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'{{Short description|English polymath (1792–1871)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}} {{Use British English|date=July 2012}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | name = John Herschel | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|KH|FRS}} | image = Sir John Frederick William Herschel. Mezzotint by W. Ward, 1 Wellcome V0002717 (cropped)-34-(brightness).jpg | caption = John Herschel, 1835 [[mezzotint]] by W. Ward, after H. W. Pickersgill | birth_name = John Frederick William Herschel | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1792|3|7}}<ref name="ODNB" /> | birth_place = [[Slough]], [[Buckinghamshire]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1871|5|11|1792|3|7}}<ref name="ODNB" /> | death_place = Collingwood, near [[Hawkhurst]], [[Kent]], England | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | field = {{hlist|[[Astronomy]]|[[photography]]|[[chemistry]]|[[optics]]|[[botany]]|[[philosophy of science]]}} | work_institutions = | education = [[Eton College]] | alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]] | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = Contributions to the invention of photography | prizes = {{plainlist| *[[Smith's Prize]] (1813) *[[Copley Medal]] (1821, 1847) *[[Lalande Medal]] (1825) *[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1826, 1836) *[[Royal Medal]] (1836, 1840) *Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]]}} | signature = | footnotes = | spouse = [[Margaret Herschel|Margaret Brodie Stewart]] }} '''Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KH|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜr|ʃ|əl|,_|ˈ|h|ɛər|-}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/herschel|title=Herschel|language=en|work=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530102301/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/herschel|archive-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871)<ref name="ODNB" /> was an English [[polymath]] active as a [[mathematician]], [[astronomer]], [[chemist]], inventor and experimental photographer who invented the [[blueprint]]<ref name="EncycBrit"/><ref name="columbia"/><ref name="vernacu" /> and did [[botanical]] work.<ref name=HersNAH/> Herschel originated the use of the [[Julian day]] system in [[astronomy]]. He named seven [[moons of Saturn]] and four [[moons of Uranus]] – the seventh planet, discovered by his father [[Sir William Herschel]]. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated [[colour blindness]] and the chemical power of [[ultraviolet]] rays. His ''Preliminary Discourse'' (1831), which advocated an [[Inductive reasoning|inductive approach]] to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the [[philosophy of science]].{{sfn|Cobb|2012|pp=409–439}} == Early life and work on astronomy == [[File:John Herschel00.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of a young Herschel by [[Alfred Edward Chalon]]<!--, c. 1829 - this cannot be right, 37?, and compared to the one from 1835... probably between 1809 or 1819-->]] [[File:Disa cornuta00.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Disa cornuta]] (L.) Sw.'' by Margaret & John Herschel]] [[File:'Off on a Comet' by Paul Philippoteaux 065.jpg|thumb|An illustration to Jules Verne's novel ''[[Off on a Comet|Hector Servadac]]'' from 1877 shows Herschel observing the [[Halley's Comet]] in 1835 in Cape Town. Engraving by Charles Laplante after [[Paul Philippoteaux]]]] Herschel was born in [[Slough]], Buckinghamshire, the son of Mary Baldwin and astronomer [[Sir William Herschel]]. He was the nephew of astronomer [[Caroline Herschel]]. He studied shortly at [[Eton College]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge]], graduating as [[Senior Wrangler]] in 1813.<ref name="Venn" /> It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with the mathematicians [[Charles Babbage]] and [[George Peacock (mathematician)|George Peacock]].<ref name=HersNAH/> He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father. He took up astronomy in 1816, building a [[reflecting telescope]] with a mirror {{convert|18|in|mm}} in diameter, and with a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} [[focal length]]. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with [[James South]], the double stars catalogued by his father.<ref name="EB1911" /> He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820. For his work with his father, he was presented with the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1826 (which he won again in 1836), and with the [[Lalande Medal]] of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1825, while in 1821 the [[Royal Society]] bestowed upon him the [[Copley Medal]] for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. Herschel was made a Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]] in 1831.<ref name=HersNAH/> He also seemed to be aware of Indian thought and mathematics introduced to him by [[George Everest]] as claimed by Mary Boole:{{sfn|Boole|1901}} {{Blockquote|Some time about 1825, he came to England for two or three years, and made a fast and lifelong friendship with Herschel and with Babbage, who was then quite young.