Examine individual changes
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{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Zeitpyramide 2023 B.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The ''[[Zeitpyramide]]'' is an unfinished [[concrete]] pyramid. Because a block is only placed every 10 years, it is expected to be completed in [[4th millennium|3183]].]]
The '''future''' is the [[time]] after the [[past]] and [[present]]. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the [[laws of physics]]. Due to the apparent nature of [[reality]] and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently [[existence|exists]] and will exist can be categorized as either permanent, meaning that it will exist forever, or temporary, meaning that it will end.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8TAAAAYAAJ ''Encyclopædia of religion and ethics'']. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 335–337.</ref> In the [[Western culture|Occidental]] view, which uses a linear conception of time, the future is the portion of the projected timeline that is anticipated to occur.<ref>Moore, C.-L. & Yamamoto, K. (1988). ''Beyond words: movement observation and analysis''. New York: Gordon and Breach. p. 57. (cf., The representation of time as a linear, unidirectional progression is a distinctly Occidental point of view.)</ref> In [[special relativity]], the future is considered [[absolute future]], or the future [[light cone]].<ref>Eddington, A. S. (1921). [https://archive.org/details/spacetimeandgra00eddigoog ''Space, time and gravitation; an outline of the general relativity theory'']. Cambridge: University Press. p. 107.</ref>
In the [[philosophy of time]], [[Philosophical presentism|presentism]] is the [[belief]] that only the present [[existence|exists]] and the future and the past are [[reality|unreal]]. Religions consider the future when they address issues such as [[karma]], [[afterlife|life after death]], and [[eschatology|eschatologies]] that study what the end of time and the end of the world will be. Religious figures such as [[prophet]]s and [[divination|diviners]] have claimed to see into the future.
Future studies, or [[futurology]], is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and [[probability]], versus the creation of possible and preferable futures. [[Predeterminism]] is the belief that the past, present, and future have been [[Destiny|already decided]].
The concept of the future has been explored extensively in cultural production, including [[art]] movements and genres devoted entirely to its elucidation, such as the 20th-century movement [[futurism]].
==In physics==
[[File:World line.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A visualization of the future [[light cone]] (at the top), the present, and the past light cone in 2D space.]]
{{See also|Time in physics}}
In physics, time is the fourth dimension. Physicists argue that [[spacetime]] can be understood as a sort of stretchy fabric that bends due to forces such as gravity. In [[classical physics]] the future is just a half of the timeline, which is the same for all observers. In [[special relativity]] the flow of time is relative to the observer's [[frame of reference]]. The faster an observer is traveling away from a reference object, the slower that object seems to move through time. Hence, the future is not an objective notion anymore. A more modern notion is [[absolute future]], or the future [[light cone]]. While a person can move backward or forwards in the three spatial dimensions, many physicists argue you are only able to move forward in time.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/technology/070307_time_travel.html|title=You Can't Travel Back in Time, Scientists Say|website=[[Live Science]]|date=7 March 2007|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
One of the outcomes of Special Relativity Theory is that a person can travel into the future (but never come back) by traveling at very high speeds. While this effect is negligible under ordinary conditions, space travel at very high speeds can change the flow of time considerably. As depicted in many [[science fiction]] stories and movies (e.g. ''[[Déjà Vu (2006 film)|Déjà Vu]]''), a person traveling for even a short time at near [[light speed]] will return to an Earth that is many years in the future.
Some physicists claim that by using a [[wormhole]] to connect two regions of spacetime a person could theoretically travel in time. Physicist [[Michio Kaku]] points out that to power this hypothetical time machine and "punch a hole into the fabric of space-time" would require the energy of a star. Another theory is that a person could travel in time with [[cosmic string]]s.
==In philosophy==
{{Time sidebar}}
In the [[philosophy of time]], presentism is the [[belief]] that only the present [[existence|exists]], and the future and [[past]] are [[reality|unreal]]. Past and future "entities" are construed as [[logic]]al constructions or [[fictionalism|fictions]]. The opposite of presentism is '[[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|eternalism]]', which is the belief that things in the past and things yet to come exist [[eternity|eternally]]. Another view (not held by many philosophers) is sometimes called the '[[Growing block universe|growing block]]' [[theory]] of time—which postulates that the past and present exist, but the future does not.<ref>{{cite book| last=Broad| first= C.D.| title= Scientific Thought| location=New York| publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co.| year=1923| url=http://www.ditext.com/broad/st/st-con.html}}</ref>
Presentism is [[wikt: compatible|compatible]] with [[Galilean relativity]], in which time is independent of space, but is probably incompatible with [[Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz]]ian/[[Albert Einstein]]ian relativity in conjunction with certain other philosophical [[thesis|theses]] that many find uncontroversial. [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] [[Research proposal|proposed]] that the present is a knife edge between the past and the future and could not contain any extended period of time.
Contrary to Saint Augustine, some philosophers propose that conscious experience is extended in time. For instance, [[William James]] said that time is "...the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible."{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} Augustine proposed that God is outside of time and present for all times, in [[eternity]]. Other early philosophers who were presentists include the [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (in the tradition of [[Indian Buddhism]]). A leading scholar from the modern era on [[Buddhist philosophy]] is [[Theodor Ippolitovich Stcherbatsky|Stcherbatsky]], who has written extensively on Buddhist presentism: {{cquote|Everything past is unreal, everything future is unreal, everything imagined, absent, mental... is unreal... Ultimately real is only the present moment of physical [[wikt:efficiency|efficiency]] [i.e., [[Causality|causation]]].<ref>Vol.1 of ''Buddhist Logic'', 1962, Dover: New York. 70–71.</ref>}}
==In psychology==
[[Human behavior]] is known to encompass anticipation of the future. Anticipatory behavior can be the result of a psychological outlook toward the future, for examples [[optimism]], [[pessimism]], and [[hope]].
Optimism is an outlook on life such that one maintains a view of the world as a positive place. People would say that optimism is [[Is the glass half empty or half full?|seeing the glass "half full" of water as opposed to half empty]]. It is the philosophical opposite of pessimism. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good, so that most situations work out in the end for the best. Hope is a belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Hope implies a certain amount of despair, wanting, wishing, suffering or perseverance—i.e., believing that a better or positive outcome is possible even when there is some evidence to the contrary. "Hopefulness" is somewhat different from optimism in that hope is an emotional state, whereas optimism is a conclusion reached through a deliberate thought pattern that leads to a positive attitude.
[[Pessimism]] as stated before is the opposite of optimism. It is the tendency to see, anticipate, or emphasize only bad or undesirable outcomes, results, or problems. The word originates in Latin from Pessimus meaning worst and Malus meaning bad.
==In religion==
Religions consider the future when they address issues such as [[karma]], [[afterlife|life after death]], and [[eschatology|eschatologies]] which consider what the end of time and the end of the world will be like. In religion, major prophets are said to have the power to change the future. Common religious figures have claimed to see into the future, such as minor [[prophet]]s and [[divination|diviners]].
The term "afterlife" refers to the continuation of [[existence]] of the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]], spirit or [[mind]] of a human (or animal) after physical [[death]], typically in a [[Spirituality|spiritual]] or [[ghost]]like afterworld. Deceased persons are usually believed to go to a specific region or [[planes of existence|plane of existence]] in this afterworld, often depending on the rightness of their actions during life.
Some believe the afterlife includes some form of preparation for the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]] to transfer to another body ([[reincarnation]]). The major views on the afterlife derive from [[religion]], [[esotericism]] and [[metaphysics]]. There are those who are skeptical of the existence of the afterlife, or believe that it is absolutely impossible, such as the [[materialism|materialist]]-reductionists, who believe that the topic is [[supernatural]], therefore does not really exist or is unknowable. In metaphysical models, [[theists]] generally, believe some sort of afterlife awaits people when they die. [[Atheism|Atheists]] generally do not believe in a life after death. Members of some generally non-theistic religions such as [[Buddhism]], tend to believe in an afterlife like [[reincarnation]] but without reference to [[God]].
