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'{{Short description|Arab navigator and cartographer}} {{Distinguish|Ahmad Majid}} {{Expand Arabic|topic=bio|date=July 2013}} {{Infobox person | name = Ahmad ibn Mājid | native_name = أحمد بن ماجد | native_name_lang = ar | birth_date = {{Circa|1432}} | birth_place = [[Julfar - OMAN]] (present-day [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] | death_date = {{Circa|1500}} | death_place = | death_cause = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | other_names = ''The Lion of the Sea'' | education = | occupation = [[Navigator]]/[[Cartography|Cartographer]] | years_active = {{Circa|1450|1500}} | known_for = Navigator | notable_works = ''The Book of the Benefits of the Principles and Foundations of Seamanship'' (''Kitāb al-fawā’id fī uṣūl ʿilm al-baḥr wa-l-qawā’id'') | relatives = | module = | footnotes = }} '''Aḥmad ibn Mājid''' ({{lang-ar|أحمد بن ماجد}}), also known as the "Arab Admiral" ({{lang|ar|أمير البحر العربي}}, {{translit|ar|ʿAmīr al-Baḥr al-ʿArabī}}) and the "Lion of the Sea",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenational.ae/business/travel-and-tourism/lion-of-the-sea-500-years-ago-may-be-the-new-face-of-tourism-1.373711|title='Lion of the Sea' - 500 years ago may be the new face of tourism|last=Zacharias|first=Anna|date=2012-11-24|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|location=Abu Dhabi|df=ymd-all|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706104204/https://www.thenational.ae/business/travel-and-tourism/lion-of-the-sea-500-years-ago-may-be-the-new-face-of-tourism-1.373711|archive-date=2018-07-06|access-date=2020-03-21|quote=Ahmed bin Majid was a navigator, poet and scholar of such respect that he is known among mariners as “the Lion of the Sea” more than five centuries after his death.}}</ref> was an [[Arabs|Arab]] [[navigator]] and [[Cartography|cartographer]] born {{Circa|1432}}<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.navigator.ahmad.ibn.majid.htm|title=The Navigator: Ahmad Ibn Majid|last=Lunde|first=Paul|date=2005-08-01|magazine=AramcoWorld|volume=56|issue=4|location=Houston, Texas|pages=45–48|df=ymd-all|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222130714/https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200504/the.navigator.ahmad.ibn.majid.htm|archive-date=2015-12-22|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> in [[Julfar]], the present-day [[Ras Al Khaimah]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. He was raised in a family famous for seafaring; at the age of seventeen he was able to navigate ships. The exact date is not known, but Ibn Mājid probably died around 1500. Although long identified in the West as the navigator who helped [[Vasco da Gama]] find his way from Africa to India, contemporary research has shown Ibn Mājid is unlikely even to have met Da Gama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ruler of Sharjah revisits the Porto library that led him to an important discovery|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/ruler-of-sharjah-revisits-the-porto-library-that-led-him-to-an-important-discovery-1.777198|access-date=2020-10-04|website=The National|language=en}}</ref> Ibn Mājid was the author of nearly forty works of poetry and prose. ==Name== At the beginning of his ''magnum opus'', the ''Fawāʾid'' (see below), Ibn Mājid gives his name in full as Ḥājj al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharīfayn Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Mājid ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAmr ibn Faḍl ibn Duwayk ibn Yūsuf ibn Ḥasan ibn Ḥusayn ibn Abī Muʿallaq al-Saʿdī ibn Abī Rakāʾib al-Najdī ({{lang-ar|حاج الحرمين الشريفين شهاب الدين أحمد بن ماجد بن محمد بن عمر بن فضل بن دويك بن يوسف بن حسن بن حسين بن أبي معلق السعدي بن أبي الركايب النجدي}}).<ref>This is the wording in the Paris and Damascus manuscripts of the ''Fawāʾid'', slightly different from the earlier Oxford Ms. See [https://rutter-project.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/benard_acevedo_tn2_v2-1.pdf links to the Mss online].</ref> The [[Najd|Najdī]] and Saʿdī titles relate his lineage to the central Arabian Peninsula and to the Yemeni [[Tihamah]] respectively. == Works == [[File:Ibn Majid Gulf of Berbera.png|thumb|200 px|A selection from the ''Kitāb al-Fawā’id fī Uṣūl ‘Ilm al-Baḥr wa ’l-Qawā’id'' with Ibn Majid referring to the [[Gulf of Aden]] by its old name the ''Gulf of [[Berbera]]'']] Ibn Mājid wrote several books on marine science and the movements of ships, which helped people of the [[Persian Gulf]] to reach the coasts of [[India]], [[East Africa]] and other destinations. Among his many books on [[navigation]], ''Kitāb al-Fawā’id fī Uṣūl ʿIlm al-Baḥr wa’l-Qawāʿid'' (''The Book of the Benefits of the Principles and Foundations of Seamanship'') is considered one of his best.