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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]].
Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] guarantees [[freedom of speech]] from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."<ref>University of Salzburg,
[http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship Journalism Self-Censorship, Global Self-Censorship Struggles: Lebanon, Mexico, China, Hong Kong and Slovakia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093642/http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship |date=December 9, 2014 }}</ref>
The practice of self-censorship, like that of censorship itself, has a long history.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baltussen|first1=Han|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1|title=The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes|last2=Davis|first2=Peter J.|date=2015-07-27|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baltussen|first1=Han|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18|title=The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes|last2=Davis|first2=Peter J.|date=2015-07-27|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams|chapter=Censorship and Self-censorship in Late Sixteenth-century English Book Illustration|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain Essays in Interpretation|editor=Michael Hunter|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-24604-8|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781315246048|author=Richard L. Williams|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093706/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Reasons for self-censorship ==
=== Psychological ===
People often communicate to affirm their identity and sense of belonging. People may express their opinions or withhold their opinions due to the fear of exclusion or unpopularity. Shared social norms and beliefs create a sense of belonging, but they can also create a suppression of expression in order to comply or belong. People may adjust their beliefs or opinions to go along with the majority attitude. There are different factors that contribute to self-censorship, such as gender, age, education, political interests, and media exposure. For some, the reason for their change in beliefs and opinions is rooted in fear of isolation and exclusion. For these people, the expression of their own beliefs is less important than the fear of negative reactions of others to the expression of those beliefs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bar-Tal|first=Daniel|date=2017|title=Self-Censorship as a Socio-Political-Psychological Phenomenon: Conception and Research|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391|journal=Political Psychology|language=en|volume=38|issue=S1|pages=37–65|doi=10.1111/pops.12391|issn=1467-9221|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Detert|first1=James R.|last2=Edmondson|first2=Amy C.|date=2011-06-01|title=Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|journal=Academy of Management Journal|volume=54|issue=3|pages=461–488|doi=10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|issn=0001-4273|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141911/https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to a 2019 German survey on self-censorship conducted by the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach for the newspaper {{lang|de|[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]}} (FAZ), 59% of respondents said they can express their views among friends, but only 18% believe the same is possible in public. Only 17% of respondents express themselves freely on the Internet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Köcher|first=Renate|date=22 May 2019|title=Immer mehr Tabuthemen|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823144838/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mehrheit der Deutschen äußert sich in der Öffentlichkeit nur vorsichtig |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html |work=[[Die Welt]] |date=22 May 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715170148/https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Religious affiliation is a topic in which many occupational fields and areas may be a source of self-censorship. One particular area is psychology. From the origins of psychology, the field has frequently viewed religion with distrust. Psychologists and therapists often refrain from claiming to be part of any religion believing in the possibility that any expressions of any devout faith may be viewed as markers for mental illness or distress. A 2013 survey from the American Psychological Association (APA) found that "relative to the general population, psychologists were more than twice likely to claim no religion, three times more likely to describe religion as unimportant in their lives, and five times more likely to deny belief in God."<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Rosik, Christopher H.|author2=Teraoka, Nicole A.|author3=Moretto, James D|date=2016|title=Religiously-based prejudice and self-censorship: Perceptions and experiences among Christian therapists and educators|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006|journal=Journal of Psychology and Christianity|pages=52–67|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514083927/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006|url-status=live}}</ref>
Regarding a religious movement it is more common among fundamentalist believers like [[Wahhabism]], [[Islamism]], [[Calvinism]], and [[Hasidic Judaism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Habermas|first1=Jurgen|year=2006|title=Religion in the Public Sphere|journal=European Journal of Philosophy|volume=14|pages=1–25|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0378.2006.00241.x|s2cid=14969676 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2015}}
=== Economic ===
Self-censorship can also occur in order to conform to the expectations of the market. For example, the editor of a periodical may consciously or unconsciously avoid topics that will anger advertisers, customers, or the owners in order to protect their livelihood either directly (i.e., fear of losing their job) or indirectly (e.g., a belief that a book will be more profitable if it does not contain offensive material).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-01-01|title=Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=97|pages=117–130|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.009|issn=0047-2727|last1=Germano|first1=Fabrizio|last2=Meier|first2=Martin|hdl=10230/11728|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Garry C.|last2=Kendzia|first2=Victoria Bishop|date=2009|title=Organizational Self-Censorship: Corporate Sponsorship, Nonprofit Funding, and the Educational Experience*|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|journal=Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=161–177|doi=10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|s2cid=146421736|issn=1755-618X|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508045641/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hassid|first=Jonathan|date=2020-06-01|title=Censorship, the Media, and the Market in China|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|journal=Journal of Chinese Political Science|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=285–309|doi=10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|s2cid=216446374|issn=1874-6357|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141914/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|url-status=live}}</ref> This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as [[Independent media#Soft censorship|soft censorship]].
=== Legal ===
In [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] countries, creators of artworks may remove material that their government might find controversial for fear of sanction by their governments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shen|first1=Xiaoxiao|last2=Truex|first2=Rory|date=2021|title=In Search of Self-Censorship|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=1672–1684|doi=10.1017/S0007123419000735|issn=0007-1234|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tannenberg|first=Marcus|date=2017-06-01|title=The Autocratic Trust Bias: Politically Sensitive Survey Items and Self-Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2980727|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2980727|hdl=2077/52479|ssrn=2980727|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141915/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Darrel|last2=Tannenberg|first2=Marcus|date=2018-04-01|title=Self-Censorship in Authoritarian States: Response Bias in Measures of Popular Support in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3161915|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3161915|hdl=2077/56175|ssrn=3161915|s2cid=149703668|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141941/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3161915|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Taste and decency===
[[Taste (sociology)|Taste]] and [[decency]] are other areas in which questions are often raised regarding self-censorship. Art or journalism involving images or footage of [[murder]], [[terrorism]], [[war]] and [[Wiktionary:massacre|massacres]] may cause complaints as to the purpose to which they are put. [[Curator]]s and [[Editing|editors]] will frequently censor these images to avoid charges of [[prurience]], [[shock tactic]]s or [[invasion of privacy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Philip|last2=Heilmann|first2=Conrad|date=2013-03-01|title=Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|journal=Political Studies|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=178–196|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|s2cid=142634871|issn=0032-3217|hdl=20.500.11820/9b485cf0-e99f-4c5d-bfe6-652521c12299|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141912/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|url-status=live}}</ref> Concepts like [[political correctness]] and [[spiral of silence]] have been found to contribute to the existence of self-censorship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LOURY|first=GLENN C.|date=1994-10-01|title=Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related Phenomena|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463194006004002|journal=Rationality and Society|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=428–461|doi=10.1177/1043463194006004002|s2cid=143057168|issn=1043-4631}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kwon|first1=K. Hazel|last2=Moon|first2=Shin-Il|last3=Stefanone|first3=Michael A.|date=2015-07-01|title=Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|journal=Quality & Quantity|language=en|volume=49|issue=4|pages=1417–1435|doi=10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|s2cid=7489939|issn=1573-7845|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Christian Pieter|last2=Lutz|first2=Christoph|title=Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society - #SMSociety17|chapter=Spiral of Silence 2.0|date=2017-07-28|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3097286.3097296|location=Toronto, ON, Canada|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3097286.3097296|isbn=978-1-4503-4847-8|s2cid=19728058|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3097286.3097296|url-status=live}}</ref>
Products intended for children and youthful audiences, such as [[young adult literature]], can be affected by self-censorship in this context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Freedman|first1=Lauren|last2=Johnson|first2=Holly|date=2000|title=Who's Protecting Whom? "I Hadn't Meant to Tell You This", a Case in Point in Confronting Self-Censorship in the Choice of Young Adult Literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350|journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|volume=44|issue=4|pages=356–369|jstor=40015350|issn=1081-3004|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350|url-status=live}}</ref>
When the director of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art was interviewed regarding his decision to whitewash an antiwar mural showing dollar-draped military coffins, he speculated that the mural would have offended the community in which it was placed. He then added that "there were zero complaints, because I took care of it right away".<ref name="deitch">{{Cite news|author=Finkel, Jori|date=2010-12-15|title=Museum of Contemporary Art commissions, then paints over, artwork|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123041745/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story |archive-date= Jan 23, 2011 }}</ref>
=== As a form of preference falsification ===
Self-censorship is a form of [[preference falsification]], though the concepts are not identical. Self-censorship is a passive act. It amounts to the suppression of potentially objectionable beliefs, opinions, and preferences. Thus, it amounts to self-silencing; it is an act of passivity. Preference falsification is the misrepresentation of one’s preferences under perceived social pressures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuran |first=Timur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9 |title=Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification |date=1997 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-70758-0 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-03 |archive-date=2024-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142423/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=private%20truth%20public%20lies&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It is often performative, as it can involve the active manipulation of one’s preferences to impress an audience or avoid its wrath.
For an illustration, consider a discussion on a controversial subject. We are among the participants. If we keep quiet, that is self-censorship. Insofar as our silence conveys agreement with a position that we actually dislike, our self-censorship amounts also to preference falsification. If instead of keeping quiet, we speak up during the discussion in favor of position A, when we actually favor B, that is preference falsification but not self-censorship. In pretending to like A, we have gone beyond self-censorship. We have deliberately projected a contrived opinion.
In a nutshell, [[preference falsification]] is the broader concept. Whereas all self-censorship falsifies a preference through the signals it sends, preference falsification need not take the form of self-censorship.
==In media==
{{See also|Freedom of the press}}
Journalists often censor themselves due to threats against them or their interests from another party,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html |title=Milk-threat study issued over objections |publisher=CNN.com |author=Jeanne Meserve |date=June 29, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033132/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> editorial instructions from their supervisor[s], perceived conflicts of interest with a media organization's economic sponsors, advertisers or shareholders,<ref name="Noam Chomsky 1994">Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky ''Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media'', Vintage, 1994, {{ISBN|0-09-953311-1}}</ref> etc.). Self-censorship of journalists is most pervasive in societies where governments have official [[media censorship]] policies and where journalists will be jailed, fined, or simply lose their job if they do not follow the censorship rules.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Organizations such as [[Media Matters for America]],<ref>Media Matters for America: [http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 33 internal Fox editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423023930/http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 |date=2009-04-23 }}</ref> [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]],<ref>FAIR: [http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html Censorship] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118214825/http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html |date=2005-01-18 }}</ref> ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] have raised concerns about news broadcasting stations, particularly [[Fox News]], censoring their own content to be less controversial when reporting on certain types of issues such as the [[War on Terror]].
In their book ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'' (1988), [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Edward S. Herman]] argue that corporate ownership of news media very strongly encourages systematic self-censorship owing to market forces.<ref name="Noam Chomsky 1994"/> In this argument, even with supposedly liberal media, bias and (often unconscious) self-censorship is evident in the selection and omission of news stories, and the framing of acceptable discussion, in line with the interests of the corporations owning those media.
The [[journalism|journalists]] have actively sought censorship advice from military authorities in order to prevent the inadvertent revelation of military secrets. In 2009, ''[[The New York Times]]'' succeeded in suppressing news of a reporter's abduction by [[Terrorist|militants]] in [[Afghanistan]] for seven months until his escape from captivity in order to "reduce danger to the reporter and other hostages".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter |title=New York Times reporter escapes Taliban captivity |publisher=Associated Press |author=JASON STRAZIUSO |date=June 20, 2005 |access-date=2009-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623101727/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter |archive-date=June 23, 2009 }}</ref>
Journalists have sometimes self-censored publications of news stories out of concern for the safety of people involved. Jean Pelletier, the Washington D.C. correspondent for the Montreal ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'' newspaper, uncovered a covert attempt by the [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]] to smuggle US diplomats out of [[Iran]] during the [[Iran hostage crisis|Iranian hostage crisis]] before the "[[Canadian Caper]]" had reached its conclusion. In order to preserve the safety of those involved, he refused to allow the paper to publish the story until the hostages had left Iran, despite the considerable news value to the paper and writer.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
Self-censorship by journalists has been described as a form of a survival strategy, allowing journalists to report on some issues rather than going too far and risking a more complete crackdown by the authorities, resulting in even less independent reporting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Walulya|first1=Gerald|last2=Nassanga|first2=Goretti L.|date=2020-02-25|title=Democracy at Stake: Self-Censorship as a Self-Defence Strategy for Journalists|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512|journal=Media and Communication|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.17645/mac.v8i1.2512|issn=2183-2439|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092139/https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Larsen|first1=Anna Grøndahl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11|title=Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship|last2=Fadnes|first2=Ingrid|last3=Krøvel|first3=Roy|date=2020-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-07487-1|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142422/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
==In science==
[[File:Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal.png|thumb|Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal: an editor asks the article's author to remove a sentence about [[blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China]] as it could cause trouble with the "authorities".]]
Self-censorship is found in the world of academia in a number of contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamlee-Wright|first=Emily|date=2019-12-01|title=Self-Censorship and Associational Life in the Liberal Academy|journal=Society|language=en|volume=56|issue=6|pages=538–549|doi=10.1007/s12115-019-00413-1|issn=1936-4725|doi-access=free}}</ref> Self-censorship in [[scientific publications]] that have been criticized as politically motivated include scientists under the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] withholding findings that disagreed with the [[Nazi racial theories|commonly held beliefs in differences between races]], or the refusal of these scientists under [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to support [[General Relativity]] (which got the reputation as "[[Deutsche Physik|Jewish science]]"). In the 2000s, certain scientists have withheld their findings related to [[Attribution of recent climate change|climate changes caused by pollution]] and to [[endangered species]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml |title=Scientific Method: Self-Censorship, Study Finds Researchers Shy Away From Controversial Projects |publisher=CBS News |author=Ayaz Nanji |date=February 11, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |archive-date=2012-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629055616/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation |title=U.S. Scientists Say They Are Told to Alter Findings |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |author=Julie Cart |page=A-13 |date=February 10, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224091757/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation |archive-date=February 24, 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/60minutes/main1415985.shtml |title=Rewriting The Science, Scientist Says Politicians Edit Global Warming Research |publisher=CBS News |author=Daniel Schorn |date=July 30, 2006 |access-date=2008-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410045524/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/60minutes/main1415985.shtml |archive-date=2006-04-10}}</ref>
===Risks from scientific publications===
{{See also|Information hazard}}
In the early days of [[atomic physics]], it was realized that discoveries regarding [[nuclear fission]] and the chain reaction might be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes – on the one hand, such discoveries could have important applications for [[medicine]] and [[energy production]], however on the other hand, they might also lead to the production of unprecedented [[weapons of mass destruction]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schweber|first1=Silvan S.|title=In the Shadow of the Bomb: Oppenheimer, Bethe, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist|isbn=978-0691127859|date=2007-01-07|publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> [[Leo Szilard]] argues that if dangerous discoveries were kept secret, the development and use of such weapons might be avoided.<ref name="who">{{cite journal|last1=Selgelid|first1=Michael J.|title=Governance of dual-use research: an ethical dilemma|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|year=2009|volume=87|issue=9|pages=720–3|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/9/08-051383/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406142104/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/9/08-051383/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 6, 2012|publisher=World health Organization|doi=10.2471/blt.08.051383|pmid=19784453|pmc=2739909|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pelopidas|first=Benoît|date=2016-11-01|title=Nuclear Weapons Scholarship as a Case of Self-Censorship in Security Studies|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogw017|journal=Journal of Global Security Studies|volume=1|issue=4|pages=326–336|doi=10.1093/jogss/ogw017|issn=2057-3170|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142428/https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/1/4/326/2841104?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, findings in the field of medicine and [[biotechnology]] could facilitate production of [[biological weapons]] of mass destruction.<ref>{{cite web|title=The darker bioweapons future|url=https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2003|archive-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201020951/http://fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Broad|first1=William J.|title=Bioterror Researchers Build A More Lethal Mousepox|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/us/bioterror-researchers-build-a-more-lethal-mousepox.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 1, 2003|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304151445/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/us/bioterror-researchers-build-a-more-lethal-mousepox.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Nowak|first1=Rachel|title=Killer mousepox virus raises bioterror fears|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn311-killer-mousepox-virus-raises-bioterror-fears/|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=15 February 2016|date=10 January 2001|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153113/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn311-killer-mousepox-virus-raises-bioterror-fears/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003 members of the Journal Editors and Authors Group, 32 leading journal editors, perceived the threat from [[biological warfare]] as sufficiently high to warrant a system of self-censorship on the public dissemination of certain aspects of their community's research. The statement agreed on declared:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/documents/Reactions%20to%20Selfcensorship.pdf | title=Reactions to Self-censorship | date=2003 | access-date=15 February 2016 | author=McLeish, C.A. | pages=1 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035956/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/documents/Reactions%20to%20Selfcensorship.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
<blockquote>We recognize that the prospect of [[bioterrorism]] has raised legitimate concerns about the potential abuse of published information... We are committed to dealing responsibly and effectively with safety and security issues that may be raised by papers submitted for publication, and to increasing our capacity to identify such issues as they arise...[O]n occasions an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits... the paper should be modified, or not be published...</blockquote>
== By region ==
=== Africa ===
Self-censorship has been found to affect journalists in a number of less-democratic African states, such as [[Ethiopia]], [[Uganda]] and [[Zambia]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skjerdal|first=Terje|date=2010-12-18|title=Justifying Self-Censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1742843|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1742843|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142427/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1742843|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moges|first=Mulatu Alemayehu|date=2017|title=Ethiopian Journalism from Self-Censoring to Silence: A Case of Reporting on Internal Conflict|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=555106|journal=ESSACHESS - Journal for Communication Studies|language=English|volume=X|issue=1|pages=111–128|issn=2066-5083|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=555106|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parks|first1=Lisa|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Rahul|date=2017-07-03|title=From platform jumping to self-censorship: internet freedom, social media, and circumvention practices in Zambia|url=https://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|journal=Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies|volume=14|issue=3|pages=221–237|doi=10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|s2cid=152083308|issn=1479-1420|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093710/https://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Jaygbay, Jacob. "[https://search.proquest.com/openview/d575d1b7fddf5e3aae7a673be0f5c48c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37755&casa_token=mBh4YxNF2sYAAAAA:Xe6U-V5CwbeZuPtGyD9c6xzlkGEVKfGrRI68NUikX3ruwFw11gT2HTq9Oq11qp9sCC7XYBuGCg Self-censorship in African scholarship and scholarly publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142425/https://www.proquest.com/openview/d575d1b7fddf5e3aae7a673be0f5c48c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37755&casa_token=mBh4YxNF2sYAAAAA:Xe6U-V5CwbeZuPtGyD9c6xzlkGEVKfGrRI68NUikX3ruwFw11gT2HTq9Oq11qp9sCC7XYBuGCg |date=2024-06-30 }}." ''Journal of scholarly publishing'' 29, no. 2 (1998): 112.</ref>
=== Central Asia ===
Widespread practice of self-censorship has been described as significantly detrimental to the development of independent journalism in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenny|first1=Timothy|last2=Gross|first2=Peter|date=2008-10-01|title=Journalism in Central Asia: A Victim of Politics, Economics, and Widespread Self-censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208324644|journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=515–525|doi=10.1177/1940161208324644|s2cid=143809799|issn=1940-1612|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142927/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208324644|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== China ===
{{See also|Censorship in China|Chinese censorship abroad}}