[[Agnosticism|Agnostics]] generally hold the position that like the existence of God, the existence of supernatural phenomena, such as souls or life after death, is unverifiable and therefore unknowable.<ref>{{cite dictionary | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agnostic | title=agnositic | dictionary=Merriam-Webster | access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Many religions, whether they believe in the soul's existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many [[Paganism|pagan]] belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one's status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life, with the exception of [[Calvinistic]] variants of [[Protestant]] Christianity, which believe one's status in the afterlife is a gift from God and cannot be earned during life.
[[Eschatology]] is a part of [[theology]] and [[philosophy]] concerned with the final events in the [[Human history]], or the ultimate [[destiny]] of [[All humanity|humanity]], commonly referred to as the end of the world. While in [[mysticism]] the phrase refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary reality and reunion with the Divine, in many traditional [[religion]]s it is taught as an actual future event [[prophecy|prophesied]] in [[sacred text]]s or [[folklore]]. More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as the [[Messiah]] or [[Messianic Age]], the [[Eschatology|end time]], and the [[Eschatology|end of days]].
== In grammar ==
In [[grammar]], actions are classified according to one of the following twelve verb tenses: past ([[past]], [[Uses of English verb forms#Past progressive/continuous|past continuous]], [[past perfect]], or [[past perfect continuous]]), present ([[present]], [[present continuous]], [[present perfect]], or [[present perfect continuous]]), or future (future, [[future continuous]], [[future perfect]], or [[future perfect continuous]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> The future tense refers to actions that have not yet happened, but which are due, expected, or may occur in the future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> For example, in the sentence, "She will walk home," the verb "will walk" is in the future tense because it refers to an action that is going to, or may, happen at a point in time beyond the present.
Verbs in the future continuous tense indicate actions that will happen beyond the present and will continue for a period of time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> In the sentence, "She will be walking home," the [[verb phrase]] "will be walking" is in the future continuous tense because the action described is not happening now, but will happen sometime afterwards and is expected to continue happening for some time. Verbs in the future perfect tense indicate actions that will be completed at a particular point in the future.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Merriam-Webster |title=Present Perfect |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/present%20perfect |website=Merriam-Webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=27 August 2018 |format=Web |date=n.d.}}</ref> For example, the [[verb phrase]], "will have walked," in the sentence, "She will have walked home," is in the future perfect tense because it refers to an action that is completed as of a specific time in the future. Finally, verbs in the future perfect continuous tense combine the features of the perfect and continuous tenses, describing the future status of actions that have been happening continually from now or the past through to a particular time in the future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> In the sentence, "She will have been walking home," the verb phrase "will have been walking" is in the future perfect continuous tense because it refers to an action that the speaker anticipates will be finished in the future.
Another way to think of the various future tenses is that actions described by the future tense will be completed at an unspecified time in the future, actions described by the future continuous tense will keep happening in the future, actions described by the future perfect tense will be completed at a specific time in the future, and actions described by the future perfect continuous tense are expected to be continuing as of a specific time in the future.
== Linear and cyclic culture ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "The trouble with the future is that it's so much less knowable than the past."
| source = [[John Lewis Gaddis]], ''The Landscape of History''.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapehistory00gadd_853 |url-access= limited |last= Gaddis|first= John Lewis|year= 2002|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-19-517157-0|pages= [https://archive.org/details/landscapehistory00gadd_853/page/n70 56]}}
</ref>
| width = 27%
| align = right
| style = padding:8px;
}}
{{Human history}}
The linear view of time (common in [[Western thought]]) draws a stronger distinction between past and future than does the more common [[cyclic time]] of cultures such as India, where past and future can coalesce much more readily.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Ridderbos
| first1 = Katinka
| title = Time
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=muoM9H8Z8o8C
| series = Darwin College Lectures
| issue = 14
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| date = 2002
| page = 2
| isbn = 978-0521782937
| access-date = 2015-09-03
| quote = In a cyclic universe, each event that lies in the past of the present moment, also lies in its future.
}}
</ref>
==Futures studies==
[[File: Stanford Torus interior.jpg|thumb|upright|Project of an orbital colony [[Stanford torus]], painted by Donald E. Davis]]
{{Main|Futures studies}}
Futures studies or futurology is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. Futures studies seek to understand what is likely to continue, what is likely to change, and what is novel. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends. A key part of this process is understanding the potential future impact of decisions made by individuals, organizations, and governments. Leaders use the results of such work to assist in decision-making.
{{blockquote|Take hold of the future or the future will take hold of you.|[[Patrick Dixon]], author of ''[[Futurewise (book)|Futurewise]]''}}
Futures is an interdisciplinary field, studying yesterday's and today's changes, and aggregating and analyzing both lay and professional strategies, and opinions with respect to tomorrow. It includes analyzing the sources, patterns, and causes of change and stability in the attempt to develop foresight and to map possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.
Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the research conducted by other disciplines (although all disciplines overlap, to differing degrees). First, futures studies often examines not only possible but also probable, preferable, and "wild card" futures. Second, futures studies typically attempts to gain a holistic or systemic view based on insights from a range of different disciplines. Third, futures studies challenges and unpacks the assumptions behind dominant and contending views of the future. The future thus is not empty but fraught with hidden assumptions.
Futures studies do not generally include the work of economists who forecast movements of interest rates over the next business cycle, or of managers or investors with short-term time horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops operational plans for preferred futures with time horizons of one to three years, is also not considered futures. But plans and strategies with longer time horizons that specifically attempt to anticipate and be robust to possible future events, are part of a major subdiscipline of futures studies called strategic foresight.
The futures field also excludes those who make future predictions through professed supernatural means. At the same time, it does seek to understand the model's such groups use and the interpretations they give to these models.
===Forecasting===
{{Main|Forecasting}}
Forecasting is the process of [[Estimation|estimating]] outcomes in uncontrolled situations. Forecasting is applied in many areas, such as [[weather forecasting]], [[earthquake prediction]], [[transport planning]], and [[labour market]] planning. Due to the element of the unknown, [[risk]] and [[uncertainty]] are central to forecasting.
Statistically based forecasting employs [[time series]] with [[cross-sectional data|cross-sectional]] or [[longitudinal study|longitudinal]] data. [[Econometric]] forecasting methods use the assumption that it is possible to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. If the causes are understood, projections of the influencing variables can be made and used in the forecast. Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgments, opinions, and probability estimates, as in the case of the [[Delphi method]], [[scenario planning|scenario building]], and [[simulation]]s.
Prediction is similar to forecasting but is used more generally, for instance, to also include baseless claims on the future. Organized efforts to [[prediction|predict]] the future began with practices like [[astrology]], [[haruspicy]], and [[augury]]. These are all considered to be [[pseudoscience]] today, evolving from the human desire to know the future in advance.
Modern efforts such as [[futures studies]] attempt to predict technological and societal trends, while more ancient practices, such as weather forecasting, have benefited from [[Scientific modeling|scientific]] and [[causal model]]ling. Despite the development of [[cognition|cognitive]] instruments for the comprehension of future, the [[stochastic process|stochastic]] and [[Chaos theory|chaotic]] nature of many natural and social processes has made precise forecasting of the future elusive.
