Belaya Dacha.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup> This store closed down in 2016, with the brand leaving the country entirely in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2010 they entered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the two stores closed in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>A store opened at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria_Mall" title="Bulgaria Mall">Bulgaria Mall</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia, Bulgaria</a> in 2012 and was the 71st international store.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup>
</p><p>Debenham's opened a store in the European part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mall_of_Istanbul" title="Mall of Istanbul">Mall of Istanbul</a> in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-r2015_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r2015-130">[130]</a></sup> and in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Istanbul_Cevahir" title="Istanbul Cevahir">Istanbul Cevahir</a> mall. Both closed in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere_(defunct)"><span id="Elsewhere_.28defunct.29"></span>Elsewhere (defunct)</h4><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Another store opened in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in the same year and the last location at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolmen_Malls" title="Dolmen Malls">Dolmen Mall Clifton</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> closed in September 2020 and Debenhams left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017 a store opened in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St._Collins_Lane" title="St. Collins Lane">St. Collins Lane</a>, the store was closed in January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/other/14035625.html">London Stock Exchange cancel Debenhams stock</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-prelims-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prelims_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prelims_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prelims_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prelims_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143157/https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f">"Preliminary Results 2018"</a>. Debenhams plc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.debenhams.com/static-files/8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f">the original</a> on 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Results+2018&rft.pub=Debenhams+plc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.debenhams.com%2Fstatic-files%2F8f1ff5d2-d1cf-4f04-9afe-3549c844716f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47453271">"Debenhams in profit alert as sales continue to slide"</a>. BBC News. 5 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debenhams+in+profit+alert+as+sales+continue+to+slide&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-47453271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-middle-east-stores-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middle-east-stores_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-middle-east-stores_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alshaya.com/en/brand/debenhams/saudi-arabia/">"Debenhams stores"</a>. <i>Alshaya Group</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alshaya+Group&rft.atitle=Debenhams+stores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alshaya.com%2Fen%2Fbrand%2Fdebenhams%2Fsaudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sky20200309-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sky20200309_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sky20200309_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-debenhams-confirms-it-is-in-administration-11971244">"Coronavirus: Debenhams in administration for second time in year"</a>. Sky News. 9 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronavirus%3A+Debenhams+in+administration+for+second+time+in+year&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fcoronavirus-debenhams-confirms-it-is-in-administration-11971244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBCJD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCJD_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCJD_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55139713">"Debenhams faces uncertain future as JD Sports quits rescue talks"</a>. BBC News. 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debenhams+faces+uncertain+future+as+JD+Sports+quits+rescue+talks&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-55139713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55142724">"Debenhams set to close putting 12,000 jobs at risk"</a>. BBC News. 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debenhams+set+to+close+putting+12%2C000+jobs+at+risk&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-55142724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56993816">"End of an era for Debenhams as final shops set to close"</a>. BBC News. 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=End+of+an+era+for+Debenhams+as+final+shops+set+to+close&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-56993816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNg2021" class="citation news cs1">Ng, Kate (4 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/debenhams-reopen-manchester-high-street-b1969859.html">"Debenhams makes its return to the high street with beauty store in Manchester"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Debenhams+makes+its+return+to+the+high+street+with+beauty+store+in+Manchester&rft.date=2021-12-04&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffashion%2Fdebenhams-reopen-manchester-high-street-b1969859.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064433/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1">"History of Debenhams"</a>. Debenhams. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/contentView?filepath=/DebenhamsUKSite/enwiki/static/history_debenhams_uk.xml&storeId=10701&langId=-1">the original</a> on 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Debenhams&rft.pub=Debenhams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debenhams.com%2Fwebapp%2Fwcs%2Fstores%2Fservlet%2FcontentView%3Ffilepath%3D%2FDebenhamsUKSite%2FStatic%2Fhistory_debenhams_uk.xml%26storeId%3D10701%26langId%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-housefraserarchive.ac.uk-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-housefraserarchive.ac.uk_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.housefraserarchive.ac.uk/company/?id=c1536">"Cavendish House Co Ltd"</a>. House of Fraser Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cavendish+House+Co+Ltd&rft.pub=House+of+Fraser+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.housefraserarchive.ac.uk%2Fcompany%2F%3Fid%3Dc1536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091226213520/http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm">"Business History of Department Stores: Interesting Dates"</a>. KIPnotes. 1 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kipnotes.com/RetailDepartmentStores.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+History+of+Department+Stores%3A+Interesting+Dates&rft.pub=KIPnotes&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kipnotes.com%2FRetailDepartmentStores.