In China, the media and citizens have to go to even greater extents to censor much of the material that they would post online.<ref name="Lee 112–133">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Francis L.F.|last2=Chan|first2=Joseph|date=2009-01-01|title=Organizational Production of Self-Censorship in the Hong Kong Media|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208326598|journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=112–133|doi=10.1177/1940161208326598|s2cid=143852567|issn=1940-1612|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142928/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208326598|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tong|first=Jingrong|date=2009-09-01|title=Press self-censorship in China: a case study in the transformation of discourse|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509106412|journal=Discourse & Society|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=593–612|doi=10.1177/0957926509106412|s2cid=144245109|issn=0957-9265|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142929/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926509106412|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Chin-Chuan|date=1998-03-01|title=Press Self-Censorship and Political Transition in Hong Kong|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X98003002005|journal=Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=55–73|doi=10.1177/1081180X98003002005|s2cid=145765508|issn=1081-180X|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141931/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X98003002005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhong|first1=Zhi-Jin|last2=Wang|first2=Tongchen|last3=Huang|first3=Minting|date=2017-01-01|title=Does the Great Fire Wall cause self-censorship? The effects of perceived internet regulation and the justification of regulation|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204|journal=Internet Research|volume=27|issue=4|pages=974–990|doi=10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204|issn=1066-2243|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142929/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204/full/html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Darrel|last2=Tannenberg|first2=Marcus|date=2019-07-01|title=Self-censorship of regime support in authoritarian states: Evidence from list experiments in China|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=2053168019856449|doi=10.1177/2053168019856449|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Francis L.F.|last2=Lin|first2=Angel M.Y.|date=2006-05-01|title=Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506062371|journal=Discourse & Society|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=331–358|doi=10.1177/0957926506062371|hdl=10722/92430|s2cid=53127938|issn=0957-9265|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142930/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926506062371|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wang|first=Natasha Khan and Joyu|date=2020-07-02|title=Hong Kong's Security Law Scares Citizens Into Scrubbing Social Media, Self-Censorship|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongers-self-censor-as-security-law-bites-11593696720|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032943/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongers-self-censor-as-security-law-bites-11593696720|url-status=live}}</ref> Many companies{{who|date=October 2021}} have been shut down by government because of the content that they have published. Nearly 10,000 social media accounts in October 2018 were shut down that published entertainment and celebrity news.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kuo|first=Lily|date=2018-12-31|title=From 'rice bunny' to 'back up the car': China's year of censorship|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/31/from-rice-bunny-to-back-up-the-car-chinas-year-of-censorship|access-date=2019-04-11|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/31/from-rice-bunny-to-back-up-the-car-chinas-year-of-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref> As well as 370 different streaming apps that were pulled off of the app stores for non-compliance.<ref name=":1">"In China, a circle of online self-censorship; Threat of being shut down for violating laws pushes internet firms to police their networks." ''Globe & Mail'' [Toronto, Canada], 5 June 2018, p. A1. ''World History in Context'', http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A541400341/WHIC?u=mcc_pv&sid=WHIC&xid=61681362 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143440/https://login.microsoftonline.com/8a5b6fd2-f50d-4565-910a-1ffe6454e368/saml2?sso_reload=true |date=2024-06-30 }}. Accessed 11 Apr. 2019.</ref> Due to these high numbers of government interference, the companies and networks that publish on the internet are now employing people and utilizing sophisticated programs to find videos and pictures that are offensive to remove before the government can get them in trouble.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhen|first=Simon K.|date=2015|title=An Explanation of Self-Censorship in China: The Enforcement of Social Control Through a Panoptic Infrastructure|url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1093/an-explanation-of-self-censorship-in-china-the-enforcement-of-social-control-through-a-panoptic-infrastructure|journal=Inquiries Journal|language=en|volume=7|issue=9|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095541/http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1093/an-explanation-of-self-censorship-in-china-the-enforcement-of-social-control-through-a-panoptic-infrastructure|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=View of China's Censorship 2.0: How companies censor bloggers {{!}} First Monday|url=https://firstmonday.org/article/view/2378/2089|access-date=2021-05-14|journal=First Monday|date=25 January 2009|doi=10.5210/fm.v14i2.2378|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Rebecca |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Self-censorship by Western{{clarify|date=October 2021}} companies trying to appease Chinese authorities has also affected the quality of content available to the citizens in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The big business of self-censorship over China - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/the-big-business-of-self-censorship-over-china/85391|access-date=2021-05-14|website=ucanews.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095541/https://www.ucanews.com/news/the-big-business-of-self-censorship-over-china/85391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Brien|first=Danny|title=Who pays price for internet self-censorship in China?|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/who-pays-price-for-internet-self-censorship-in-china-1.1007332|access-date=2021-05-14|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143442/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/who-pays-price-for-internet-self-censorship-in-china-1.1007332|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|date=2020-08-05|title=Hollywood Is "Increasingly Normalizing" Self-Censorship for China, Report Finds|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-is-increasingly-normalizing-censorship-china-report-finds-1305935/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095539/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-is-increasingly-normalizing-censorship-china-report-finds-1305935/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=The Editorial Board|date=2019-10-19|title=Opinion {{!}} The Chinese Threat to American Speech|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/19/opinion/sunday/china-nba.html|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/19/opinion/sunday/china-nba.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaw-Nian|first=Huang|date=2017-09-01|title=The China Factor in Taiwan's Media. Outsourcing Chinese Censorship Abroad|url=http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7388|journal=China Perspectives|language=en|volume=2017|issue=2017/3|pages=27–36|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.7388|issn=2070-3449|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514100658/https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7388|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Made in Hollywood, Censored by Beijing|url=https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=PEN America|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082710/https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fish|first=Isaac Stone|date=2018-09-04|title=The Other Political Correctness|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0028-6583|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013133443/https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-10|title=Self-censorship is Beijing's most effective gag on truth|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1377510/self-censorship-beijings-most-effective-gag-truth|access-date=2021-05-14|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095550/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1377510/self-censorship-beijings-most-effective-gag-truth|url-status=live}}</ref> It increasingly affects video games, including those by Western developers who want to sell their products to Chinese gamers as well.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=No cults, no politics, no ghouls: how China censors the video game world {{!}} Games {{!}} The Guardian|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/15/china-video-game-censorship-tencent-netease-blizzard|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715053125/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/15/china-video-game-censorship-tencent-netease-blizzard|archive-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
=== Colombia ===
Self-censorship has been found to affect Colombian journalism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barrios|first1=Marta Milena|last2=Miller|first2=Toby|date=2020-06-12|title=Voices of Resilience: Colombian Journalists and Self-Censorship in the Post-Conflict Period|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|journal=Journalism Practice|volume=15|issue=10|pages=1423–1440|doi=10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|s2cid=225697881|issn=1751-2786|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143441/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Europe===
Examples of self-censorship have been found in a number of European countries in different contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfössl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|last3=Zeveleva|first3=Olga|last4=Fedirko|first4=Taras|last5=Bajomi-Lazar|first5=Peter|date=2020-02-01|title=Self-censorship narrated: Journalism in Central and Eastern Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897801|journal=European Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=3–11|doi=10.1177/0267323119897801|s2cid=213509921|issn=0267-3231|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143442/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323119897801|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iordanidou|first1=Sofia|last2=Takas|first2=Emmanouil|last3=Vatikiotis|first3=Leonidas|last4=García|first4=Pedro|date=2020-02-25|title=Constructing Silence: Processes of Journalistic (Self-)Censorship during Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2634|journal=Media and Communication|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=15–26|doi=10.17645/mac.v8i1.2634|issn=2183-2439|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143443/https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2634|url-status=live}}</ref>
European Union officials have been accused of self-censorship on [[Chinese censorship abroad|topics deemed sensitive by China]], in order to avoid diplomatic rifts between China and EU.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Max Roger|date=May 26, 2020|title=China-EU relations: self-censorship by EU diplomats is commonplace|url=http://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Conversation|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726132851/https://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=EU diplomats face the enemy within |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124084858/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in recent years in Europe. Journalists and [[whistleblower]]s have experienced physical and psychological intimidation and threats. Self-censorship is one of the major consequences of such circumstances.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 April 2017|title=New study on intimidation of journalists and self-censorship in Europe|work=Council of Europe. Newsroom|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607171729/https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=CLARK|first1=Marilyn|url=https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d|title=Journalism under pressure. Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe|last2=GRECH|first2=Anna|publisher=Council of Europe publishing|year=2017|location=Strasbourg|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010072810/https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d|url-status=live}}</ref>
A study published in 2017 by the [[Council of Europe]] found that in the period 2014–2016 that 40% of journalists involved in the survey experienced some kind of unwarranted interference, in particular psychological violence, including slandering and smear campaigning, cyberbullying. Other forms of unwarranted interference include intimidation by interest groups, threats with force, intimidation by political groups, targeted surveillance, intimidation by the police, etc. In terms of geography, cases of physical assault were more common in the South Caucasus, followed by Turkey, but were present in other regions as well.<ref name=":0" />
=== Indonesia ===
In the early 2010s, self-censorship was studied in the context of professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tapsell|first=Ross|date=2012-06-01|title=Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|journal=Asian Studies Review|volume=36|issue=2|pages=227–245|doi=10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|s2cid=144494432|issn=1035-7823|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143944/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Israel ===
Self-censorship was found in [[Israeli media]] during the [[Second Lebanon War]].<ref>Elbaz, Sagi, and Daniel Bar-Tal. "[https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf Voluntary silence: Israeli media self-censorship during the Second Lebanon War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093709/https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf |date=2021-05-14 }}." ''Conflict & communication'' 18, no. 2 (2019).</ref> It has also been found to affect a number of debates related to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hameiri|first1=Boaz|last2=Sharvit|first2=Keren|last3=Bar-Tal|first3=Daniel|last4=Shahar|first4=Eldad|last5=Halperin|first5=Eran|date=2017|title=Support for Self-Censorship Among Israelis as a Barrier to Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12346|journal=Political Psychology|language=en|volume=38|issue=5|pages=795–813|doi=10.1111/pops.12346|issn=1467-9221|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515111557/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12346|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nets-Zehngut|first1=Rafi|last2=Pliskin|first2=Ruthie|last3=Bar-Tal|first3=Daniel|date=August 2015|title=Self-censorship in conflicts: Israel and the 1948 Palestinian exodus.|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000094|journal=Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=479–499|doi=10.1037/pac0000094|issn=1532-7949|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000094|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Pakistan ===
Self-censorship practices have been studied in the context of the Pakistani media in 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadadur|first=Ramanujan D.|date=2007-06-01|title=Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105|journal=South Asian Survey|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=45–63|doi=10.1177/097152310701400105|s2cid=154492288|issn=0971-5231|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143945/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil|title=Red lines of journalism : Digital surveillance, safety risks and journalists' self-censorship in Pakistan|date=2020-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-367-81013-9|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780367810139-3|s2cid=225758680|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Russia ===
Self-censorship existed in Russia for a long time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Aileen|date=1987|title=Self-Censorship and the Russian Intelligentsia, 1905-1914|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907|journal=Slavic Review|volume=46|issue=2|pages=193–213|doi=10.2307/2498907|jstor=2498907|s2cid=159614500|issn=0037-6779|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092130/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907|url-status=live}}</ref> After a brief relaxation following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of communism]] in the 1990s, self-censorship once again became a quite frequent practice in Russia after 2000s government take-overs and consolidation of media, further deepened after the 2014–2015 laws on "undesirable organisations" and the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], which began on February 24, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia's 'Undesirables' Law Expected to Boost Media Self-Censorship {{!}} News|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2015-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909063822/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Newspaper censors its own interview with Russian opposition leader, removing criticism of Putin and others|url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185427/https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Spring 2014|title=Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self- Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s|url=https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf|journal=Demokratizatsiya|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019230159/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfossl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|date=2014|title=Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self-Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s|url=http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/|journal=Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=295–311|issn=1074-6846|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092131/http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfössl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|date=2020-02-01|title=Post-socialist self-censorship: Russia, Hungary and Latvia|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897797|journal=European Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=29–45|doi=10.1177/0267323119897797|s2cid=214256857|issn=0267-3231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bodrunova|first1=Svetlana S|last2=Litvinenko|first2=Anna|last3=Nigmatullina|first3=Kamilla|date=2020-08-03|title=Who is the censor? Self-censorship of Russian journalists in professional routines and social networking|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920941965|journal=Journalism|volume=22|issue=12|language=en|pages=2919–2937|doi=10.1177/1464884920941965|s2cid=225502997|issn=1464-8849|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143948/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884920941965|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusupova |first=Guzel |title=Silence Matters: Self-Censorship and War in Russia – PONARS Eurasia |url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/silence-matters-self-censorship-and-war-in-russia/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.ponarseurasia.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627112956/https://www.ponarseurasia.org/silence-matters-self-censorship-and-war-in-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Turkey ===
Self-censorship has increased in Turkey as press freedoms declined under the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) government in the late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yesil|first=Bilge|date=2014-06-01|title=Press Censorship in Turkey: Networks of State Power, Commercial Pressures, and Self-Censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12049|journal=Communication, Culture and Critique|volume=7|issue=2|pages=154–173|doi=10.1111/cccr.12049|issn=1753-9129|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arsan|first=Esra|date=2013-09-01|title=Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|journal=Turkish Studies|volume=14|issue=3|pages=447–462|doi=10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|s2cid=146644682|issn=1468-3849|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aktas|first1=Vezir|last2=Nilsson|first2=Marco|last3=Borell|first3=Klas|date=2019-04-03|title=Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia|journal=British Journal of Educational Studies|volume=67|issue=2|pages=169–186|doi=10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872|issn=0007-1005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Affected areas include among others the discussion of the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maksudyan|first=Nazan|date=2009-11-01|title=Walls of Silence: Translating the Armenian Genocide into Turkish and Self-Censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03017600903205781|journal=Critique|volume=37|issue=4|pages=635–649|doi=10.1080/03017600903205781|s2cid=143658586|issn=0301-7605|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143950/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03017600903205781|url-status=live}}</ref>
===United States===
According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Bradley effect]]
* [[Chinese censorship abroad]]
* [[Euphemism]]
* [[Hawthorne effect]]
*[[Information hazard]]
* [[Clear Channel memorandum|List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks]]
* [[Media bias]]
* [[Newspeak]]
* [[OB marker]]
* [[Overton window]]
* [[Opinion corridor]]
* [[Preference falsification]]
* [[Political correctness]]
* [[Social-desirability bias]]
* [[Thought suppression]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Self-censorship}}
{{-}}
{{Censorship}}
{{Media manipulation}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Self-censorship| ]]
[[Category:Conformity]]
[[Category:Political correctness]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]].
Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] guarantees [[freedom of speech]] from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."<ref>University of Salzburg,
[http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship Journalism Self-Censorship, Global Self-Censorship Struggles: Lebanon, Mexico, China, Hong Kong and Slovakia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093642/http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship |date=December 9, 2014 }}</ref>
The practice of self-censorship, like that of censorship itself, has a long history.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baltussen|first1=Han|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1|title=The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes|last2=Davis|first2=Peter J.|date=2015-07-27|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baltussen|first1=Han|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18|title=The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes|last2=Davis|first2=Peter J.|date=2015-07-27|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams|chapter=Censorship and Self-censorship in Late Sixteenth-century English Book Illustration|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain Essays in Interpretation|editor=Michael Hunter|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-24604-8|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781315246048|author=Richard L. Williams|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093706/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Reasons for self-censorship ==
=== Psychological ===
People often communicate to affirm their identity and sense of belonging. People may express their opinions or withhold their opinions due to the fear of exclusion or unpopularity. Shared social norms and beliefs create a sense of belonging, but they can also create a suppression of expression in order to comply or belong. People may adjust their beliefs or opinions to go along with the majority attitude. There are different factors that contribute to self-censorship, such as gender, age, education, political interests, and media exposure. For some, the reason for their change in beliefs and opinions is rooted in fear of isolation and exclusion. For these people, the expression of their own beliefs is less important than the fear of negative reactions of others to the expression of those beliefs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bar-Tal|first=Daniel|date=2017|title=Self-Censorship as a Socio-Political-Psychological Phenomenon: Conception and Research|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391|journal=Political Psychology|language=en|volume=38|issue=S1|pages=37–65|doi=10.1111/pops.12391|issn=1467-9221|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Detert|first1=James R.|last2=Edmondson|first2=Amy C.|date=2011-06-01|title=Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|journal=Academy of Management Journal|volume=54|issue=3|pages=461–488|doi=10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|issn=0001-4273|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141911/https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to a 2019 German survey on self-censorship conducted by the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach for the newspaper {{lang|de|[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]}} (FAZ), 59% of respondents said they can express their views among friends, but only 18% believe the same is possible in public. Only 17% of respondents express themselves freely on the Internet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Köcher|first=Renate|date=22 May 2019|title=Immer mehr Tabuthemen|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823144838/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mehrheit der Deutschen äußert sich in der Öffentlichkeit nur vorsichtig |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html |work=[[Die Welt]] |date=22 May 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715170148/https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Religious affiliation is a topic in which many occupational fields and areas may be a source of self-censorship. One particular area is psychology. From the origins of psychology, the field has frequently viewed religion with distrust. Psychologists and therapists often refrain from claiming to be part of any religion believing in the possibility that any expressions of any devout faith may be viewed as markers for mental illness or distress. A 2013 survey from the American Psychological Association (APA) found that "relative to the general population, psychologists were more than twice likely to claim no religion, three times more likely to describe religion as unimportant in their lives, and five times more likely to deny belief in God."<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Rosik, Christopher H.|author2=Teraoka, Nicole A.|author3=Moretto, James D|date=2016|title=Religiously-based prejudice and self-censorship: Perceptions and experiences among Christian therapists and educators|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006|journal=Journal of Psychology and Christianity|pages=52–67|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514083927/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006|url-status=live}}</ref>
Regarding a religious movement it is more common among fundamentalist believers like [[Wahhabism]], [[Islamism]], [[Calvinism]], and [[Hasidic Judaism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Habermas|first1=Jurgen|year=2006|title=Religion in the Public Sphere|journal=European Journal of Philosophy|volume=14|pages=1–25|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0378.2006.00241.x|s2cid=14969676 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2015}}
=== Economic ===
Self-censorship can also occur in order to conform to the expectations of the market. For example, the editor of a periodical may consciously or unconsciously avoid topics that will anger advertisers, customers, or the owners in order to protect their livelihood either directly (i.e., fear of losing their job) or indirectly (e.g., a belief that a book will be more profitable if it does not contain offensive material).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-01-01|title=Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=97|pages=117–130|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.009|issn=0047-2727|last1=Germano|first1=Fabrizio|last2=Meier|first2=Martin|hdl=10230/11728|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Garry C.|last2=Kendzia|first2=Victoria Bishop|date=2009|title=Organizational Self-Censorship: Corporate Sponsorship, Nonprofit Funding, and the Educational Experience*|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|journal=Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=161–177|doi=10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|s2cid=146421736|issn=1755-618X|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508045641/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hassid|first=Jonathan|date=2020-06-01|title=Censorship, the Media, and the Market in China|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|journal=Journal of Chinese Political Science|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=285–309|doi=10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|s2cid=216446374|issn=1874-6357|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141914/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|url-status=live}}</ref> This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as [[Independent media#Soft censorship|soft censorship]].