==In art and culture==
===Futurism===
<!--"Wat Phra Dhammakaya#Layout of building complex" links here -->
{{Main|Futurism}}
Futurism as an [[art movement]] originated in [[Italy]] at the beginning of the 20th century. It developed largely in [[Italy]] and in [[Russia]], although it also had adherents in other countries—in England and Portugal for example. The Futurists explored every medium of art, including [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[poetry]], [[theatre]], [[music]], [[architecture]], and even [[gastronomy]]. Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. They also espoused a love of [[speed]], [[technology]], and [[violence]]. Futurists dubbed the love of the past ''passéisme''. The car, the plane, and the industrial town were all legendary for the Futurists because they represented the technological triumph of people over [[nature]]. The ''[[Futurist Manifesto]]'' of 1909 declared: "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman."<ref name="futurmanifest">{{cite web|url=http://www.italianfuturism.org/manifestos/foundingmanifesto/|title=The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism|date=22 August 2008|publisher=italianfuturism.org (Originally published on [[Le Figaro]], [[Paris]], February 20, 1909)}}</ref> Though it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to [[political radicalism|radical political movements]], it had little involvement in politics until the autumn of 1913.<ref>Martin, Marianne W., p .186</ref>
Futurism in Classical Music arose during this same time period. Closely identified with the central Italian Futurist movement were brother composers [[Luigi Russolo]] (1885–1947) and [[Antonio Russolo]] (1877–1942), who used instruments known as ''[[intonarumori]]''—essentially [[sound box]]es used to create music out of noise. Luigi Russolo's futurist manifesto, "[[The Art of Noises]]", is considered one of the most important and influential texts in 20th-century musical aesthetics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Daniel |last2=Cox |first2=CChristoph |title=Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music |publisher=Continiuum International Publishing Group LTD |year=2004 |location=London |isbn=0-8264-1615-2 |page=10}}</ref> Other examples of futurist music include [[Arthur Honegger]]'s "[[Pacific 231]]" (1923), which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive, [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s "[[Le pas d'acier (Prokofiev)|The Steel Step]]" (1926), [[Alexander Mosolov]]'s "[[Iron Foundry]]" (1927), and the experiments of [[Edgard Varèse]].
[[Futurism (literature)|Literary futurism]] made its debut with [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti|F.T. Marinetti]]'s ''[[Futurist Manifesto|Manifesto of Futurism]]'' (1909). Futurist poetry used unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem). Futurist theater works have scenes a few sentences long, use nonsensical humor, and try to discredit the deep-rooted dramatic traditions with parody. Longer literature forms, such as novels, had no place in the Futurist aesthetic, which had an obsession with speed and compression.
Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics, [[graphic design]], industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture. In architecture, it featured a distinctive thrust towards [[rationalism]] and [[modernism]] through the use of advanced building materials. The ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern [[Western culture]]; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial [[film|cinema]] and commercial culture. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the 1980s-era literary genre of [[cyberpunk]]—which often treated technology with a critical eye.
===Science fiction===
{{Main|Science fiction|Near future in science fiction|Far future in science fiction}}
[[File:Sortie de l'opéra en l'an 2000-2.jpg|thumb|upright|Print (c. 1902) by [[Albert Robida]] showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera.<ref>{{cite book |chapter= Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues |title= The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism |publisher= Advent Publishers |last1= Heinlein |first1= Robert A. |first2=Cyril |last2=Kornbluth |first3=Alfred |last3=Bester |first4=Robert |last4=Bloch |year= 1959 |location= University of Chicago}}</ref>]]
More generally, one can regard science fiction as a broad genre of [[fiction]] that often involves speculations based on current or future [[science]] or [[technology]]. Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. Science fiction differs from [[Fantasy literature|fantasy]] in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though ''some'' elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). Settings may include the future, or alternative time-lines, and stories may depict new or speculative scientific principles (such as [[time travel]] or [[psionics]]), or new technology (such as [[nanotechnology]], [[faster-than-light]] travel or [[robot]]s). Exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas".<ref>
{{cite web
| author = Marg Gilks, Paula Fleming and Moira Allen
| title = Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas
| publisher =WritingWorld.com
| year =2003
| url = http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml
}}
</ref>
Some [[science fiction]] authors construct a postulated [[history]] of the future called a "[[future history]]" that provides a common background for their fiction. Sometimes authors publish a [[Chronology|timeline]] of events in their history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information in the books. Some published works constitute "future history" in a more literal sense—i.e., stories or whole books written in the style of a history book but describing events in the future. Examples include [[H.G. Wells]]' ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' (1933)—written in the form of a history book published in the year 2106 and in the manner of a real history book with numerous footnotes and references to the works of (mostly fictitious) prominent historians of the 20th and 21st centuries.
==See also==
{{columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Alternative future]]
* [[Divination]]
* [[List of emerging technologies]]
* [[Neo-futurism]]
* [[Prophecy]]
* Future events
** [[Future of an expanding universe]]
** [[Future of the Earth]]
** [[Future of the Solar System]]
** [[Timeline of the near future]]
** [[Timeline of the far future]]
}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Science fiction}}
{{Sister bar|auto=yes|wikt=future}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Future}}
[[Category:Future| ]]
[[Category:Philosophy of time]]
[[Category:Time]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Other uses|Future (disambiguation)}}{{Redirects here|Futuristic|other uses|Futuristic (disambiguation)}}{{Short description|Time after the present}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
[[File:Zeitpyramide 2023 B.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The ''[[Zeitpyramide]]'' is an unfinished [[concrete]] pyramid. Because a block is only placed every 10 years, it is expected to be completed in [[4th millennium|3183]].]]
The '''future''' is the [[time]] after the [[past]] and [[present]]. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the [[laws of physics]]. Due to the apparent nature of [[reality]] and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently [[existence|exists]] and will exist can be categorized as either permanent, meaning that it will exist forever, or temporary, meaning that it will end.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UD8TAAAAYAAJ ''Encyclopædia of religion and ethics'']. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 335–337.</ref> In the [[Western culture|Occidental]] view, which uses a linear conception of time, the future is the portion of the projected timeline that is anticipated to occur.<ref>Moore, C.-L. & Yamamoto, K. (1988). ''Beyond words: movement observation and analysis''. New York: Gordon and Breach. p. 57. (cf., The representation of time as a linear, unidirectional progression is a distinctly Occidental point of view.)</ref> In [[special relativity]], the future is considered [[absolute future]], or the future [[light cone]].<ref>Eddington, A. S. (1921). [https://archive.org/details/spacetimeandgra00eddigoog ''Space, time and gravitation; an outline of the general relativity theory'']. Cambridge: University Press. p. 107.</ref>
In the [[philosophy of time]], [[Philosophical presentism|presentism]] is the [[belief]] that only the present [[existence|exists]] and the future and the past are [[reality|unreal]]. Religions consider the future when they address issues such as [[karma]], [[afterlife|life after death]], and [[eschatology|eschatologies]] that study what the end of time and the end of the world will be. Religious figures such as [[prophet]]s and [[divination|diviners]] have claimed to see into the future.
Future studies, or [[futurology]], is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and [[probability]], versus the creation of possible and preferable futures. [[Predeterminism]] is the belief that the past, present, and future have been [[Destiny|already decided]].
The concept of the future has been explored extensively in cultural production, including [[art]] movements and genres devoted entirely to its elucidation, such as the 20th-century movement [[futurism]].
==In physics==
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==In philosophy==
{{Time sidebar}}
In the [[philosophy of time]], presentism is the [[belief]] that only the present [[existence|exists]], and the future and [[past]] are [[reality|unreal]]. Past and future "entities" are construed as [[logic]]al constructions or [[fictionalism|fictions]]. The opposite of presentism is '[[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|eternalism]]', which is the belief that things in the past and things yet to come exist [[eternity|eternally]]. Another view (not held by many philosophers) is sometimes called the '[[Growing block universe|growing block]]' [[theory]] of time—which postulates that the past and present exist, but the future does not.<ref>{{cite book| last=Broad| first= C.D.| title= Scientific Thought| location=New York| publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Co.| year=1923| url=http://www.ditext.com/broad/st/st-con.html}}</ref>
Presentism is [[wikt: compatible|compatible]] with [[Galilean relativity]], in which time is independent of space, but is probably incompatible with [[Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz]]ian/[[Albert Einstein]]ian relativity in conjunction with certain other philosophical [[thesis|theses]] that many find uncontroversial. [[Augustine of Hippo|Saint Augustine]] [[Research proposal|proposed]] that the present is a knife edge between the past and the future and could not contain any extended period of time.
Contrary to Saint Augustine, some philosophers propose that conscious experience is extended in time. For instance, [[William James]] said that time is "...the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible."{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} Augustine proposed that God is outside of time and present for all times, in [[eternity]]. Other early philosophers who were presentists include the [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (in the tradition of [[Indian Buddhism]]). A leading scholar from the modern era on [[Buddhist philosophy]] is [[Theodor Ippolitovich Stcherbatsky|Stcherbatsky]], who has written extensively on Buddhist presentism: {{cquote|Everything past is unreal, everything future is unreal, everything imagined, absent, mental... is unreal... Ultimately real is only the present moment of physical [[wikt:efficiency|efficiency]] [i.e., [[Causality|causation]]].<ref>Vol.1 of ''Buddhist Logic'', 1962, Dover: New York. 70–71.</ref>}}
==In psychology==
[[Human behavior]] is known to encompass anticipation of the future. Anticipatory behavior can be the result of a psychological outlook toward the future, for examples [[optimism]], [[pessimism]], and [[hope]].
