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'''Shame on " ISRAEL "'''
'''Stop GENOCIDE NOW!'''
<span lang="en" dir="ltr">'''<u>Free FREE PALESTINE!!!!</u>'''</span>{{Infobox person
| name = Abbé Pierre
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|GOQ}}
| image = ABBE PIERRE-1999Without.jpg
| caption = Pierre in 1999
| birth_name = Henri Marie Joseph Grouès
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|8|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lyon]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|1|22|1912|8|5}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| known_for = Founder of [[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaus]]
| party = [[Popular Republican Movement|MRP]]
| module =
{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]<br>for [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]]
| term = 1 October 1945 – 4 July 1951
}}
}}
'''Abbé Pierre''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|GOQ}} (''[[Abbot]] Pierre''; born '''Henri Marie Joseph Grouès''';<ref name="jorf20040714"/> 5 August 1912{{spnd}}22 January 2007) was a French [[Catholic priest]]. He was a member of the [[Resistance (France)|Resistance]] during [[World War II]] and deputy of the [[Popular Republican Movement]] (MRP).
In 1949, he founded the [[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaus]] movement, with the goal of helping poor and homeless people and refugees. For years, he was one of the most popular figures in France. Allegations of sexual abuse almost 20 years after his death shocked the French public.
== Youth and education ==
Grouès was born on 5 August 1912 in Lyon, France to a wealthy Catholic family of [[silk]] traders, the fifth of eight children. His aunt was the writer [[Héra Mirtel]]. He spent his childhood in [[Irigny]], near Lyon. He was twelve when he met [[François Chabbey]] and went for the first time with his father to an Order circle, the brotherhood of the "''[[Hospitaliers veilleurs]]''" in which the mainly middle-class members would serve the poor by providing barber services.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Grouès became a member of the ''[[Scouts de France]]'' in which he was nicknamed "Meditative Beaver" (''Castor méditatif''). In 1928, aged 16, he made the decision to join a monastic order, but he had to wait until he was seventeen and a half to fulfill this ambition. In 1931, Grouès entered the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin Order]], renouncing his inheritance and offering all his possessions to charity.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
Known as ''frère Philippe'' (Brother Philippe), he entered the monastery of [[Crest, Drôme|Crest]] in 1932, where he lived for seven years and was ordained a priest on 24 August 1938. He had to leave in 1939 after developing severe lung infections, which made monastic life difficult to cope with. He became [[chaplain]] to the sick at several places<ref name="NecroHuma"/> and then was nominated as [[curate]] of [[Grenoble]]'s cathedral in April 1939, only a few months before the [[invasion of Poland]].<ref>[http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/abbe_pierre.html Fondation Abbé Pierre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123010946/http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/abbe_pierre.html |date=January 23, 2007 }}</ref>
The theologian [[Henri de Lubac]] told him on the day of his priestly ordination: "Ask the Holy Spirit to grant you the same [[anti-clericalism]] of the saints".<ref>«demandez à l'Esprit saint qu'il vous accorde l'anticléricalisme des saints», quote in [http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.WWW000000593_le_diable_et_le_bon_dieu.html ''Le diable et le bon dieu''], ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 26 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
==World War II==
When [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, he was mobilised as a [[non-commissioned officer]] in the train transport corps. According to his official biography, he helped Jewish people to escape [[Nazi Germany#Persecution of Jews|Nazi persecution]] following the July 1942 mass arrests in Paris, called the ''[[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup|Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv]]'', and another raid in the area of Grenoble in the non-occupied zone: "In July 1942, two fleeing Jews asked him for help. Having discovered the persecution taking place, he immediately went to learn how to make false passports. Starting in August 1942, he guided Jewish people to Switzerland".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=P. J. |url=https://www.google.at/books/edition/Lives_That_Made_a_Difference/tGvTQHR216gC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22false+passports.+Starting+in+August%22&pg=PA187&printsec=frontcover |title=Lives That Made a Difference |date= |publisher=Strategic Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-62212-014-7 |publication-date=2012 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref>
His pseudonym dates from his work with the [[French Resistance]] during the Second World War, when he operated under several different names. Based in Grenoble, an important center of the Resistance, he helped Jews and politically persecuted escape to Switzerland.<ref>[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=115372007 Abbé Pierre, the conscience of France, dies at the age of 94] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918205712/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=115372007 |date=2007-09-18 }}, ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|en}}</ref> In 1942, he assisted [[Jacques de Gaulle]] (the brother of [[Charles de Gaulle]]) and his wife escape to Switzerland.<ref name="Duclos">[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/societe/230198.FR.php Il aurait mérité dix fois d'être fait "Juste parmi les nations"], testimony of Jean-Claude Duclos, curator of the Musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation de l'Isère, in ''[[Libération]]'', 25 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
He participated in establishing a section of the ''[[Maquis (World War II)|maquis]]'' where he officially became one of the local leaders in the [[Vercors Plateau]] and in the [[Chartreuse Mountains]]. He helped people to avoid being taken into the ''[[Service du travail obligatoire]]'' (STO), the Nazi forced-labour program agreed upon with [[Pierre Laval]], by creating in [[Grenoble]] the first refuge for resistants to the STO; he founded the clandestine newspaper ''L'Union patriotique indépendante''.<ref name="NecroHuma">[http://humanite.fr/journal/2007-01-23/2007-01-23-844445 L'insurgé de la bonté]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="LeMondeobit">In ''Le Monde''{{'}}s obituary, in English: [http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ "ABBÉ PIERRE, FOUNDER OF EMMAÜS, IS DEAD"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160157/http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ |date=September 30, 2007 }}, 23 January 2007 ([http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html original article here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309051526/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html |date=2007-03-09 }}) {{in lang|en|fr}}</ref> For a time, in 1943, he was given shelter by [[Lucie Coutaz]], a Resistance member who later became his secretary and was his assistant in his charity work until her death in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreabbepierreemmausesteville.wordpress.com/2011/01/13/mlle-lucie-coutaz/|title=Mlle Lucie Coutaz|website=Centre Abbe Pierre Emmaus Esteville|date=13 January 2011 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
He was arrested twice, once in 1944 by the Nazi police in the city of [[Cambo-les-Bains]] in the [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]], but was quickly released and travelled to Spain then [[Gibraltar]] before joining the [[Free French Forces]] of General de Gaulle in [[Algeria]].<ref name="LeMondeobit"/> In the Free North Africa, he became a [[chaplain]] in the [[French Navy]] on the battleship ''[[French battleship Jean Bart (1940)|Jean Bart]]'' in [[Casablanca]]. He had become an important symbol of the French Resistance.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
At the end of the war, he was awarded the [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|''Croix de guerre 1939-1945'']] with bronze palms and the ''[[Médaille de la Résistance]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==Political career (1945–51) and the 1960s/70s==