(.) My uncle returned from India. He never interfered with anyone's religious beliefs or customs. But no one under his influence could continue to believe in anything in the Bible being specially sacred, except the two elements which it has in common with other sacred books: the knowledge of our relation to others and of man's power to hold direct converse with the unseen truth.}} He stated in his historical article ''Mathematics in Brewster's Cyclopedia'': {{Blockquote|The Brahma Sidd'hanta, the work of Brahmagupta, an Indian astronomer at the beginning of the seventh century, contains a general method for the resolution of indeterminate problems of the second degree; an investigation which actually baffled the skill of every modern analyst till the time of Lagrange's solution, not excepting the all inventive Euler himself.{{sfn|Boole|1901}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=De Morgan's Preface to Ramchundra's book|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/De_Morgan_1859_Preface/|access-date=8 May 2021|website=Maths History|language=en}}</ref>}} Herschel served as [[president of the Royal Astronomical Society]] three times: 1827–1829, 1839–1841 and 1847–1849.<ref name="RoyAstrSoc" />{{sfn |Dreyer |Turner |2014|p=250}} Herschel's ''A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy'', published early in 1831 as part of ''[[Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia]]'', set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of [[natural philosophy]] was understanding these laws through [[inductive reasoning]], finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the [[University of Cambridge]] where it inspired the student [[Charles Darwin]] with "a burning zeal" to contribute to this work.{{sfn|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=69 67–68]}}{{sfn|Browne|1995|pp=128, 133}}{{sfn|Darwin|1985a|loc=[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-94.xml#mark-94.f2 Letter No. 94]}} He was elected as a member to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1854.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1854;year-max=1854;smode=advanced;startDoc=21|language=en|access-date=19 April 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419135604/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1854;year-max=1854;smode=advanced;startDoc=21|archive-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Herschel published a catalogue of his astronomical observations in 1864, as the ''[[General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters]]'', a compilation of his own work and that of his father's, expanding on the senior Herschel's ''[[Catalogue of Nebulae]]''. A further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the ''General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars''. Herschel correctly considered astigmatism to be due to irregularity of the cornea and theorised that vision could be improved by the application of some animal jelly contained in a capsule of glass against the cornea. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828 and the ''Encyclopædia Metropolitana'' in 1845.<ref name="anti_Cont" /> Discoveries of Herschel include the galaxies [[NGC 7]], [[NGC 10]], [[NGC 25]], and [[NGC 28]]. [[File:Dumbbell Nebula - Herschel, 1833 - S3id13528690 0539.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dumbbell Nebula]] illustrations in "Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Made at Slough, with a Twenty-Feet Reflector, between the Years 1825 and 1833" in ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'', London, 1833]] [[File:Orion Nebula - Drawing - John Herschel -1847 - rotated by 180°.jpg|thumb|left|[[Orion Nebula]] from the results of astronomical observations made during the years 1834–1838 at the Cape of Good Hope; being the completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825]] == Visit to South Africa == He declined an offer from the [[Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex|Duke of Sussex]] that they travel to [[South Africa]] on a [[Naval ship|Navy ship]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hahnemannhouse.org/john-frederick-william-herschel-1792-1871/ |title=John Frederick William Herschel (1792–1871) |website=Hahnemann House |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=March 15, 2024}}</ref> Herschel had his own inherited money and he paid £500 for passage on the S.S. ''Mountstuart Elphinstone''. He, his wife, their three children and his 20 inch telescope departed from [[Portsmouth]] on 13 November 1833.<ref name="ODNB"/> The voyage to South Africa was made to catalogue the stars, [[nebula]]e, and other objects of the southern skies.<ref name=HersNAH/> This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father [[William Herschel]]. He arrived in [[Cape Town]] on 15 January 1834 and set up a private {{convert|21|ft|m|abbr=on}} telescope at Feldhausen at [[Claremont, Cape Town|Claremont]], a suburb of [[Cape Town]]. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of [[Comet Halley]]. Herschel collaborated with [[Thomas Maclear]], the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope and the members of the two families became close friends. During this time, he also witnessed the Great Eruption of [[Eta Carinae]] (December 1837). In addition to his astronomical work, however, this voyage to a far corner of the [[British Empire|British empire]] also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in [[southern Africa]], he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Herschel in South Africa |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Herschel_South_Africa/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> A [[Herschel, South Africa|village]] in the contemporary province of [[Eastern Cape]] is named after him. Herschel combined his talents with those of his wife, Margaret, and between 1834 and 1838 they produced 131 botanical illustrations of fine quality, showing the Cape flora. Herschel used a [[camera lucida]] to obtain accurate outlines of the specimens and left the details to his wife. Even though their portfolio had been intended as a personal record, and despite the lack of floral dissections in the paintings, their accurate rendition makes them more valuable than many contemporary collections. Some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were collected and published as ''Flora Herscheliana'' in 1996. The book also included work by [[Charles Davidson Bell]] and Thomas Bowler.<ref name=feld>{{Cite web |title=Flora Herscheliana: Sir John and Lady Herschel at the Cape: 1834 – 1838 |url=https://www.nhbs.com/flora-herscheliana-book |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.nhbs.com |language=en}}</ref> As their home during their stay in the Cape, the Herschels had selected 'Feldhausen' ("Field Houses"),<ref name=feld/> an old estate on the south-eastern side of [[Table Mountain]]. Here John set up his reflector to begin his survey of the southern skies. Herschel, at the same time, read widely. Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in [[Charles Lyell]]'s ''Principles of Geology'', he wrote to Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as a work that would bring "a complete revolution in [its] subject, by altering entirely the point of view in which it must thenceforward be contemplated" and opening a way for bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others." Herschel himself thought [[catastrophism|catastrophic extinction and renewal]] "an inadequate conception of the Creator" and by analogy with other [[Physical law|intermediate causes]], "the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}}{{sfn|Babbage|1838|pp=225–227}} He prefaced his words with the couplet: {{poemquote|He that on such quest would go must know not fear or failing To coward soul or faithless heart the search were unavailing.}} Taking a gradualist view of development and referring to evolutionary descent from a [[proto-language]], Herschel commented: {{blockquote|Words are to the Anthropologist what rolled pebbles are to the Geologist – battered relics of past ages often containing within them indelible records capable of intelligent interpretation – and when we see what amount of change 2000 years has been able to produce in the languages of Greece & Italy or 1000 in those of Germany France & Spain we naturally begin to ask how long a period must have lapsed since the Chinese, the Hebrew, the Delaware & the Malesass [Malagasy] had a point in common with the German & Italian & each other – Time! Time! Time! – we must not impugn the Scripture Chronology, but we ''must'' interpret it in accordance with ''whatever'' shall appear on fair enquiry to be the ''truth'' for there cannot be two truths. And really there is scope enough: for the lives of the Patriarchs may as reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece as the days of Creation to as many thousand millions of years.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=214–215}}{{sfn|Darwin|1985b|loc=[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-346.xml#mark-346.f5 Letter No. 346]}} }} The document was circulated, and [[Charles Babbage]] incorporated extracts in his ninth and unofficial ''[[Bridgewater Treatise]]'', which postulated laws set up by a divine programmer.{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}} When [[The Voyage of the Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] called at [[Cape Town]], Captain [[Robert FitzRoy]] and the young naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Darwin would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his theory advanced in ''[[The Origin of Species]]''. In the opening lines of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is "to throw some light on the origin of species – that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers," referring to Herschel. However, Herschel ultimately rejected the theory of natural selection.<ref>John Herschel, ''Physical Geography'' (1861), p. 12.</ref> Herschel returned to England in 1838, was created a [[Herschel baronets|baronet]], of Slough in the County of Buckingham,<ref name=HersNAH/> and published ''Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope'' in 1847. In this publication he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of [[Saturn]]: [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]], [[Enceladus]], [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]], [[Dione (moon)|Dione]], [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]], [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], and [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]].{{sfn|Lassell|1848|p=}} In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names still used today for the four then-known satellites of [[Uranus]]: [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]], [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]], [[Titania (moon)|Titania]], and [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]. A stone obelisk, erected in 1842 and now in the grounds of [[Grove Primary School (South Africa)|The Grove Primary School]], marks the site where his 20-ft reflector once stood.