Optimism is an outlook on life such that one maintains a view of the world as a positive place. People would say that optimism is [[Is the glass half empty or half full?|seeing the glass "half full" of water as opposed to half empty]]. It is the philosophical opposite of pessimism. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good, so that most situations work out in the end for the best. Hope is a belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Hope implies a certain amount of despair, wanting, wishing, suffering or perseverance—i.e., believing that a better or positive outcome is possible even when there is some evidence to the contrary. "Hopefulness" is somewhat different from optimism in that hope is an emotional state, whereas optimism is a conclusion reached through a deliberate thought pattern that leads to a positive attitude.
[[Pessimism]] as stated before is the opposite of optimism. It is the tendency to see, anticipate, or emphasize only bad or undesirable outcomes, results, or problems. The word originates in Latin from Pessimus meaning worst and Malus meaning bad.
==In religion==
Religions consider the future when they address issues such as [[karma]], [[afterlife|life after death]], and [[eschatology|eschatologies]] which consider what the end of time and the end of the world will be like. In religion, major prophets are said to have the power to change the future. Common religious figures have claimed to see into the future, such as minor [[prophet]]s and [[divination|diviners]].
The term "afterlife" refers to the continuation of [[existence]] of the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]], spirit or [[mind]] of a human (or animal) after physical [[death]], typically in a [[Spirituality|spiritual]] or [[ghost]]like afterworld. Deceased persons are usually believed to go to a specific region or [[planes of existence|plane of existence]] in this afterworld, often depending on the rightness of their actions during life.
Some believe the afterlife includes some form of preparation for the [[Soul (spirit)|soul]] to transfer to another body ([[reincarnation]]). The major views on the afterlife derive from [[religion]], [[esotericism]] and [[metaphysics]]. There are those who are skeptical of the existence of the afterlife, or believe that it is absolutely impossible, such as the [[materialism|materialist]]-reductionists, who believe that the topic is [[supernatural]], therefore does not really exist or is unknowable. In metaphysical models, [[theists]] generally, believe some sort of afterlife awaits people when they die. [[Atheism|Atheists]] generally do not believe in a life after death. Members of some generally non-theistic religions such as [[Buddhism]], tend to believe in an afterlife like [[reincarnation]] but without reference to [[God]].
[[Agnosticism|Agnostics]] generally hold the position that like the existence of God, the existence of supernatural phenomena, such as souls or life after death, is unverifiable and therefore unknowable.<ref>{{cite dictionary | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agnostic | title=agnositic | dictionary=Merriam-Webster | access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Many religions, whether they believe in the soul's existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many [[Paganism|pagan]] belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one's status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life, with the exception of [[Calvinistic]] variants of [[Protestant]] Christianity, which believe one's status in the afterlife is a gift from God and cannot be earned during life.
[[Eschatology]] is a part of [[theology]] and [[philosophy]] concerned with the final events in the [[Human history]], or the ultimate [[destiny]] of [[All humanity|humanity]], commonly referred to as the end of the world. While in [[mysticism]] the phrase refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary reality and reunion with the Divine, in many traditional [[religion]]s it is taught as an actual future event [[prophecy|prophesied]] in [[sacred text]]s or [[folklore]]. More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as the [[Messiah]] or [[Messianic Age]], the [[Eschatology|end time]], and the [[Eschatology|end of days]].
== In grammar ==
In [[grammar]], actions are classified according to one of the following twelve verb tenses: past ([[past]], [[Uses of English verb forms#Past progressive/continuous|past continuous]], [[past perfect]], or [[past perfect continuous]]), present ([[present]], [[present continuous]], [[present perfect]], or [[present perfect continuous]]), or future (future, [[future continuous]], [[future perfect]], or [[future perfect continuous]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> The future tense refers to actions that have not yet happened, but which are due, expected, or may occur in the future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> For example, in the sentence, "She will walk home," the verb "will walk" is in the future tense because it refers to an action that is going to, or may, happen at a point in time beyond the present.
Verbs in the future continuous tense indicate actions that will happen beyond the present and will continue for a period of time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> In the sentence, "She will be walking home," the [[verb phrase]] "will be walking" is in the future continuous tense because the action described is not happening now, but will happen sometime afterwards and is expected to continue happening for some time. Verbs in the future perfect tense indicate actions that will be completed at a particular point in the future.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Merriam-Webster |title=Present Perfect |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/present%20perfect |website=Merriam-Webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=27 August 2018 |format=Web |date=n.d.}}</ref> For example, the [[verb phrase]], "will have walked," in the sentence, "She will have walked home," is in the future perfect tense because it refers to an action that is completed as of a specific time in the future. Finally, verbs in the future perfect continuous tense combine the features of the perfect and continuous tenses, describing the future status of actions that have been happening continually from now or the past through to a particular time in the future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Verb tenses |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2016 |website=English Oxford Living Dictionaries |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> In the sentence, "She will have been walking home," the verb phrase "will have been walking" is in the future perfect continuous tense because it refers to an action that the speaker anticipates will be finished in the future.
Another way to think of the various future tenses is that actions described by the future tense will be completed at an unspecified time in the future, actions described by the future continuous tense will keep happening in the future, actions described by the future perfect tense will be completed at a specific time in the future, and actions described by the future perfect continuous tense are expected to be continuing as of a specific time in the future.
== Linear and cyclic culture ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "The trouble with the future is that it's so much less knowable than the past."
| source = [[John Lewis Gaddis]], ''The Landscape of History''.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapehistory00gadd_853 |url-access= limited |last= Gaddis|first= John Lewis|year= 2002|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-19-517157-0|pages= [https://archive.org/details/landscapehistory00gadd_853/page/n70 56]}}
</ref>
| width = 27%
| align = right
| style = padding:8px;
}}
{{Human history}}
The linear view of time (common in [[Western thought]]) draws a stronger distinction between past and future than does the more common [[cyclic time]] of cultures such as India, where past and future can coalesce much more readily.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Ridderbos
| first1 = Katinka
| title = Time
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=muoM9H8Z8o8C
| series = Darwin College Lectures
| issue = 14
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| date = 2002
| page = 2
| isbn = 978-0521782937
| access-date = 2015-09-03
| quote = In a cyclic universe, each event that lies in the past of the present moment, also lies in its future.
}}
</ref>
==Futures studies==
[[File: Stanford Torus interior.jpg|thumb|upright|Project of an orbital colony [[Stanford torus]], painted by Donald E. Davis]]
{{Main|Futures studies}}
Futures studies or futurology is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. Futures studies seek to understand what is likely to continue, what is likely to change, and what is novel. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends. A key part of this process is understanding the potential future impact of decisions made by individuals, organizations, and governments. Leaders use the results of such work to assist in decision-making.
{{blockquote|Take hold of the future or the future will take hold of you.|[[Patrick Dixon]], author of ''[[Futurewise (book)|Futurewise]]''}}
Futures is an interdisciplinary field, studying yesterday's and today's changes, and aggregating and analyzing both lay and professional strategies, and opinions with respect to tomorrow. It includes analyzing the sources, patterns, and causes of change and stability in the attempt to develop foresight and to map possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.
Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the research conducted by other disciplines (although all disciplines overlap, to differing degrees). First, futures studies often examines not only possible but also probable, preferable, and "wild card" futures. Second, futures studies typically attempts to gain a holistic or systemic view based on insights from a range of different disciplines. Third, futures studies challenges and unpacks the assumptions behind dominant and contending views of the future. The future thus is not empty but fraught with hidden assumptions.
Futures studies do not generally include the work of economists who forecast movements of interest rates over the next business cycle, or of managers or investors with short-term time horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops operational plans for preferred futures with time horizons of one to three years, is also not considered futures. But plans and strategies with longer time horizons that specifically attempt to anticipate and be robust to possible future events, are part of a major subdiscipline of futures studies called strategic foresight.