When the war was over, following de Gaulle's entourage's advice and the approbation of the [[archbishop of Paris]], Abbé Pierre was elected [[National Assembly (France)|deputy]] for [[Meurthe-et-Moselle|Meurthe-et-Moselle department]] in both [[French Fourth Republic#Founding of the Fourth Republic (1944–1954)|National Constituent Assemblies]] in 1945–1946 as an independent close to the [[Popular Republican Movement]] (MRP), mainly consisting of Christian democratic members of the Resistance. In 1946, he was re-elected as a member of the National Assembly, but this time as a member of the MRP. Abbé Pierre became vice-president of the [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy|World Federalist Movement]] in 1947, a universal federalist movement.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
After a bloody accident resulting in the death of a blue-collar worker, Édouard Mazé, in Brest in 1950, Henri Antoine Grouès decided to put an end to his MRP affiliation on 28 April 1950, writing a letter titled ''"Pourquoi je quitte le MRP"'' ("Why I'm leaving the MRP"), where he denounced the political and social attitude of the MRP party. He then joined the [[Christian socialist]] movement named ''[[Ligue de la jeune République]]'', created in 1912 by [[Marc Sangnier]], but decided to finally end his political career. In 1951, before the end of his mandate, he returned to his first vocation: helping the homeless. With the modest funds he had received as a deputy, he invested in a run-down house near Paris in the [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] neighbourhood, repairing the whole house. He made it the first Emmaus base (because, according to him, it was simply too big for one person).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Although the priest had left [[representative democracy|representative politics]], preferring to invest his energies in the Emmaus charity movement, he never completely abandoned the political field, taking strong stances on many and various subjects. Thus, when the [[decolonization]] movement was slowly beginning to emerge in the whole world, he attempted in 1956 to convince Tunisian leader [[Habib Bourguiba]] to obtain independence without using violence. Present in various international conferences at the end of the 1950s, he met Colombian priest [[Camilo Torres Restrepo|Camilo Torres]] (1929–1966), a predecessor of [[Liberation theology]], who asked for his advice on the Colombian Church's criticism of "workers' priests". He was also received by US president [[Dwight David Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and [[Mohammed V of Morocco]] in 1955 and 1956. In 1962, he resided for several months in [[Charles de Foucauld]]'s retreat in [[Béni-Abbés]] (Algeria). {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
Abbé Pierre was then called to India in 1971 by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] to represent, along with the ''[[Ligue des droits de l'homme]]'' (Human Rights League) France in the issues of refugees. [[Indira Gandhi]] then invited him to deal with the question of Bengali refugees, and Grouès founded Emmaus communities in [[Bangladesh]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==Emmaus==
=== 1949: the origin ===
[[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaus]] (''Emmaüs'' in French) was started in 1949. Its name is a reference to a village in Palestine appearing in the [[Gospel of Luke]], where two disciples extended hospitality to Jesus just after his resurrection without recognizing him. In that way, Emmaus's mission is to help poor and homeless people. It is a secular organization. In 1950 the first community of Emmaus companions was created in [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] close to Paris in France. The Emmaus community raises funds for the construction of housing by selling used goods. "Emmaus, it's a little like the wheelbarrow, the shovels and the pickaxes coming before the banners. A sort of social fuel derived from salvaging defeating men".<ref>Albine Novarino. (2007) ''L'abbé Pierre: Citations'' (French) Paris: Huitième Jour Editions. {{ISBN|978-2-914119-88-7}}</ref>
There were initial difficulties raising funds, so in 1952, Abbé Pierre decided to be a contestant on the [[Radio Luxembourg (French)|Radio Luxembourg]] game show ''Quitte ou double'' (''Double or Nothing'') for the prize money; he ended up winning 256,000 [[French franc|francs]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
===Winter 1954: "Uprising of kindness"===
Grouès became famous during the extremely cold winter of 1954 in France, when [[homeless]] people were dying in the streets. Following the failure of the projected law on lodgings, he gave a well-remembered speech on [[Radio Luxembourg (French)|Radio Luxembourg]] on 1 February 1954, and asked ''[[Le Figaro]]'', a conservative newspaper, to publish his call, in which he stated soberly that "a woman froze to death tonight at 3:00 AM, on the pavement of Sebastopol Boulevard, clutching the eviction notice which the day before had made her homeless". He went on to describe the drama of homeless life, claiming that in "every town in France, in every quarter of Paris" ministry was needed based on "these simple words: 'If you suffer, whoever you are, enter, eat, sleep, recover hope, here you are loved'".<ref>[http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Appel_de_l%27Abb%C3%A9_Pierre l'Appel de l'Abbé Pierre] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
The next morning, the press wrote of an "uprising of kindness" (''insurrection de la bonté'') and the now-famous call for help ended up raising 500 million francs in donations ([[Charlie Chaplin]] gave 2 million<ref name="LeMondeobit"/>). This enormous amount was totally unexpected; telephone operators and the postal service were overwhelmed, and owing to the volume of donations, several weeks were needed just to sort them, distribute them, and find a place to stock them throughout the country. Moreover, this call attracted volunteers from all over the country to help them, including wealthy ''[[bourgeoisie|bourgeoises]]'' who were emotionally shaken by the Abbé's call: first to do the redistribution, but then to duplicate the effort all around France. Quite quickly, Grouès had to organise his movement by creating the ''Emmaus communities'' on 23 March 1954. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Abbé Pierre (1955).jpg|thumb|Abbé Pierre (1955)]]
A book was written by Boris Simon called ''Abbé Pierre and the ragpickers of Emmaus''. It spread knowledge about the Emmaus community. In 1955, the priest gave [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Eisenhower]] an English translation of the book in the oval office. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} The Emmaus communities quickly spread worldwide. Grouès traveled to [[Beyrouth]] (Beirut, Lebanon) in 1959, to assist in the creation of the first multiconfessional Emmaus group there; it was founded by a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni (Muslim)]], a [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite (Catholic)]] archbishop and a [[Maronite Church|Maronite (Christian)]] writer. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==1980s to 2000s==
After the [[1981 French presidential election|1981 election]] of President [[François Mitterrand]] ([[French Socialist Party|Socialist Party]], PS), during which Abbé Pierre called for voters to [[Blank vote|vote in blank]]<ref>{{cite news| last=le Vaillant | first=Luc | title=L'abbé ne fait pas le moine | publisher=[[Libération]] | date=24 September 2002 | url=https://www.liberation.fr/portrait/2002/09/25/l-abbe-ne-fait-pas-le-moine_416436/ | language=fr }}</ref>), he supported the initiative of the French Premier [[Laurent Fabius]] (PS) to create in 1984 the ''[[Revenu minimum d'insertion]]'' (RMI), a welfare system for indigent people.<ref name="DBD">[http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.WWW000000593_le_diable_et_le_bon_dieu.html Le diable et le Bon Dieu], ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 26 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
The same year, he organized the operation "Charity Christmas", which, relayed by ''[[France Soir]]'', raised 6 million [[French franc|francs]] and 200 tons of products. The actor [[Coluche]], who had organized the charitable ''[[Restos du Cœur]]'', offered him 150 million French cents received by his organisation.<ref name="DBD"/> Coluche's huge success with the Restos du Cœur, caused by his popularity (Coluche had even tried to nominate himself as a candidate in the [[1981 French presidential election|1981 presidential election]] before withdrawing), convinced the Abbé again of the necessity and value of such charitable struggles and the usefulness of the media in such endeavours. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