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/tag/debenham-and-freebody/">"South-East Marylebone Old and New"</a>. Survey of London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South-East+Marylebone+Old+and+New&rft.pub=Survey+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ucl.ac.uk%2Fsurvey-of-london%2Ftag%2Fdebenham-and-freebody%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=074-btrl&cid=0#0">"Trollope & Colls"</a>. National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trollope+%26+Colls&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fa2a%2Frecords.aspx%3Fcat%3D074-btrl%26cid%3D0%230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hatry-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hatry_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatry_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatry_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatry_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hatry_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSwinson._C2019" class="citation book cs1">Swinson. C (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwWQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22&pg=PT92"><i>Share Trading, Fraud and the Crash of 1929 A Biography of Clarence Hatry</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429648922" title="Special:BookSources/9780429648922"><bdi>9780429648922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Share+Trading%2C+Fraud+and+the+Crash+of+1929+A+Biography+of+Clarence+Hatry&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780429648922&rft.au=Swinson.+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwWQDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522drapery%2Btrust%2522%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCorina._M1978" class="citation book cs1">Corina. M (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlUtAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases"><i>Fine Silks and Oak Counters Debenhams 1778-1978</i></a>. Hutchinson. p. 101. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091349103" title="Special:BookSources/9780091349103"><bdi>9780091349103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fine+Silks+and+Oak+Counters+Debenhams+1778-1978&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780091349103&rft.au=Corina.+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlUtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522drapery%2Btrust%2522%2Bpurchases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 8 December 1927, p. 25</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/28th-july-1928/32/drapery-profits">"Drapery profits"</a>. The Spectator. 27 July 1928<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drapery+profits&rft.pub=The+Spectator&rft.date=1928-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F28th-july-1928%2F32%2Fdrapery-profits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHollow._M2014" class="citation book cs1">Hollow. M (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UVycBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22drapery+trust%22+purchases&pg=PT66"><i>Rogue Banking. A History of Financial Fraud in Interwar Britain</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137360540" title="Special:BookSources/9781137360540"><bdi>9781137360540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Banking.+A+History+of+Financial+Fraud+in+Interwar+Britain&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137360540&rft.au=Hollow.+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUVycBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522drapery%2Btrust%2522%2Bpurchases%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-priest-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-priest_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priest_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsAndersonEdwards1998" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Derek; Anderson, Malcolm; Edwards, John Richard (1998). <i>The Priesthood of Industry. The Rise of the Professional Accountant in British Management</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198289609" title="Special:BookSources/9780198289609"><bdi>9780198289609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Priesthood+of+Industry.+The+Rise+of+the+Professional+Accountant+in+British+Management&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198289609&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Edwards%2C+John+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJervis1971" class="citation book cs1">Jervis, F.R.J. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cW1MAAAAMAAJ&q=%22drapery+trust%22"><i>The Economics of Mergers</i></a>. Routledge and K. Paul. p. 68. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710070883" title="Special:BookSources/9780710070883"><bdi>9780710070883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Mergers&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Routledge+and+K.+Paul&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780710070883&rft.aulast=Jervis&rft.aufirst=F.R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcW1MAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522drapery%2Btrust%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvuWvOahe8UC&q=%22drapery+trust%22">"Debenhams Securities"</a>. <i>The Statist</i>. <b>120</b>: 608. 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Statist&rft.atitle=Debenhams+Securities&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=608&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjvuWvOahe8UC%26q%3D%2522drapery%2Btrust%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y0gAQAAMAAJ&q=%22selincourt+%26+sons%22"><i>The Financial Review of Reviews</i></a>. 1944. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Financial+Review+of+Reviews&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Y0gAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522selincourt%2B%2526%2Bsons%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Debenhams</i>. Vol. 66. Leathergoods. 1949. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debenhams&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Leathergoods&rft.date=1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cresta-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cresta_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cresta_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welwyngarden-heritage.org/history/follow-the-silk-trail-around-wgc-the-history-of-cresta-silks">"Follow the silk trail around WGC - the history of Cresta Silks"</a>. <i>WGC Heritage Trust</i>. 31 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WGC+Heritage+Trust&rft.atitle=Follow+the+silk+trail+around+WGC+-+the+history+of+Cresta+Silks&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welwyngarden-heritage.org%2Fhistory%2Ffollow-the-silk-trail-around-wgc-the-history-of-cresta-silks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCo-operative_Press1961" class="citation book cs1">Co-operative Press (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gMvGAAAAMAAJ&q=%22united+drapery+stores%22"><i>Agenda: Co-operative Management Magazine</i></a>. Vol. 9–10. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agenda%3A+Co-operative+Management+Magazine&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Co-operative+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMvGAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522united%2Bdrapery%2Bstores%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DplHAQAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store">"Debenhams Department Stores for Auction"</a>. <i>The Estates Gazette</i>. Vol. 214. 