The futures field also excludes those who make future predictions through professed supernatural means. At the same time, it does seek to understand the model's such groups use and the interpretations they give to these models.
===Forecasting===
{{Main|Forecasting}}
Forecasting is the process of [[Estimation|estimating]] outcomes in uncontrolled situations. Forecasting is applied in many areas, such as [[weather forecasting]], [[earthquake prediction]], [[transport planning]], and [[labour market]] planning. Due to the element of the unknown, [[risk]] and [[uncertainty]] are central to forecasting.
Statistically based forecasting employs [[time series]] with [[cross-sectional data|cross-sectional]] or [[longitudinal study|longitudinal]] data. [[Econometric]] forecasting methods use the assumption that it is possible to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. If the causes are understood, projections of the influencing variables can be made and used in the forecast. Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgments, opinions, and probability estimates, as in the case of the [[Delphi method]], [[scenario planning|scenario building]], and [[simulation]]s.
Prediction is similar to forecasting but is used more generally, for instance, to also include baseless claims on the future. Organized efforts to [[prediction|predict]] the future began with practices like [[astrology]], [[haruspicy]], and [[augury]]. These are all considered to be [[pseudoscience]] today, evolving from the human desire to know the future in advance.
Modern efforts such as [[futures studies]] attempt to predict technological and societal trends, while more ancient practices, such as weather forecasting, have benefited from [[Scientific modeling|scientific]] and [[causal model]]ling. Despite the development of [[cognition|cognitive]] instruments for the comprehension of future, the [[stochastic process|stochastic]] and [[Chaos theory|chaotic]] nature of many natural and social processes has made precise forecasting of the future elusive.
==In art and culture==
===Futurism===
<!--"Wat Phra Dhammakaya#Layout of building complex" links here -->
{{Main|Futurism}}
Futurism as an [[art movement]] originated in [[Italy]] at the beginning of the 20th century. It developed largely in [[Italy]] and in [[Russia]], although it also had adherents in other countries—in England and Portugal for example. The Futurists explored every medium of art, including [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[poetry]], [[theatre]], [[music]], [[architecture]], and even [[gastronomy]]. Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. They also espoused a love of [[speed]], [[technology]], and [[violence]]. Futurists dubbed the love of the past ''passéisme''. The car, the plane, and the industrial town were all legendary for the Futurists because they represented the technological triumph of people over [[nature]]. The ''[[Futurist Manifesto]]'' of 1909 declared: "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman."<ref name="futurmanifest">{{cite web|url=http://www.italianfuturism.org/manifestos/foundingmanifesto/|title=The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism|date=22 August 2008|publisher=italianfuturism.org (Originally published on [[Le Figaro]], [[Paris]], February 20, 1909)}}</ref> Though it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to [[political radicalism|radical political movements]], it had little involvement in politics until the autumn of 1913.<ref>Martin, Marianne W., p .186</ref>
Futurism in Classical Music arose during this same time period. Closely identified with the central Italian Futurist movement were brother composers [[Luigi Russolo]] (1885–1947) and [[Antonio Russolo]] (1877–1942), who used instruments known as ''[[intonarumori]]''—essentially [[sound box]]es used to create music out of noise. Luigi Russolo's futurist manifesto, "[[The Art of Noises]]", is considered one of the most important and influential texts in 20th-century musical aesthetics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Daniel |last2=Cox |first2=CChristoph |title=Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music |publisher=Continiuum International Publishing Group LTD |year=2004 |location=London |isbn=0-8264-1615-2 |page=10}}</ref> Other examples of futurist music include [[Arthur Honegger]]'s "[[Pacific 231]]" (1923), which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive, [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]]'s "[[Le pas d'acier (Prokofiev)|The Steel Step]]" (1926), [[Alexander Mosolov]]'s "[[Iron Foundry]]" (1927), and the experiments of [[Edgard Varèse]].
[[Futurism (literature)|Literary futurism]] made its debut with [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti|F.T. Marinetti]]'s ''[[Futurist Manifesto|Manifesto of Futurism]]'' (1909). Futurist poetry used unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem). Futurist theater works have scenes a few sentences long, use nonsensical humor, and try to discredit the deep-rooted dramatic traditions with parody. Longer literature forms, such as novels, had no place in the Futurist aesthetic, which had an obsession with speed and compression.
Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics, [[graphic design]], industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture. In architecture, it featured a distinctive thrust towards [[rationalism]] and [[modernism]] through the use of advanced building materials. The ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern [[Western culture]]; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial [[film|cinema]] and commercial culture. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the 1980s-era literary genre of [[cyberpunk]]—which often treated technology with a critical eye.
===Science fiction===
{{Main|Science fiction|Near future in science fiction|Far future in science fiction}}
[[File:Sortie de l'opéra en l'an 2000-2.jpg|thumb|upright|Print (c. 1902) by [[Albert Robida]] showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera.<ref>{{cite book |chapter= Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues |title= The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism |publisher= Advent Publishers |last1= Heinlein |first1= Robert A. |first2=Cyril |last2=Kornbluth |first3=Alfred |last3=Bester |first4=Robert |last4=Bloch |year= 1959 |location= University of Chicago}}</ref>]]
More generally, one can regard science fiction as a broad genre of [[fiction]] that often involves speculations based on current or future [[science]] or [[technology]]. Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. Science fiction differs from [[Fantasy literature|fantasy]] in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though ''some'' elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). Settings may include the future, or alternative time-lines, and stories may depict new or speculative scientific principles (such as [[time travel]] or [[psionics]]), or new technology (such as [[nanotechnology]], [[faster-than-light]] travel or [[robot]]s). Exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas".<ref>
{{cite web
| author = Marg Gilks, Paula Fleming and Moira Allen
| title = Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas
| publisher =WritingWorld.com
| year =2003
| url = http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml
}}
</ref>
Some [[science fiction]] authors construct a postulated [[history]] of the future called a "[[future history]]" that provides a common background for their fiction. Sometimes authors publish a [[Chronology|timeline]] of events in their history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information in the books. Some published works constitute "future history" in a more literal sense—i.e., stories or whole books written in the style of a history book but describing events in the future. Examples include [[H.G. Wells]]' ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' (1933)—written in the form of a history book published in the year 2106 and in the manner of a real history book with numerous footnotes and references to the works of (mostly fictitious) prominent historians of the 20th and 21st centuries.
==See also==
{{columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Alternative future]]
* [[Divination]]
* [[List of emerging technologies]]
* [[Neo-futurism]]
* [[Prophecy]]
* Future events
** [[Future of an expanding universe]]
** [[Future of the Earth]]
** [[Future of the Solar System]]
** [[Timeline of the near future]]
** [[Timeline of the far future]]
}}
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Science fiction}}
{{Sister bar|auto=yes|wikt=future}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Future}}
[[Category:Future| ]]
[[Category:Philosophy of time]]
[[Category:Time]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -11,13 +11,5 @@
==In physics==
-[[File:World line.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A visualization of the future [[light cone]] (at the top), the present, and the past light cone in 2D space.]]
-
-{{See also|Time in physics}}
-
-In physics, time is the fourth dimension. Physicists argue that [[spacetime]] can be understood as a sort of stretchy fabric that bends due to forces such as gravity. In [[classical physics]] the future is just a half of the timeline, which is the same for all observers. In [[special relativity]] the flow of time is relative to the observer's [[frame of reference]]. The faster an observer is traveling away from a reference object, the slower that object seems to move through time. Hence, the future is not an objective notion anymore. A more modern notion is [[absolute future]], or the future [[light cone]]. While a person can move backward or forwards in the three spatial dimensions, many physicists argue you are only able to move forward in time.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/technology/070307_time_travel.html|title=You Can't Travel Back in Time, Scientists Say|website=[[Live Science]]|date=7 March 2007|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>
-
-One of the outcomes of Special Relativity Theory is that a person can travel into the future (but never come back) by traveling at very high speeds. While this effect is negligible under ordinary conditions, space travel at very high speeds can change the flow of time considerably. As depicted in many [[science fiction]] stories and movies (e.g. ''[[Déjà Vu (2006 film)|Déjà Vu]]''), a person traveling for even a short time at near [[light speed]] will return to an Earth that is many years in the future.