=== Legal ===
In [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] countries, creators of artworks may remove material that their government might find controversial for fear of sanction by their governments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shen|first1=Xiaoxiao|last2=Truex|first2=Rory|date=2021|title=In Search of Self-Censorship|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=1672–1684|doi=10.1017/S0007123419000735|issn=0007-1234|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tannenberg|first=Marcus|date=2017-06-01|title=The Autocratic Trust Bias: Politically Sensitive Survey Items and Self-Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2980727|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2980727|hdl=2077/52479|ssrn=2980727|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141915/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Darrel|last2=Tannenberg|first2=Marcus|date=2018-04-01|title=Self-Censorship in Authoritarian States: Response Bias in Measures of Popular Support in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3161915|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3161915|hdl=2077/56175|ssrn=3161915|s2cid=149703668|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141941/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3161915|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Taste and decency===
[[Taste (sociology)|Taste]] and [[decency]] are other areas in which questions are often raised regarding self-censorship. Art or journalism involving images or footage of [[murder]], [[terrorism]], [[war]] and [[Wiktionary:massacre|massacres]] may cause complaints as to the purpose to which they are put. [[Curator]]s and [[Editing|editors]] will frequently censor these images to avoid charges of [[prurience]], [[shock tactic]]s or [[invasion of privacy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Philip|last2=Heilmann|first2=Conrad|date=2013-03-01|title=Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|journal=Political Studies|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=178–196|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|s2cid=142634871|issn=0032-3217|hdl=20.500.11820/9b485cf0-e99f-4c5d-bfe6-652521c12299|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141912/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|url-status=live}}</ref> Concepts like [[political correctness]] and [[spiral of silence]] have been found to contribute to the existence of self-censorship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LOURY|first=GLENN C.|date=1994-10-01|title=Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related Phenomena|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463194006004002|journal=Rationality and Society|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=428–461|doi=10.1177/1043463194006004002|s2cid=143057168|issn=1043-4631}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kwon|first1=K. Hazel|last2=Moon|first2=Shin-Il|last3=Stefanone|first3=Michael A.|date=2015-07-01|title=Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|journal=Quality & Quantity|language=en|volume=49|issue=4|pages=1417–1435|doi=10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|s2cid=7489939|issn=1573-7845|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Christian Pieter|last2=Lutz|first2=Christoph|title=Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society - #SMSociety17|chapter=Spiral of Silence 2.0|date=2017-07-28|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3097286.3097296|location=Toronto, ON, Canada|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3097286.3097296|isbn=978-1-4503-4847-8|s2cid=19728058|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3097286.3097296|url-status=live}}</ref>
Products intended for children and youthful audiences, such as [[young adult literature]], can be affected by self-censorship in this context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Freedman|first1=Lauren|last2=Johnson|first2=Holly|date=2000|title=Who's Protecting Whom? "I Hadn't Meant to Tell You This", a Case in Point in Confronting Self-Censorship in the Choice of Young Adult Literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350|journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|volume=44|issue=4|pages=356–369|jstor=40015350|issn=1081-3004|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350|url-status=live}}</ref>
When the director of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art was interviewed regarding his decision to whitewash an antiwar mural showing dollar-draped military coffins, he speculated that the mural would have offended the community in which it was placed. He then added that "there were zero complaints, because I took care of it right away".<ref name="deitch">{{Cite news|author=Finkel, Jori|date=2010-12-15|title=Museum of Contemporary Art commissions, then paints over, artwork|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123041745/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story |archive-date= Jan 23, 2011 }}</ref>
=== As a form of preference falsification ===
Self-censorship is a form of [[preference falsification]], though the concepts are not identical. Self-censorship is a passive act. It amounts to the suppression of potentially objectionable beliefs, opinions, and preferences. Thus, it amounts to self-silencing; it is an act of passivity. Preference falsification is the misrepresentation of one’s preferences under perceived social pressures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuran |first=Timur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9 |title=Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification |date=1997 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-70758-0 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-03 |archive-date=2024-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142423/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=private%20truth%20public%20lies&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It is often performative, as it can involve the active manipulation of one’s preferences to impress an audience or avoid its wrath.
For an illustration, consider a discussion on a controversial subject. We are among the participants. If we keep quiet, that is self-censorship. Insofar as our silence conveys agreement with a position that we actually dislike, our self-censorship amounts also to preference falsification. If instead of keeping quiet, we speak up during the discussion in favor of position A, when we actually favor B, that is preference falsification but not self-censorship. In pretending to like A, we have gone beyond self-censorship. We have deliberately projected a contrived opinion.
In a nutshell, [[preference falsification]] is the broader concept. Whereas all self-censorship falsifies a preference through the signals it sends, preference falsification need not take the form of self-censorship.
==In media==
{{See also|Freedom of the press}}
Journalists often censor themselves due to threats against them or their interests from another party,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html |title=Milk-threat study issued over objections |publisher=CNN.com |author=Jeanne Meserve |date=June 29, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033132/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> editorial instructions from their supervisor[s], perceived conflicts of interest with a media organization's economic sponsors, advertisers or shareholders,<ref name="Noam Chomsky 1994">Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky ''Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media'', Vintage, 1994, {{ISBN|0-09-953311-1}}</ref> etc.). Self-censorship of journalists is most pervasive in societies where governments have official [[media censorship]] policies and where journalists will be jailed, fined, or simply lose their job if they do not follow the censorship rules.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Organizations such as [[Media Matters for America]],<ref>Media Matters for America: [http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 33 internal Fox editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423023930/http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 |date=2009-04-23 }}</ref> [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]],<ref>FAIR: [http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html Censorship] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118214825/http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html |date=2005-01-18 }}</ref> ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] have raised concerns about news broadcasting stations, particularly [[Fox News]], censoring their own content to be less controversial when reporting on certain types of issues such as the [[War on Terror]].
In their book ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'' (1988), [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Edward S. Herman]] argue that corporate ownership of news media very strongly encourages systematic self-censorship owing to market forces.<ref name="Noam Chomsky 1994"/> In this argument, even with supposedly liberal media, bias and (often unconscious) self-censorship is evident in the selection and omission of news stories, and the framing of acceptable discussion, in line with the interests of the corporations owning those media.
The [[journalism|journalists]] have actively sought censorship advice from military authorities in order to prevent the inadvertent revelation of military secrets. In 2009, ''[[The New York Times]]'' succeeded in suppressing news of a reporter's abduction by [[Terrorist|militants]] in [[Afghanistan]] for seven months until his escape from captivity in order to "reduce danger to the reporter and other hostages".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter |title=New York Times reporter escapes Taliban captivity |publisher=Associated Press |author=JASON STRAZIUSO |date=June 20, 2005 |access-date=2009-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623101727/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter |archive-date=June 23, 2009 }}</ref>
Journalists have sometimes self-censored publications of news stories out of concern for the safety of people involved. Jean Pelletier, the Washington D.C. correspondent for the Montreal ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'' newspaper, uncovered a covert attempt by the [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]] to smuggle US diplomats out of [[Iran]] during the [[Iran hostage crisis|Iranian hostage crisis]] before the "[[Canadian Caper]]" had reached its conclusion. In order to preserve the safety of those involved, he refused to allow the paper to publish the story until the hostages had left Iran, despite the considerable news value to the paper and writer.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
Self-censorship by journalists has been described as a form of a survival strategy, allowing journalists to report on some issues rather than going too far and risking a more complete crackdown by the authorities, resulting in even less independent reporting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Walulya|first1=Gerald|last2=Nassanga|first2=Goretti L.|date=2020-02-25|title=Democracy at Stake: Self-Censorship as a Self-Defence Strategy for Journalists|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512|journal=Media and Communication|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.17645/mac.v8i1.2512|issn=2183-2439|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092139/https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Larsen|first1=Anna Grøndahl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11|title=Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship|last2=Fadnes|first2=Ingrid|last3=Krøvel|first3=Roy|date=2020-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-07487-1|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142422/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
==In science==
[[File:Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal.png|thumb|Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal: an editor asks the article's author to remove a sentence about [[blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China]] as it could cause trouble with the "authorities".]]
Self-censorship is found in the world of academia in a number of contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamlee-Wright|first=Emily|date=2019-12-01|title=Self-Censorship and Associational Life in the Liberal Academy|journal=Society|language=en|volume=56|issue=6|pages=538–549|doi=10.1007/s12115-019-00413-1|issn=1936-4725|doi-access=free}}</ref> Self-censorship in [[scientific publications]] that have been criticized as politically motivated include scientists under the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] withholding findings that disagreed with the [[Nazi racial theories|commonly held beliefs in differences between races]], or the refusal of these scientists under [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to support [[General Relativity]] (which got the reputation as "[[Deutsche Physik|Jewish science]]"). In the 2000s, certain scientists have withheld their findings related to [[Attribution of recent climate change|climate changes caused by pollution]] and to [[endangered species]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml |title=Scientific Method: Self-Censorship, Study Finds Researchers Shy Away From Controversial Projects |publisher=CBS News |author=Ayaz Nanji |date=February 11, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |archive-date=2012-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629055616/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation |title=U.S. Scientists Say They Are Told to Alter Findings |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |author=Julie Cart |page=A-13 |date=February 10, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224091757/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation |archive-date=February 24, 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/60minutes/main1415985.shtml |title=Rewriting The Science, Scientist Says Politicians Edit Global Warming Research |publisher=CBS News |author=Daniel Schorn |date=July 30, 2006 |access-date=2008-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410045524/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/60minutes/main1415985.shtml |archive-date=2006-04-10}}</ref>
===Risks from scientific publications===
{{See also|Information hazard}}
In the early days of [[atomic physics]], it was realized that discoveries regarding [[nuclear fission]] and the chain reaction might be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes – on the one hand, such discoveries could have important applications for [[medicine]] and [[energy production]], however on the other hand, they might also lead to the production of unprecedented [[weapons of mass destruction]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schweber|first1=Silvan S.|title=In the Shadow of the Bomb: Oppenheimer, Bethe, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist|isbn=978-0691127859|date=2007-01-07|publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> [[Leo Szilard]] argues that if dangerous discoveries were kept secret, the development and use of such weapons might be avoided.<ref name="who">{{cite journal|last1=Selgelid|first1=Michael J.|title=Governance of dual-use research: an ethical dilemma|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|year=2009|volume=87|issue=9|pages=720–3|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/9/08-051383/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406142104/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/9/08-051383/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 6, 2012|publisher=World health Organization|doi=10.2471/blt.08.051383|pmid=19784453|pmc=2739909|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pelopidas|first=Benoît|date=2016-11-01|title=Nuclear Weapons Scholarship as a Case of Self-Censorship in Security Studies|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogw017|journal=Journal of Global Security Studies|volume=1|issue=4|pages=326–336|doi=10.1093/jogss/ogw017|issn=2057-3170|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142428/https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/1/4/326/2841104?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, findings in the field of medicine and [[biotechnology]] could facilitate production of [[biological weapons]] of mass destruction.<ref>{{cite web|title=The darker bioweapons future|url=https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2003|archive-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201020951/http://fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Broad|first1=William J.|title=Bioterror Researchers Build A More Lethal Mousepox|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/us/bioterror-researchers-build-a-more-lethal-mousepox.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 1, 2003|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304151445/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/us/bioterror-researchers-build-a-more-lethal-mousepox.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Nowak|first1=Rachel|title=Killer mousepox virus raises bioterror fears|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn311-killer-mousepox-virus-raises-bioterror-fears/|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=15 February 2016|date=10 January 2001|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153113/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn311-killer-mousepox-virus-raises-bioterror-fears/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003 members of the Journal Editors and Authors Group, 32 leading journal editors, perceived the threat from [[biological warfare]] as sufficiently high to warrant a system of self-censorship on the public dissemination of certain aspects of their community's research. The statement agreed on declared:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/documents/Reactions%20to%20Selfcensorship.pdf | title=Reactions to Self-censorship | date=2003 | access-date=15 February 2016 | author=McLeish, C.A. | pages=1 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035956/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/documents/Reactions%20to%20Selfcensorship.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
<blockquote>We recognize that the prospect of [[bioterrorism]] has raised legitimate concerns about the potential abuse of published information... We are committed to dealing responsibly and effectively with safety and security issues that may be raised by papers submitted for publication, and to increasing our capacity to identify such issues as they arise...[O]n occasions an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits... the paper should be modified, or not be published...</blockquote>
== By region ==
=== Africa ===
Self-censorship has been found to affect journalists in a number of less-democratic African states, such as [[Ethiopia]], [[Uganda]] and [[Zambia]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skjerdal|first=Terje|date=2010-12-18|title=Justifying Self-Censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1742843|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1742843|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142427/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1742843|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moges|first=Mulatu Alemayehu|date=2017|title=Ethiopian Journalism from Self-Censoring to Silence: A Case of Reporting on Internal Conflict|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=555106|journal=ESSACHESS - Journal for Communication Studies|language=English|volume=X|issue=1|pages=111–128|issn=2066-5083|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=555106|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parks|first1=Lisa|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Rahul|date=2017-07-03|title=From platform jumping to self-censorship: internet freedom, social media, and circumvention practices in Zambia|url=https://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|journal=Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies|volume=14|issue=3|pages=221–237|doi=10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|s2cid=152083308|issn=1479-1420|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093710/https://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Jaygbay, Jacob. "[https://search.proquest.com/openview/d575d1b7fddf5e3aae7a673be0f5c48c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37755&casa_token=mBh4YxNF2sYAAAAA:Xe6U-V5CwbeZuPtGyD9c6xzlkGEVKfGrRI68NUikX3ruwFw11gT2HTq9Oq11qp9sCC7XYBuGCg Self-censorship in African scholarship and scholarly publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142425/https://www.proquest.com/openview/d575d1b7fddf5e3aae7a673be0f5c48c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37755&casa_token=mBh4YxNF2sYAAAAA:Xe6U-V5CwbeZuPtGyD9c6xzlkGEVKfGrRI68NUikX3ruwFw11gT2HTq9Oq11qp9sCC7XYBuGCg |date=2024-06-30 }}." ''Journal of scholarly publishing'' 29, no. 2 (1998): 112.</ref>
=== Central Asia ===
Widespread practice of self-censorship has been described as significantly detrimental to the development of independent journalism in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenny|first1=Timothy|last2=Gross|first2=Peter|date=2008-10-01|title=Journalism in Central Asia: A Victim of Politics, Economics, and Widespread Self-censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208324644|journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=515–525|doi=10.1177/1940161208324644|s2cid=143809799|issn=1940-1612|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142927/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208324644|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== China ===
{{See also|Censorship in China|Chinese censorship abroad}}
In China, the media and citizens have to go to even greater extents to censor much of the material that they would post online.<ref name="Lee 112–133">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Francis L.F.|last2=Chan|first2=Joseph|date=2009-01-01|title=Organizational Production of Self-Censorship in the Hong Kong Media|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208326598|journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=112–133|doi=10.1177/1940161208326598|s2cid=143852567|issn=1940-1612|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142928/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208326598|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tong|first=Jingrong|date=2009-09-01|title=Press self-censorship in China: a case study in the transformation of discourse|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509106412|journal=Discourse & Society|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=593–612|doi=10.1177/0957926509106412|s2cid=144245109|issn=0957-9265|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142929/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926509106412|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Chin-Chuan|date=1998-03-01|title=Press Self-Censorship and Political Transition in Hong Kong|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X98003002005|journal=Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=55–73|doi=10.1177/1081180X98003002005|s2cid=145765508|issn=1081-180X|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141931/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X98003002005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhong|first1=Zhi-Jin|last2=Wang|first2=Tongchen|last3=Huang|first3=Minting|date=2017-01-01|title=Does the Great Fire Wall cause self-censorship? The effects of perceived internet regulation and the justification of regulation|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204|journal=Internet Research|volume=27|issue=4|pages=974–990|doi=10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204|issn=1066-2243|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142929/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204/full/html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Darrel|last2=Tannenberg|first2=Marcus|date=2019-07-01|title=Self-censorship of regime support in authoritarian states: Evidence from list experiments in China|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=2053168019856449|doi=10.1177/2053168019856449|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Francis L.F.|last2=Lin|first2=Angel M.Y.|date=2006-05-01|title=Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506062371|journal=Discourse & Society|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=331–358|doi=10.1177/0957926506062371|hdl=10722/92430|s2cid=53127938|issn=0957-9265|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142930/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926506062371|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wang|first=Natasha Khan and Joyu|date=2020-07-02|title=Hong Kong's Security Law Scares Citizens Into Scrubbing Social Media, Self-Censorship|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongers-self-censor-as-security-law-bites-11593696720|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032943/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongers-self-censor-as-security-law-bites-11593696720|url-status=live}}</ref> Many companies{{who|date=October 2021}} have been shut down by government because of the content that they have published. Nearly 10,000 social media accounts in October 2018 were shut down that published entertainment and celebrity news.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kuo|first=Lily|date=2018-12-31|title=From 'rice bunny' to 'back up the car': China's year of censorship|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/31/from-rice-bunny-to-back-up-the-car-chinas-year-of-censorship|access-date=2019-04-11|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/31/from-rice-bunny-to-back-up-the-car-chinas-year-of-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref> As well as 370 different streaming apps that were pulled off of the app stores for non-compliance.<ref name=":1">"In China, a circle of online self-censorship; Threat of being shut down for violating laws pushes internet firms to police their networks." ''Globe & Mail'' [Toronto, Canada], 5 June 2018, p. A1. ''World History in Context'', http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A541400341/WHIC?u=mcc_pv&sid=WHIC&xid=61681362 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143440/https://login.microsoftonline.com/8a5b6fd2-f50d-4565-910a-1ffe6454e368/saml2?sso_reload=true |date=2024-06-30 }}. Accessed 11 Apr. 2019.</ref> Due to these high numbers of government interference, the companies and networks that publish on the internet are now employing people and utilizing sophisticated programs to find videos and pictures that are offensive to remove before the government can get them in trouble.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhen|first=Simon K.|date=2015|title=An Explanation of Self-Censorship in China: The Enforcement of Social Control Through a Panoptic Infrastructure|url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1093/an-explanation-of-self-censorship-in-china-the-enforcement-of-social-control-through-a-panoptic-infrastructure|journal=Inquiries Journal|language=en|volume=7|issue=9|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095541/http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1093/an-explanation-of-self-censorship-in-china-the-enforcement-of-social-control-through-a-panoptic-infrastructure|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=View of China's Censorship 2.0: How companies censor bloggers {{!}} First Monday|url=https://firstmonday.org/article/view/2378/2089|access-date=2021-05-14|journal=First Monday|date=25 January 2009|doi=10.5210/fm.v14i2.2378|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Rebecca |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Self-censorship by Western{{clarify|date=October 2021}} companies trying to appease Chinese authorities has also affected the quality of content available to the citizens in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The big business of self-censorship over China - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/the-big-business-of-self-censorship-over-china/85391|access-date=2021-05-14|website=ucanews.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095541/https://www.ucanews.com/news/the-big-business-of-self-censorship-over-china/85391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Brien|first=Danny|title=Who pays price for internet self-censorship in China?|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/who-pays-price-for-internet-self-censorship-in-china-1.1007332|access-date=2021-05-14|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143442/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/who-pays-price-for-internet-self-censorship-in-china-1.1007332|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|date=2020-08-05|title=Hollywood Is "Increasingly Normalizing" Self-Censorship for China, Report Finds|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-is-increasingly-normalizing-censorship-china-report-finds-1305935/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095539/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-is-increasingly-normalizing-censorship-china-report-finds-1305935/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=The Editorial Board|date=2019-10-19|title=Opinion {{!}} The Chinese Threat to American Speech|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/19/opinion/sunday/china-nba.html|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/19/opinion/sunday/china-nba.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaw-Nian|first=Huang|date=2017-09-01|title=The China Factor in Taiwan's Media. Outsourcing Chinese Censorship Abroad|url=http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7388|journal=China Perspectives|language=en|volume=2017|issue=2017/3|pages=27–36|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.7388|issn=2070-3449|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514100658/https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7388|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Made in Hollywood, Censored by Beijing|url=https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=PEN America|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082710/https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fish|first=Isaac Stone|date=2018-09-04|title=The Other Political Correctness|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0028-6583|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013133443/https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-10|title=Self-censorship is Beijing's most effective gag on truth|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1377510/self-censorship-beijings-most-effective-gag-truth|access-date=2021-05-14|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095550/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1377510/self-censorship-beijings-most-effective-gag-truth|url-status=live}}</ref> It increasingly affects video games, including those by Western developers who want to sell their products to Chinese gamers as well.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=No cults, no politics, no ghouls: how China censors the video game world {{!}} Games {{!}} The Guardian|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/15/china-video-game-censorship-tencent-netease-blizzard|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715053125/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/15/china-video-game-censorship-tencent-netease-blizzard|archive-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