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45932-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|chapter=Ibn Majid}}</ref> It is an encyclopedia, describing the history and basic principles of navigation, [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] by way of [[celestial navigation]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wam.ae/en/details/1395272057724|title=Sultan Al Qasimi: I will exert the necessary efforts to search for answers for researchers' inquiries about Ahmed Ibn Majid|last=Hazem|first=Bashir|date=2014-06-11|newspaper=[[Emirates News Agency]]|location=Abu Dhabi|df=ymd-all|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321023734/https://wam.ae/en/details/1395272057724|archive-date=2020-03-21|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> [[lunar mansion]]s, [[rhumb lines|loxodromes]], the difference between coastal and open-sea sailing, the locations of ports from East Africa to Indonesia, accounts of the [[monsoon]] and other seasonal winds, [[typhoon]]s and other topics for professional navigators. He drew from his own experience and that of his father, also a famous navigator, and the lore of generations of Indian Ocean sailors. The book encompassed the entire science of navigation in the Indian Ocean at the time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Al-Salman|first=Mohamed Hameed|date=June 2012|title=Arabian Gulf in the Era of Portuguese Dominance: A Study in Historical Sources|journal=Liwa|volume=4|pages=32}}</ref> Ibn Mājid was known as a ''muʿallim'' (“teacher”, the title for pilots), i.e. teacher of navigation. Most of his navigational calculations depended on sophisticated astronomical observations, especially using the [[Lunar station|lunar mansions]] (''manāzil al-qamar'') and the thirty-two [[Compass rose#Sidereal compass rose|stellar rhumbs]] (''akhnān'').<ref name=":1" /> == Legacy == Although Ibn Mājid was long held to have helped the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] navigator [[Vasco da Gama]] cross from Africa to the Indian subcontinent, contemporary research has shown that he would have been in his seventies at the time of Da Gama’s trip. The actual pilot who sailed with Da Gama was a Gujarati and may have returned to Portugal with da Gama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tibbetts|first=Gerald Randall|title=Arab navigation in the Indian Ocean before the coming of the Portuguese: being a translation of ''Kitāb al-Fawāʼid fī uṣūl al-baḥr waʼl-qawāʼid'' of Aḥmad b. Mājid al-Najdī; together with an introduction on the history of Arab navigation, notes on the navigational techniques and on the topography of the Indian Ocean and a glossary of navigational terms|publisher=The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1971|isbn=978-0-718-90900-0|series=Oriental Translation Fund, New Series|volume=42|location=London|oclc=9283280|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The man was provided to Da Gama by the Ruler of Malindi and was assumed by Da Gama and his men to be a Christian. He guided Da Gama’s ships to Mount Eli on the Indian coast after a 23-day voyage.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cliff|first=Nigel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/784016799|title=The last crusade : the epic voyages of Vasco da Gama|date=2012|publisher=Atlantic|isbn=978-1-84887-017-8|location=London|pages=214|oclc=784016799}}</ref> Researchers have also used the three rutters of Ibn Mājid, particularly the ‘Sofala Rutter’, to comprehensively debunk the entire story of Ibn Mājid and any association with Da Gama. The evidence in these, letters written by da Gama himself and Ibn Mājid’s age (he considered himself too old to navigate in 1498, when da Gama arrived in Malindi—Ibn Mājid would have been 77), all provide a strong refutation of the entire story and it is now accepted as highly unlikely that Ibn Mājid had ever even ''met'' Da Gama, let alone given him the route to India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34990029|title=The career and legend of Vasco da Gama|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-47072-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=34990029}}</ref> However, his printed works are thought to have been a valuable source for the Portuguese when they arrived in the region.