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ridpath|first1=Ian|title=The Herschel Obelisk in Cape Town|journal=The Observatory|year=2020|volume=140 |pages=262–264|bibcode=2020Obs...140..262R |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2020Obs...140..262R}}</ref> == Photography == [[File:Herschel first picture on glass 1839 3.jpg|thumb|Herschel's first glass-plate photograph, dated 9 September 1839, showing the mount of his father's [[40-foot telescope]]{{sfn|Evans|1970|p=84}}]] [[File:John Herschel by Jula Margaret Cameron, Abril 1867.jpg|thumb|John Herschel, Portrait by [[Julia Margaret Cameron]], April 1867]] Herschel made numerous important contributions to photography. He made improvements in [[photographic processes]], particularly in inventing the [[cyanotype]]<ref name="WDL1" /> process, which became known as [[blueprint]]s,<ref name="EncycBrit" /><ref name="columbia" /><ref name="vernacu"/> and variations, such as the [[chrysotype]]. In 1839, he made a photograph on glass, which still exists, and experimented with some colour reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own colour to a [[photographic paper]]. Herschel made experiments using [[photosensitive]] emulsions of vegetable juices, called phytotypes, also known as [[anthotype]]s, and published his discoveries in the Philosophical Transactions of the [[Royal Society]] of London in 1842.{{sfn|Herschel|1842|pp=182–214}} He collaborated in the early 1840s with [[Henry Collen]], portrait painter to [[Queen Victoria]]. Herschel originally discovered the platinum process on the basis of the light sensitivity of platinum salts, later developed by [[William Willis (inventor)|William Willis]].<ref name= "KNAW" /> Herschel coined the term ''photography'' in 1839.{{sfn|Schaaf|1979|pp=47–60}}{{sfn|Peres|2008|p=}} Herschel was also the first to apply the terms ''negative'' and ''positive'' to photography.<ref name=HersNAH/> Herschel discovered [[sodium thiosulfate]] to be a solvent of silver [[halide]]s in 1819,{{sfn|Herschel|1819|p=}} and informed [[Henry Fox Talbot|Talbot]] and [[Louis Daguerre|Daguerre]] of his discovery that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used as a [[photographic fixer]], to "fix" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it thus in early 1839. Herschel's ground-breaking research on the subject was read at the Royal Society in London in March 1839 and January 1840. == Other aspects of Herschel's career == Herschel wrote many papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography and the telescope for the eighth edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.<ref name=HersNAH/> He also translated the ''[[Iliad]]'' of Homer. {{further|English translations of Homer#Herschel}} In 1823, Herschel published his findings on the optical spectra of metal salts.{{sfn|Herschel|1823}} Herschel invented the [[actinometer]] in 1825 to measure the direct heating power of the Sun's rays,{{sfn|Anon|1884|p=527}} and his work with the instrument is of great importance in the early history of [[photochemistry]]. [[File:Lunar Copernicus crater - Herschel 1842.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Calotype]] of a model of the lunar crater Copernicus, 1842. Photographs of the Moon's surface were not yet possible at the time]] Herschel proposed a correction to the Gregorian calendar, making years that are multiples of 4000 [[common year]]s rather than [[leap year]]s, thus reducing the average length of the [[calendar year]] from 365.2425 days to 365.24225.{{sfn|Herschel|1876a|p=712}} Although this is closer to the [[mean tropical year]] of 365.24219 days, his proposal has never been adopted because the [[Gregorian calendar]] is based on the mean time between vernal [[equinox]]es (currently {{gaps|365.242|374}} days).{{sfn|Steel|2000|p=185}} Herschel was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1832,<ref name="AAAS" /> and in 1836, a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. In 1835, the ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]'' newspaper wrote a series of satiric articles that came to be known as the [[Great Moon Hoax]], with statements falsely attributed to Herschel about his supposed discoveries of animals living on the Moon, including batlike winged humanoids. Several locations are named for him: the village of [[Herschel, Saskatchewan|Herschel]] in western [[Saskatchewan]], [[Canada]], site of the discovery of ''[[Dolichorhynchops herschelensis]]'', a type of [[Plesiosauria|plesiosaur]]; [[Mount Herschel]] in [[Antarctica]]; the crater [[J. Herschel (crater)|J. Herschel]] on [[the Moon]]; and the settlement of [[Herschel, Eastern Cape]] and the [[Herschel Girls' School]] in [[Cape Town]], South Africa. While it is commonly accepted that Herschel Island, in the Arctic Ocean, part of the [[Yukon Territory]], was named after him, the entries in the expedition journal of Sir [[John Franklin]] state that the latter wished to honour the Herschel family, of which John Herschel's father, Sir [[William Herschel]], and his aunt, [[Caroline Herschel]], are as notable as John.{{sfn|Burn|2009|pp=317–323}} {{Clear}} [[File:Margaret Herschel00.