In 1983, he spoke with Italian President [[Sandro Pertini]] to plead the cause of Vanni Mulinaris, imprisoned on charge of assistance to the [[Red Brigades]] (BR), and even observed eight days of [[hunger strike]] from 26 May to 3 June 1984 in the [[Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Turin)|Cathedral of Turin]] to protest against detention conditions of "Brigadists" in Italian prisons and the imprisonment without trial of Vanni Mulinaris, who was recognized innocent sometimes afterwards.<ref>[http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/inventaires2000/2000050-2.html CAMT. Répertoire papiers Abbé Pierre/Emmaus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513143152/http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/inventaires2000/2000050-2.html |date=May 13, 2008 }}, on the website of the French ''[[Archives Nationales (France)|Archives Nationales]]'' (National Archives) {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni recalled in the ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' in 2007 that a niece of the Abbé was a secretary at Hyperion language school in Paris, directed by Vanni Mulinaris, and married to one of the Italians refugees then wanted by the Italian justice.<ref name="archivio.corriere.it">[http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=/documenti_globnet/corsera/2007/01/co_9_070123007.xml «Quel giorno in Tribunale con lui Difese i terroristi rossi e l' Hyperion»] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319074210/http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=%2Fdocumenti_globnet%2Fcorsera%2F2007%2F01%2Fco_9_070123007.xml |date=March 19, 2007 }}, ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|it}}</ref> According to the ''Corriere della Sera'', it would even have been him who convinced then president François Mitterrand to grant protection from [[Mitterrand doctrine|extradition to left-wing]] Italian activists who took refuge in France and had broken with their past.<ref>[http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=/documenti_globnet/corsera/2007/01/co_9_070123006.xml Abbé Pierre, il frate ribelle che scelse gli emarginati] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319074219/http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=%2Fdocumenti_globnet%2Fcorsera%2F2007%2F01%2Fco_9_070123006.xml |date=March 19, 2007 }}, ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|it}}</ref>
More than 20 years later, the [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]], Italian press agency, recalled that he had supported in 2005 one of his physicians, Michele d'Auria, who was a former member of ''[[Prima Linea]]'', an Italian far-left group, and was accused of having participated in hold-ups during 1990. Like many other Italian activists, he had exiled himself to France during the "[[years of lead (Italy)|years of lead]]", and then joined the Emmaus companions.<ref>[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/230519.FR.php D'inattendues amitiés brigadistes], ''[[Libération]]'', 24 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ''[[La Repubblica]]'' specified that Italian justice has recognized the innocence of all people close to the Hyperion School.<ref>AFP news cable: "ROME, 23 January 2007 (AFP) - L'Abbé Pierre et les Brigades rouges italiennes: un épisode méconnu" (23 January 2007), published on ''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]''{{'}}s website [http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/070123152331.3hduui9h.htm here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126093637/http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/070123152331.3hduui9h.htm |date=2007-01-26 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
Following Grouès' death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni declared to the ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' that during the abduction of [[Aldo Moro]] Abbé Pierre had gone to the Christian Democrats' headquarters in Rome in an attempt to speak with its secretary [[Benigno Zaccagnini]], in favor of a "hard line" of refusal of negotiations along with the BR.<ref name="archivio.corriere.it"/>
In 1988, Abbé Pierre met representatives of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to discuss the difficult financial, monetary and human issues brought by the huge [[Third World debt]] (starting in 1982, Mexico had announced it could not pay the service of its debt, triggering the 1980s [[Latin American debt crisis]]). In the 1990s, the Abbé criticized the [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid regime in South Africa]]. In 1995, after a three-year-long [[siege of Sarajevo]], he went there to exhort nations of the world to put an end to the violence, and requested French military operation against the [[Serb]] positions in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
During the [[Gulf War]] (1990–91), Abbé Pierre directly addressed himself to US President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Iraq President [[Saddam Hussein]]. He asked French president François Mitterrand to engage himself in matters concerning refugees, in particular by the creation of a stronger organisation than the current [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UN High Commissioner for Refugees]] (HCR). He encountered this year the [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] during inter-religious peace encounters. A staunch supporter of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian cause]], he has attracted attention with some of his statements on the [[Israeli-Palestine conflict]].<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6288409.stm Nation to honour French activist], ''[[BBC]]'', 22 January 2007 {{in lang|en}}</ref>
His support "à titre amical" ("in title of friendship") for [[Roger Garaudy]] in 1996 brought controversy. The "Garaudy Affair" had been revealed in January 1996 by the ''[[Le Canard enchaîné|Canard enchaîné]]'' satirical newspaper, which prompted a series of denunciations against his book, "The Foundational Myths of Israeli Politics", and led Garaudy to be charged of [[historical revisionism (negationism)|negationism]] (before being convicted in 1998, under the 1990 [[Gayssot Act]]). But Garaudy provoked public indignation when he announced in March that he was supported by the Abbé Pierre, who was immediately excluded from the honour committee of the [[International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism|LICRA]] (International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism). The Abbé condemned those who tried to "negate, banalize or falsify the Shoah", but his continued support to Garaudy as a friend was criticized by all anti-racist, Jewish organisations ([[MRAP (French NGO)|MRAP]], [[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France|CRIF]], [[Anti-Defamation League]], etc.) and the Church hierarchy.<ref>[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-05-02/1996-05-02-751113 L’abbé Pierre exclu de la LICRA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050621122300/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-05-02/1996-05-02-751113 |date=June 21, 2005 }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 2 May 1996 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> His friend [[Bernard Kouchner]], co-founder of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF), criticized him for "absolving the intolerable,<ref>[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-30/1996-04-30-751021 L’abbé Pierre persiste et s’exclut de la LICRA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419182343/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-30/1996-04-30-751021 |date=April 19, 2006 }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 30 April 1996 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>" while Cardinal [[Jean-Marie Lustiger]] (and archbishop of Paris from 1981 to 2005) publicly disavowed him.<ref>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070122.OBS8073 L'ami du révisionniste Garaudy], ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]'', 27 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The Abbé then went into retreat in the [[Benedictine]] monastery of [[Praglia Abbey|Praglia]] near [[Padua, Italy]].<ref>See [[Abbazia di Praglia]]</ref> In the film documentary ''Un abbé nommé Pierre, une vie au service des autres'', the Abbé declared that his support had been towards the person of Roger Garaudy, and not towards statements in his book, which he had not read.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
The curator of the Deportation and Resistance Museum of the [[Isère]] department where Grouès carried out most of his resistance activities declared that Abbé Pierre would have merited ten times to be named [[Righteous Among the Nations]] for his struggle in favor of Jews during [[Vichy France|Vichy]].<ref name="Duclos"/>
Following this 1996 controversial support to a personal acquaintance, the Abbé was shunned for a period by the media,<ref name="DBD"/> although Grouès remained a popular figure.