-
-Some physicists claim that by using a [[wormhole]] to connect two regions of spacetime a person could theoretically travel in time. Physicist [[Michio Kaku]] points out that to power this hypothetical time machine and "punch a hole into the fabric of space-time" would require the energy of a star. Another theory is that a person could travel in time with [[cosmic string]]s.
+[im gay
==In philosophy==
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3 => '',
4 => 'In physics, time is the fourth dimension. Physicists argue that [[spacetime]] can be understood as a sort of stretchy fabric that bends due to forces such as gravity. In [[classical physics]] the future is just a half of the timeline, which is the same for all observers. In [[special relativity]] the flow of time is relative to the observer's [[frame of reference]]. The faster an observer is traveling away from a reference object, the slower that object seems to move through time. Hence, the future is not an objective notion anymore. A more modern notion is [[absolute future]], or the future [[light cone]]. While a person can move backward or forwards in the three spatial dimensions, many physicists argue you are only able to move forward in time.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/technology/070307_time_travel.html|title=You Can't Travel Back in Time, Scientists Say|website=[[Live Science]]|date=7 March 2007|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>',
5 => '',
6 => 'One of the outcomes of Special Relativity Theory is that a person can travel into the future (but never come back) by traveling at very high speeds. While this effect is negligible under ordinary conditions, space travel at very high speeds can change the flow of time considerably. As depicted in many [[science fiction]] stories and movies (e.g. ''[[Déjà Vu (2006 film)|Déjà Vu]]''), a person traveling for even a short time at near [[light speed]] will return to an Earth that is many years in the future.',
7 => '',
8 => 'Some physicists claim that by using a [[wormhole]] to connect two regions of spacetime a person could theoretically travel in time. Physicist [[Michio Kaku]] points out that to power this hypothetical time machine and "punch a hole into the fabric of space-time" would require the energy of a star. Another theory is that a person could travel in time with [[cosmic string]]s.'
] |
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1 => 'https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/present%20perfect',
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14 => 'http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agnostic',
15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=muoM9H8Z8o8C',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Future (disambiguation)">Future (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Futuristic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futuristic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Futuristic (disambiguation)">Futuristic (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Time after the present</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236091366">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Future" title="Special:EditPage/Future">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Future%22">"Future"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Future%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Future%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Future%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Future%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Future%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Zeitpyramide_2023_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zeitpyramide_2023_B.jpg/330px-Zeitpyramide_2023_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zeitpyramide_2023_B.jpg/495px-Zeitpyramide_2023_B.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Zeitpyramide_2023_B.jpg/660px-Zeitpyramide_2023_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeitpyramide" title="Zeitpyramide">Zeitpyramide</a></i> is an unfinished <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> pyramid. Because a block is only placed every 10 years, it is expected to be completed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/4th_millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="4th millennium">3183</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <b>future</b> is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a>. Its arrival is considered inevitable due to the existence of time and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laws_of_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of physics">laws of physics</a>. Due to the apparent nature of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> and the unavoidability of the future, everything that currently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">exists</a> and will exist can be categorized as either permanent, meaning that it will exist forever, or temporary, meaning that it will end.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Occidental</a> view, which uses a linear conception of time, the future is the portion of the projected timeline that is anticipated to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>, the future is considered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absolute_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute future">absolute future</a>, or the future <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">light cone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophy_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of time">philosophy of time</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">presentism</a> is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> that only the present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">exists</a> and the future and the past are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">unreal</a>. Religions consider the future when they address issues such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">life after death</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatologies</a> that study what the end of time and the end of the world will be. Religious figures such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviners</a> have claimed to see into the future.
Future studies, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futurology" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurology">futurology</a>, is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">Predeterminism</a> is the belief that the past, present, and future have been <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">already decided</a>.
</p><p>The concept of the future has been explored extensively in cultural production, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> movements and genres devoted entirely to its elucidation, such as the 20th-century movement <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#In_physics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">In physics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#In_philosophy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_psychology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In psychology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_religion"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_grammar"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">In grammar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Linear_and_cyclic_culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Linear and cyclic culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Futures_studies"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Futures studies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Forecasting"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Forecasting</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_art_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">In art and culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Futurism"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Futurism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Science_fiction"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Science fiction</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_physics">In physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>[im gay
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_philosophy">In philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Future</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternity_of_the_world" title="Eternity of the world">of the world</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Fields of study</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futurology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li>Mythology</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li>Science</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe"><span class="wrap">Ultimate fate of the universe</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophy_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of time">philosophy of time</a>, presentism is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> that only the present <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">exists</a>, and the future and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a> are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">unreal</a>. Past and future "entities" are construed as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> constructions or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fictionalism" title="Fictionalism">fictions</a>. The opposite of presentism is '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalism</a>', which is the belief that things in the past and things yet to come exist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternally</a>. Another view (not held by many philosophers) is sometimes called the '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">growing block</a>' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of time—which postulates that the past and present exist, but the future does not.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Presentism is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatible" class="extiw" title="wikt:compatible">compatible</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galilean_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean relativity">Galilean relativity</a>, in which time is independent of space, but is probably incompatible with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentzian</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einsteinian</a> relativity in conjunction with certain other philosophical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">theses</a> that many find uncontroversial. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Research_proposal" title="Research proposal">proposed</a> that the present is a knife edge between the past and the future and could not contain any extended period of time.
</p><p>
Contrary to Saint Augustine, some philosophers propose that conscious experience is extended in time. For instance, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> said that time is "...the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Augustine proposed that God is outside of time and present for all times, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a>. Other early philosophers who were presentists include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> (in the tradition of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buddhism">Indian Buddhism</a>). A leading scholar from the modern era on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodor_Ippolitovich_Stcherbatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Ippolitovich Stcherbatsky">Stcherbatsky</a>, who has written extensively on Buddhist presentism: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Everything past is unreal, everything future is unreal, everything imagined, absent, mental... is unreal... Ultimately real is only the present moment of physical <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/efficiency" class="extiw" title="wikt:efficiency">efficiency</a> [i.e., <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a>].<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychology">In psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a> is known to encompass anticipation of the future. Anticipatory behavior can be the result of a psychological outlook toward the future, for examples <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimism</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">pessimism</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a>.
</p><p>Optimism is an outlook on life such that one maintains a view of the world as a positive place. People would say that optimism is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Is_the_glass_half_empty_or_half_full%3F" title="Is the glass half empty or half full?">seeing the glass "half full" of water as opposed to half empty</a>. It is the philosophical opposite of pessimism. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good, so that most situations work out in the end for the best. Hope is a belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Hope implies a certain amount of despair, wanting, wishing, suffering or perseverance—i.e., believing that a better or positive outcome is possible even when there is some evidence to the contrary. "Hopefulness" is somewhat different from optimism in that hope is an emotional state, whereas optimism is a conclusion reached through a deliberate thought pattern that leads to a positive attitude.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a> as stated before is the opposite of optimism. It is the tendency to see, anticipate, or emphasize only bad or undesirable outcomes, results, or problems. The word originates in Latin from Pessimus meaning worst and Malus meaning bad.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Religions consider the future when they address issues such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">life after death</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatologies</a> which consider what the end of time and the end of the world will be like. In religion, major prophets are said to have the power to change the future. Common religious figures have claimed to see into the future, such as minor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviners</a>.
</p><p>The term "afterlife" refers to the continuation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>, spirit or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> of a human (or animal) after physical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, typically in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghostlike</a> afterworld. Deceased persons are usually believed to go to a specific region or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planes_of_existence" class="mw-redirect" title="Planes of existence">plane of existence</a> in this afterworld, often depending on the rightness of their actions during life.