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Margaret Herschel|Margaret Brodie Stewart]]'' by [[Alfred Edward Chalon]] 1829]] [[File:Constance-Anne-ne-Herschel-Lady-Lubbock-Caroline-Emilia-Mary-ne-Herschel-Lady-Hamilton-Gordon-Margaret-Louisa-Marshall-ne-Herschel-Isabella-Herschel-Francesca-Fancy-Herschel-Matilda-Rose-Waterfield-ne-Herschel.jpg|thumb|Herschel's daughters Constance Anne, Caroline Emilia Mary, Margaret Louisa, Isabella, Francisca ("Fancy") and Matilda Rose, 1860s, [[albumen print]], unkn. photographer ([[National Portrait Gallery, London|NPG]] x44697)]] == Family == Herschel married [[Margaret Herschel|Margaret Brodie Stewart]] (1810–1884) on 3 March 1829<ref name="ODNB" /> at St. Marlyebone Church in London, and was father of the following children:<ref name="Burke1914"/> # Caroline Emilia Mary Herschel (31 March 1830 – 29 January 1909), who married the soldier and politician [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army general)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]] # Isabella Herschel (5 June 1831 – 1893) # Sir [[William James Herschel]], 2nd Bt. (9 January 1833 – 1917), # Margaret Louisa Herschel (1834–1861), an accomplished artist # [[Alexander Stewart Herschel]] (1836–1907), FRS, FRAS # Col. [[John Herschel the Younger|John Herschel]] FRS, FRAS, (1837–1921) surveyor # Maria Sophia Herschel (1839–1929) # Amelia Herschel (1841–1926) married Sir [[Thomas Francis Wade]], diplomat and sinologist # Julia Herschel (1842–1933) married on 4 June 1878 to Captain (later [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]) [[John Maclear|John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear]] # Matilda Rose Herschel (1844–1914), a gifted artist, married William Waterfield ([[Indian Civil Service]]) # Francisca Herschel (1846–1932) # [[Constance Anne Herschel]] (1855–20 June 1939), mathematician and scientist who became lecturer in natural sciences at [[Girton College, Cambridge]] == Death == [[File:Herschel&darwin.jpg|thumb|left|The adjoining tombs of John Herschel and [[Charles Darwin]] in [[Westminster Abbey]].]] Herschel died on 11 May 1871 at age 79 at Collingwood, his home near [[Hawkhurst]] in Kent. On his death, he was given a national funeral and buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p. 56: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref> His obituary by Henry W Field of London was read to the [[American Philosophical Society]] on 1 December 1871.{{sfn|Field|1871|pp=217–223}} {{Clear}} == Arms == {{Infobox COA wide |image=[[File:Arms of the Herschel baronets.svg|center|180px]] |escutcheon = Argent on a mount Vert a representation of the forty feet reflecting telescope with its apparatus Proper a chief Azure thereon the astronomical symbol of Uranus or the Georgium Sidus irradiated Or. |crest = A demi-terrestrial sphere Proper thereon an eagle wings elevated Or. |motto = Coelis Exploratis<ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=1949}}</ref>}} == Bibliography == ''In chronological order'' {{refbegin}} [[File:Herschel - Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms of transcendental equations, 1832 - 687143.tiff|thumb|''Description of a Machine for Resolving by Inspection Certain Important Forms of Transcendental Equations'', 1832]] * {{cite journal |last=Herschel |first=John |title=On the Hyposulphurous Acid and its Compounds |journal=The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal |year=1819 |volume=1 |pages=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghphilos05edingoog |access-date=15 April 2011 |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book |last=Herschel |first=John |title=On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses |location=London |publisher=W. Bulmer and W. Nicol |year=1821 |url=https://library.trin.cam.ac.uk/Record/833e5157-cc4b-4c31-8a41-b09ebf056028/Holdings#tabnav |display-authors=0}}, {{cite journal |title=Abstract |journal=The Royal Society |year=1831 |jstor=109979}} * {{cite book |last=Herschel |first=John F. W. |title=Treatises on ''Physical Astronomy, Light'' and ''Sound'', Contributed to the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana |location=London |publisher=Richard Griffin |url=https://archive.org/details/treatisesonphysi00hersrich/treatisesonphysi00hersrich/page/n5/mode/2up |display-authors=0}} (The ''[[Encyclopædia Metropolitana]]'' was published in 30 vols. from 1817–1845) * {{cite journal |last1=Herschel |first1=J. F. W. |title=On the Absorption of Light by Coloured Media, and on the Colours of the Prismatic Spectrum Exhibited by Certain Flames; with an Account of a Ready Mode of Determining the Absolute Dispersive Power of Any Medium, by Direct Experiment |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1823 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=445–460 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwhq76;view=1up;seq=529 |doi=10.1017/S008045680003101X|s2cid=101517638 |display-authors=0 }} * {{cite book|last=Herschel|first=John W.F.|title=A Treatise on Astronomy|edition= 3rd|date=1835|publisher=Carey, Leah and Blanchard|location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/stream/treatiseonastron00hersuoft#page/n1/mode/2up|display-authors=0}} * {{Citation|issn = 0261-0523 |volume = 130 |pages = 1–59 |last = Herschel|first = John F. W.