==Positions on the Church hierarchy and the Vatican's policies==
The Abbé's positions towards the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]] and the [[Holy See|Vatican]] also brought controversy. His positions on social issues and engagements were at times explicitly socialist and opposed to the Church. {{Clarify|date=August 2013}} He maintained a relationship with the progressive French Catholic [[Jacques Gaillot|Bishop Jacques Gaillot]], to which he recalled his duty of "instinct of a measured insolence".<ref name="DBD"/> He did not like [[Saint Teresa of Calcutta|Mother Teresa]]; despite her work for the poor, her strict adherence to Catholic teaching on morality did not sit well with Abbé Pierre's left wing ideology. He had difficult relations with the Vatican. ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'', not known for reporting the deaths of priests, did not report on his death right away in 2007. Even though it is not customary for the Pope to offer condolences on the death of individual priests, Abbé Pierre's supporters were heavily critical of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] for not making an exception. Father Lombardi, spokesman of the Vatican, pointed journalists to the statement made by the French Church, while Benedict XVI did mention his death in private audiences. Official reactions from the Church came in two interviews of French cardinals, [[Roger Etchegaray]] and [[Paul Poupard]]. His criticisms of what he considered the lavish lifestyle of the Vatican got him a lot of publicity (especially when he reproached [[John Paul II]] for his expensive travels), but were not well received by the public. [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] [[Tarcisio Bertone]] lauded his "action in favor of poor":<ref>[http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/e-docs/00/00/D1/61/document_une.phtml L’abbé Pierre: un prêtre gênant même après sa mort] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126101653/http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/e-docs/00/00/D1/61/document_une.phtml |date=January 26, 2007 }}, ''[[Marianne (magazine)|Marianne]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> "Informed of the death of Abbe Pierre, the Holy Father gives thanks for his activity in favor of the poorest, by which he bore witness to the charity that comes from Christ. Entrusting to divine mercy this priest whose whole life was dedicated to fighting poverty, he asks the Lord to welcome him into the peace of His kingdom. By way of comfort and hope, His Holiness sends you a heartfelt apostolic blessing, which he extends to the family of the departed, to members of the communities of Emmaus, and to everyone gathering for the funeral".{{citation needed|date=February 2007}}
His support for the [[ordination of women]]<ref>[http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ FRENCH CHAMPION OF HOMELESS DIES AGED 94] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160157/http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ |date=September 30, 2007 }}, by Delphine Strauss, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 22 January 2007 AND English transl. of ''[[Le Monde]]'' obituary, "ABBÉ PIERRE, FOUNDER OF EMMAÜS, IS DEAD", 23 January 2007 ([http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html original article here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309051526/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html |date=2007-03-09 }} {{in lang|en|fr}}</ref> and for [[clerical marriage|married clergy]] put him at odds with Catholic tradition, Church leaders and a substantial portion of French Catholics that followed the traditional teaching of the Church. The same stances, according to [[BBC|British state media]], made him popular among the declining number of left-wing Catholics in France.<ref name="BBC"/> In his book ''Mon Dieu… pourquoi?'' (God… Why?, 2005), co-written with [[Frédéric Lenoir]], he admitted to breaking his solemn promise of [[clerical celibacy|celibacy]] by having had casual sex with women.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1602564,00.html Sex confessions of 'living saint' shock France], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 October 2005 {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2cc534fe-aa35-11db-83b0-0000779e2340.html French champion of homeless dies aged 94], ''[[Financial Times]]'', January 22, 2007</ref> Despite very strong grassroots opposition to adoption by same-sex couples, Abbé Pierre dismissed people's concerns that it deprives children of a mother or father and turns them into objects. The Abbé also opposed the traditional Catholic policy on [[contraceptives]].<ref name="DBD"/>
== Global policy ==
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt a [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status= |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref>
==Public image==
===International recognition===
Abbé Pierre had the distinction of having been voted France's most popular person for many years, though he was surpassed in 2003 by [[Zinedine Zidane]], moving to second place.<ref>[http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/OPINIONF/top50persoaout2005.asp Le Top 50 des personnalités - Août 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202040614/http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/OPINIONF/top50persoaout2005.asp |date=February 2, 2007 }}</ref> In 2005, Abbé Pierre came third in a television poll to choose ''[[Le Plus Grand Français]]'' (The Greatest Frenchman).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
In 1998, he has been made [[National Order of Quebec|Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec]] while in 2004, he was awarded the [[Légion d'honneur#Classes and insignia|Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor]] by [[Jacques Chirac]]. He also received the [[Balzan Prize]] for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood among Peoples in 1991 "For having fought, throughout his life, for the defence of human rights, democracy and peace. For having entirely dedicated himself to helping to relieve spiritual and physical suffering. For having inspired – regardless of nationality, race or religion – universal solidarity with the Emmaus Communities".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2008 |title=A Man of Humanity: Abbé Pierre (1912-2007) |url=https://divainternational.ch/a-man-of-humanity-abb-pierre-1912-2007.html}}</ref>
===Accidents and health problems===
{{Unreferenced|section|date=September 2024}}
He was often sick, particularly in the lungs when he was young. He was left unscathed in several dangerous situations:
* In 1950, while on a flight in India, his plane had to make an emergency landing due to engine failure.
* In 1963, his ship was shipwrecked in the [[Río de la Plata]], between Argentina and Uruguay. He survived by clinging to a wooden part of the ship, while around him 80 passengers died. On a later trip to Algiers he showed the pocket knife which had enabled him to survive this ordeal.