=== Colombia ===
Self-censorship has been found to affect Colombian journalism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barrios|first1=Marta Milena|last2=Miller|first2=Toby|date=2020-06-12|title=Voices of Resilience: Colombian Journalists and Self-Censorship in the Post-Conflict Period|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|journal=Journalism Practice|volume=15|issue=10|pages=1423–1440|doi=10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|s2cid=225697881|issn=1751-2786|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143441/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Europe===
Examples of self-censorship have been found in a number of European countries in different contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfössl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|last3=Zeveleva|first3=Olga|last4=Fedirko|first4=Taras|last5=Bajomi-Lazar|first5=Peter|date=2020-02-01|title=Self-censorship narrated: Journalism in Central and Eastern Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897801|journal=European Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=3–11|doi=10.1177/0267323119897801|s2cid=213509921|issn=0267-3231|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143442/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323119897801|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iordanidou|first1=Sofia|last2=Takas|first2=Emmanouil|last3=Vatikiotis|first3=Leonidas|last4=García|first4=Pedro|date=2020-02-25|title=Constructing Silence: Processes of Journalistic (Self-)Censorship during Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2634|journal=Media and Communication|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=15–26|doi=10.17645/mac.v8i1.2634|issn=2183-2439|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143443/https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2634|url-status=live}}</ref>
European Union officials have been accused of self-censorship on [[Chinese censorship abroad|topics deemed sensitive by China]], in order to avoid diplomatic rifts between China and EU.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Max Roger|date=May 26, 2020|title=China-EU relations: self-censorship by EU diplomats is commonplace|url=http://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Conversation|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726132851/https://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=EU diplomats face the enemy within |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124084858/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in recent years in Europe. Journalists and [[whistleblower]]s have experienced physical and psychological intimidation and threats. Self-censorship is one of the major consequences of such circumstances.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 April 2017|title=New study on intimidation of journalists and self-censorship in Europe|work=Council of Europe. Newsroom|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607171729/https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=CLARK|first1=Marilyn|url=https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d|title=Journalism under pressure. Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe|last2=GRECH|first2=Anna|publisher=Council of Europe publishing|year=2017|location=Strasbourg|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010072810/https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d|url-status=live}}</ref>
A study published in 2017 by the [[Council of Europe]] found that in the period 2014–2016 that 40% of journalists involved in the survey experienced some kind of unwarranted interference, in particular psychological violence, including slandering and smear campaigning, cyberbullying. Other forms of unwarranted interference include intimidation by interest groups, threats with force, intimidation by political groups, targeted surveillance, intimidation by the police, etc. In terms of geography, cases of physical assault were more common in the South Caucasus, followed by Turkey, but were present in other regions as well.<ref name=":0" />
=== Indonesia ===
In the early 2010s, self-censorship was studied in the context of professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tapsell|first=Ross|date=2012-06-01|title=Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|journal=Asian Studies Review|volume=36|issue=2|pages=227–245|doi=10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|s2cid=144494432|issn=1035-7823|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143944/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Israel ===
Self-censorship was found in [[Israeli media]] during the [[Second Lebanon War]].<ref>Elbaz, Sagi, and Daniel Bar-Tal. "[https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf Voluntary silence: Israeli media self-censorship during the Second Lebanon War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093709/https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf |date=2021-05-14 }}." ''Conflict & communication'' 18, no. 2 (2019).</ref> It has also been found to affect a number of debates related to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hameiri|first1=Boaz|last2=Sharvit|first2=Keren|last3=Bar-Tal|first3=Daniel|last4=Shahar|first4=Eldad|last5=Halperin|first5=Eran|date=2017|title=Support for Self-Censorship Among Israelis as a Barrier to Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12346|journal=Political Psychology|language=en|volume=38|issue=5|pages=795–813|doi=10.1111/pops.12346|issn=1467-9221|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515111557/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12346|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nets-Zehngut|first1=Rafi|last2=Pliskin|first2=Ruthie|last3=Bar-Tal|first3=Daniel|date=August 2015|title=Self-censorship in conflicts: Israel and the 1948 Palestinian exodus.|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000094|journal=Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=479–499|doi=10.1037/pac0000094|issn=1532-7949|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000094|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Pakistan ===
Self-censorship practices have been studied in the context of the Pakistani media in 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadadur|first=Ramanujan D.|date=2007-06-01|title=Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105|journal=South Asian Survey|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=45–63|doi=10.1177/097152310701400105|s2cid=154492288|issn=0971-5231|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143945/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil|title=Red lines of journalism : Digital surveillance, safety risks and journalists' self-censorship in Pakistan|date=2020-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-367-81013-9|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780367810139-3|s2cid=225758680|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Russia ===
Self-censorship existed in Russia for a long time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Aileen|date=1987|title=Self-Censorship and the Russian Intelligentsia, 1905-1914|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907|journal=Slavic Review|volume=46|issue=2|pages=193–213|doi=10.2307/2498907|jstor=2498907|s2cid=159614500|issn=0037-6779|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092130/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907|url-status=live}}</ref> After a brief relaxation following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of communism]] in the 1990s, self-censorship once again became a quite frequent practice in Russia after 2000s government take-overs and consolidation of media, further deepened after the 2014–2015 laws on "undesirable organisations" and the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], which began on February 24, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia's 'Undesirables' Law Expected to Boost Media Self-Censorship {{!}} News|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2015-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909063822/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Newspaper censors its own interview with Russian opposition leader, removing criticism of Putin and others|url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185427/https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Spring 2014|title=Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self- Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s|url=https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf|journal=Demokratizatsiya|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019230159/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfossl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|date=2014|title=Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self-Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s|url=http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/|journal=Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=295–311|issn=1074-6846|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092131/http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfössl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|date=2020-02-01|title=Post-socialist self-censorship: Russia, Hungary and Latvia|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897797|journal=European Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=29–45|doi=10.1177/0267323119897797|s2cid=214256857|issn=0267-3231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bodrunova|first1=Svetlana S|last2=Litvinenko|first2=Anna|last3=Nigmatullina|first3=Kamilla|date=2020-08-03|title=Who is the censor? Self-censorship of Russian journalists in professional routines and social networking|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920941965|journal=Journalism|volume=22|issue=12|language=en|pages=2919–2937|doi=10.1177/1464884920941965|s2cid=225502997|issn=1464-8849|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143948/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884920941965|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusupova |first=Guzel |title=Silence Matters: Self-Censorship and War in Russia – PONARS Eurasia |url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/silence-matters-self-censorship-and-war-in-russia/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.ponarseurasia.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627112956/https://www.ponarseurasia.org/silence-matters-self-censorship-and-war-in-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Turkey ===
Self-censorship has increased in Turkey as press freedoms declined under the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) government in the late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yesil|first=Bilge|date=2014-06-01|title=Press Censorship in Turkey: Networks of State Power, Commercial Pressures, and Self-Censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12049|journal=Communication, Culture and Critique|volume=7|issue=2|pages=154–173|doi=10.1111/cccr.12049|issn=1753-9129|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arsan|first=Esra|date=2013-09-01|title=Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|journal=Turkish Studies|volume=14|issue=3|pages=447–462|doi=10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|s2cid=146644682|issn=1468-3849|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aktas|first1=Vezir|last2=Nilsson|first2=Marco|last3=Borell|first3=Klas|date=2019-04-03|title=Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia|journal=British Journal of Educational Studies|volume=67|issue=2|pages=169–186|doi=10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872|issn=0007-1005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Affected areas include among others the discussion of the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maksudyan|first=Nazan|date=2009-11-01|title=Walls of Silence: Translating the Armenian Genocide into Turkish and Self-Censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03017600903205781|journal=Critique|volume=37|issue=4|pages=635–649|doi=10.1080/03017600903205781|s2cid=143658586|issn=0301-7605|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143950/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03017600903205781|url-status=live}}</ref>
===United States===
According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Bradley effect]]
* [[Chinese censorship abroad]]
* [[Euphemism]]
* [[Hawthorne effect]]
*[[Information hazard]]
* [[Clear Channel memorandum|List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks]]
* [[Media bias]]
* [[Newspeak]]
* [[OB marker]]
* [[Overton window]]
* [[Opinion corridor]]
* [[Preference falsification]]
* [[Political correctness]]
* [[Social-desirability bias]]
* [[Thought suppression]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Self-censorship}}
{{-}}
{{Censorship}}
{{Media manipulation}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Self-censorship| ]]
[[Category:Conformity]]
[[Category:Political correctness]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]].
+{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]].
Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] guarantees [[freedom of speech]] from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."<ref>University of Salzburg,
@@ -103,5 +103,5 @@
===United States===
-According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit, pre-save transformed (edit_diff_pst) | '@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]].
+{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]].
Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] guarantees [[freedom of speech]] from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."<ref>University of Salzburg,
@@ -103,5 +103,5 @@
===United States===
-According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
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0 => '{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]]. ',
1 => 'According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>'
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0 => '{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]]. ',
1 => 'According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>'
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0 => '{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]]. ',
1 => 'According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>'
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New page text, stripped of any markup (new_text) | 'Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourseSelf-censorship is the act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by film producers, film directors, publishers, news anchors, journalists, musicians, and other kinds of authors including individuals who use social media.
Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees freedom of speech from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."[1]
The practice of self-censorship, like that of censorship itself, has a long history.[2][3][4]
Contents
1 Reasons for self-censorship
1.1 Psychological
1.2 Economic
1.3 Legal
1.4 Taste and decency
1.5 As a form of preference falsification
2 In media
3 In science
3.1 Risks from scientific publications
4 By region
4.1 Africa
4.2 Central Asia
4.3 China
4.4 Colombia
4.5 Europe
4.6 Indonesia
4.7 Israel
4.8 Pakistan
4.9 Russia
4.10 Turkey
4.11 United States
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Reasons for self-censorship[edit]
Psychological[edit]
People often communicate to affirm their identity and sense of belonging. People may express their opinions or withhold their opinions due to the fear of exclusion or unpopularity. Shared social norms and beliefs create a sense of belonging, but they can also create a suppression of expression in order to comply or belong. People may adjust their beliefs or opinions to go along with the majority attitude. There are different factors that contribute to self-censorship, such as gender, age, education, political interests, and media exposure. For some, the reason for their change in beliefs and opinions is rooted in fear of isolation and exclusion. For these people, the expression of their own beliefs is less important than the fear of negative reactions of others to the expression of those beliefs.[5][6]
According to a 2019 German survey on self-censorship conducted by the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach for the newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), 59% of respondents said they can express their views among friends, but only 18% believe the same is possible in public. Only 17% of respondents express themselves freely on the Internet.[7][8]
Religious affiliation is a topic in which many occupational fields and areas may be a source of self-censorship. One particular area is psychology. From the origins of psychology, the field has frequently viewed religion with distrust. Psychologists and therapists often refrain from claiming to be part of any religion believing in the possibility that any expressions of any devout faith may be viewed as markers for mental illness or distress. A 2013 survey from the American Psychological Association (APA) found that "relative to the general population, psychologists were more than twice likely to claim no religion, three times more likely to describe religion as unimportant in their lives, and five times more likely to deny belief in God."[9]
Regarding a religious movement it is more common among fundamentalist believers like Wahhabism, Islamism, Calvinism, and Hasidic Judaism.[10][page needed]
Economic[edit]
Self-censorship can also occur in order to conform to the expectations of the market. For example, the editor of a periodical may consciously or unconsciously avoid topics that will anger advertisers, customers, or the owners in order to protect their livelihood either directly (i.e., fear of losing their job) or indirectly (e.g., a belief that a book will be more profitable if it does not contain offensive material).[11][12][13] This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as soft censorship.
Legal[edit]
In authoritarian countries, creators of artworks may remove material that their government might find controversial for fear of sanction by their governments.[14][15][16]
Taste and decency[edit]
Taste and decency are other areas in which questions are often raised regarding self-censorship. Art or journalism involving images or footage of murder, terrorism, war and massacres may cause complaints as to the purpose to which they are put. Curators and editors will frequently censor these images to avoid charges of prurience, shock tactics or invasion of privacy.[17] Concepts like political correctness and spiral of silence have been found to contribute to the existence of self-censorship.[18][19][20]
Products intended for children and youthful audiences, such as young adult literature, can be affected by self-censorship in this context.[21]
When the director of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art was interviewed regarding his decision to whitewash an antiwar mural showing dollar-draped military coffins, he speculated that the mural would have offended the community in which it was placed. He then added that "there were zero complaints, because I took care of it right away".[22]
As a form of preference falsification[edit]
Self-censorship is a form of preference falsification, though the concepts are not identical.  Self-censorship is a passive act. It amounts to the suppression of potentially objectionable beliefs, opinions, and preferences. Thus, it amounts to self-silencing; it is an act of passivity. Preference falsification is the misrepresentation of one’s preferences under perceived social pressures.[23] It is often performative, as it can involve the active manipulation of one’s preferences to impress an audience or avoid its wrath.  
For an illustration, consider a discussion on a controversial subject. We are among the participants. If we keep quiet, that is self-censorship. Insofar as our silence conveys agreement with a position that we actually dislike, our self-censorship amounts also to preference falsification. If instead of keeping quiet, we speak up during the discussion in favor of position A, when we actually favor B, that is preference falsification but not self-censorship. In pretending to like A, we have gone beyond self-censorship. We have deliberately projected a contrived opinion.
In a nutshell, preference falsification is the broader concept. Whereas all self-censorship falsifies a preference through the signals it sends, preference falsification need not take the form of self-censorship.
In media[edit]
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}See also: Freedom of the press
Journalists often censor themselves due to threats against them or their interests from another party,[24] editorial instructions from their supervisor[s], perceived conflicts of interest with a media organization's economic sponsors, advertisers or shareholders,[25] etc.). Self-censorship of journalists is most pervasive in societies where governments have official media censorship policies and where journalists will be jailed, fined, or simply lose their job if they do not follow the censorship rules.[citation needed] Organizations such as Media Matters for America,[26] Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting,[27] Democracy Now! and the American Civil Liberties Union have raised concerns about news broadcasting stations, particularly Fox News, censoring their own content to be less controversial when reporting on certain types of issues such as the War on Terror.
In their book Manufacturing Consent (1988), Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman argue that corporate ownership of news media very strongly encourages systematic self-censorship owing to market forces.[25] In this argument, even with supposedly liberal media, bias and (often unconscious) self-censorship is evident in the selection and omission of news stories, and the framing of acceptable discussion, in line with the interests of the corporations owning those media.
The journalists have actively sought censorship advice from military authorities in order to prevent the inadvertent revelation of military secrets. In 2009, The New York Times succeeded in suppressing news of a reporter's abduction by militants in Afghanistan for seven months until his escape from captivity in order to "reduce danger to the reporter and other hostages".[28]
Journalists have sometimes self-censored publications of news stories out of concern for the safety of people involved. Jean Pelletier, the Washington D.C. correspondent for the Montreal La Presse newspaper, uncovered a covert attempt by the Canadian government to smuggle US diplomats out of Iran during the Iranian hostage crisis before the "Canadian Caper" had reached its conclusion. In order to preserve the safety of those involved, he refused to allow the paper to publish the story until the hostages had left Iran, despite the considerable news value to the paper and writer.[citation needed]
Self-censorship by journalists has been described as a form of a survival strategy, allowing journalists to report on some issues rather than going too far and risking a more complete crackdown by the authorities, resulting in even less independent reporting.[29][30]
In science[edit]
Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal: an editor asks the article's author to remove a sentence about blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China as it could cause trouble with the "authorities".
Self-censorship is found in the world of academia in a number of contexts.[31] Self-censorship in scientific publications that have been criticized as politically motivated include scientists under the Third Reich withholding findings that disagreed with the commonly held beliefs in differences between races, or the refusal of these scientists under Hitler to support General Relativity (which got the reputation as "Jewish science"). In the 2000s, certain scientists have withheld their findings related to climate changes caused by pollution and to endangered species.[32][33][34]
Risks from scientific publications[edit]
See also: Information hazard
In the early days of atomic physics, it was realized that discoveries regarding nuclear fission and the chain reaction might be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes – on the one hand, such discoveries could have important applications for medicine and energy production, however on the other hand, they might also lead to the production of unprecedented weapons of mass destruction.[35] Leo Szilard argues that if dangerous discoveries were kept secret, the development and use of such weapons might be avoided.[36][37] Similarly, findings in the field of medicine and biotechnology could facilitate production of biological weapons of mass destruction.[38][39][40] In 2003 members of the Journal Editors and Authors Group, 32 leading journal editors, perceived the threat from biological warfare as sufficiently high to warrant a system of self-censorship on the public dissemination of certain aspects of their community's research. The statement agreed on declared:[41]
We recognize that the prospect of bioterrorism has raised legitimate concerns about the potential abuse of published information... We are committed to dealing responsibly and effectively with safety and security issues that may be raised by papers submitted for publication, and to increasing our capacity to identify such issues as they arise...[O]n occasions an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits... the paper should be modified, or not be published...