<ref name=":1" /> Remembered as “The Lion of the Sea”, Ibn Mājid's true legacy was the substantial body of literature on navigation that he left behind. Arab sailing was at a pinnacle during Ibn Mājid's lifetime, when both Europeans and Ottomans had only a limited understanding of geography in the Indian Ocean. His ''Kitāb al-Fawāʾid'' was widely utilized by Arab sailors, and comprised celestial navigation, weather patterns, and charts of dangerous areas in which to sail. This tome, in addition to his poetic works, were the true legacy of the sailor. Two of Ibn Mājid’s famous hand-written books are now prominent exhibits in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://iosminaret.org/vol-13/issue15/Vasco_da_Gama_and_Ibn_Majid_Connection.php|title=Vasco da Gama's Voyage to India and the Ibn Majid Connection|last=Momin|first=A. R.|date=2019-04-15|magazine=The IOS (Institute of Objective Studies) Minaret: An online Islamic magazine|location=New Delhi, India|volume=13|issue=15, ''Leaves from Islamic History and Culture''|df=ymd-all|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514195055/https://iosminaret.org/vol-13/issue15/Vasco_da_Gama_and_Ibn_Majid_Connection.php|archive-date=2019-05-14|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> == In popular culture == In the television series ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'', set in the future, the character Cristóbal "Chris" Ríos (portrayed by [[Santiago Cabrera]]) is a former Starfleet officer who once served on the Federation starship USS ''Ibn Majid'', NCC-75710, as revealed in the 2020 episode [[Star Trek: Picard#ep8|"Broken Pieces"]]. == See also == * [[Islamic scholars]] * [[List of Arab scientists and scholars]] == References == {{Reflist}} == General References == * Ahmad ibn Majid (15th Century CE – 9th Century AH): The lion of the Seas. [http://www.alrahalah.com/2011/05/ahmad-ibn-majid-15th-century-ce-%E2%80%93-9th-century-ah-the-lion-of-the-seas/ http://www.alrahalah.com/]. *{{cite book |last=Al-Salimi |first=Abdulrahman |chapter=Different succession chronologies of the Nabhani dynasty in Oman |title=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=32|isbn=2503513360 |year=2002}} * Al Salimi, Abdulrahman, and Eric Staples. 2019. ''A Maritime Lexicon: Arabic Nautical Terminology in the Indian Ocean''. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. * Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Helaine Selin, Springer Science & Business Media - 2013, p. 424, {{ISBN|9789401714167}}. * Khoury, Ibrahim. 2001. ''Aḥmad ibn Mājid, ḥayātuh, muʾalafātuh, istiḥāla liqāʾihi bi-Fāskū dī Ghāmā'' [''Aḥmad ibn Mājid, his Life, his Writings, and the Impossibility of His Meeting with Vasco da Gama'']. Ras al-Khaima, Markaz al-dirāsa wa-al-wathāʾiq. * Malhão Pereira, José Manuel. 2004. ''As técnicas náuticas pregâmicas no Índico''. Lisbon: Academia de Marinha. *{{cite book|title=The Report: Emerging Oman 2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rgOk3d8hhoC&pg=PA6|access-date=2023-03-30|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-902339-62-7}} * Shihāb, Ḥasan Ṣāliḥ. 1982. ''Fann al-milāḥah ʿinda al-ʿarab'' (''The Art of Navigation Among the Arabs''). Beirut: Dār al-ʿAwdah. * Khal Torabully, “The Maritime Memory of the Arabs”, documentary film (52') showing Arab navigation in the Indian Ocean, with a special attention to Ahmad bin Majid, Chamarel Film/Productions La Lanterne, 2000. == External links == * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ahmad|first=S. Maqbul|title=Ibn Mājid, Shihāb Al-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn Mājid|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902776.html|encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|orig-year=1970-80|year=2008}} * [https://rutter-project.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/benard_acevedo_tn2_v2-1.pdf Technical note on Indian Ocean Arab Navigation Studies] by J. Acevedo and I. Bénard of the [https://rutter-project.org/ RUTTER Project], listing all known manuscripts, editions and works of Ibn Mājid. {{Islamic geography}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Majid, Ahmad ibn}} [[Category:Arab scholars]] [[Category:1430s births]] [[Category:1500s deaths]] [[Category:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world]] [[Category:Arab cartographers]] [[Category:15th-century explorers]] [[Category:Navigators]] [[Category:People from the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah]] [[Category:15th-century geographers]] [[Category:15th-century Arab people]]'