===Sexual abuse===
{{Main article|Abbé Pierre sexual abuse scandal}}
In July 2024, the Fondation Abbé Pierre and Emmaus issued a statement about the results of an investigation they had commissioned after reports of abuse by Pierre had come to light. An independent research group reported that seven women (one of them a minor at the time of abuse) gave testimony about abuse they suffered at the hands of the French priest between the late 1970s and 2005.<ref>{{cite news| agency=AFP| title=L'abbé Pierre est accusé de violences sexuelles par plusieurs femmes, annoncent Emmaüs et la Fondation Abbé-Pierre|trans-title=Abbé Pierre is accused of sexual violence by several women, announce Emmaus and the Fondation Abbé Pierre| publisher=[[France Info]] | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/harcelement-sexuel/l-abbe-pierre-est-accuse-de-violences-sexuelles-par-plusieurs-femmes-annoncent-emmaus-et-la-fondation-abbe-pierre_6671463.html | language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plummer |first=Robert |date=July 18, 2024 |title=French priest accused of sexual assaults 17 years after death |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7955vg9w8o |website=BBC}}</ref>
Further, more serious, allegations from several women were reported in September 2024, leading to the Abbé Pierre Foundation being retitled, and Emmaus France voting on removing the priest's name from its logo. The Abbé Pierre Centre in Esteville in Normandy, where he lived for many years and is buried, was to close, and the disposal of hundreds of statuettes, busts and other images of the charity's creator was discussed. There was evidence that colleagues in Emmaus and the Catholic Church knew about Abbé Pierre's sexual behaviour, but did not speak out.<ref>{{cite news| last=Schofield | first=Hugh | title=New abuse allegations emerge against venerated Abbé Pierre | publisher=BBC News | date=9 September 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9d1z4lpqpno}}</ref>
== Death ==
Abbé Pierre remained active until his death on 22 January 2007 in the [[Val-de-Grâce]] military hospital in Paris, following a lung infection, aged 94.<ref>"Abbe Pierre, French campaigner for the poor, dies," [[Reuters]] news cable of Monday January 22, 2007 4:50am, ET31 - Temporarily available [http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2007-01-22T094927Z_01_L22731467_RTRUKOC_0_US-FRANCE-ABBEPIERRE.xml&WTmodLoc=IntNewsHome_C2_worldNews-6 here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331061726/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews |date=2007-03-31 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> He took a stance on most social struggles: supporting [[illegal aliens]], assisting the homeless on the "Enfants de Don Quichotte" movement (end of 2006-start of 2007) and social movements in favor of requisitioning empty buildings and offices ([[squatting|squats]]), etc. He continued to read ''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]'', the Catholic social newspaper every day.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.MAG000000512_notre_hommage.html L'abbé Pierre, l'insurgé de Dieu], ''[[Le Figaro|Le Figaro Magazine]]'', January 26, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In January 2007, he went to the National Assembly to lobby for a law on lodging homeless people.<ref name="LeMondeobit"/> Following his death, the Minister of Social Cohesion [[Jean-Louis Borloo]] ([[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]) decided to give Abbé Pierre's name to the law, despite the latter's scepticism of the law's real value.<ref>[http://humanite.fr/journal/2007-01-23/2007-01-23-844505 Le nom de l’Abbé Pierre réquisitionné par Borloo]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In 2005 he opposed conservative deputies who wanted to reform the [[Jean-Claude Gayssot|Gayssot Act]] on housing projects (''loi SRU''), which would have imposed a 20% housing project limit in each town.<ref name="NecroHuma"/>
After homage by dignitaries, several hundred ordinary Parisians (among them professor [[Albert Jacquard]], who worked with the abbé for the cause of homelessness) went to the Val-de-Grâce chapel to pay their respects.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20070124.WWW000000359_dernier_hommage_a_labbe_pierre.html Des centaines de Parisiens venus saluer l'abbé Pierre], ''[[Le Figaro]]'', January 24, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> His funeral on 26 January 2007 at the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris]] was attended by numerous dignitaries: President [[Jacques Chirac]], former President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], Prime Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]], many French [[Minister (government)|Minister]]s, and the Companions of Emmaus, who were seated in the cathedral's first rows according to Abbé Pierre's last wishes. He was buried in a cemetery in [[Esteville]], a small village in [[Seine-Maritime]] where he once lived.<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-859915@51-857899,0.html L'abbé Pierre inhumé dans l'intimité] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128015318/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-859915@51-857899,0.html |date=2007-01-28 }}, ''[[Le Monde]]'' (with the [[Agence France-Presse]], 25 January 2007 — actualized on January 26) {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
==Honours==
*{{flag|France}}:
**[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (2004)<ref name="jorf20040714">{{Cite journal|journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]|volume=2004|issue=162|title=Décret du 13 juillet 2004 portant élévation aux dignités de grand'croix et de grand officier|date=14 July 2004|page=12696|id=PREX0407464D|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0407464D|access-date=9 April 2009}}
</ref>
**[[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (1992){{efn|He was nominated in 1992 but he hadn't accepted to receive the award until 19 April 2001, in protest of French government refusing to grant vacant lodgings to homeless people.}}
**[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|70px]] Commander of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (1987)
**[[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|70px]] Officer of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (1981)
**[[File:Medaille militaire ribbon.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Médaille militaire]]
** [[File:Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with palm France - ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Croix de guerre 1939-1945|Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with bronze palms]]
** [[File:Medaille de la Resistance ribbon.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Médaille de la Résistance]]
*{{flag|Quebec}}:
**[[File:National Order Quebec ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Grand Officer of the [[National Order of Quebec]]
==Awards==
* [[Balzan Prize]]
== Bibliography ==
He has written many books and articles, including a book for children aged over ten, titled ''C'est quoi la mort?''. Many of his publications are translated into English. All [[authors' rights]] (books, discs and videos) are versed to the ''Fondation Abbé Pierre'' concerning lodging and accommodations for those lacking these fundamental rights.
* 1987: ''Bernard Chevallier interroge l'abbé Pierre: Emmaüs ou venger l'homme'', with Bernard Chevalier, éd. LGF/Livre de Poche, Paris. — {{ISBN|2-253-04151-3}}.
* 1988: ''Cent poèmes contre la misère'', éd. Le Cherche-midi, Paris — {{ISBN|2-86274-141-8}}.
* 1993: ''Dieu et les hommes'', with Bernard Kouchner, éd. Robert Laffont — {{ISBN|2-221-07618-4}}.
* 1994: ''Testament…'' — {{ISBN|2-7242-8103-9}}. Réédition 2005, éd. Bayard/Centurion, Paris — {{ISBN|2-227-47532-3}}.
* 1994: ''Une terre et des hommes'', éd. Cerf, Paris.
* 1994: ''Absolu'', éd. Seuil, Paris.
* 1996: ''Dieu merci'', éd. Fayard/Centurion, Paris.
* 1996: ''Le bal des exclus'', éd. Fayard, Paris.
* 1997: ''Mémoires d'un croyant'', éd. Fayard, Paris.
* 1999: ''Fraternité'', éd. Fayard, Paris.
* 1999: ''Paroles'', éd. Actes Sud, Paris.