By region[edit]
Africa[edit]
Self-censorship has been found to affect journalists in a number of less-democratic African states, such as Ethiopia, Uganda and Zambia.[29][42][43][44][45]
Central Asia[edit]
Widespread practice of self-censorship has been described as significantly detrimental to the development of independent journalism in Central Asia.[46]
China[edit]
See also: Censorship in China and Chinese censorship abroad
In China, the media and citizens have to go to even greater extents to censor much of the material that they would post online.[47][48][49][50][51][52][53] Many companies[who?] have been shut down by government because of the content that they have published. Nearly 10,000 social media accounts in October 2018 were shut down that published entertainment and celebrity news.[54] As well as 370 different streaming apps that were pulled off of the app stores for non-compliance.[55] Due to these high numbers of government interference, the companies and networks that publish on the internet are now employing people and utilizing sophisticated programs to find videos and pictures that are offensive to remove before the government can get them in trouble.[56][57]
Self-censorship by Western[clarification needed] companies trying to appease Chinese authorities has also affected the quality of content available to the citizens in other countries.[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] It increasingly affects video games, including those by Western developers who want to sell their products to Chinese gamers as well.[66]
Colombia[edit]
Self-censorship has been found to affect Colombian journalism.[67]
Europe[edit]
Examples of self-censorship have been found in a number of European countries in different contexts.[68][69]
European Union officials have been accused of self-censorship on topics deemed sensitive by China, in order to avoid diplomatic rifts between China and EU.[70][71]
Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in recent years in Europe. Journalists and whistleblowers have experienced physical and psychological intimidation and threats. Self-censorship is one of the major consequences of such circumstances.[72][73]
A study published in 2017 by the Council of Europe found that in the period 2014–2016 that 40% of journalists involved in the survey experienced some kind of unwarranted interference, in particular psychological violence, including slandering and smear campaigning, cyberbullying. Other forms of unwarranted interference include intimidation by interest groups, threats with force, intimidation by political groups, targeted surveillance, intimidation by the police, etc. In terms of geography, cases of physical assault were more common in the South Caucasus, followed by Turkey, but were present in other regions as well.[73]
Indonesia[edit]
In the early 2010s, self-censorship was studied in the context of professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists.[74]
Israel[edit]
Self-censorship was found in Israeli media during the Second Lebanon War.[75] It has also been found to affect a number of debates related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[76][77]
Pakistan[edit]
Self-censorship practices have been studied in the context of the Pakistani media in 2000s.[78][79]
Russia[edit]
Self-censorship existed in Russia for a long time.[80] After a brief relaxation following the fall of communism in the 1990s, self-censorship once again became a quite frequent practice in Russia after 2000s government take-overs and consolidation of media, further deepened after the 2014–2015 laws on "undesirable organisations" and the invasion of Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022.[81][82][83][84][85][86][87]
Turkey[edit]
Self-censorship has increased in Turkey as press freedoms declined under the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government in the late 2000s.[88][89][90] Affected areas include among others the discussion of the Armenian genocide.[91]
United States[edit]
According to AmeriSpeak survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.[92] According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.[93]
See also[edit]
Bradley effect
Chinese censorship abroad
Euphemism
Hawthorne effect
Information hazard
List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks
Media bias
Newspeak
OB marker
Overton window
Opinion corridor
Preference falsification
Political correctness
Social-desirability bias
Thought suppression
References[edit]
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^ University of Salzburg,
Journalism Self-Censorship, Global Self-Censorship Struggles: Lebanon, Mexico, China, Hong Kong and Slovakia Archived December 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Baltussen, Han; Davis, Peter J. (2015-07-27). The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9163-6. Archived from the original on 2024-06-30. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
^ Baltussen, Han; Davis, Peter J. (2015-07-27). The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9163-6. Archived from the original on 2024-06-30. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
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External links[edit]
Media related to Self-censorship at Wikimedia Commons
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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}vteCensorshipMedia regulation
Books
books banned
Films
banned films
Internet
circumvention
Music
Postal
Press
Radio
Speech and expression
Student media
Thought
Video games
banned video games
Methods
Bleeping
Book burning
Broadcast delay
Censor bars
Chilling effect
Collateral censorship
Concision
Conspiracy of silence
Content-control software
Damnatio memoriae
Euphemism
Minced oath
Expurgation
Fogging
Gag order
Heckling
Heckler's veto
Internet police
Memory hole
National intranet
Newspaper theft
Pixelization
Prior restraint
Propaganda
Purge
Revisionism
Sanitization
Self-censorship
Speech code
Strategic lawsuit
Surveillance
computer and network
mass
Whitewashing
Word filtering
Contexts
Criminal
Corporate
Apple
Facebook
Google
Hate speech
Online
Ideological
LGBT issues
Media bias
Moralistic fallacy
Naturalistic fallacy
Politics
Propaganda model
Religious
Suppression of dissent
Systemic bias
By country
Censorship
Chinese issues overseas
Freedom of speech
Internet censorship
Muhammad controversy
vteMedia manipulationContext
Bias
Crowd psychology
Deception
Dumbing down
False balance
Half-truths
Media
Obfuscation
Orwellian
Persuasion
Manipulation (psychology)
Activism
Advocacy
group
Alternative media
Boycott
Call-out culture
Cancel culture
Civil disobedience
Culture jamming
Demonstrations
Deplatforming
Grassroots
Guerrilla communication
Hacktivism
Internet
Media
Occupations
Petitions
Protests
Youth
Advertising
Billboards
False
Infomercials
Mobiles
Modeling
Radio
Sex
Slogans
Testimonials
TV
Criticism of advertising
Annoyance factor
CensorshipMedia regulation
Books
Broadcast law
Burying of scholars
Catch and kill
Corporate
Cover-ups
Euphemism
Films
Historical negationism
Internet
Political
Religious
Self
Hoaxing
Alternative facts
April Fools'
Deepfake
Fake news
websites
Fakelore
False document
Fictitious entries
Firehose of falsehood
Forgery
Gaslighting
List
Literary
Lying press
Photograph manipulation
Racial
Urban legend
Virus
Video manipulation
Marketing
Branding
Loyalty
Product
Product placement
Publicity
Research
Word of mouth
News media
Agenda-setting
Broadcasting
Circus
Cycle
Emotive conjugation
False balance
Infotainment
Managing
Narcotizing dysfunction
Newspeak
Pseudo-event
Scrum
Sensationalism
Tabloid journalism
Political campaigning
Advertising
Astroturfing
Attack ad
Canvassing
Character assassination
Dog whistle
Election promises
Lawn signs
Party platforms (or manifestos)
Name recognition
Negative
Push polling
Smear campaign
Wedge issue
Propaganda
Bandwagon
Big lie
Crowd manipulation
Disinformation
Fearmongering
Framing
Indoctrination
Loaded language
National mythology
Rally 'round the flag effect
Techniques
Psychological warfare
Airborne leaflets
False flag
Fifth column
Information (IT)
Lawfare
Political
Public diplomacy
Sedition
Subversion
Public relations
Cult of personality
Doublespeak
Non-apology apology
Reputation management
Slogans
Sound bites
Spin
Transfer
Understatement
Weasel words
Corporate propaganda
Sales
Cold calling
Door-to-door
Pricing
Product demonstrations
Promotion
Spaving
Promotional merchandise
Telemarketing
Related
Influence-for-hire
Media bias
United States
Media concentration
Media democracy
Media ecology
Media ethics
Media franchise
Media influence
Media proprietor
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Poland' |
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New page wikitext, pre-save transformed (new_pst) | '{{Short description|Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse}}'''Self-censorship''' is the act of [[censorship|censoring]] or [[Classified Information|classifying]] one's own [[discourse]]. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by [[film producer]]s, [[film director]]s, [[publisher]]s, [[news anchor]]s, [[journalist]]s, [[musician]]s, and other kinds of [[author]]s including individuals who use [[social media]].
Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] guarantees [[freedom of speech]] from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."<ref>University of Salzburg,
[http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship Journalism Self-Censorship, Global Self-Censorship Struggles: Lebanon, Mexico, China, Hong Kong and Slovakia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093642/http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship |date=December 9, 2014 }}</ref>
The practice of self-censorship, like that of censorship itself, has a long history.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baltussen|first1=Han|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1|title=The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes|last2=Davis|first2=Peter J.|date=2015-07-27|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baltussen|first1=Han|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18|title=The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes|last2=Davis|first2=Peter J.|date=2015-07-27|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams|chapter=Censorship and Self-censorship in Late Sixteenth-century English Book Illustration|title=Printed Images in Early Modern Britain Essays in Interpretation|editor=Michael Hunter|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-24604-8|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781315246048|author=Richard L. Williams|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093706/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Reasons for self-censorship ==
=== Psychological ===
People often communicate to affirm their identity and sense of belonging. People may express their opinions or withhold their opinions due to the fear of exclusion or unpopularity. Shared social norms and beliefs create a sense of belonging, but they can also create a suppression of expression in order to comply or belong. People may adjust their beliefs or opinions to go along with the majority attitude. There are different factors that contribute to self-censorship, such as gender, age, education, political interests, and media exposure. For some, the reason for their change in beliefs and opinions is rooted in fear of isolation and exclusion. For these people, the expression of their own beliefs is less important than the fear of negative reactions of others to the expression of those beliefs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bar-Tal|first=Daniel|date=2017|title=Self-Censorship as a Socio-Political-Psychological Phenomenon: Conception and Research|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391|journal=Political Psychology|language=en|volume=38|issue=S1|pages=37–65|doi=10.1111/pops.12391|issn=1467-9221|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Detert|first1=James R.|last2=Edmondson|first2=Amy C.|date=2011-06-01|title=Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work|url=https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|journal=Academy of Management Journal|volume=54|issue=3|pages=461–488|doi=10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|issn=0001-4273|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141911/https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925|url-status=live}}</ref>
According to a 2019 German survey on self-censorship conducted by the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach for the newspaper {{lang|de|[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]}} (FAZ), 59% of respondents said they can express their views among friends, but only 18% believe the same is possible in public. Only 17% of respondents express themselves freely on the Internet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Köcher|first=Renate|date=22 May 2019|title=Immer mehr Tabuthemen|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html|access-date=8 August 2019|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823144838/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mehrheit der Deutschen äußert sich in der Öffentlichkeit nur vorsichtig |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html |work=[[Die Welt]] |date=22 May 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715170148/https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Religious affiliation is a topic in which many occupational fields and areas may be a source of self-censorship. One particular area is psychology. From the origins of psychology, the field has frequently viewed religion with distrust. Psychologists and therapists often refrain from claiming to be part of any religion believing in the possibility that any expressions of any devout faith may be viewed as markers for mental illness or distress. A 2013 survey from the American Psychological Association (APA) found that "relative to the general population, psychologists were more than twice likely to claim no religion, three times more likely to describe religion as unimportant in their lives, and five times more likely to deny belief in God."<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Rosik, Christopher H.|author2=Teraoka, Nicole A.|author3=Moretto, James D|date=2016|title=Religiously-based prejudice and self-censorship: Perceptions and experiences among Christian therapists and educators|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006|journal=Journal of Psychology and Christianity|pages=52–67|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514083927/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006|url-status=live}}</ref>
Regarding a religious movement it is more common among fundamentalist believers like [[Wahhabism]], [[Islamism]], [[Calvinism]], and [[Hasidic Judaism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Habermas|first1=Jurgen|year=2006|title=Religion in the Public Sphere|journal=European Journal of Philosophy|volume=14|pages=1–25|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0378.2006.00241.x|s2cid=14969676 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2015}}
=== Economic ===
Self-censorship can also occur in order to conform to the expectations of the market. For example, the editor of a periodical may consciously or unconsciously avoid topics that will anger advertisers, customers, or the owners in order to protect their livelihood either directly (i.e., fear of losing their job) or indirectly (e.g., a belief that a book will be more profitable if it does not contain offensive material).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-01-01|title=Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|volume=97|pages=117–130|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.009|issn=0047-2727|last1=Germano|first1=Fabrizio|last2=Meier|first2=Martin|hdl=10230/11728|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Garry C.|last2=Kendzia|first2=Victoria Bishop|date=2009|title=Organizational Self-Censorship: Corporate Sponsorship, Nonprofit Funding, and the Educational Experience*|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|journal=Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie|language=en|volume=46|issue=2|pages=161–177|doi=10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|s2cid=146421736|issn=1755-618X|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508045641/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hassid|first=Jonathan|date=2020-06-01|title=Censorship, the Media, and the Market in China|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|journal=Journal of Chinese Political Science|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=285–309|doi=10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|s2cid=216446374|issn=1874-6357|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141914/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0|url-status=live}}</ref> This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as [[Independent media#Soft censorship|soft censorship]].
=== Legal ===
In [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] countries, creators of artworks may remove material that their government might find controversial for fear of sanction by their governments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shen|first1=Xiaoxiao|last2=Truex|first2=Rory|date=2021|title=In Search of Self-Censorship|journal=British Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=51|issue=4|pages=1672–1684|doi=10.1017/S0007123419000735|issn=0007-1234|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tannenberg|first=Marcus|date=2017-06-01|title=The Autocratic Trust Bias: Politically Sensitive Survey Items and Self-Censorship|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2980727|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2980727|hdl=2077/52479|ssrn=2980727|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141915/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Darrel|last2=Tannenberg|first2=Marcus|date=2018-04-01|title=Self-Censorship in Authoritarian States: Response Bias in Measures of Popular Support in China|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3161915|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3161915|hdl=2077/56175|ssrn=3161915|s2cid=149703668|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141941/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3161915|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Taste and decency===
[[Taste (sociology)|Taste]] and [[decency]] are other areas in which questions are often raised regarding self-censorship. Art or journalism involving images or footage of [[murder]], [[terrorism]], [[war]] and [[Wiktionary:massacre|massacres]] may cause complaints as to the purpose to which they are put. [[Curator]]s and [[Editing|editors]] will frequently censor these images to avoid charges of [[prurience]], [[shock tactic]]s or [[invasion of privacy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Philip|last2=Heilmann|first2=Conrad|date=2013-03-01|title=Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|journal=Political Studies|language=en|volume=61|issue=1|pages=178–196|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|s2cid=142634871|issn=0032-3217|hdl=20.500.11820/9b485cf0-e99f-4c5d-bfe6-652521c12299|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141912/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x|url-status=live}}</ref> Concepts like [[political correctness]] and [[spiral of silence]] have been found to contribute to the existence of self-censorship.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LOURY|first=GLENN C.|date=1994-10-01|title=Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related Phenomena|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463194006004002|journal=Rationality and Society|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=428–461|doi=10.1177/1043463194006004002|s2cid=143057168|issn=1043-4631}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kwon|first1=K. Hazel|last2=Moon|first2=Shin-Il|last3=Stefanone|first3=Michael A.|date=2015-07-01|title=Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|journal=Quality & Quantity|language=en|volume=49|issue=4|pages=1417–1435|doi=10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|s2cid=7489939|issn=1573-7845|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Christian Pieter|last2=Lutz|first2=Christoph|title=Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society - #SMSociety17|chapter=Spiral of Silence 2.0|date=2017-07-28|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3097286.3097296|location=Toronto, ON, Canada|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=1–12|doi=10.1145/3097286.3097296|isbn=978-1-4503-4847-8|s2cid=19728058|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3097286.3097296|url-status=live}}</ref>
Products intended for children and youthful audiences, such as [[young adult literature]], can be affected by self-censorship in this context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Freedman|first1=Lauren|last2=Johnson|first2=Holly|date=2000|title=Who's Protecting Whom? "I Hadn't Meant to Tell You This", a Case in Point in Confronting Self-Censorship in the Choice of Young Adult Literature|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350|journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|volume=44|issue=4|pages=356–369|jstor=40015350|issn=1081-3004|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350|url-status=live}}</ref>
When the director of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art was interviewed regarding his decision to whitewash an antiwar mural showing dollar-draped military coffins, he speculated that the mural would have offended the community in which it was placed. He then added that "there were zero complaints, because I took care of it right away".<ref name="deitch">{{Cite news|author=Finkel, Jori|date=2010-12-15|title=Museum of Contemporary Art commissions, then paints over, artwork|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123041745/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story |archive-date= Jan 23, 2011 }}</ref>
=== As a form of preference falsification ===
Self-censorship is a form of [[preference falsification]], though the concepts are not identical. Self-censorship is a passive act. It amounts to the suppression of potentially objectionable beliefs, opinions, and preferences. Thus, it amounts to self-silencing; it is an act of passivity. Preference falsification is the misrepresentation of one’s preferences under perceived social pressures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuran |first=Timur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9 |title=Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification |date=1997 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-70758-0 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-03 |archive-date=2024-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142423/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=private%20truth%20public%20lies&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It is often performative, as it can involve the active manipulation of one’s preferences to impress an audience or avoid its wrath.
For an illustration, consider a discussion on a controversial subject. We are among the participants. If we keep quiet, that is self-censorship. Insofar as our silence conveys agreement with a position that we actually dislike, our self-censorship amounts also to preference falsification. If instead of keeping quiet, we speak up during the discussion in favor of position A, when we actually favor B, that is preference falsification but not self-censorship. In pretending to like A, we have gone beyond self-censorship. We have deliberately projected a contrived opinion.
In a nutshell, [[preference falsification]] is the broader concept. Whereas all self-censorship falsifies a preference through the signals it sends, preference falsification need not take the form of self-censorship.
==In media==
{{See also|Freedom of the press}}
Journalists often censor themselves due to threats against them or their interests from another party,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html |title=Milk-threat study issued over objections |publisher=CNN.com |author=Jeanne Meserve |date=June 29, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033132/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> editorial instructions from their supervisor[s], perceived conflicts of interest with a media organization's economic sponsors, advertisers or shareholders,<ref name="Noam Chomsky 1994">Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky ''Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media'', Vintage, 1994, {{ISBN|0-09-953311-1}}</ref> etc.). Self-censorship of journalists is most pervasive in societies where governments have official [[media censorship]] policies and where journalists will be jailed, fined, or simply lose their job if they do not follow the censorship rules.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Organizations such as [[Media Matters for America]],<ref>Media Matters for America: [http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 33 internal Fox editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423023930/http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002 |date=2009-04-23 }}</ref> [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]],<ref>FAIR: [http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html Censorship] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118214825/http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html |date=2005-01-18 }}</ref> ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] have raised concerns about news broadcasting stations, particularly [[Fox News]], censoring their own content to be less controversial when reporting on certain types of issues such as the [[War on Terror]].
In their book ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'' (1988), [[Noam Chomsky]] and [[Edward S. Herman]] argue that corporate ownership of news media very strongly encourages systematic self-censorship owing to market forces.<ref name="Noam Chomsky 1994"/> In this argument, even with supposedly liberal media, bias and (often unconscious) self-censorship is evident in the selection and omission of news stories, and the framing of acceptable discussion, in line with the interests of the corporations owning those media.
The [[journalism|journalists]] have actively sought censorship advice from military authorities in order to prevent the inadvertent revelation of military secrets. In 2009, ''[[The New York Times]]'' succeeded in suppressing news of a reporter's abduction by [[Terrorist|militants]] in [[Afghanistan]] for seven months until his escape from captivity in order to "reduce danger to the reporter and other hostages".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter |title=New York Times reporter escapes Taliban captivity |publisher=Associated Press |author=JASON STRAZIUSO |date=June 20, 2005 |access-date=2009-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623101727/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter |archive-date=June 23, 2009 }}</ref>
Journalists have sometimes self-censored publications of news stories out of concern for the safety of people involved. Jean Pelletier, the Washington D.C. correspondent for the Montreal ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'' newspaper, uncovered a covert attempt by the [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]] to smuggle US diplomats out of [[Iran]] during the [[Iran hostage crisis|Iranian hostage crisis]] before the "[[Canadian Caper]]" had reached its conclusion. In order to preserve the safety of those involved, he refused to allow the paper to publish the story until the hostages had left Iran, despite the considerable news value to the paper and writer.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
Self-censorship by journalists has been described as a form of a survival strategy, allowing journalists to report on some issues rather than going too far and risking a more complete crackdown by the authorities, resulting in even less independent reporting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Walulya|first1=Gerald|last2=Nassanga|first2=Goretti L.|date=2020-02-25|title=Democracy at Stake: Self-Censorship as a Self-Defence Strategy for Journalists|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512|journal=Media and Communication|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=5–14|doi=10.17645/mac.v8i1.2512|issn=2183-2439|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092139/https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Larsen|first1=Anna Grøndahl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11|title=Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship|last2=Fadnes|first2=Ingrid|last3=Krøvel|first3=Roy|date=2020-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-07487-1|language=en|access-date=2021-05-15|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142422/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
==In science==
[[File:Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal.png|thumb|Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal: an editor asks the article's author to remove a sentence about [[blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China]] as it could cause trouble with the "authorities".]]