1970. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Estates+Gazette&rft.atitle=Debenhams+Department+Stores+for+Auction&rft.volume=214&rft.pages=84&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDplHAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522plummers%2522%2Bdepartment%2Bstore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/e90660df-e62f-4934-889e-2baa1f2ea5de">"Marshall & Snelgrove, St. Ann's Place, Manchester 2 to Mrs Jennison, Berwick Lodge"</a>. <i>The National Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Marshall+%26+Snelgrove%2C+St.+Ann%27s+Place%2C+Manchester+2+to+Mrs+Jennison%2C+Berwick+Lodge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2Fe90660df-e62f-4934-889e-2baa1f2ea5de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFA.P._Jacquemin,_H.W._de_Jong2012" class="citation book cs1">A.P. Jacquemin, H.W. de Jong (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdzTBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22united+drapery+stores%22&pg=PA66"><i>Welfare aspects of industrial markets</i></a>. Springer. p. 66. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461342311" title="Special:BookSources/9781461342311"><bdi>9781461342311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welfare+aspects+of+industrial+markets&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781461342311&rft.au=A.P.+Jacquemin%2C+H.W.+de+Jong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPdzTBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522united%2Bdrapery%2Bstores%2522%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Debenhams plc". <i>Retail Business</i>. No. 197–202. 1974. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retail+Business&rft.atitle=Debenhams+plc&rft.issue=197%E2%80%93202&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Gosling,_Barry_Maitland1976" class="citation book cs1">David Gosling, Barry Maitland (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzxPAAAAMAAJ&q=%22fine+fare%22+tesco"><i>Design and Planning of Retail Systems</i></a>. Architectural Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851391427" title="Special:BookSources/9780851391427"><bdi>9780851391427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+and+Planning+of+Retail+Systems&rft.pub=Architectural+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780851391427&rft.au=David+Gosling%2C+Barry+Maitland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYzxPAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522fine%2Bfare%2522%2Btesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-history-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debenhamsplc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=history">"History"</a>. Debenhams<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Debenhams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debenhamsplc.com%2Fphoenix.zhtml%3Fc%3D196805%26p%3Dhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/cater_brothers.htm">"Cater Brothers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cater+Brothers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ferdinando.org.uk%2Fcater_brothers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFA._M._Findlay2002" class="citation book cs1">A. M. Findlay (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt96wAigg2oC&dq=debenhams+%22Scan+superstores%22&pg=PA213"><i>Retailing Critical Concepts. Retail practices and operations</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 213. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08722-3"><bdi>978-0-415-08722-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retailing+Critical+Concepts.+Retail+practices+and+operations&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08722-3&rft.au=A.+M.+Findlay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRt96wAigg2oC%26dq%3Ddebenhams%2B%2522Scan%2Bsuperstores%2522%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rdgb79-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rdgb79_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rdgb79_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ItCRAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plummers%22+department+store">"Debenhams"</a>. <i>Retail Trade Developments in Great Britain</i>. 1979. p. 175. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780566021527" title="Special:BookSources/9780566021527"><bdi>9780566021527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retail+Trade+Developments+in+Great+Britain&rft.atitle=Debenhams&rft.pages=175&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780566021527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DItCRAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522plummers%2522%2Bdepartment%2Bstore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RLE-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RLE_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RLE_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLuca_Pellegrini,_Srinivas_K._Reddy2012" class="citation book cs1">Luca Pellegrini, Srinivas K. Reddy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9aWiH4UPT8C&dq=%22debenhams%22+merger+1970s&pg=PA297"><i>Retail and Marketing Channels (RLE Retailing and Distribution)</i></a>. Routledge. p. 297. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415540391" title="Special:BookSources/9780415540391"><bdi>9780415540391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retail+and+Marketing+Channels+%28RLE+Retailing+and+Distribution%29&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415540391&rft.au=Luca+Pellegrini%2C+Srinivas+K.+Reddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9aWiH4UPT8C%26dq%3D%2522debenhams%2522%2Bmerger%2B1970s%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18423441">"Undercover policeman 'fire-bombed shop,' MPs told"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Undercover+policeman+%27fire-bombed+shop%2C%27+MPs+told&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-18423441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-18426368">"MP Caroline Lucas names undercover officer as shop fire bomber"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MP+Caroline+Lucas+names+undercover+officer+as+shop+fire+bomber&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-18426368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124808/http://www.constabulary.org.uk/2012/06/13/undercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf/">"Undercover cop alleged to have fire-bombed Debenhams for ALF"</a>. <i>Constabulary</i>. 13 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constabulary.org.uk/2012/06/13/undercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf/">the original</a> on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constabulary&rft.atitle=Undercover+cop+alleged+to+have+fire-bombed+Debenhams+for+ALF&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constabulary.org.uk%2F2012%2F06%2F13%2Fundercover-cop-alleged-to-have-fire-bombed-debenhams-for-alf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/06/13/caroline-lucas-undercover-policeman-bob-lambert-firebombing_n_1592661.html?view=print">"Caroline Lucas Exposes Allegations Ex-Undercover Cop Bob Lambert Firebombed Debenhams London Store"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. 