</p><p>Some believe the afterlife includes some form of preparation for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> to transfer to another body (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>). The major views on the afterlife derive from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esotericism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. There are those who are skeptical of the existence of the afterlife, or believe that it is absolutely impossible, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a>-reductionists, who believe that the topic is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>, therefore does not really exist or is unknowable. In metaphysical models, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theists" class="mw-redirect" title="Theists">theists</a> generally, believe some sort of afterlife awaits people when they die. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheists</a> generally do not believe in a life after death. Members of some generally non-theistic religions such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, tend to believe in an afterlife like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> but without reference to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostics</a> generally hold the position that like the existence of God, the existence of supernatural phenomena, such as souls or life after death, is unverifiable and therefore unknowable.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Many religions, whether they believe in the soul's existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one's status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life, with the exception of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calvinistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic">Calvinistic</a> variants of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christianity, which believe one's status in the afterlife is a gift from God and cannot be earned during life.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a> is a part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> concerned with the final events in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a>, or the ultimate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="All humanity">humanity</a>, commonly referred to as the end of the world. While in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> the phrase refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary reality and reunion with the Divine, in many traditional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> it is taught as an actual future event <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophesied</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacred_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred text">sacred texts</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end time</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of days</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_grammar">In grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, actions are classified according to one of the following twelve verb tenses: past (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms#Past_progressive/continuous" title="Uses of English verb forms">past continuous</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Past_perfect" class="mw-redirect" title="Past perfect">past perfect</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Past_perfect_continuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Past perfect continuous">past perfect continuous</a>), present (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present_continuous" title="Present continuous">present continuous</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present_perfect_continuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Present perfect continuous">present perfect continuous</a>), or future (future, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_continuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Future continuous">future continuous</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_perfect" title="Future perfect">future perfect</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_perfect_continuous" class="mw-redirect" title="Future perfect continuous">future perfect continuous</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The future tense refers to actions that have not yet happened, but which are due, expected, or may occur in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> For example, in the sentence, "She will walk home," the verb "will walk" is in the future tense because it refers to an action that is going to, or may, happen at a point in time beyond the present.
</p><p>Verbs in the future continuous tense indicate actions that will happen beyond the present and will continue for a period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> In the sentence, "She will be walking home," the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a> "will be walking" is in the future continuous tense because the action described is not happening now, but will happen sometime afterwards and is expected to continue happening for some time. Verbs in the future perfect tense indicate actions that will be completed at a particular point in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> For example, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a>, "will have walked," in the sentence, "She will have walked home," is in the future perfect tense because it refers to an action that is completed as of a specific time in the future. Finally, verbs in the future perfect continuous tense combine the features of the perfect and continuous tenses, describing the future status of actions that have been happening continually from now or the past through to a particular time in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> In the sentence, "She will have been walking home," the verb phrase "will have been walking" is in the future perfect continuous tense because it refers to an action that the speaker anticipates will be finished in the future.
</p><p>Another way to think of the various future tenses is that actions described by the future tense will be completed at an unspecified time in the future, actions described by the future continuous tense will keep happening in the future, actions described by the future perfect tense will be completed at a specific time in the future, and actions described by the future perfect continuous tense are expected to be continuing as of a specific time in the future.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linear_and_cyclic_culture">Linear and cyclic culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linear and cyclic culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:27%; ; padding:8px;">
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<p>"The trouble with the future is that it's so much less knowable than the past."
</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, <i>The Landscape of History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></cite></p>
</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236473542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236473542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236473542"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;border-spacing:0;padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:World_history" title="Category:World history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">
<span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>) <span class="nowrap">  </span>(<small><i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene epoch</a></b></i></small>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timelines_of_world_history" title="Timelines of world history">Timelines</a><br /><small><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></b></small><br /><small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/10,000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="10,000 BCE">10,000 BCE</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Present</a>)</small></li></ul>
</div>
<hr />
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discovery_of_human_antiquity" title="Discovery of human antiquity">Age of the human race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>)</li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">Proto-writing</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul>
</div>
<hr />
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Africa#Antiquity" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">South America</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Oceania#Prehistory" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">West Asia</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Europe</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Postclassical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Middle Ages">Timeline</a></li></ul>
</div>
<hr />
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Africa#500_to_1800" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Americas</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">South Asia</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Medieval_history" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East#Medieval_Near_East" title="History of the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Europe</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul>
</div>
<hr />
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Africa#Modern" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_North_America#Modern" title="History of North America">North America</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_South_America#Modern" title="History of South America">South America</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Oceania#Modern_age" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_East_Asia#Modern" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history#Modern" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Modern" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Europe#From_revolution_to_imperialism_(1789–1914)" title="History of Europe">Europe</a></li></ul>
</div>
<hr /></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;">
See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">Postmodernity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futurology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history</a></li></ul>
</div></td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below">
<span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Future</a> <span class="nowrap">  </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Human_history" title="Template:Human history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Human_history" title="Template talk:Human history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The linear view of time (common in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Western thought">Western thought</a>) draws a stronger distinction between past and future than does the more common <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyclic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic time">cyclic time</a> of cultures such as India, where past and future can coalesce much more readily.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Futures_studies">Futures studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Futures studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg/170px-Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg/255px-Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg/340px-Stanford_Torus_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5718" data-file-height="4525" /></a><figcaption>Project of an orbital colony <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a>, painted by Donald E. Davis</figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></div>
<p>Futures studies or futurology is the science, art, and practice of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. Futures studies seek to understand what is likely to continue, what is likely to change, and what is novel. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends. A key part of this process is understanding the potential future impact of decisions made by individuals, organizations, and governments. Leaders use the results of such work to assist in decision-making.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Take hold of the future or the future will take hold of you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Dixon" title="Patrick Dixon">Patrick Dixon</a>, author of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futurewise_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurewise (book)">Futurewise</a></i></cite></div></blockquote>
<p>Futures is an interdisciplinary field, studying yesterday's and today's changes, and aggregating and analyzing both lay and professional strategies, and opinions with respect to tomorrow. It includes analyzing the sources, patterns, and causes of change and stability in the attempt to develop foresight and to map possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.
</p><p>Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the research conducted by other disciplines (although all disciplines overlap, to differing degrees). First, futures studies often examines not only possible but also probable, preferable, and "wild card" futures. Second, futures studies typically attempts to gain a holistic or systemic view based on insights from a range of different disciplines. Third, futures studies challenges and unpacks the assumptions behind dominant and contending views of the future. The future thus is not empty but fraught with hidden assumptions.
</p><p>Futures studies do not generally include the work of economists who forecast movements of interest rates over the next business cycle, or of managers or investors with short-term time horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops operational plans for preferred futures with time horizons of one to three years, is also not considered futures. But plans and strategies with longer time horizons that specifically attempt to anticipate and be robust to possible future events, are part of a major subdiscipline of futures studies called strategic foresight.
</p><p>The futures field also excludes those who make future predictions through professed supernatural means. At the same time, it does seek to understand the model's such groups use and the interpretations they give to these models.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forecasting">Forecasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forecasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></div>
<p>Forecasting is the process of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estimation" title="Estimation">estimating</a> outcomes in uncontrolled situations. Forecasting is applied in many areas, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather forecasting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earthquake_prediction" title="Earthquake prediction">earthquake prediction</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport planning">transport planning</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a> planning. Due to the element of the unknown, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertainty</a> are central to forecasting.
</p><p>Statistically based forecasting employs <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_series" title="Time series">time series</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross-sectional_data" title="Cross-sectional data">cross-sectional</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal</a> data. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Econometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Econometric">Econometric</a> forecasting methods use the assumption that it is possible to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. If the causes are understood, projections of the influencing variables can be made and used in the forecast. Judgmental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgments, opinions, and probability estimates, as in the case of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delphi_method" title="Delphi method">Delphi method</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">scenario building</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulations</a>.
</p><p>Prediction is similar to forecasting but is used more generally, for instance, to also include baseless claims on the future. Organized efforts to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predict</a> the future began with practices like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haruspicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruspicy">haruspicy</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augury</a>. These are all considered to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> today, evolving from the human desire to know the future in advance.