Self-censorship is found in the world of academia in a number of contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamlee-Wright|first=Emily|date=2019-12-01|title=Self-Censorship and Associational Life in the Liberal Academy|journal=Society|language=en|volume=56|issue=6|pages=538–549|doi=10.1007/s12115-019-00413-1|issn=1936-4725|doi-access=free}}</ref> Self-censorship in [[scientific publications]] that have been criticized as politically motivated include scientists under the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]] withholding findings that disagreed with the [[Nazi racial theories|commonly held beliefs in differences between races]], or the refusal of these scientists under [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to support [[General Relativity]] (which got the reputation as "[[Deutsche Physik|Jewish science]]"). In the 2000s, certain scientists have withheld their findings related to [[Attribution of recent climate change|climate changes caused by pollution]] and to [[endangered species]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml |title=Scientific Method: Self-Censorship, Study Finds Researchers Shy Away From Controversial Projects |publisher=CBS News |author=Ayaz Nanji |date=February 11, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |archive-date=2012-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629055616/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation |title=U.S. Scientists Say They Are Told to Alter Findings |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |author=Julie Cart |page=A-13 |date=February 10, 2005 |access-date=2008-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050224091757/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation |archive-date=February 24, 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/60minutes/main1415985.shtml |title=Rewriting The Science, Scientist Says Politicians Edit Global Warming Research |publisher=CBS News |author=Daniel Schorn |date=July 30, 2006 |access-date=2008-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410045524/https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/60minutes/main1415985.shtml |archive-date=2006-04-10}}</ref>
===Risks from scientific publications===
{{See also|Information hazard}}
In the early days of [[atomic physics]], it was realized that discoveries regarding [[nuclear fission]] and the chain reaction might be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes – on the one hand, such discoveries could have important applications for [[medicine]] and [[energy production]], however on the other hand, they might also lead to the production of unprecedented [[weapons of mass destruction]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schweber|first1=Silvan S.|title=In the Shadow of the Bomb: Oppenheimer, Bethe, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist|isbn=978-0691127859|date=2007-01-07|publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> [[Leo Szilard]] argues that if dangerous discoveries were kept secret, the development and use of such weapons might be avoided.<ref name="who">{{cite journal|last1=Selgelid|first1=Michael J.|title=Governance of dual-use research: an ethical dilemma|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|year=2009|volume=87|issue=9|pages=720–3|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/9/08-051383/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406142104/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/9/08-051383/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 6, 2012|publisher=World health Organization|doi=10.2471/blt.08.051383|pmid=19784453|pmc=2739909|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pelopidas|first=Benoît|date=2016-11-01|title=Nuclear Weapons Scholarship as a Case of Self-Censorship in Security Studies|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogw017|journal=Journal of Global Security Studies|volume=1|issue=4|pages=326–336|doi=10.1093/jogss/ogw017|issn=2057-3170|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142428/https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/1/4/326/2841104?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, findings in the field of medicine and [[biotechnology]] could facilitate production of [[biological weapons]] of mass destruction.<ref>{{cite web|title=The darker bioweapons future|url=https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 3, 2003|archive-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201020951/http://fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Broad|first1=William J.|title=Bioterror Researchers Build A More Lethal Mousepox|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/us/bioterror-researchers-build-a-more-lethal-mousepox.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=15 February 2016|date=November 1, 2003|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304151445/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/us/bioterror-researchers-build-a-more-lethal-mousepox.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Nowak|first1=Rachel|title=Killer mousepox virus raises bioterror fears|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn311-killer-mousepox-virus-raises-bioterror-fears/|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=15 February 2016|date=10 January 2001|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153113/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn311-killer-mousepox-virus-raises-bioterror-fears/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003 members of the Journal Editors and Authors Group, 32 leading journal editors, perceived the threat from [[biological warfare]] as sufficiently high to warrant a system of self-censorship on the public dissemination of certain aspects of their community's research. The statement agreed on declared:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/documents/Reactions%20to%20Selfcensorship.pdf | title=Reactions to Self-censorship | date=2003 | access-date=15 February 2016 | author=McLeish, C.A. | pages=1 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035956/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/documents/Reactions%20to%20Selfcensorship.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
<blockquote>We recognize that the prospect of [[bioterrorism]] has raised legitimate concerns about the potential abuse of published information... We are committed to dealing responsibly and effectively with safety and security issues that may be raised by papers submitted for publication, and to increasing our capacity to identify such issues as they arise...[O]n occasions an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits... the paper should be modified, or not be published...</blockquote>
== By region ==
=== Africa ===
Self-censorship has been found to affect journalists in a number of less-democratic African states, such as [[Ethiopia]], [[Uganda]] and [[Zambia]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skjerdal|first=Terje|date=2010-12-18|title=Justifying Self-Censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1742843|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=1742843|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142427/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1742843|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moges|first=Mulatu Alemayehu|date=2017|title=Ethiopian Journalism from Self-Censoring to Silence: A Case of Reporting on Internal Conflict|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=555106|journal=ESSACHESS - Journal for Communication Studies|language=English|volume=X|issue=1|pages=111–128|issn=2066-5083|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=555106|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parks|first1=Lisa|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Rahul|date=2017-07-03|title=From platform jumping to self-censorship: internet freedom, social media, and circumvention practices in Zambia|url=https://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|journal=Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies|volume=14|issue=3|pages=221–237|doi=10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|s2cid=152083308|issn=1479-1420|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093710/https://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14791420.2017.1290262|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Jaygbay, Jacob. "[https://search.proquest.com/openview/d575d1b7fddf5e3aae7a673be0f5c48c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37755&casa_token=mBh4YxNF2sYAAAAA:Xe6U-V5CwbeZuPtGyD9c6xzlkGEVKfGrRI68NUikX3ruwFw11gT2HTq9Oq11qp9sCC7XYBuGCg Self-censorship in African scholarship and scholarly publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142425/https://www.proquest.com/openview/d575d1b7fddf5e3aae7a673be0f5c48c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37755&casa_token=mBh4YxNF2sYAAAAA:Xe6U-V5CwbeZuPtGyD9c6xzlkGEVKfGrRI68NUikX3ruwFw11gT2HTq9Oq11qp9sCC7XYBuGCg |date=2024-06-30 }}." ''Journal of scholarly publishing'' 29, no. 2 (1998): 112.</ref>
=== Central Asia ===
Widespread practice of self-censorship has been described as significantly detrimental to the development of independent journalism in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kenny|first1=Timothy|last2=Gross|first2=Peter|date=2008-10-01|title=Journalism in Central Asia: A Victim of Politics, Economics, and Widespread Self-censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208324644|journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=515–525|doi=10.1177/1940161208324644|s2cid=143809799|issn=1940-1612|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142927/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208324644|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== China ===
{{See also|Censorship in China|Chinese censorship abroad}}
In China, the media and citizens have to go to even greater extents to censor much of the material that they would post online.<ref name="Lee 112–133">{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Francis L.F.|last2=Chan|first2=Joseph|date=2009-01-01|title=Organizational Production of Self-Censorship in the Hong Kong Media|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208326598|journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=112–133|doi=10.1177/1940161208326598|s2cid=143852567|issn=1940-1612|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142928/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208326598|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tong|first=Jingrong|date=2009-09-01|title=Press self-censorship in China: a case study in the transformation of discourse|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926509106412|journal=Discourse & Society|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=593–612|doi=10.1177/0957926509106412|s2cid=144245109|issn=0957-9265|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142929/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926509106412|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Chin-Chuan|date=1998-03-01|title=Press Self-Censorship and Political Transition in Hong Kong|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X98003002005|journal=Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=55–73|doi=10.1177/1081180X98003002005|s2cid=145765508|issn=1081-180X|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141931/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1081180X98003002005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhong|first1=Zhi-Jin|last2=Wang|first2=Tongchen|last3=Huang|first3=Minting|date=2017-01-01|title=Does the Great Fire Wall cause self-censorship? The effects of perceived internet regulation and the justification of regulation|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204|journal=Internet Research|volume=27|issue=4|pages=974–990|doi=10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204|issn=1066-2243|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142929/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IntR-07-2016-0204/full/html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Darrel|last2=Tannenberg|first2=Marcus|date=2019-07-01|title=Self-censorship of regime support in authoritarian states: Evidence from list experiments in China|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=2053168019856449|doi=10.1177/2053168019856449|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Francis L.F.|last2=Lin|first2=Angel M.Y.|date=2006-05-01|title=Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506062371|journal=Discourse & Society|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=331–358|doi=10.1177/0957926506062371|hdl=10722/92430|s2cid=53127938|issn=0957-9265|hdl-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142930/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926506062371|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wang|first=Natasha Khan and Joyu|date=2020-07-02|title=Hong Kong's Security Law Scares Citizens Into Scrubbing Social Media, Self-Censorship|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongers-self-censor-as-security-law-bites-11593696720|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=2021-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420032943/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hong-kongers-self-censor-as-security-law-bites-11593696720|url-status=live}}</ref> Many companies{{who|date=October 2021}} have been shut down by government because of the content that they have published. Nearly 10,000 social media accounts in October 2018 were shut down that published entertainment and celebrity news.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kuo|first=Lily|date=2018-12-31|title=From 'rice bunny' to 'back up the car': China's year of censorship|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/31/from-rice-bunny-to-back-up-the-car-chinas-year-of-censorship|access-date=2019-04-11|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/31/from-rice-bunny-to-back-up-the-car-chinas-year-of-censorship|url-status=live}}</ref> As well as 370 different streaming apps that were pulled off of the app stores for non-compliance.<ref name=":1">"In China, a circle of online self-censorship; Threat of being shut down for violating laws pushes internet firms to police their networks." ''Globe & Mail'' [Toronto, Canada], 5 June 2018, p. A1. ''World History in Context'', http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A541400341/WHIC?u=mcc_pv&sid=WHIC&xid=61681362 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143440/https://login.microsoftonline.com/8a5b6fd2-f50d-4565-910a-1ffe6454e368/saml2?sso_reload=true |date=2024-06-30 }}. Accessed 11 Apr. 2019.</ref> Due to these high numbers of government interference, the companies and networks that publish on the internet are now employing people and utilizing sophisticated programs to find videos and pictures that are offensive to remove before the government can get them in trouble.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhen|first=Simon K.|date=2015|title=An Explanation of Self-Censorship in China: The Enforcement of Social Control Through a Panoptic Infrastructure|url=http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1093/an-explanation-of-self-censorship-in-china-the-enforcement-of-social-control-through-a-panoptic-infrastructure|journal=Inquiries Journal|language=en|volume=7|issue=9|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095541/http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1093/an-explanation-of-self-censorship-in-china-the-enforcement-of-social-control-through-a-panoptic-infrastructure|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=View of China's Censorship 2.0: How companies censor bloggers {{!}} First Monday|url=https://firstmonday.org/article/view/2378/2089|access-date=2021-05-14|journal=First Monday|date=25 January 2009|doi=10.5210/fm.v14i2.2378|last1=MacKinnon|first1=Rebecca |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Self-censorship by Western{{clarify|date=October 2021}} companies trying to appease Chinese authorities has also affected the quality of content available to the citizens in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The big business of self-censorship over China - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/the-big-business-of-self-censorship-over-china/85391|access-date=2021-05-14|website=ucanews.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095541/https://www.ucanews.com/news/the-big-business-of-self-censorship-over-china/85391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Brien|first=Danny|title=Who pays price for internet self-censorship in China?|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/who-pays-price-for-internet-self-censorship-in-china-1.1007332|access-date=2021-05-14|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143442/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/who-pays-price-for-internet-self-censorship-in-china-1.1007332|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|date=2020-08-05|title=Hollywood Is "Increasingly Normalizing" Self-Censorship for China, Report Finds|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-is-increasingly-normalizing-censorship-china-report-finds-1305935/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095539/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/hollywood-is-increasingly-normalizing-censorship-china-report-finds-1305935/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=The Editorial Board|date=2019-10-19|title=Opinion {{!}} The Chinese Threat to American Speech|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/19/opinion/sunday/china-nba.html|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/19/opinion/sunday/china-nba.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaw-Nian|first=Huang|date=2017-09-01|title=The China Factor in Taiwan's Media. Outsourcing Chinese Censorship Abroad|url=http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7388|journal=China Perspectives|language=en|volume=2017|issue=2017/3|pages=27–36|doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.7388|issn=2070-3449|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514100658/https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7388|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-05|title=Made in Hollywood, Censored by Beijing|url=https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=PEN America|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082710/https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fish|first=Isaac Stone|date=2018-09-04|title=The Other Political Correctness|magazine=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|access-date=2021-05-14|issn=0028-6583|archive-date=2019-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013133443/https://newrepublic.com/article/150476/american-elite-universities-selfcensorship-china|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-10|title=Self-censorship is Beijing's most effective gag on truth|url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1377510/self-censorship-beijings-most-effective-gag-truth|access-date=2021-05-14|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514095550/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1377510/self-censorship-beijings-most-effective-gag-truth|url-status=live}}</ref> It increasingly affects video games, including those by Western developers who want to sell their products to Chinese gamers as well.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-15|title=No cults, no politics, no ghouls: how China censors the video game world {{!}} Games {{!}} The Guardian|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/15/china-video-game-censorship-tencent-netease-blizzard|access-date=2021-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715053125/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/15/china-video-game-censorship-tencent-netease-blizzard|archive-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
=== Colombia ===
Self-censorship has been found to affect Colombian journalism.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barrios|first1=Marta Milena|last2=Miller|first2=Toby|date=2020-06-12|title=Voices of Resilience: Colombian Journalists and Self-Censorship in the Post-Conflict Period|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|journal=Journalism Practice|volume=15|issue=10|pages=1423–1440|doi=10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|s2cid=225697881|issn=1751-2786|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143441/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Europe===
Examples of self-censorship have been found in a number of European countries in different contexts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfössl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|last3=Zeveleva|first3=Olga|last4=Fedirko|first4=Taras|last5=Bajomi-Lazar|first5=Peter|date=2020-02-01|title=Self-censorship narrated: Journalism in Central and Eastern Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897801|journal=European Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=3–11|doi=10.1177/0267323119897801|s2cid=213509921|issn=0267-3231|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143442/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323119897801|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iordanidou|first1=Sofia|last2=Takas|first2=Emmanouil|last3=Vatikiotis|first3=Leonidas|last4=García|first4=Pedro|date=2020-02-25|title=Constructing Silence: Processes of Journalistic (Self-)Censorship during Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain|url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2634|journal=Media and Communication|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=15–26|doi=10.17645/mac.v8i1.2634|issn=2183-2439|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143443/https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2634|url-status=live}}</ref>
European Union officials have been accused of self-censorship on [[Chinese censorship abroad|topics deemed sensitive by China]], in order to avoid diplomatic rifts between China and EU.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Max Roger|date=May 26, 2020|title=China-EU relations: self-censorship by EU diplomats is commonplace|url=http://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181|access-date=2021-05-14|website=The Conversation|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726132851/https://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=EU diplomats face the enemy within |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124084858/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in recent years in Europe. Journalists and [[whistleblower]]s have experienced physical and psychological intimidation and threats. Self-censorship is one of the major consequences of such circumstances.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 April 2017|title=New study on intimidation of journalists and self-censorship in Europe|work=Council of Europe. Newsroom|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607171729/https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=CLARK|first1=Marilyn|url=https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d|title=Journalism under pressure. Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe|last2=GRECH|first2=Anna|publisher=Council of Europe publishing|year=2017|location=Strasbourg|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010072810/https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d|url-status=live}}</ref>
A study published in 2017 by the [[Council of Europe]] found that in the period 2014–2016 that 40% of journalists involved in the survey experienced some kind of unwarranted interference, in particular psychological violence, including slandering and smear campaigning, cyberbullying. Other forms of unwarranted interference include intimidation by interest groups, threats with force, intimidation by political groups, targeted surveillance, intimidation by the police, etc. In terms of geography, cases of physical assault were more common in the South Caucasus, followed by Turkey, but were present in other regions as well.<ref name=":0" />
=== Indonesia ===
In the early 2010s, self-censorship was studied in the context of professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tapsell|first=Ross|date=2012-06-01|title=Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|journal=Asian Studies Review|volume=36|issue=2|pages=227–245|doi=10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|s2cid=144494432|issn=1035-7823|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143944/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Israel ===
Self-censorship was found in [[Israeli media]] during the [[Second Lebanon War]].<ref>Elbaz, Sagi, and Daniel Bar-Tal. "[https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf Voluntary silence: Israeli media self-censorship during the Second Lebanon War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093709/https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf |date=2021-05-14 }}." ''Conflict & communication'' 18, no. 2 (2019).</ref> It has also been found to affect a number of debates related to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hameiri|first1=Boaz|last2=Sharvit|first2=Keren|last3=Bar-Tal|first3=Daniel|last4=Shahar|first4=Eldad|last5=Halperin|first5=Eran|date=2017|title=Support for Self-Censorship Among Israelis as a Barrier to Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12346|journal=Political Psychology|language=en|volume=38|issue=5|pages=795–813|doi=10.1111/pops.12346|issn=1467-9221|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515111557/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12346|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nets-Zehngut|first1=Rafi|last2=Pliskin|first2=Ruthie|last3=Bar-Tal|first3=Daniel|date=August 2015|title=Self-censorship in conflicts: Israel and the 1948 Palestinian exodus.|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000094|journal=Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology|volume=21|issue=3|pages=479–499|doi=10.1037/pac0000094|issn=1532-7949|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pac0000094|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Pakistan ===
Self-censorship practices have been studied in the context of the Pakistani media in 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadadur|first=Ramanujan D.|date=2007-06-01|title=Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105|journal=South Asian Survey|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=45–63|doi=10.1177/097152310701400105|s2cid=154492288|issn=0971-5231|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143945/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil|title=Red lines of journalism : Digital surveillance, safety risks and journalists' self-censorship in Pakistan|date=2020-07-08|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-367-81013-9|language=en|doi=10.4324/9780367810139-3|s2cid=225758680|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Russia ===
Self-censorship existed in Russia for a long time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Aileen|date=1987|title=Self-Censorship and the Russian Intelligentsia, 1905-1914|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907|journal=Slavic Review|volume=46|issue=2|pages=193–213|doi=10.2307/2498907|jstor=2498907|s2cid=159614500|issn=0037-6779|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092130/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907|url-status=live}}</ref> After a brief relaxation following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of communism]] in the 1990s, self-censorship once again became a quite frequent practice in Russia after 2000s government take-overs and consolidation of media, further deepened after the 2014–2015 laws on "undesirable organisations" and the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], which began on February 24, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia's 'Undesirables' Law Expected to Boost Media Self-Censorship {{!}} News|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2015-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909063822/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Newspaper censors its own interview with Russian opposition leader, removing criticism of Putin and others|url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185427/https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Spring 2014|title=Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self- Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s|url=https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf|journal=Demokratizatsiya|access-date=2015-09-07|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019230159/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfossl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|date=2014|title=Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self-Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s|url=http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/|journal=Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=295–311|issn=1074-6846|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2021-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092131/http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schimpfössl|first1=Elisabeth|last2=Yablokov|first2=Ilya|date=2020-02-01|title=Post-socialist self-censorship: Russia, Hungary and Latvia|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897797|journal=European Journal of Communication|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=29–45|doi=10.1177/0267323119897797|s2cid=214256857|issn=0267-3231}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bodrunova|first1=Svetlana S|last2=Litvinenko|first2=Anna|last3=Nigmatullina|first3=Kamilla|date=2020-08-03|title=Who is the censor? Self-censorship of Russian journalists in professional routines and social networking|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920941965|journal=Journalism|volume=22|issue=12|language=en|pages=2919–2937|doi=10.1177/1464884920941965|s2cid=225502997|issn=1464-8849|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143948/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884920941965|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusupova |first=Guzel |title=Silence Matters: Self-Censorship and War in Russia – PONARS Eurasia |url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/silence-matters-self-censorship-and-war-in-russia/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.ponarseurasia.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627112956/https://www.ponarseurasia.org/silence-matters-self-censorship-and-war-in-russia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Turkey ===
Self-censorship has increased in Turkey as press freedoms declined under the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) government in the late 2000s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yesil|first=Bilge|date=2014-06-01|title=Press Censorship in Turkey: Networks of State Power, Commercial Pressures, and Self-Censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12049|journal=Communication, Culture and Critique|volume=7|issue=2|pages=154–173|doi=10.1111/cccr.12049|issn=1753-9129|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arsan|first=Esra|date=2013-09-01|title=Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|journal=Turkish Studies|volume=14|issue=3|pages=447–462|doi=10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|s2cid=146644682|issn=1468-3849|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aktas|first1=Vezir|last2=Nilsson|first2=Marco|last3=Borell|first3=Klas|date=2019-04-03|title=Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia|journal=British Journal of Educational Studies|volume=67|issue=2|pages=169–186|doi=10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872|issn=0007-1005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Affected areas include among others the discussion of the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maksudyan|first=Nazan|date=2009-11-01|title=Walls of Silence: Translating the Armenian Genocide into Turkish and Self-Censorship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03017600903205781|journal=Critique|volume=37|issue=4|pages=635–649|doi=10.1080/03017600903205781|s2cid=143658586|issn=0301-7605|access-date=2021-05-14|archive-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143950/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03017600903205781|url-status=live}}</ref>
===United States===
According to [[AmeriSpeak]] survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jussim |first1=Lee |title=Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |access-date=23 December 2021 |publisher=Psychology Today |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=James L. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Joseph L. |date=2023 |title=Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States |url=https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1093/psquar/qqad037 |access-date=Dec 12, 2023 |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Bradley effect]]
* [[Chinese censorship abroad]]
* [[Euphemism]]
* [[Hawthorne effect]]
*[[Information hazard]]
* [[Clear Channel memorandum|List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks]]
* [[Media bias]]
* [[Newspeak]]
* [[OB marker]]
* [[Overton window]]
* [[Opinion corridor]]
* [[Preference falsification]]
* [[Political correctness]]
* [[Social-desirability bias]]
* [[Thought suppression]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Self-censorship}}
{{-}}
{{Censorship}}
{{Media manipulation}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Self-censorship| ]]
[[Category:Conformity]]
[[Category:Political correctness]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse</div><p><b>Self-censorship</b> is the act of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censoring</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classified_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Classified Information">classifying</a> one's own <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences (actual or perceived) of others and often without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority. Self-censorship is often practiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">film producers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film directors</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publishers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/News_anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="News anchor">news anchors</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, and other kinds of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Author" title="Author">authors</a> including individuals who use <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.