* 1999: ''C'est quoi la mort?''
* 1999: ''J'attendrai le plaisir du Bon Dieu: l'intégrale des entretiens d'Edmond Blattchen'', éd. Alice, Paris.
* 2000: ''En route vers l'absolu'', éd. [[Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion]], Paris.
* 2001: ''La Planète des pauvres. Le tour du monde à vélo des communautés Emmaüs'', de Louis Harenger, Michel Friedman, Emmaus international, Abbé Pierre, éd. J'ai lu, Paris — {{ISBN|2-290-30999-0}}.
* 2002: ''Confessions'', éd. [[Albin Michel]], Paris — {{ISBN|2-226-13051-9}}.
* 2002: ''Je voulais être marin, missionnaire ou brigand'', rédigé avec Denis Lefèvre, éd. Le Cherche-midi, Paris — {{ISBN|2-7491-0015-1}}. Réédition en livre de poche, éd. J'ai lu, Paris — {{ISBN|2-290-34221-1}}.
* 2004: ''L'Abbé Pierre, la construction d'une légende'', by Philippe Falcone, éd. Golias — {{ISBN|2-914475-49-7}}.
* 2004: ''L'Abbé Pierre parle aux jeunes'', with Pierre-Roland Saint-Dizier, éd. Du Signe, Paris — {{ISBN|2-7468-1257-6}}.
* 2005: ''Le sourire d'un ange'', éd. Elytis, Paris.
* 2005: ''Mon Dieu… pourquoi? Petites méditations sur la foi chrétienne et le sens de la vie'', with [[Frédéric Lenoir]], éd. [[Plon (publisher)|Plon]] — {{ISBN|2-259-20140-7}}.
* 2006: ''Servir: Paroles de vie'', with Albine Navarino, éd. Presses du Châtelet, Paris — {{ISBN|2-84592-186-1}}.
== Discography (interviews, etc.) ==
* 2001: ''Radioscopie: Abbé Pierre - Entretien avec Jacques Chancel'', CD Audio - {{OCLC|416996272}}.
* 1988-2003: ''Éclats De Voix'', suite de CD Audio, Poèmes et réflexions, en 4 volumes:
** Vol. 1: ''Le Temps des Catacombes'', rééd. label Celia - {{OCLC|416996232}}.
** Vol. 2: ''Hors de Soi'', rééd. label Celia - {{OCLC|416996251}}.
** Vol. 3: ''Corsaire de Dieu'', rééd. label Celia - {{OCLC|416996232}}.
** Vol. 4: ''?'', label Scalen - {{OCLC|401716081}}.
* 2005: Le CD ''Testament…'', pour fêter le 56<sup>e</sup> anniversaire de la Foundation d'Emmaüs (réflexions personnelles, textes et paroles inspirées de la [[Bible]]) - {{ISBN|2-227-47532-3}}.
* 2005: ''Avant de partir…'', le testament audio de l'Abbé Pierre, CD audio et vidéos pour PC, prières et musiques de méditation - {{OCLC|319795796}}.
* 2006: ''L'Insurgé de l'amour'', label Revues Bayard, Paris - {{OCLC|936964597}}.
* 2006: ''Paroles de Paix de l'Abbé Pierre'', CD audio, label Fremeux - {{OCLC|419366250}}.
== Filmography ==
* 1955: ''[[Les Chiffonniers d'Emmaüs]]'' from [[Robert Darène]] with [[Pierre Mondy]].
* 1989: ''[[Hiver 54, l'abbé Pierre]]'' from [[Denis Amar]], with [[Lambert Wilson]] and [[Claudia Cardinale]].
* 2023: ''[[Abbé Pierre – A Century of Devotion]]'' from Frédéric Tellier with [[Benjamin Lavernhe]] and [[Emmanuelle Bercot]].
==See also==
* [[Emmaus Mouvement]]
* [[Streetwise priest]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Abbé Pierre}}
* [http://www.emmaus-international.org/en/ Emmaus International, Abbé Pierre's sole legatee]
* [http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/ Fondation Abbé Pierre]
* [http://www.balzan.it International Balzan Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214008/http://www.ufppc.org/us-a-world-news-mainmenu-35/5614/ Obituary in ''Le Monde'' (Paris), 23 January 2007 (English translation)]
* [http://www.lefigaro.fr/une/20070122.WWW000000911_le_premier_appel_de_l_abbe_pierre_dans_le_figaro.html 7 January 1954 call for homeless people], published in ''[[Le Figaro]]'' (22 January 2007)
* [http://atheisme.free.fr/Revue_presse/Mort_abbe_pierre.htm French review of press titles for his death]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8dPq5tSg6c An "Insight" episode which mentions Abbe Pierre], who was portrayed by [[Ricardo Montalbán]]
{{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pierre, Abbe}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Abbé Pierre|*]]
[[Category:20th-century French Roman Catholic priests]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|French Roman Catholic priest
<span lang="en" dir='''</span>{{Infobox person
| name = Abbé Pierre
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|GOQ}}
| image = ABBE PIERRE-1999Without.jpg
| caption = Pierre in 1999
| birth_name = Henri Marie Joseph Grouès
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|8|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lyon]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|1|22|1912|8|5}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| known_for = Founder of [[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaus]]
| party = [[Popular Republican Movement|MRP]]
| module =
{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]<br>for [[Meurthe-et-Moselle]]
| term = 1 October 1945 – 4 July 1951
}}
}}
'''Abbé Pierre''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|GOQ}} (''[[Abbot]] Pierre''; born '''Henri Marie Joseph Grouès''';<ref name="jorf20040714"/> 5 August 1912{{spnd}}22 January 2007) was a French [[Catholic priest]]. He was a member of the [[Resistance (France)|Resistance]] during [[World War II]] and deputy of the [[Popular Republican Movement]] (MRP).
In 1949, he founded the [[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaus]] movement, with the goal of helping poor and homeless people and refugees. For years, he was one of the most popular figures in France. Allegations of sexual abuse almost 20 years after his death shocked the French public.