|title = On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes |journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|date = 20 February 1840 |bibcode = 1840RSPT..130....1H |jstor = 108209 | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1840.0002 |s2cid = 98119765 |postscript = . |display-authors=0}} * {{Citation |last=Herschel |first=John William Frederich |title=On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on Some New Photographic Processes |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|year=1842|pages=182–214|doi=10.1098/rstl.1842.0013 |volume=132|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432380|bibcode=1842RSPT..132..181H |doi-access=free|display-authors=0}} * {{citation|url=https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/6893494 |title=Results of Astronomical Observations Made During the Years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope: Being the Completion of a Telescopic Survey of the Whole Surface of the Visible Heavens, Commenced in 1825 |location=London |publisher= Smith, Elder and Co. |date= 1847 |display-authors=0 |last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William }} * {{cite book|last=Herschel|first=John Frederick William |title=Manual of Scientific Inquiry, Prepared for the Use of Officers in Her Majesty's Navy, and Travellers in General |editor=John Herschel |year=1849 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112047068355&seq=11 |lccn=05022489 |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book|last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William |title=Encyclopædia britannica|chapter=Meteorology |year=1861 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/meteorologyfrom01hersgoog/page/n8/mode/2up |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book|last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William |title=A General Catalogue of Nebulæ and Clusters of Stars |year=1864 |url=https://archive.org/details/generalcatalogue00hersrich/generalcatalogue00hersrich/page/n3/mode/2up |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book|last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William |title=Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zCozAQAAMAAJ|year=1869 |publisher=George Routledge & Sons|bibcode=1869flss.book.....H |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book|last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William |title=A Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars, Arranged in the Order of Right Ascension |editor1=R. Main |editor2= C. Pritchard |year=1874 |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book|last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William |title=Outlines of Astronomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA712|year=1876a|publisher=D. Appleton and Company |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book|last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William |title=Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects|location=London |publisher=Dalby, Isbister & Co. |year=1876b |url=https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00hersiala |display-authors=0}} * {{cite book|last=Herschel |first=John Frederick William |title=A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/preliminarydisco00hersiala |year=1880 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green |location=London |display-authors=0}} {{refend}} == References == {{reflist |25em |refs= <ref name=HersNAH>{{cite web |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792–1871, astronomer |work=[[NAHSTE]] project |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510211707/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |archive-date=10 May 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="ODNB">{{ODNBweb|last=Crowe |first=Michael J. |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, first baronet (1792–1871) |id=13101 }}</ref> <ref name="anti_Cont">{{Cite web | title = Contact Lens Timeline | last = Berkowitz | first = Lee | work = antiquespectacles.com | access-date = 19 November 2017 | url = http://www.antiquespectacles.com/topics/contacts/timeline/timeline.html }}</ref> <ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=HRSL808JF|name=Herschel, John Frederick William}}</ref> <ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085843/http://amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2006 |url-status=live|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name= "KNAW">{{cite web|url=http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm |title=William Willis|work= Royal Dutch Academy of Science (Knaw.nl)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225194623/https://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm|archive-date=25 December 2004}}</ref> <ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web | title = General View of Niagara Falls from Bridge | last = Herschel | first = John | work = World Digital Library | date = 1901 | access-date = 20 November 2017 | url = https://www.wdl.org/en/item/285/ | publisher= Detroit Publishing Company | via= [[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> <ref name="RoyAstrSoc">{{Cite web | title = Past RAS Presidents | last = Elliott | first = David | work = Royal Astronomical Society | access-date = 20 November 2017 | url = http://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history/766-past-ras-presidents }}</ref> <ref name="vernacu">{{Cite web | title = The Cyanotype | last = Rosenthal | first = Richard T. | work = Vernacular Photography |year = 2000 | access-date = 19 June 2018 | url = http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130330080304/http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm | archive-date = 30 March 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Herschel, Sir John Frederick William | volume= 13 |last1= Clerke |first1= Agnes Mary |author1-link= Agnes Mary Clerke |last2= Pritchard |first2= Charles |author2-link= Charles Pritchard | pages = 393–395 |short=1}}</ref> <ref name="EncycBrit">{{cite book |last1=Go |first1=F. E. |chapter=Blueprint|title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1970 |volume= 3|publisher=William Benton |location=Chicago |page=816 |edition=Expo'70 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="columbia">{{cite book |editor1-last=Bridgwater |editor1-first=William |editor2-last=Sherwood |editor2-first=Elizabeth J. |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume |date=1950 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York City |page=214 |edition=2nd |chapter=blueprint}}</ref> <ref name="Burke1914">{{cite book | last1 = Burke | first1 = Sir Bernard | author-link = Bernard Burke | last2 = Burke | first2 = Ashworth P. | contribution = Herschel: Sir William James Herschel, 2nd Bart. | title = A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage and Companionage | edition = 76th | pages = 1004–1005 | year = 1914 | publisher = [[Harrison and Sons]] | place = London | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pf8cAAAAYAAJ/page/n1199 | access-date = 17 November 2019 | title-link = Burke's Peerage }}</ref> }} === Works cited === {{refbegin |2|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal|author=Anon|title=Notes and News|journal=Science|volume=ns-3|issue=64|year=1884|pages=524–528|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.ns-3.64.524 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h6zq_tFWAvUC&pg=PA527|bibcode=1884Sci.....3..524.}} * {{Citation | last =Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | title = The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise | place = London | publisher = John Murray | date = 1838 | edition = 2nd | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A25&pageseq=1 | access-date =2 February 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Mary Everest|last=Boole|url=http://archive.org/details/indianthoughtwes00bool|title=Indian Thought and Western Science in the Nineteenth Century|date=1901|publisher=The Ceylon National Review|via=Library Genesis}} * {{Citation | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | author-link = Janet Browne | year = 1995 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging | location = London | publisher = Jonathan Cape | isbn = 1-84413-314-1 }} * {{cite journal|title=After Whom Is Herschel Island Named?|first=C. R. |last=Burn|journal=Arctic|volume=62|issue=3|date=September 2009|pages=317–323|publisher=Arctic Institute of North America|jstor=40513310|doi=10.14430/arctic152|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Cobb|first1=Aaron D.|title=Is John F. W. Herschel an Inductivist about Hypothetical Inquiry?|journal=Perspectives on Science|volume=20|issue=4|year=2012|pages=409–439|issn=1063-6145|doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00080|s2cid=57566504|hdl=2022/26148|hdl-access=free}} * {{cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin | year = 1958 | editor-last = Barlow | editor-first = Nora | editor-link =Nora Barlow | title =The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow | location = London | publisher = Collins | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | access-date =11 December 2008 }} * {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin|title=The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1821–1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6eAZ4f0Xc4C&pg=PA117|volume=1|year=1985a|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25587-2|editor1-first=Frederick| editor1-last=Burkhardt|editor2-first= Sydney|editor2-last= Smith|series=[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]}} * {{cite book|last=Darwin|first=Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin|title=The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1837–1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnEYZjXO9VwC&pg=PA8|volume=2|year=1985b|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25588-0|editor1-first=Frederick| editor1-last=Burkhardt|editor2-first= Sydney|editor2-last= Smith|series=[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]}} * {{cite book|last1=Desmond|first1=Adrian J. |author-link1=Adrian Desmond|last2=Moore|first2=James Richard |author-link2=James Moore (biographer)|title=Darwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLaAAAAMAAJ|date=1991|publisher=Michael Joseph|isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3}} * {{cite book|last1=Dreyer|first1=John Louis Emil |last2=Turner|first2=H. H. |title=History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjTeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-06860-4}} * {{cite book|last=Evans|first=David Stanley|title=The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgILAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Scribner}} * {{Cite journal | title = Obituary Notice of Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Bart | last = Field | first = Henry W. | journal= Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=12|issue=86| pages = 217–223 |year = 1871 | jstor= 981703 }} * {{Cite book|title=Hercule Florence : el descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil | last=Kossoy|first= Boris|date=2004|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e História|isbn=968-03-0020-X|oclc=59139803}} * {{cite journal | last=Lassell|first=W.