</p><p>Article 19 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> guarantees <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> from all forms of censorship. Article 19 explicitly states that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The practice of self-censorship, like that of censorship itself, has a long history.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Reasons_for_self-censorship"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Reasons for self-censorship</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Psychological"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Psychological</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Economic"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Legal"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Legal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Taste_and_decency"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Taste and decency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#As_a_form_of_preference_falsification"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">As a form of preference falsification</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_media"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#In_science"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In science</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Risks_from_scientific_publications"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Risks from scientific publications</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#By_region"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">By region</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Africa"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Central_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Central Asia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Colombia"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Colombia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Indonesia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Pakistan"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Pakistan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Turkey"><span class="tocnumber">4.10</span> <span class="toctext">Turkey</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">4.11</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_self-censorship">Reasons for self-censorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reasons for self-censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psychological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>People often communicate to affirm their identity and sense of belonging. People may express their opinions or withhold their opinions due to the fear of exclusion or unpopularity. Shared social norms and beliefs create a sense of belonging, but they can also create a suppression of expression in order to comply or belong. People may adjust their beliefs or opinions to go along with the majority attitude. There are different factors that contribute to self-censorship, such as gender, age, education, political interests, and media exposure. For some, the reason for their change in beliefs and opinions is rooted in fear of isolation and exclusion. For these people, the expression of their own beliefs is less important than the fear of negative reactions of others to the expression of those beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to a 2019 German survey on self-censorship conducted by the Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach for the newspaper <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span> (FAZ), 59% of respondents said they can express their views among friends, but only 18% believe the same is possible in public. Only 17% of respondents express themselves freely on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Religious affiliation is a topic in which many occupational fields and areas may be a source of self-censorship. One particular area is psychology. From the origins of psychology, the field has frequently viewed religion with distrust. Psychologists and therapists often refrain from claiming to be part of any religion believing in the possibility that any expressions of any devout faith may be viewed as markers for mental illness or distress. A 2013 survey from the American Psychological Association (APA) found that "relative to the general population, psychologists were more than twice likely to claim no religion, three times more likely to describe religion as unimportant in their lives, and five times more likely to deny belief in God."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Regarding a religious movement it is more common among fundamentalist believers like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship can also occur in order to conform to the expectations of the market. For example, the editor of a periodical may consciously or unconsciously avoid topics that will anger advertisers, customers, or the owners in order to protect their livelihood either directly (i.e., fear of losing their job) or indirectly (e.g., a belief that a book will be more profitable if it does not contain offensive material).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_media#Soft_censorship" title="Independent media">soft censorship</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> countries, creators of artworks may remove material that their government might find controversial for fear of sanction by their governments.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taste_and_decency">Taste and decency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taste and decency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decency" class="mw-redirect" title="Decency">decency</a> are other areas in which questions are often raised regarding self-censorship. Art or journalism involving images or footage of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:massacre">massacres</a> may cause complaints as to the purpose to which they are put. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curators</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editors</a> will frequently censor these images to avoid charges of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prurience" class="mw-redirect" title="Prurience">prurience</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shock_tactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock tactic">shock tactics</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of privacy">invasion of privacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concepts like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">spiral of silence</a> have been found to contribute to the existence of self-censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Products intended for children and youthful audiences, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_adult_literature" title="Young adult literature">young adult literature</a>, can be affected by self-censorship in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>When the director of the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art was interviewed regarding his decision to whitewash an antiwar mural showing dollar-draped military coffins, he speculated that the mural would have offended the community in which it was placed. He then added that "there were zero complaints, because I took care of it right away".<sup id="cite_ref-deitch_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deitch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_form_of_preference_falsification">As a form of preference falsification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As a form of preference falsification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship is a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">preference falsification</a>, though the concepts are not identical.  Self-censorship is a passive act. It amounts to the suppression of potentially objectionable beliefs, opinions, and preferences. Thus, it amounts to self-silencing; it is an act of passivity. Preference falsification is the misrepresentation of one’s preferences under perceived social pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often performative, as it can involve the active manipulation of one’s preferences to impress an audience or avoid its wrath.  
</p><p>For an illustration, consider a discussion on a controversial subject. We are among the participants. If we keep quiet, that is self-censorship. Insofar as our silence conveys agreement with a position that we actually dislike, our self-censorship amounts also to preference falsification. If instead of keeping quiet, we speak up during the discussion in favor of position A, when we actually favor B, that is preference falsification but not self-censorship. In pretending to like A, we have gone beyond self-censorship. We have deliberately projected a contrived opinion.
</p><p>In a nutshell, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">preference falsification</a> is the broader concept. Whereas all self-censorship falsifies a preference through the signals it sends, preference falsification need not take the form of self-censorship.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></div>
<p>Journalists often censor themselves due to threats against them or their interests from another party,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> editorial instructions from their supervisor[s], perceived conflicts of interest with a media organization's economic sponsors, advertisers or shareholders,<sup id="cite_ref-Noam_Chomsky_1994_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noam_Chomsky_1994-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.). Self-censorship of journalists is most pervasive in societies where governments have official <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Media censorship">media censorship</a> policies and where journalists will be jailed, fined, or simply lose their job if they do not follow the censorship rules.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Organizations such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America" title="Media Matters for America">Media Matters for America</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> have raised concerns about news broadcasting stations, particularly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, censoring their own content to be less controversial when reporting on certain types of issues such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.
</p><p>In their book <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a></i> (1988), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> argue that corporate ownership of news media very strongly encourages systematic self-censorship owing to market forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Noam_Chomsky_1994_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noam_Chomsky_1994-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this argument, even with supposedly liberal media, bias and (often unconscious) self-censorship is evident in the selection and omission of news stories, and the framing of acceptable discussion, in line with the interests of the corporations owning those media.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalists</a> have actively sought censorship advice from military authorities in order to prevent the inadvertent revelation of military secrets. In 2009, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> succeeded in suppressing news of a reporter's abduction by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">militants</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> for seven months until his escape from captivity in order to "reduce danger to the reporter and other hostages".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Journalists have sometimes self-censored publications of news stories out of concern for the safety of people involved. Jean Pelletier, the Washington D.C. correspondent for the Montreal <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)" title="La Presse (Canadian newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> newspaper, uncovered a covert attempt by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a> to smuggle US diplomats out of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iranian hostage crisis</a> before the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a>" had reached its conclusion. In order to preserve the safety of those involved, he refused to allow the paper to publish the story until the hostages had left Iran, despite the considerable news value to the paper and writer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Self-censorship by journalists has been described as a form of a survival strategy, allowing journalists to report on some issues rather than going too far and risking a more complete crackdown by the authorities, resulting in even less independent reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science">In science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png/220px-Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png/330px-Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png/440px-Self-censorship_in_a_Chinese_academic_journal.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Self-censorship in a Chinese academic journal: an editor asks the article's author to remove a sentence about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blocking_of_Wikipedia_in_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China">blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China</a> as it could cause trouble with the "authorities".</figcaption></figure>
<p>Self-censorship is found in the world of academia in a number of contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-censorship in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientific_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific publications">scientific publications</a> that have been criticized as politically motivated include scientists under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> withholding findings that disagreed with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">commonly held beliefs in differences between races</a>, or the refusal of these scientists under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> to support <a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General Relativity">General Relativity</a> (which got the reputation as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">Jewish science</a>"). In the 2000s, certain scientists have withheld their findings related to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribution of recent climate change">climate changes caused by pollution</a> and to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks_from_scientific_publications">Risks from scientific publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Risks from scientific publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Information_hazard" title="Information hazard">Information hazard</a></div>
<p>In the early days of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a>, it was realized that discoveries regarding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> and the chain reaction might be used for both beneficial and harmful purposes – on the one hand, such discoveries could have important applications for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy production">energy production</a>, however on the other hand, they might also lead to the production of unprecedented <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a> argues that if dangerous discoveries were kept secret, the development and use of such weapons might be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-who_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, findings in the field of medicine and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> could facilitate production of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a> of mass destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 members of the Journal Editors and Authors Group, 32 leading journal editors, perceived the threat from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> as sufficiently high to warrant a system of self-censorship on the public dissemination of certain aspects of their community's research. The statement agreed on declared:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote><p>We recognize that the prospect of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a> has raised legitimate concerns about the potential abuse of published information... We are committed to dealing responsibly and effectively with safety and security issues that may be raised by papers submitted for publication, and to increasing our capacity to identify such issues as they arise...[O]n occasions an editor may conclude that the potential harm of publication outweighs the potential societal benefits... the paper should be modified, or not be published...</p></blockquote>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship has been found to affect journalists in a number of less-democratic African states, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Widespread practice of self-censorship has been described as significantly detrimental to the development of independent journalism in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">Chinese censorship abroad</a></div>
<p>In China, the media and citizens have to go to even greater extents to censor much of the material that they would post online.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_112–133_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_112–133-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many companies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have been shut down by government because of the content that they have published. Nearly 10,000 social media accounts in October 2018 were shut down that published entertainment and celebrity news.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as 370 different streaming apps that were pulled off of the app stores for non-compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these high numbers of government interference, the companies and networks that publish on the internet are now employing people and utilizing sophisticated programs to find videos and pictures that are offensive to remove before the government can get them in trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Self-censorship by Western<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> companies trying to appease Chinese authorities has also affected the quality of content available to the citizens in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It increasingly affects video games, including those by Western developers who want to sell their products to Chinese gamers as well.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship has been found to affect Colombian journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Examples of self-censorship have been found in a number of European countries in different contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>European Union officials have been accused of self-censorship on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">topics deemed sensitive by China</a>, in order to avoid diplomatic rifts between China and EU.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in recent years in Europe. Journalists and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowers</a> have experienced physical and psychological intimidation and threats. Self-censorship is one of the major consequences of such circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A study published in 2017 by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> found that in the period 2014–2016 that 40% of journalists involved in the survey experienced some kind of unwarranted interference, in particular psychological violence, including slandering and smear campaigning, cyberbullying. Other forms of unwarranted interference include intimidation by interest groups, threats with force, intimidation by political groups, targeted surveillance, intimidation by the police, etc. In terms of geography, cases of physical assault were more common in the South Caucasus, followed by Turkey, but were present in other regions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In the early 2010s, self-censorship was studied in the context of professional practice of many Indonesian newspaper journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship was found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli media">Israeli media</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Lebanon_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lebanon War">Second Lebanon War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been found to affect a number of debates related to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship practices have been studied in the context of the Pakistani media in 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship existed in Russia for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief relaxation following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of communism</a> in the 1990s, self-censorship once again became a quite frequent practice in Russia after 2000s government take-overs and consolidation of media, further deepened after the 2014–2015 laws on "undesirable organisations" and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>, which began on February 24, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Self-censorship has increased in Turkey as press freedoms declined under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP) government in the late 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Affected areas include among others the discussion of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AmeriSpeak" title="AmeriSpeak">AmeriSpeak</a> survey, 40% of Americans did not feel free to speak their mind in 2019. About 60% of college students reported that at times they did not feel comfortable expressing their views of campus.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an article published by political scientists James L. Gibson and Joseph L. Sutherland, rates of self-censorship in America in 2020 had increased to 46%, up from 13% in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bradley_effect" title="Bradley effect">Bradley effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">Chinese censorship abroad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawthorne_effect" title="Hawthorne effect">Hawthorne effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Information_hazard" title="Information hazard">Information hazard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clear_Channel_memorandum" title="Clear Channel memorandum">List of songs deemed inappropriate by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB marker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opinion_corridor" title="Opinion corridor">Opinion corridor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">Preference falsification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Self-censorship&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Salzburg,
<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship">Journalism Self-Censorship, Global Self-Censorship Struggles: Lebanon, Mexico, China, Hong Kong and Slovakia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093642/http://www.salzburg.umd.edu/media-innovation/journalism-self-censorship">Archived</a> December 9, 2014, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaltussenDavis2015" class="citation book cs1">Baltussen, Han; Davis, Peter J. (2015-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1"><i>The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9163-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-9163-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PP1#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Veiled+Speech%3A+Self-Censorship+from+Aristophanes+to+Hobbes&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6&rft.aulast=Baltussen&rft.aufirst=Han&rft.au=Davis%2C+Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfm49CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSelf-censorship%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltussenDavis2015" class="citation book cs1">Baltussen, Han; Davis, Peter J. (2015-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18"><i>The Art of Veiled Speech: Self-Censorship from Aristophanes to Hobbes</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9163-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-9163-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141910/https://books.google.com/books?id=fm49CgAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PA18#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Veiled+Speech%3A+Self-Censorship+from+Aristophanes+to+Hobbes&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9163-6&rft.aulast=Baltussen&rft.aufirst=Han&rft.au=Davis%2C+Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfm49CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSelf-censorship%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_L._Williams2016" class="citation book cs1">Richard L. Williams (2016). "Censorship and Self-censorship in Late Sixteenth-century English Book Illustration". In Michael Hunter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams"><i>Printed Images in Early Modern Britain Essays in Interpretation</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315246048">10.4324/9781315246048</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-24604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-24604-8"><bdi>978-1-315-24604-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093706/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315246048-12/censorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Censorship+and+Self-censorship+in+Late+Sixteenth-century+English+Book+Illustration&rft.btitle=Printed+Images+in+Early+Modern+Britain+Essays+in+Interpretation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315246048&rft.isbn=978-1-315-24604-8&rft.au=Richard+L.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315246048-12%2Fcensorship-self-censorship-late-sixteenth-century-english-book-illustration-richard-williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Tal2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bar-Tal, Daniel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391">"Self-Censorship as a Socio-Political-Psychological Phenomenon: Conception and Research"</a>. <i>Political Psychology</i>. <b>38</b> (S1): 37–65. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpops.12391">10.1111/pops.12391</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9221">1467-9221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.12391">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Self-Censorship+as+a+Socio-Political-Psychological+Phenomenon%3A+Conception+and+Research&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=37-65&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12391&rft.issn=1467-9221&rft.aulast=Bar-Tal&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fpops.12391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetertEdmondson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Detert, James R.; Edmondson, Amy C. (2011-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925">"Implicit Voice Theories: Taken-for-Granted Rules of Self-Censorship at Work"</a>. <i>Academy of Management Journal</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 461–488. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famj.2011.61967925">10.5465/amj.2011.61967925</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4273">0001-4273</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141911/https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amj.2011.61967925">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Management+Journal&rft.atitle=Implicit+Voice+Theories%3A+Taken-for-Granted+Rules+of+Self-Censorship+at+Work&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-488&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5465%2Famj.2011.61967925&rft.issn=0001-4273&rft.aulast=Detert&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Edmondson%2C+Amy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aom.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.5465%2Famj.2011.61967925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöcher2019" class="citation news cs1">Köcher, Renate (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html">"Immer mehr Tabuthemen"</a>. <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823144838/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/allensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Immer+mehr+Tabuthemen&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6cher&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fpolitik%2Finland%2Fallensbach-umfrage-ueber-meinungsfreiheit-und-kritische-themen-16200724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html">"Mehrheit der Deutschen äußert sich in der Öffentlichkeit nur vorsichtig"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i>. 22 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715170148/https://www.welt.de/politik/article193977845/Deutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Mehrheit+der+Deutschen+%C3%A4u%C3%9Fert+sich+in+der+%C3%96ffentlichkeit+nur+vorsichtig&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fpolitik%2Farticle193977845%2FDeutsche-sehen-Meinungsfreiheit-in-der-Oeffentlichkeit-eingeschraenkt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosik,_Christopher_H.Teraoka,_Nicole_A.Moretto,_James_D2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rosik, Christopher H.; Teraoka, Nicole A.; Moretto, James D (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006">"Religiously-based prejudice and self-censorship: Perceptions and experiences among Christian therapists and educators"</a>. <i>Journal of Psychology and Christianity</i>: 52–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514083927/https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-26648-006">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychology+and+Christianity&rft.atitle=Religiously-based+prejudice+and+self-censorship%3A+Perceptions+and+experiences+among+Christian+therapists+and+educators&rft.pages=52-67&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Rosik%2C+Christopher+H.&rft.au=Teraoka%2C+Nicole+A.&rft.au=Moretto%2C+James+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F2016-26648-006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabermas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Habermas, Jurgen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0378.2006.00241.x">"Religion in the Public Sphere"</a>. <i>European Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>14</b>: 1–25. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0378.2006.00241.x">10.1111/j.1468-0378.2006.00241.x</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14969676">14969676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Religion+in+the+Public+Sphere&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0378.2006.00241.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14969676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1468-0378.2006.00241.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermanoMeier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Germano, Fabrizio; Meier, Martin (2013-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089">"Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Economics</i>. <b>97</b>: 117–130. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2012.09.009">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.09.009</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F11728">10230/11728</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2727">0047-2727</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514085017/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272712001089">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Concentration+and+self-censorship+in+commercial+media&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=117-130&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F11728&rft.issn=0047-2727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2012.09.009&rft.aulast=Germano&rft.aufirst=Fabrizio&rft.au=Meier%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0047272712001089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayKendzia2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Garry C.; Kendzia, Victoria Bishop (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x">"Organizational Self-Censorship: Corporate Sponsorship, Nonprofit Funding, and the Educational Experience*"</a>. <i>Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 161–177. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-618X.2009.01209.x">10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1755-618X">1755-618X</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146421736">146421736</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508045641/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2009.01209.x">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+Sociology%2FRevue+Canadienne+de+Sociologie&rft.atitle=Organizational+Self-Censorship%3A+Corporate+Sponsorship%2C+Nonprofit+Funding%2C+and+the+Educational+Experience%2A&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-177&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146421736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1755-618X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1755-618X.2009.01209.x&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Garry+C.&rft.au=Kendzia%2C+Victoria+Bishop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1755-618X.2009.01209.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassid2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hassid, Jonathan (2020-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0">"Censorship, the Media, and the Market in China"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Political Science</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 285–309. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11366-020-09660-0">10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6357">1874-6357</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216446374">216446374</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141914/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Censorship%2C+the+Media%2C+and+the+Market+in+China&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-309&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216446374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-6357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11366-020-09660-0&rft.aulast=Hassid&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11366-020-09660-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenTruex2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shen, Xiaoxiao; Truex, Rory (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123419000735">"In Search of Self-Censorship"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 1672–1684. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123419000735">10.1017/S0007123419000735</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Self-Censorship&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1672-1684&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123419000735&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Xiaoxiao&rft.au=Truex%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0007123419000735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannenberg2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tannenberg, Marcus (2017-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2980727">"The Autocratic Trust Bias: Politically Sensitive Survey Items and Self-Censorship"</a>. Rochester, NY. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2980727">10.2139/ssrn.2980727</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2077%2F52479">2077/52479</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980727">2980727</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630141915/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980727">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Autocratic+Trust+Bias%3A+Politically+Sensitive+Survey+Items+and+Self-Censorship&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2077%2F52479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2980727%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2980727&rft.aulast=Tannenberg&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2980727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwonMoonStefanone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kwon, K. Hazel; Moon, Shin-Il; Stefanone, Michael A. (2015-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8">"Unspeaking on Facebook? Testing network effects on self-censorship of political expressions in social network sites"</a>. <i>Quality & Quantity</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 1417–1435. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11135-014-0078-8">10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7845">1573-7845</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7489939">7489939</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-014-0078-8">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quality+%26+Quantity&rft.atitle=Unspeaking+on+Facebook%3F+Testing+network+effects+on+self-censorship+of+political+expressions+in+social+network+sites&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1417-1435&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7489939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-7845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11135-014-0078-8&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=K.+Hazel&rft.au=Moon%2C+Shin-Il&rft.au=Stefanone%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11135-014-0078-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannLutz2017" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Christian Pieter; Lutz, Christoph (2017-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3097286.3097296">"Spiral of Silence 2.0"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Social Media & Society - #SMSociety17</i>. Toronto, ON, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–12. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3097286.3097296">10.1145/3097286.3097296</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4847-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-4847-8"><bdi>978-1-4503-4847-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19728058">19728058</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142421/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3097286.3097296">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spiral+of+Silence+2.0&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+8th+International+Conference+on+Social+Media+%26+Society+-+%23SMSociety17&rft.place=Toronto%2C+ON%2C+Canada&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19728058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3097286.3097296&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-4847-8&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Christian+Pieter&rft.au=Lutz%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%2F3097286.3097296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanJohnson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Freedman, Lauren; Johnson, Holly (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350">"Who's Protecting Whom? "I Hadn't Meant to Tell You This", a Case in Point in Confronting Self-Censorship in the Choice of Young Adult Literature"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 356–369. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1081-3004">1081-3004</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350">40015350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40015350">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+%26+Adult+Literacy&rft.atitle=Who%27s+Protecting+Whom%3F+%22I+Hadn%27t+Meant+to+Tell+You+This%22%2C+a+Case+in+Point+in+Confronting+Self-Censorship+in+the+Choice+of+Young+Adult+Literature&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356-369&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40015350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1081-3004&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40015350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-deitch-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deitch_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel,_Jori2010" class="citation news cs1">Finkel, Jori (2010-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story">"Museum of Contemporary Art commissions, then paints over, artwork"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123041745/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214,0,4436829.story">Archived</a> from the original on Jan 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Museum+of+Contemporary+Art+commissions%2C+then+paints+over%2C+artwork&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.au=Finkel%2C+Jori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fnews%2Fla-et-1214-moca-mural-20101214%2C0%2C4436829.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuran1997" class="citation book cs1">Kuran, Timur (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9"><i>Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-70758-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-70758-0"><bdi>978-0-674-70758-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142423/https://books.google.com/books?id=HlKBaiCpSxYC&dq=private+truth+public+lies&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q=private%20truth%20public%20lies&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Truths%2C+Public+Lies%3A+The+Social+Consequences+of+Preference+Falsification&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-674-70758-0&rft.aulast=Kuran&rft.aufirst=Timur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlKBaiCpSxYC%26dq%3Dprivate%2Btruth%2Bpublic%2Blies%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanne_Meserve2005" class="citation news cs1">Jeanne Meserve (June 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html">"Milk-threat study issued over objections"</a>. CNN.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104033132/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/06/29/milk.security/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Milk-threat+study+issued+over+objections&rft.date=2005-06-29&rft.au=Jeanne+Meserve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FUS%2F06%2F29%2Fmilk.security%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Noam_Chomsky_1994-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noam_Chomsky_1994_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noam_Chomsky_1994_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky <i>Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</i>, Vintage, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-953311-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-953311-1">0-09-953311-1</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Media Matters for America: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002">33 internal Fox editorial memos reviewed by MMFA reveal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423023930/http://mediamatters.org/items/200407140002">Archived</a> 2009-04-23 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAIR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html">Censorship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050118214825/http://www.fair.org/media-woes/censorship.html">Archived</a> 2005-01-18 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJASON_STRAZIUSO2005" class="citation news cs1">JASON STRAZIUSO (June 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090623101727/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter">"New York Times reporter escapes Taliban captivity"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090620/ap_on_re_as/as_afghan_nyt_reporter">the original</a> on June 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+reporter+escapes+Taliban+captivity&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft.au=JASON+STRAZIUSO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20090620%2Fap_on_re_as%2Fas_afghan_nyt_reporter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalulyaNassanga2020" class="citation journal cs1">Walulya, Gerald; Nassanga, Goretti L. (2020-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512">"Democracy at Stake: Self-Censorship as a Self-Defence Strategy for Journalists"</a>. <i>Media and Communication</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 5–14. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17645%2Fmac.v8i1.2512">10.17645/mac.v8i1.2512</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2183-2439">2183-2439</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092139/https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2512">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+and+Communication&rft.atitle=Democracy+at+Stake%3A+Self-Censorship+as+a+Self-Defence+Strategy+for+Journalists&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-14&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17645%2Fmac.v8i1.2512&rft.issn=2183-2439&rft.aulast=Walulya&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Nassanga%2C+Goretti+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogitatiopress.com%2Fmediaandcommunication%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsenFadnesKrøvel2020" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Anna Grøndahl; Fadnes, Ingrid; Krøvel, Roy (2020-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11"><i>Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-07487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-07487-1"><bdi>978-1-000-07487-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142422/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6HsDwAAQBAJ&q=Self-censorship&pg=PT11#v=snippet&q=Self-censorship&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalist+Safety+and+Self-Censorship&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft.isbn=978-1-000-07487-1&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Anna+Gr%C3%B8ndahl&rft.au=Fadnes%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Kr%C3%B8vel%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6HsDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSelf-censorship%26pg%3DPT11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamlee-Wright2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chamlee-Wright, Emily (2019-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12115-019-00413-1">"Self-Censorship and Associational Life in the Liberal Academy"</a>. <i>Society</i>. <b>56</b> (6): 538–549. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12115-019-00413-1">10.1007/s12115-019-00413-1</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4725">1936-4725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Self-Censorship+and+Associational+Life+in+the+Liberal+Academy&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=538-549&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12115-019-00413-1&rft.issn=1936-4725&rft.aulast=Chamlee-Wright&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12115-019-00413-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyaz_Nanji2005" class="citation news cs1">Ayaz Nanji (February 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml">"Scientific Method: Self-Censorship, Study Finds Researchers Shy Away From Controversial Projects"</a>. CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629055616/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/11/tech/main673232.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scientific+Method%3A+Self-Censorship%2C+Study+Finds+Researchers+Shy+Away+From+Controversial+Projects&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft.au=Ayaz+Nanji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2005%2F02%2F11%2Ftech%2Fmain673232.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Cart2005" class="citation news cs1">Julie Cart (February 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050224091757/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation">"U.S. Scientists Say They Are Told to Alter Findings"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. A-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-scientists10feb10,0,4954654.story?coll=la-home-nation">the original</a> on February 24, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Scientists+Say+They+Are+Told+to+Alter+Findings&rft.pages=A-13&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft.au=Julie+Cart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fnation%2Fla-na-scientists10feb10%2C0%2C4954654.story%3Fcoll%3Dla-home-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelopidas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pelopidas, Benoît (2016-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogw017">"Nuclear Weapons Scholarship as a Case of Self-Censorship in Security Studies"</a>. <i>Journal of Global Security Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 326–336. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjogss%2Fogw017">10.1093/jogss/ogw017</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2057-3170">2057-3170</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630142428/https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/1/4/326/2841104?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Weapons+Scholarship+as+a+Case+of+Self-Censorship+in+Security+Studies&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326-336&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjogss%2Fogw017&rft.issn=2057-3170&rft.aulast=Pelopidas&rft.aufirst=Beno%C3%AEt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjogss%2Fogw017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarriosMiller2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barrios, Marta Milena; Miller, Toby (2020-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506">"Voices of Resilience: Colombian Journalists and Self-Censorship in the Post-Conflict Period"</a>. <i>Journalism Practice</i>. <b>15</b> (10): 1423–1440. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17512786.2020.1778506">10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1751-2786">1751-2786</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225697881">225697881</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143441/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2020.1778506">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+Practice&rft.atitle=Voices+of+Resilience%3A+Colombian+Journalists+and+Self-Censorship+in+the+Post-Conflict+Period&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1423-1440&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225697881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-2786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2020.1778506&rft.aulast=Barrios&rft.aufirst=Marta+Milena&rft.au=Miller%2C+Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2020.1778506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Max Roger (May 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181">"China-EU relations: self-censorship by EU diplomats is commonplace"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726132851/https://theconversation.com/china-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=China-EU+relations%3A+self-censorship+by+EU+diplomats+is+commonplace&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Max+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fchina-eu-relations-self-censorship-by-eu-diplomats-is-commonplace-138181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/">"EU diplomats face the enemy within"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>. 2020-05-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124084858/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=EU+diplomats+face+the+enemy+within&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Feu-china-diplomatic-problem-eeas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false">"New study on intimidation of journalists and self-censorship in Europe"</a>. <i>Council of Europe. Newsroom</i>. 20 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607171729/https://www.coe.int/en/web/human-rights-rule-of-law/-/new-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe?desktop=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe.+Newsroom&rft.atitle=New+study+on+intimidation+of+journalists+and+self-censorship+in+Europe&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fhuman-rights-rule-of-law%2F-%2Fnew-study-on-intimidation-of-journalists-and-self-censorship-in-europe%3Fdesktop%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCLARKGRECH2017" class="citation book cs1">CLARK, Marilyn; GRECH, Anna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d"><i>Journalism under pressure. Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe</i></a>. Strasbourg: Council of Europe publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010072810/https://rm.coe.int/168070ad5d">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism+under+pressure.+Unwarranted+interference%2C+fear+and+self-censorship+in+Europe&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe+publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=CLARK&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=GRECH%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2F168070ad5d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elbaz, Sagi, and Daniel Bar-Tal. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf">Voluntary silence: Israeli media self-censorship during the Second Lebanon War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514093709/https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_2/pdf/elbaz-bar-tal2019.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-05-14 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Conflict & communication</i> 18, no. 2 (2019).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadadur2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nadadur, Ramanujan D. (2007-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/097152310701400105">"Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media"</a>. <i>South Asian Survey</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 45–63. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097152310701400105">10.1177/097152310701400105</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-5231">0971-5231</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154492288">154492288</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143945/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Self-Censorship+In+The+Pakistani+Print+Media&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154492288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0971-5231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F097152310701400105&rft.aulast=Nadadur&rft.aufirst=Ramanujan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F097152310701400105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil"><i>Red lines of journalism : Digital surveillance, safety risks and journalists' self-censorship in Pakistan</i></a>. Routledge. 2020-07-08. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780367810139-3">10.4324/9780367810139-3</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-81013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-81013-9"><bdi>978-0-367-81013-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225758680">225758680</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092127/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-3/red-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+lines+of+journalism+%3A+Digital+surveillance%2C+safety+risks+and+journalists%27+self-censorship+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225758680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780367810139-3&rft.isbn=978-0-367-81013-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780367810139-3%2Fred-lines-journalism-sadia-jamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Aileen (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907">"Self-Censorship and the Russian Intelligentsia, 1905-1914"</a>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 193–213. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2498907">10.2307/2498907</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907">2498907</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159614500">159614500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092130/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498907">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Self-Censorship+and+the+Russian+Intelligentsia%2C+1905-1914&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-213&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159614500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2498907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2498907&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Aileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2498907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html">"Russia's 'Undesirables' Law Expected to Boost Media Self-Censorship | News"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909063822/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship/522228.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+%27Undesirables%27+Law+Expected+to+Boost+Media+Self-Censorship+%7C+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Frussias-undesirables-law-expected-to-boost-media-self-censorship%2F522228.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others">"Newspaper censors its own interview with Russian opposition leader, removing criticism of Putin and others"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185427/https://meduza.io/en/news/2015/09/07/newspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newspaper+censors+its+own+interview+with+Russian+opposition+leader%2C+removing+criticism+of+Putin+and+others&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2F07%2Fnewspaper-censors-its-own-interview-with-russian-opposition-leader-removing-criticism-of-putin-and-others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf">"Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self- Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Demokratizatsiya</i>. Spring 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019230159/https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_22_2/Q0004344847N3648/Q0004344847N3648.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demokratizatsiya&rft.atitle=Coercion+or+Conformism%3F+Censorship+and+Self-+Censorship+among+Russian+Media+Personalities+and+Reporters+in+the+2010s&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~ieresgwu%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2Fdemokratizatsiya%2520archive%2FGWASHU_DEMO_22_2%2FQ0004344847N3648%2FQ0004344847N3648.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimpfosslYablokov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schimpfossl, Elisabeth; Yablokov, Ilya (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/">"Coercion or Conformism? Censorship and Self-Censorship among Russian Media Personalities and Reporters in the 2010s"</a>. <i>Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 295–311. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-6846">1074-6846</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514092131/http://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/31708/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demokratizatsiya%3A+The+Journal+of+Post-Soviet+Democratization&rft.atitle=Coercion+or+Conformism%3F+Censorship+and+Self-Censorship+among+Russian+Media+Personalities+and+Reporters+in+the+2010s&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=295-311&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1074-6846&rft.aulast=Schimpfossl&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Yablokov%2C+Ilya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.aston.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F31708%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimpfösslYablokov2020" class="citation journal cs1">Schimpfössl, Elisabeth; Yablokov, Ilya (2020-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119897797">"Post-socialist self-censorship: Russia, Hungary and Latvia"</a>. <i>European Journal of Communication</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 29–45. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0267323119897797">10.1177/0267323119897797</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0267-3231">0267-3231</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214256857">214256857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Post-socialist+self-censorship%3A+Russia%2C+Hungary+and+Latvia&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-45&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214256857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0267-3231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0267323119897797&rft.aulast=Schimpf%C3%B6ssl&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Yablokov%2C+Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0267323119897797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodrunovaLitvinenkoNigmatullina2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bodrunova, Svetlana S; Litvinenko, Anna; Nigmatullina, Kamilla (2020-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884920941965">"Who is the censor? Self-censorship of Russian journalists in professional routines and social networking"</a>. <i>Journalism</i>. <b>22</b> (12): 2919–2937. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1464884920941965">10.1177/1464884920941965</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1464-8849">1464-8849</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225502997">225502997</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143948/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884920941965">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+censor%3F+Self-censorship+of+Russian+journalists+in+professional+routines+and+social+networking&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2919-2937&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225502997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1464-8849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1464884920941965&rft.aulast=Bodrunova&rft.aufirst=Svetlana+S&rft.au=Litvinenko%2C+Anna&rft.au=Nigmatullina%2C+Kamilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1464884920941965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesil2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yesil, Bilge (2014-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12049">"Press Censorship in Turkey: Networks of State Power, Commercial Pressures, and Self-Censorship"</a>. <i>Communication, Culture and Critique</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 154–173. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcccr.12049">10.1111/cccr.12049</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1753-9129">1753-9129</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication%2C+Culture+and+Critique&rft.atitle=Press+Censorship+in+Turkey%3A+Networks+of+State+Power%2C+Commercial+Pressures%2C+and+Self-Censorship&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=154-173&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcccr.12049&rft.issn=1753-9129&rft.aulast=Yesil&rft.aufirst=Bilge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%2Fcccr.12049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Arsan, Esra (2013-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017">"Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists"</a>. <i>Turkish Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 447–462. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683849.2013.833017">10.1080/14683849.2013.833017</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-3849">1468-3849</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146644682">146644682</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143949/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Studies&rft.atitle=Killing+Me+Softly+with+His+Words%3A+Censorship+and+Self-Censorship+from+the+Perspective+of+Turkish+Journalists&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=447-462&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146644682%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-3849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683849.2013.833017&rft.aulast=Arsan&rft.aufirst=Esra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14683849.2013.833017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAktasNilssonBorell2019" class="citation journal cs1">Aktas, Vezir; Nilsson, Marco; Borell, Klas (2019-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00071005.2018.1502872">"Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia"</a>. <i>British Journal of Educational Studies</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 169–186. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00071005.2018.1502872">10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1005">0007-1005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Studies&rft.atitle=Social+scientists+under+threat%3A+Resistance+and+self-censorship+in+Turkish+academia&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-186&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00071005.2018.1502872&rft.issn=0007-1005&rft.aulast=Aktas&rft.aufirst=Vezir&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Marco&rft.au=Borell%2C+Klas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00071005.2018.1502872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaksudyan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Maksudyan, Nazan (2009-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03017600903205781">"Walls of Silence: Translating the Armenian Genocide into Turkish and Self-Censorship"</a>. <i>Critique</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 635–649. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03017600903205781">10.1080/03017600903205781</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-7605">0301-7605</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143658586">143658586</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630143950/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03017600903205781">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique&rft.atitle=Walls+of+Silence%3A+Translating+the+Armenian+Genocide+into+Turkish+and+Self-Censorship&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=635-649&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143658586%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0301-7605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03017600903205781&rft.aulast=Maksudyan&rft.aufirst=Nazan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F03017600903205781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussim2021" class="citation news cs1">Jussim, Lee (June 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds">"Why Americans Don't Feel Free to Speak Their Minds"</a>. Psychology Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240630144006/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/202106/why-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Americans+Don%27t+Feel+Free+to+Speak+Their+Minds&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft.aulast=Jussim&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Frabble-rouser%2F202106%2Fwhy-americans-dont-feel-free-speak-their-minds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonSutherland2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, James L.; Sutherland, Joseph L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889">"Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States"</a>. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>138</b> (3): 361–376. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpsquar%2Fqqad037">10.1093/psquar/qqad037</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213034749/https://academic.oup.com/psq/article/138/3/361/7192889">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Keeping+Your+Mouth+Shut%3A+Spiraling+Self-Censorship+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-376&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpsquar%2Fqqad037&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+Joseph+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpsq%2Farticle%2F138%2F3%2F361%2F7192889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelf-censorship" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self-censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Self</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862207#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18107148d">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb18107148d">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4180865-4">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811296684105606">Poland</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1723309709' |
Database name of the wiki (wiki_name) | 'enwiki' |
Language code of the wiki (wiki_language) | 'en' |