== Youth and education ==
Grouès was born on 5 August 1912 in Lyon, France to a wealthy Catholic family of [[silk]] traders, the fifth of eight children. His aunt was the writer [[Héra Mirtel]]. He spent his childhood in [[Irigny]], near Lyon. He was twelve when he met [[François Chabbey]] and went for the first time with his father to an Order circle, the brotherhood of the "''[[Hospitaliers veilleurs]]''" in which the mainly middle-class members would serve the poor by providing barber services.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Grouès became a member of the ''[[Scouts de France]]'' in which he was nicknamed "Meditative Beaver" (''Castor méditatif''). In 1928, aged 16, he made the decision to join a monastic order, but he had to wait until he was seventeen and a half to fulfill this ambition. In 1931, Grouès entered the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin Order]], renouncing his inheritance and offering all his possessions to charity.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
Known as ''frère Philippe'' (Brother Philippe), he entered the monastery of [[Crest, Drôme|Crest]] in 1932, where he lived for seven years and was ordained a priest on 24 August 1938. He had to leave in 1939 after developing severe lung infections, which made monastic life difficult to cope with. He became [[chaplain]] to the sick at several places<ref name="NecroHuma"/> and then was nominated as [[curate]] of [[Grenoble]]'s cathedral in April 1939, only a few months before the [[invasion of Poland]].<ref>[http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/abbe_pierre.html Fondation Abbé Pierre] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123010946/http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/abbe_pierre.html |date=January 23, 2007 }}</ref>
The theologian [[Henri de Lubac]] told him on the day of his priestly ordination: "Ask the Holy Spirit to grant you the same [[anti-clericalism]] of the saints".<ref>«demandez à l'Esprit saint qu'il vous accorde l'anticléricalisme des saints», quote in [http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.WWW000000593_le_diable_et_le_bon_dieu.html ''Le diable et le bon dieu''], ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 26 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
==World War II==
When [[World War II]] broke out in 1939, he was mobilised as a [[non-commissioned officer]] in the train transport corps. According to his official biography, he helped Jewish people to escape [[Nazi Germany#Persecution of Jews|Nazi persecution]] following the July 1942 mass arrests in Paris, called the ''[[Vel' d'Hiv Roundup|Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv]]'', and another raid in the area of Grenoble in the non-occupied zone: "In July 1942, two fleeing Jews asked him for help. Having discovered the persecution taking place, he immediately went to learn how to make false passports. Starting in August 1942, he guided Jewish people to Switzerland".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=P. J. |url=https://www.google.at/books/edition/Lives_That_Made_a_Difference/tGvTQHR216gC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22false+passports.+Starting+in+August%22&pg=PA187&printsec=frontcover |title=Lives That Made a Difference |date= |publisher=Strategic Book Publishing |isbn=978-1-62212-014-7 |publication-date=2012 |pages=187 |language=en}}</ref>
His pseudonym dates from his work with the [[French Resistance]] during the Second World War, when he operated under several different names. Based in Grenoble, an important center of the Resistance, he helped Jews and politically persecuted escape to Switzerland.<ref>[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=115372007 Abbé Pierre, the conscience of France, dies at the age of 94] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918205712/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=115372007 |date=2007-09-18 }}, ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|en}}</ref> In 1942, he assisted [[Jacques de Gaulle]] (the brother of [[Charles de Gaulle]]) and his wife escape to Switzerland.<ref name="Duclos">[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/societe/230198.FR.php Il aurait mérité dix fois d'être fait "Juste parmi les nations"], testimony of Jean-Claude Duclos, curator of the Musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation de l'Isère, in ''[[Libération]]'', 25 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
He participated in establishing a section of the ''[[Maquis (World War II)|maquis]]'' where he officially became one of the local leaders in the [[Vercors Plateau]] and in the [[Chartreuse Mountains]]. He helped people to avoid being taken into the ''[[Service du travail obligatoire]]'' (STO), the Nazi forced-labour program agreed upon with [[Pierre Laval]], by creating in [[Grenoble]] the first refuge for resistants to the STO; he founded the clandestine newspaper ''L'Union patriotique indépendante''.<ref name="NecroHuma">[http://humanite.fr/journal/2007-01-23/2007-01-23-844445 L'insurgé de la bonté]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="LeMondeobit">In ''Le Monde''{{'}}s obituary, in English: [http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ "ABBÉ PIERRE, FOUNDER OF EMMAÜS, IS DEAD"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160157/http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ |date=September 30, 2007 }}, 23 January 2007 ([http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html original article here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309051526/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html |date=2007-03-09 }}) {{in lang|en|fr}}</ref> For a time, in 1943, he was given shelter by [[Lucie Coutaz]], a Resistance member who later became his secretary and was his assistant in his charity work until her death in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreabbepierreemmausesteville.wordpress.com/2011/01/13/mlle-lucie-coutaz/|title=Mlle Lucie Coutaz|website=Centre Abbe Pierre Emmaus Esteville|date=13 January 2011 |access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>
He was arrested twice, once in 1944 by the Nazi police in the city of [[Cambo-les-Bains]] in the [[Pyrénées-Atlantiques]], but was quickly released and travelled to Spain then [[Gibraltar]] before joining the [[Free French Forces]] of General de Gaulle in [[Algeria]].<ref name="LeMondeobit"/> In the Free North Africa, he became a [[chaplain]] in the [[French Navy]] on the battleship ''[[French battleship Jean Bart (1940)|Jean Bart]]'' in [[Casablanca]]. He had become an important symbol of the French Resistance.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
At the end of the war, he was awarded the [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|''Croix de guerre 1939-1945'']] with bronze palms and the ''[[Médaille de la Résistance]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==Political career (1945–51) and the 1960s/70s==
When the war was over, following de Gaulle's entourage's advice and the approbation of the [[archbishop of Paris]], Abbé Pierre was elected [[National Assembly (France)|deputy]] for [[Meurthe-et-Moselle|Meurthe-et-Moselle department]] in both [[French Fourth Republic#Founding of the Fourth Republic (1944–1954)|National Constituent Assemblies]] in 1945–1946 as an independent close to the [[Popular Republican Movement]] (MRP), mainly consisting of Christian democratic members of the Resistance. In 1946, he was re-elected as a member of the National Assembly, but this time as a member of the MRP. Abbé Pierre became vice-president of the [[World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy|World Federalist Movement]] in 1947, a universal federalist movement.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
After a bloody accident resulting in the death of a blue-collar worker, Édouard Mazé, in Brest in 1950, Henri Antoine Grouès decided to put an end to his MRP affiliation on 28 April 1950, writing a letter titled ''"Pourquoi je quitte le MRP"'' ("Why I'm leaving the MRP"), where he denounced the political and social attitude of the MRP party. He then joined the [[Christian socialist]] movement named ''[[Ligue de la jeune République]]'', created in 1912 by [[Marc Sangnier]], but decided to finally end his political career. In 1951, before the end of his mandate, he returned to his first vocation: helping the homeless. With the modest funds he had received as a deputy, he invested in a run-down house near Paris in the [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] neighbourhood, repairing the whole house. He made it the first Emmaus base (because, according to him, it was simply too big for one person).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