13 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Caroline+Lucas+Exposes+Allegations+Ex-Undercover+Cop+Bob+Lambert+Firebombed+Debenhams+London+Store&rft.date=2012-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2012%2F06%2F13%2Fcaroline-lucas-undercover-policeman-bob-lambert-firebombing_n_1592661.html%3Fview%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/408984/UK-REGIONAL-FOCUS---ROBIN-HOODS-MERRY-HILL">"The Robin Hoods of Merry Hill"</a>. Management Today. 1 November 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Robin+Hoods+of+Merry+Hill&rft.pub=Management+Today&rft.date=1991-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.managementtoday.co.uk%2Fnews%2F408984%2FUK-REGIONAL-FOCUS---ROBIN-HOODS-MERRY-HILL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSiobhan_Creaton1996" class="citation web cs1">Siobhan Creaton (27 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irishtimes.com/business/uk-outlets-in-a-rush-to-set-up-shop-1.119276">"UK outlets in a rush to set up shop"</a>. Irishtimes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+outlets+in+a+rush+to+set+up+shop&rft.pub=Irishtimes.com&rft.date=1996-12-27&rft.au=Siobhan+Creaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fuk-outlets-in-a-rush-to-set-up-shop-1.119276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/230m-mahon-point-centre-opens-in-cork-1.411407">"€230m Mahon Point centre opens in Cork"</a>. Irishtimes.com. 2 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%82%AC230m+Mahon+Point+centre+opens+in+Cork&rft.pub=Irishtimes.com&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2F230m-mahon-point-centre-opens-in-cork-1.411407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/84099.stm">"New look for Debenhams"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 April 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+look+for+Debenhams&rft.date=1998-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F84099.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-guardian-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Martinson2006" class="citation news cs1">Jane Martinson (14 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/dec/15/retail">"The Queen of Retail makes a dull brand shine"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Queen+of+Retail+makes+a+dull+brand+shine&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft.au=Jane+Martinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2006%2Fdec%2F15%2Fretail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbc-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/3079634.stm">"Bullring opens its doors"</a>. BBC News Online. 4 September 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bullring+opens+its+doors&rft.date=2003-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fwest_midlands%2F3079634.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bullring-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bullring_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319220720/http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf">"Bullring Information Pack"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bullring Alliance. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bullring.co.uk/Comgenic.Manager.Images/Educationpack.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bullring+Information+Pack&rft.pub=Bullring+Alliance&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bullring.co.uk%2FComgenic.Manager.Images%2FEducationpack.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3258013.stm">"Debenhams backs Baroness takeover"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Debenhams+backs+Baroness+takeover&rft.date=2003-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3258013.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4972442.stm">"Debenhams shares rise on listing"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Debenhams+shares+rise+on+listing&rft.date=2006-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4972442.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5256558.stm">"Debenhams beefs up Irish presence"</a>. BBC News. 8 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Debenhams+beefs+up+Irish+presence&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F5256558.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2006/1002/80981-roches/">"Fears for jobs at Roches Stores in Cork"</a>. RTÉ News. 26 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fears+for+jobs+at+Roches+Stores+in+Cork&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2F2006%2F1002%2F80981-roches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/roches-sells-retail-arm-for-29m-10341.html">"Roches sells retail arm for €29m"</a>. <i>www.irishexaminer.com</i>. 8 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishexaminer.com&rft.atitle=Roches+sells+retail+arm+for+%E2%82%AC29m&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2Froches-sells-retail-arm-for-29m-10341.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Jamieson2009" class="citation news cs1">Alastair Jamieson (7 March 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html">"Fashion chain Principles to close 66 stores and axe majority of staff"</a></span>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/4953599/Fashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fashion+chain+Principles+to+close+66+stores+and+axe+majority+of+staff&rft.date=2009-03-07&rft.au=Alastair+Jamieson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Frecession%2F4953599%2FFashion-chain-Principles-to-close-66-stores-and-axe-majority-of-staff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEster_Bintliff2009" class="citation news cs1">Ester Bintliff (12 November 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2bnQ9jII5">"Debenhams steps into mainland Europe"</a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221248/https://www.ft.com/content/89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0#axzz2bnQ9jII5">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Debenhams+steps+into+mainland+Europe&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft.au=Ester+Bintliff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F89b81a02-cfab-11de-a36d-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz2bnQ9jII5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-About-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119095158/http://presscentre.debenhams.com/About-Us/About-Debenhams-7a.aspx">"About Debenhams"</a>. Debenhams. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presscentre.debenhams.com/About-Us/About-Debenhams-7a.aspx">the original</a> on 19 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Debenhams&rft.pub=Debenhams&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresscentre.debenhams.com%2FAbout-Us%2FAbout-Debenhams-7a.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosie_Baker2010" class="citation news cs1">Rosie Baker (2 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/debenhams-has-faith-in-shoe-chain/3015382.article">"Debenhams has faith in shoe chain"</a>. <i>Marketing Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketing+Week&rft.atitle=Debenhams+has+faith+in+shoe+chain&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.au=Rosie+Baker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketingweek.co.uk%2Fdebenhams-has-faith-in-shoe-chain%2F3015382.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17766493">"Debenhams profit edges higher in 'difficult' trading"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Debenhams+profit+edges+higher+in+%27difficult%27+trading&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-17766493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-shropshire-17771893">"Debenhams to be Shrewsbury shopping centre 'anchor tenant'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Debenhams+to+be+Shrewsbury+shopping+centre+%27anchor+tenant%27&rft.date=2012-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-shropshire-17771893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19632791">"Debenhams sales rise as profits 'set to grow'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. 