</p><p>Modern efforts such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">futures studies</a> attempt to predict technological and societal trends, while more ancient practices, such as weather forecasting, have benefited from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">scientific</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Causal_model" title="Causal model">causal modelling</a>. Despite the development of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> instruments for the comprehension of future, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">stochastic</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaotic</a> nature of many natural and social processes has made precise forecasting of the future elusive.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_culture">In art and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In art and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Futurism">Futurism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Futurism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></div>
<p>Futurism as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> originated in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> at the beginning of the 20th century. It developed largely in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, although it also had adherents in other countries—in England and Portugal for example. The Futurists explored every medium of art, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and even <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a>. Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. They also espoused a love of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. Futurists dubbed the love of the past <i>passéisme</i>. The car, the plane, and the industrial town were all legendary for the Futurists because they represented the technological triumph of people over <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futurist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurist Manifesto">Futurist Manifesto</a></i> of 1909 declared: "We will glorify war—the world's only hygiene—militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman."<sup id="cite_ref-futurmanifest_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-futurmanifest-14">[14]</a></sup> Though it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radical political movements</a>, it had little involvement in politics until the autumn of 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Futurism in Classical Music arose during this same time period. Closely identified with the central Italian Futurist movement were brother composers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a> (1885–1947) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Russolo" title="Antonio Russolo">Antonio Russolo</a> (1877–1942), who used instruments known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intonarumori" title="Intonarumori">intonarumori</a></i>—essentially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sound_box" title="Sound box">sound boxes</a> used to create music out of noise. Luigi Russolo's futurist manifesto, "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Art_of_Noises" title="The Art of Noises">The Art of Noises</a>", is considered one of the most important and influential texts in 20th-century musical aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Other examples of futurist music include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Arthur Honegger</a>'s "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_231" title="Pacific 231">Pacific 231</a>" (1923), which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Prokofiev</a>'s "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_pas_d%27acier_(Prokofiev)" title="Le pas d'acier (Prokofiev)">The Steel Step</a>" (1926), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Mosolov" title="Alexander Mosolov">Alexander Mosolov</a>'s "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Foundry" title="Iron Foundry">Iron Foundry</a>" (1927), and the experiments of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futurism_(literature)" title="Futurism (literature)">Literary futurism</a> made its debut with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">F.T. Marinetti</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Futurist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurist Manifesto">Manifesto of Futurism</a></i> (1909). Futurist poetry used unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem). Futurist theater works have scenes a few sentences long, use nonsensical humor, and try to discredit the deep-rooted dramatic traditions with parody. Longer literature forms, such as novels, had no place in the Futurist aesthetic, which had an obsession with speed and compression.
</p><p>Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture. In architecture, it featured a distinctive thrust towards <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> through the use of advanced building materials. The ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a> and commercial culture. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the 1980s-era literary genre of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a>—which often treated technology with a critical eye.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_fiction">Science fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Science fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Near_future_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Near future in science fiction">Near future in science fiction</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_future_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Far future in science fiction">Far future in science fiction</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sortie_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_en_l%27an_2000-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sortie_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_en_l%27an_2000-2.jpg/170px-Sortie_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_en_l%27an_2000-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sortie_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_en_l%27an_2000-2.jpg/255px-Sortie_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_en_l%27an_2000-2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sortie_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_en_l%27an_2000-2.jpg/340px-Sortie_de_l%27op%C3%A9ra_en_l%27an_2000-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5589" data-file-height="3607" /></a><figcaption>Print (c. 1902) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Robida" title="Albert Robida">Albert Robida</a> showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>More generally, one can regard science fiction as a broad genre of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> that often involves speculations based on current or future <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. Science fiction differs from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a> in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though <i>some</i> elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). Settings may include the future, or alternative time-lines, and stories may depict new or speculative scientific principles (such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">psionics</a>), or new technology (such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">faster-than-light</a> travel or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>). Exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> authors construct a postulated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of the future called a "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">future history</a>" that provides a common background for their fiction. Sometimes authors publish a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">timeline</a> of events in their history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information in the books. Some published works constitute "future history" in a more literal sense—i.e., stories or whole books written in the style of a history book but describing events in the future. Examples include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a>' <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come" title="The Shape of Things to Come">The Shape of Things to Come</a></i> (1933)—written in the form of a history book published in the year 2106 and in the manner of a real history book with numerous footnotes and references to the works of (mostly fictitious) prominent historians of the 20th and 21st centuries.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative future">Alternative future</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li></ul>
<ul><li>Future events
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_of_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the Solar System">Future of the Solar System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_near_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the near future">Timeline of the near future</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future">Timeline of the far future</a></li></ul></li></ul></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Future&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, C.-L. & Yamamoto, K. (1988). <i>Beyond words: movement observation and analysis</i>. New York: Gordon and Breach. p. 57. (cf., The representation of time as a linear, unidirectional progression is a distinctly Occidental point of view.)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eddington, A. S. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacetimeandgra00eddigoog"><i>Space, time and gravitation; an outline of the general relativity theory</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press. p. 107.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webstern.d." class="citation web cs1">Merriam-Webster (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/present%20perfect">"Present Perfect"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Web)</span>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Present+Perfect&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpresent%2520perfect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202126/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses">"Verb tenses"</a>. <i>English Oxford Living Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/verb-tenses">the original</a> on October 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Oxford+Living+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Verb+tenses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fgrammar%2Fverb-tenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis2002" class="citation book cs1">Gaddis, John Lewis (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landscapehistory00gadd_853"><i>The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landscapehistory00gadd_853/page/n70">56</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517157-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517157-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Landscape+of+History%3A+How+Historians+Map+the+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517157-0&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flandscapehistory00gadd_853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span>
 </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRidderbos2002" class="citation book cs1">Ridderbos, Katinka (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=muoM9H8Z8o8C"><i>Time</i></a>. Darwin College Lectures. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521782937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521782937"><bdi>978-0521782937</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-03</span></span>. <q>In a cyclic universe, each event that lies in the past of the present moment, also lies in its future.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time&rft.series=Darwin+College+Lectures&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521782937&rft.aulast=Ridderbos&rft.aufirst=Katinka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmuoM9H8Z8o8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-futurmanifest-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-futurmanifest_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italianfuturism.org/manifestos/foundingmanifesto/">"The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism"</a>. italianfuturism.org (Originally published on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, February 20, 1909). 22 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Founding+and+Manifesto+of+Futurism&rft.pub=italianfuturism.org+%28Originally+published+on+Le+Figaro%2C+Paris%2C+February+20%2C+1909%29&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italianfuturism.org%2Fmanifestos%2Ffoundingmanifesto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Marianne W., p .186</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerCox2004" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Daniel; Cox, CChristoph (2004). <i>Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music</i>. London: Continiuum International Publishing Group LTD. p. 10. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1615-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1615-2"><bdi>0-8264-1615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+Culture%3A+Readings+in+Modern+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Continiuum+International+Publishing+Group+LTD&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8264-1615-2&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Cox%2C+CChristoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeinleinKornbluthBesterBloch1959" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Robert A.; Kornbluth, Cyril; Bester, Alfred; Bloch, Robert (1959). "Science Fiction: Its Nature, Faults and Virtues". <i>The Science Fiction Novel: Imagination and Social Criticism</i>. University of Chicago: Advent Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction%3A+Its+Nature%2C+Faults+and+Virtues&rft.btitle=The+Science+Fiction+Novel%3A+Imagination+and+Social+Criticism&rft.place=University+of+Chicago&rft.pub=Advent+Publishers&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Kornbluth%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Bester%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarg_Gilks,_Paula_Fleming_and_Moira_Allen2003" class="citation web cs1">Marg Gilks, Paula Fleming and Moira Allen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.writing-world.com/sf/sf.shtml">"Science Fiction: The Literature of Ideas"</a>. WritingWorld.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction%3A+The+Literature+of+Ideas&rft.pub=WritingWorld.com&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Marg+Gilks%2C+Paula+Fleming+and+Moira+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writing-world.com%2Fsf%2Fsf.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuture" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Future</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li>Mythology</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236085633"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn Award">Saturn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nommo_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Nommo Award">Nommo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_realism" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Future</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/future" class="extiw" title="wikt:future">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Future" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Future">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Future" class="extiw" title="q:Future">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068097-6">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1722221054' |