|bibcode=1848MNRAS...8...42L|title=Satellites of Saturn|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|issue=3|year=1848|pages=42–43|issn=0035-8711|doi=10.1093/mnras/8.3.42|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|last=Peres|first=Michael R. |title=The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmZtFrHO7doC|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-240-80998-4}} * {{cite journal|last1=Schaaf|first1=Larry|title=Sir John Herschel's 1839 Royal Society Paper on Photography|journal=History of Photography|volume=3|issue=1|year=1979|pages=47–60|issn=0308-7298|doi=10.1080/03087298.1979.10441071}} * {{Citation | title = Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar | first= Duncan |last=Steel| publisher = John Wiley and Sons |year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-471-29827-4 | page = 185 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&pg=PA185 }} * {{cite book|last=Timbs|first=John|title=The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art|date=1846|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin25timbgoog}} * {{Cite journal | last = van Wyhe | first = John | title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–205 | date = 27 March 2007 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 | s2cid = 202574857 | url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1 }} {{refend}} == Further reading == * On Herschel's relationship with [[Charles Babbage]], [[William Whewell]], and [[Richard Jones (economist)|Richard Jones]], see {{Citation | last = Snyder | first = Laura | author-link = Laura J. Snyder | year = 2011 | title = The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends Who Transformed Science and Changed the World | location = New York | publisher = Broadway Books | isbn = 978-0-7679-3049-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/philosophicalbre0000snyd | url-access = registration }} == External links == {{Commons category|John Herschel}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource-author}} * {{NPG name}} *{{cite book |publisher=Macmillan & Co.|place= London |pages=33–36|year=1892|chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45?urlappend=%3Bseq=44| chapter = SIR JOHN HERSCHEL (Obituary Notice, Saturday, May 13, 1871) | title=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from The Times |volume=I (1870–1875)|hdl= 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45?urlappend=%3Bseq=44 |via= HathiTrust |access-date= 28 February 2019}} * [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html Biographical information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717110803/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html |date=17 July 2013 }} * [https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20100311230213/http://www.midley.co.uk/articles/14march1839.htm R. Derek Wood (2008), 'Fourteenth March 1839, Herschel's Key to Photography'] * [http://herschelmuseum.org.uk/ Herschel Museum of Astronomy] * [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01800986 Science in the Making] Herschel's papers in the Royal Society's archives * [[s:Astronomische Nachrichten/Volume 44/Auszug aus einem Briefe des Herrn J. F. W. Herschel an den Herausgeber|Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue]], published in [[Astronomische Nachrichten]] {{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Lalor Sheil]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Master of the Mint]]|years=1850–1855}} {{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]]}} {{s-reg|uk-bt}} {{s-new|creation}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Herschel baronets|Baronet]]'''<br />(of Slough)'''|years=1838–1871}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet|William James Herschel]]}} {{s-end}} {{Masters of the Mint}} {{Copley Medallists 1801–1850}} {{19th-century English photographers}} {{Portal bar|Biography|England|Politics|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Science}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Herschel, John}} [[Category:1792 births]] [[Category:1871 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century British astronomers]] [[Category:Photographers from Buckinghamshire]] [[Category:19th-century English photographers]] [[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:English Christians]] [[Category:English people of German descent]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Masters of the Mint]] [[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:People educated at Eton College]] [[Category:People from Slough]] [[Category:Pioneers of photography]] [[Category:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Proto-evolutionary biologists]] [[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] [[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]] [[Category:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen]] [[Category:Royal Medal winners]] [[Category:Senior Wranglers]] [[Category:Spectroscopists]] [[Category:Herschel family|John]] [[Category:Recipients of the Lalande Prize]] [[Category:Translators of Homer]] [[Category:Wynberg, Cape Town]]'