18 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Debenhams+sales+rise+as+profits+%27set+to+grow%27&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-19632791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/1194228/sports-direct-nets-5-percent-stake-in-debenhams">"Sports Direct nets 5% stake in Debenhams"</a>. Sky News. 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sports+Direct+nets+5%25+stake+in+Debenhams&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F1194228%2Fsports-direct-nets-5-percent-stake-in-debenhams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25755832">"Sports Direct takes option on Debenhams stake"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sports+Direct+takes+option+on+Debenhams+stake&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-25755832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailybusinessgroup.co.uk/2020/07/50m-hotel-to-replace-debenhams-in-princes-st/">"£50m hotel to replace Debenhams in Princes St"</a>. <i>dailybusinessgroup</i>. 19 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailybusinessgroup&rft.atitle=%C2%A350m+hotel+to+replace+Debenhams+in+Princes+St&rft.date=2020-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailybusinessgroup.co.uk%2F2020%2F07%2F50m-hotel-to-replace-debenhams-in-princes-st%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jul/26/debenhams-up-for-sale-in-last-ditch-bid-to-avoid-liquidation">"Debenhams up for sale in last-ditch bid to avoid liquidation"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Debenhams+up+for+sale+in+last-ditch+bid+to+avoid+liquidation&rft.date=2020-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2Fjul%2F26%2Fdebenhams-up-for-sale-in-last-ditch-bid-to-avoid-liquidation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEley2020" class="citation news cs1">Eley, Jonathan (11 August 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/aef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026">"Debenhams to cut another 2,500 jobs"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/aef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Debenhams+to+cut+another+2%2C500+jobs&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Eley&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Faef36183-096a-4cc6-922f-d5add8776026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fildes-06Dec2020-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fildes-06Dec2020_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFildes2020" class="citation news cs1">Fildes, Nic (6 December 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290">"Mike Ashley makes eleventh-hour play for Debenhams"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Mike+Ashley+makes+eleventh-hour+play+for+Debenhams&rft.date=2020-12-06&rft.aulast=Fildes&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F53ee5f14-a4e6-42d4-8d8f-3d37b8f5a290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55793411">"Boohoo buys Debenhams brand and website for £55m"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boohoo+buys+Debenhams+brand+and+website+for+%C2%A355m&rft.date=2021-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-55793411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/britains-debenhams-close-last-stores-by-may-15-2021-05-05/">"After 242 years it's goodbye, last Debenhams to close on May 15"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=After+242+years+it%27s+goodbye%2C+last+Debenhams+to+close+on+May+15&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fretail-consumer%2Fbritains-debenhams-close-last-stores-by-may-15-2021-05-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHaine2020" class="citation web cs1">Haine, Alice (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/what-the-uk-demise-of-debenhams-means-for-stores-in-the-uae-1.1121231">"What the UK demise of Debenhams means for stores in the UAE"</a>. <i>The National</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=What+the+UK+demise+of+Debenhams+means+for+stores+in+the+UAE&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwhat-the-uk-demise-of-debenhams-means-for-stores-in-the-uae-1.1121231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/">"Debenhams"</a>. Alshaya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debenhams&rft.pub=Alshaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alshaya.com%2Fen%2Fbrands%2Ffashion-footwear%2Fdebenhams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-designers-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-designers_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301123130/http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1">"Designers at Debenhams"</a>. Debenhams. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debenhams.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/category_10001_10001_125651_-1">the original</a> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designers+at+Debenhams&rft.pub=Debenhams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debenhams.com%2Fwebapp%2Fwcs%2Fstores%2Fservlet%2Fcategory_10001_10001_125651_-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-four-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-four_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724055431/http://blog.debenhams.com/four-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition/womens-fashion/">"Four new designers join Debenhams for 'Edition'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Debenhams blog. 21 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.debenhams.com/four-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition/womens-fashion/">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+new+designers+join+Debenhams+for+%27Edition%27&rft.pub=Debenhams+blog&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.debenhams.com%2Ffour-new-designers-join-debenhams-for-edition%2Fwomens-fashion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRuddick2014" class="citation web cs1">Ruddick, Graham (20 June 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html">"Debenhams to open Sports Direct concessions"</a></span>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/10914636/Debenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Debenhams+to+open+Sports+Direct+concessions&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.aulast=Ruddick&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F10914636%2FDebenhams-to-open-Sports-Direct-concessions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2014" class="citation news cs1">Chapman, Matthew (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1299666/debenhams-open-costa-coffee-shops-taps-brands-hospitality-push">"Debenhams to open Costa coffee shops as it taps brands for hospitality push"</a>. <i>Marketing Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketing+Magazine&rft.atitle=Debenhams+to+open+Costa+coffee+shops+as+it+taps+brands+for+hospitality+push&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketingmagazine.co.uk%2Farticle%2F1299666%2Fdebenhams-open-costa-coffee-shops-taps-brands-hospitality-push&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWood2014" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Zoe (6 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/06/debenhams-mothercare-concessions-stores-appealing">"Debenhams gives Mothercare floor space to make stores more appealing"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Debenhams+gives+Mothercare+floor+space+to+make+stores+more+appealing&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2014%2Foct%2F06%2Fdebenhams-mothercare-concessions-stores-appealing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOugh2016" class="citation news cs1">Ough, Tom (27 October 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/">"Debenhams profits slip as it looks to shift away from reliance on clothing"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/10/27/debenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Debenhams+profits+slip+as+it+looks+to+shift+away+from+reliance+on+clothing&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=Ough&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F10%2F27%2Fdebenhams-profits-slip-as-it-looks-to-pivot-away-from-clothing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFButler2016" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Sarah (27 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/oct/27/debenhams-targets-bhs-customers-with-new-lighting-departments">"Debenhams targets BHS customers with new lighting departments"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Debenhams+targets+BHS+customers+with+new+lighting+departments&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2Foct%2F27%2Fdebenhams-targets-bhs-customers-with-new-lighting-departments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2016" class="citation news cs1">Armitage, Jim (19 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/business/debenhams-shakesup-longstanding-fashion-designer-partnerships-a3423831.html">"Debenhams shakes-up long-standing fashion designer partnerships"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Debenhams+shakes-up+long-standing+fashion+designer+partnerships&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fdebenhams-shakesup-longstanding-fashion-designer-partnerships-a3423831.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mobile-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mobile_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130191638/http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx">"Shopping goes truly mobile"</a> (Press release). Debenhams. 16 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presscentre.debenhams.com/Press-Releases/Shopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx">the original</a> on 30 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shopping+goes+truly+mobile&rft.pub=Debenhams&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresscentre.debenhams.com%2FPress-Releases%2FShopping-goes-truly-mobile-150.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debenhams.com/content/beauty-club">"Beauty Club"</a>. Debenhams<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beauty+Club&rft.pub=Debenhams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debenhams.com%2Fcontent%2Fbeauty-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-invest1-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-invest1_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-invest1_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams">"Debenhams"</a>. <i>Investors Chronicle and Money Market Review</i>. <b>194</b>: 626. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investors+Chronicle+and+Money+Market+Review&rft.atitle=Debenhams&rft.volume=194&rft.pages=626&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gkoGn-BL4sC%26q%3D%2522z%2Bdudley%2522%2BDebenhams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-invest2-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-invest2_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-invest2_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gkoGn-BL4sC&q=%22z+dudley%22+Debenhams">"Debenhams"</a>. <i>Investors Chronicle and Money Market Review</i>. <b>194</b>: 626. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investors+Chronicle+and+Money+Market+Review&rft.atitle=Debenhams&rft.volume=194&rft.pages=626&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gkoGn-BL4sC%26q%3D%2522z%2Bdudley%2522%2BDebenhams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFButler2020" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Sarah (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/01/debenhams-close-stores-jobs-department-store-jd-sports">"UK high street left reeling as Debenhams goes into liquidation"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+high+street+left+reeling+as+Debenhams+goes+into+liquidation&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2Fdec%2F01%2Fdebenhams-close-stores-jobs-department-store-jd-sports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410225821/https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated">"Stores – own operated"</a>. Debenhams. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.debenhams.com/stores-own-operated">the original</a> on 10 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stores+%E2%80%93+own+operated&rft.pub=Debenhams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.debenhams.com%2Fstores-own-operated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-cheshire--live-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/browns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489.amp?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCKAE%3D#aoh=15699161257818&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fbrowns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489">"Is Browns of Chester among Debenhams stores due to close?"</a>. 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Browns+of+Chester+among+Debenhams+stores+due+to+close%3F&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-cheshire--live-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org%2Fv%2Fs%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fbrowns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489.amp%3Famp_js_v%3Da2%26amp_gsa%3D1%26usqp%3Dmq331AQCKAE%253D%23aoh%3D15699161257818%26referrer%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%26amp_tf%3DFrom%2520%25251%2524s%26ampshare%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%252Fnews%252Fchester-cheshire-news%252Fbrowns-chester-among-debenhams-stores-15325489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/business/irish/roches-stores-v-debenhams-so-who-are-the-roche-family-34748689.html">"Roches Stores v Debenhams: So who are the Roche family?"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 26 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Roches+Stores+v+Debenhams%3A+So+who+are+the+Roche+family%3F&rft.date=2016-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Froches-stores-v-debenhams-so-who-are-the-roche-family-34748689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans">"Debenhams' GCC stores 'not affected' by closure plans"</a>. <i>Arabian Business</i>. 28 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428120609/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/retail/418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Debenhams%27+GCC+stores+%27not+affected%27+by+closure+plans&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fretail%2F418873-debenhams-gcc-stores-not-affected-by-closure-plans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alshaya.com/en/brands/fashion-footwear/debenhams/">"Debenhams - Middle East locations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debenhams+-+Middle+East+locations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alshaya.com%2Fen%2Fbrands%2Ffashion-footwear%2Fdebenhams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://locations.alshaya.com/debenhams-cosmetics">"Debenhams Cosmetics - Locations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debenhams+Cosmetics+-+Locations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocations.alshaya.com%2Fdebenhams-cosmetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGanesan2019" class="citation web cs1">Ganesan, Vasantha (23 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/amid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion">"Amid store closure news in the UK, Debenhams Malaysia plans expansion"</a>. <i>The Edge Markets</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Edge+Markets&rft.atitle=Amid+store+closure+news+in+the+UK%2C+Debenhams+Malaysia+plans+expansion&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Ganesan&rft.aufirst=Vasantha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theedgemarkets.com%2Farticle%2Famid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/amid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion">"Amid store closure news in the UK, Debenhams Malaysia plans expansion"</a>. <i>The Edge Markets</i>. 23 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Edge+Markets&rft.atitle=Amid+store+closure+news+in+the+UK%2C+Debenhams+Malaysia+plans+expansion&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theedgemarkets.com%2Farticle%2Famid-store-closure-news-uk-debenhams-malaysia-plans-expansion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTeehankee" class="citation web cs1">Teehankee, Pepper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/newsmakers/2005/12/27/313909/delightful-debenhams">"Delightful Debenhams"</a>. <i>Philstar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philstar.com&rft.atitle=Delightful+Debenhams&rft.aulast=Teehankee&rft.aufirst=Pepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fother-sections%2Fnewsmakers%2F2005%2F12%2F27%2F313909%2Fdelightful-debenhams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssigroup.com.ph/brands">"SSI Group, Inc. (SSI)"</a>. <i>www.ssigroup.com.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ssigroup.com.ph&rft.atitle=SSI+Group%2C+Inc.+%28SSI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssigroup.com.ph%2Fbrands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMagsaysay" class="citation web cs1">Magsaysay, John A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2015/03/11/1432121/think-british-think-debenhams">"Think British, think Debenhams"</a>. <i>Philstar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philstar.com&rft.atitle=Think+British%2C+think+Debenhams&rft.aulast=Magsaysay&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffashion-and-beauty%2F2015%2F03%2F11%2F1432121%2Fthink-british-think-debenhams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideretail.asia/2012/09/27/debenhams-adds-store-in-indonesia/">"Debenhams adds store in Indonesia"</a>. <i>Inside Retail</i>. 27 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Retail&rft.atitle=Debenhams+adds+store+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideretail.asia%2F2012%2F09%2F27%2Fdebenhams-adds-store-in-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAgustiyanti" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agustiyanti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20171026155328-92-251320/debenhams-senayan-city-resmi-ditutup-akhir-tahun-ini">"Debenhams Senayan City Resmi Ditutup Akhir Tahun Ini"</a>. <i>ekonomi</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ekonomi&rft.atitle=Debenhams+Senayan+City+Resmi+Ditutup+Akhir+Tahun+Ini&rft.au=Agustiyanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%2Fekonomi%2F20171026155328-92-251320%2Fdebenhams-senayan-city-resmi-ditutup-akhir-tahun-ini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malls.com/ru/stores/debenhams.shtml">"Debenhams - department store stores in Russia - Malls.Com"</a>. <i>www.malls.com</i>. 5 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.malls.com&rft.atitle=Debenhams+-+department+store+stores+in+Russia+-+Malls.Com&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malls.com%2Fru%2Fstores%2Fdebenhams.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2017/07/21/725090-debenhams-zakroetsya">"Последний в России универмаг Debenhams закроется в конце лета - Ведомости"</a>. <i>Ведомости</i> (in Russian). Vedomosti. 21 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3+Debenhams+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+-+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedomosti.ru%2Fbusiness%2Farticles%2F2017%2F07%2F21%2F725090-debenhams-zakroetsya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2021-06-02/local-news/Debenhams-Malta-to-close-down-as-UK-franchise-goes-into-liquidation-6736234005">"Debenhams Malta to close down as UK franchise goes into liquidation - The Malta Independent"</a>. <i>www.independent.com.mt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.independent.com.mt&rft.atitle=Debenhams+Malta+to+close+down+as+UK+franchise+goes+into+liquidation+-+The+Malta+Independent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.com.mt%2Farticles%2F2021-06-02%2Flocal-news%2FDebenhams-Malta-to-close-down-as-UK-franchise-goes-into-liquidation-6736234005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fashionunited.uk/v1/fashion/debenhams-opens-first-store-in-bulgaria/2012120412108%3">"Debenhams opens first store in Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Fashion United</i>. 4 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fashion+United&rft.atitle=Debenhams+opens+first+store+in+Bulgaria&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fashionunited.uk%2Fv1%2Ffashion%2Fdebenhams-opens-first-store-in-bulgaria%2F2012120412108%253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-r2015-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r2015_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRiebe2015" class="citation book cs1">Riebe, Marc-Christian (2 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Retail_Market_Study_2015/vgKRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mall+of+istanbul%22&pg=PA599&printsec=frontcover"><i>Retail Market Study 2015</i></a>. The Location Group. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9524314-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9524314-5-0"><bdi>978-3-9524314-5-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retail+Market+Study+2015&rft.pub=The+Location+Group&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft.isbn=978-3-9524314-5-0&rft.aulast=Riebe&rft.aufirst=Marc-Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRetail_Market_Study_2015%2FvgKRDgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2522mall%2Bof%2Bistanbul%2522%26pg%3DPA599%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foursquare.com/v/debenhams/5383093a498efeb5b3d50ff3">"Debenhams"</a>. <i>Foursquare</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>Not present on current MOI map on official MOI website, and confirmed by Foursquare</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foursquare&rft.atitle=Debenhams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoursquare.com%2Fv%2Fdebenhams%2F5383093a498efeb5b3d50ff3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.posta.com.tr/ekonomi/debenhams-turkiyedeki-2-magazasini-kapatiyor-1318752">"Debenhams Türkiye'deki 2 mağazasını kapatıyor"</a> [Debenhams closes 2 stores in Turkey]. <i>Posta</i> (in Turkish). 27 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Posta&rft.atitle=Debenhams+T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki+2+ma%C4%9Fazas%C4%B1n%C4%B1+kapat%C4%B1yor&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.posta.com.tr%2Fekonomi%2Fdebenhams-turkiyedeki-2-magazasini-kapatiyor-1318752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFImages_Staff2021" class="citation web cs1">Images Staff (27 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.dawn.com/news/1188266">"Department store Debenhams to shut its doors in Pakistan after nine years"</a>. <i>Images</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Images&rft.atitle=Department+store+Debenhams+to+shut+its+doors+in+Pakistan+after+nine+years&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft.au=Images+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1188266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.nine.com.au/business-news/debenhams-store-closure-melbourne-outlet-to-close-doors-next-year/8757a1a7-a8b4-4b6b-93ee-40e32793754b">"Debenhams to close only Australian store"</a>. <i>finance.nine.com.au</i>. 3 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finance.nine.com.au&rft.atitle=Debenhams+to+close+only+Australian+store&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.nine.com.au%2Fbusiness-news%2Fdebenhams-store-closure-melbourne-outlet-to-close-doors-next-year%2F8757a1a7-a8b4-4b6b-93ee-40e32793754b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrook" class="citation web cs1">Brook, Benedict. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/one-reckless-decision-that-killed-uk-retail-giant-debenhams/news-story/0940ae877658b01de698c9eb5a32accc">"The reckless decision that killed Debenhams"</a>. <i>news.com.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=The+reckless+decision+that+killed+Debenhams&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ffinance%2Fbusiness%2Fretail%2Fone-reckless-decision-that-killed-uk-retail-giant-debenhams%2Fnews-story%2F0940ae877658b01de698c9eb5a32accc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADebenhams" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Debenhams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Debenhams">Debenhams</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debenhams.com">Debenhams</a></span></span> – official site</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debenhamsplc.com">Debenhams</a> – corporate site</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/005796">Documents and clippings about Debenhams</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228936124">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Department_stores_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234101897">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:UK_Department_stores" title="Template:UK Department stores"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:UK_Department_stores" title="Template talk:UK Department stores"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_Department_stores" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK Department stores"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Department_stores_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department stores</a> of the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austins_(Newton_Abbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austins (Newton Abbot)">Austins of Newton Abbot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beales_(department_store)" title="Beales (department store)">Beales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Home_Stores" title="British Home Stores">British Home Stores</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Browns_of_York" title="Browns of York">Browns of York</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_(department_store)" title="Daniel (department store)">Daniel of Windsor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fenwick_(department_store)" title="Fenwick (department store)">Fenwick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoopers_(department_store)" title="Hoopers (department store)">Hoopers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Fraser" title="House of Fraser">House of Fraser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Jarrold_Group" title="The Jarrold Group">Jarrold & Sons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners" title="John Lewis & Partners">John Lewis & Partners</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morleys_Stores" title="Morleys Stores">Morleys</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selfridges" title="Selfridges">Selfridges</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arcadia_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1234101897"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Arcadia_Group" title="Template:Arcadia Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Arcadia_Group" title="Template talk:Arcadia Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arcadia_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arcadia Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arcadia_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arcadia_Group" title="Arcadia Group">Arcadia Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former chains and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Home_Stores" title="British Home Stores">British Home Stores</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burton_(retailer)" title="Burton (retailer)">Burton</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debenhams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dorothy_Perkins" title="Dorothy Perkins">Dorothy Perkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evans_(retailer)" title="Evans (retailer)">Evans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miss_Selfridge" title="Miss Selfridge">Miss Selfridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outfit_(retailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outfit (retailer)">Outfit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principles_(retailer)" title="Principles (retailer)">Principles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Shops" title="Richard Shops">Richards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topman" title="Topman">Topman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topshop" title="Topshop">Topshop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wallis_(retailer)" title="Wallis (retailer)">Wallis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karren_Brady" title="Karren Brady">Karren Brady</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montague_Burton" title="Montague Burton">Montague Burton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Grabiner,_Baron_Grabiner" title="Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner">Anthony Grabiner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Green" title="Philip Green">Philip Green</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tina_Green" title="Tina Green">Tina Green</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1181484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1181484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1181484#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5297560-5">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/b9e3897f-6329-466a-97b7-54334d0af90c">MusicBrainz label</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1720901830' |