Although the priest had left [[representative democracy|representative politics]], preferring to invest his energies in the Emmaus charity movement, he never completely abandoned the political field, taking strong stances on many and various subjects. Thus, when the [[decolonization]] movement was slowly beginning to emerge in the whole world, he attempted in 1956 to convince Tunisian leader [[Habib Bourguiba]] to obtain independence without using violence. Present in various international conferences at the end of the 1950s, he met Colombian priest [[Camilo Torres Restrepo|Camilo Torres]] (1929–1966), a predecessor of [[Liberation theology]], who asked for his advice on the Colombian Church's criticism of "workers' priests". He was also received by US president [[Dwight David Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and [[Mohammed V of Morocco]] in 1955 and 1956. In 1962, he resided for several months in [[Charles de Foucauld]]'s retreat in [[Béni-Abbés]] (Algeria). {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
Abbé Pierre was then called to India in 1971 by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] to represent, along with the ''[[Ligue des droits de l'homme]]'' (Human Rights League) France in the issues of refugees. [[Indira Gandhi]] then invited him to deal with the question of Bengali refugees, and Grouès founded Emmaus communities in [[Bangladesh]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==Emmaus==
=== 1949: the origin ===
[[Emmaus (charity)|Emmaus]] (''Emmaüs'' in French) was started in 1949. Its name is a reference to a village in Palestine appearing in the [[Gospel of Luke]], where two disciples extended hospitality to Jesus just after his resurrection without recognizing him. In that way, Emmaus's mission is to help poor and homeless people. It is a secular organization. In 1950 the first community of Emmaus companions was created in [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] close to Paris in France. The Emmaus community raises funds for the construction of housing by selling used goods. "Emmaus, it's a little like the wheelbarrow, the shovels and the pickaxes coming before the banners. A sort of social fuel derived from salvaging defeating men".<ref>Albine Novarino. (2007) ''L'abbé Pierre: Citations'' (French) Paris: Huitième Jour Editions. {{ISBN|978-2-914119-88-7}}</ref>
There were initial difficulties raising funds, so in 1952, Abbé Pierre decided to be a contestant on the [[Radio Luxembourg (French)|Radio Luxembourg]] game show ''Quitte ou double'' (''Double or Nothing'') for the prize money; he ended up winning 256,000 [[French franc|francs]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
===Winter 1954: "Uprising of kindness"===
Grouès became famous during the extremely cold winter of 1954 in France, when [[homeless]] people were dying in the streets. Following the failure of the projected law on lodgings, he gave a well-remembered speech on [[Radio Luxembourg (French)|Radio Luxembourg]] on 1 February 1954, and asked ''[[Le Figaro]]'', a conservative newspaper, to publish his call, in which he stated soberly that "a woman froze to death tonight at 3:00 AM, on the pavement of Sebastopol Boulevard, clutching the eviction notice which the day before had made her homeless". He went on to describe the drama of homeless life, claiming that in "every town in France, in every quarter of Paris" ministry was needed based on "these simple words: 'If you suffer, whoever you are, enter, eat, sleep, recover hope, here you are loved'".<ref>[http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Appel_de_l%27Abb%C3%A9_Pierre l'Appel de l'Abbé Pierre] {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
The next morning, the press wrote of an "uprising of kindness" (''insurrection de la bonté'') and the now-famous call for help ended up raising 500 million francs in donations ([[Charlie Chaplin]] gave 2 million<ref name="LeMondeobit"/>). This enormous amount was totally unexpected; telephone operators and the postal service were overwhelmed, and owing to the volume of donations, several weeks were needed just to sort them, distribute them, and find a place to stock them throughout the country. Moreover, this call attracted volunteers from all over the country to help them, including wealthy ''[[bourgeoisie|bourgeoises]]'' who were emotionally shaken by the Abbé's call: first to do the redistribution, but then to duplicate the effort all around France. Quite quickly, Grouès had to organise his movement by creating the ''Emmaus communities'' on 23 March 1954. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Abbé Pierre (1955).jpg|thumb|Abbé Pierre (1955)]]
A book was written by Boris Simon called ''Abbé Pierre and the ragpickers of Emmaus''. It spread knowledge about the Emmaus community. In 1955, the priest gave [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Eisenhower]] an English translation of the book in the oval office. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} The Emmaus communities quickly spread worldwide. Grouès traveled to [[Beyrouth]] (Beirut, Lebanon) in 1959, to assist in the creation of the first multiconfessional Emmaus group there; it was founded by a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni (Muslim)]], a [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite (Catholic)]] archbishop and a [[Maronite Church|Maronite (Christian)]] writer. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==1980s to 2000s==
After the [[1981 French presidential election|1981 election]] of President [[François Mitterrand]] ([[French Socialist Party|Socialist Party]], PS), during which Abbé Pierre called for voters to [[Blank vote|vote in blank]]<ref>{{cite news| last=le Vaillant | first=Luc | title=L'abbé ne fait pas le moine | publisher=[[Libération]] | date=24 September 2002 | url=https://www.liberation.fr/portrait/2002/09/25/l-abbe-ne-fait-pas-le-moine_416436/ | language=fr }}</ref>), he supported the initiative of the French Premier [[Laurent Fabius]] (PS) to create in 1984 the ''[[Revenu minimum d'insertion]]'' (RMI), a welfare system for indigent people.<ref name="DBD">[http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.WWW000000593_le_diable_et_le_bon_dieu.html Le diable et le Bon Dieu], ''[[Le Figaro]]'', 26 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
The same year, he organized the operation "Charity Christmas", which, relayed by ''[[France Soir]]'', raised 6 million [[French franc|francs]] and 200 tons of products. The actor [[Coluche]], who had organized the charitable ''[[Restos du Cœur]]'', offered him 150 million French cents received by his organisation.<ref name="DBD"/> Coluche's huge success with the Restos du Cœur, caused by his popularity (Coluche had even tried to nominate himself as a candidate in the [[1981 French presidential election|1981 presidential election]] before withdrawing), convinced the Abbé again of the necessity and value of such charitable struggles and the usefulness of the media in such endeavours. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
In 1983, he spoke with Italian President [[Sandro Pertini]] to plead the cause of Vanni Mulinaris, imprisoned on charge of assistance to the [[Red Brigades]] (BR), and even observed eight days of [[hunger strike]] from 26 May to 3 June 1984 in the [[Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Turin)|Cathedral of Turin]] to protest against detention conditions of "Brigadists" in Italian prisons and the imprisonment without trial of Vanni Mulinaris, who was recognized innocent sometimes afterwards.<ref>[http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/inventaires2000/2000050-2.html CAMT. Répertoire papiers Abbé Pierre/Emmaus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513143152/http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/inventaires2000/2000050-2.html |date=May 13, 2008 }}, on the website of the French ''[[Archives Nationales (France)|Archives Nationales]]'' (National Archives) {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni recalled in the ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' in 2007 that a niece of the Abbé was a secretary at Hyperion language school in Paris, directed by Vanni Mulinaris, and married to one of the Italians refugees then wanted by the Italian justice.<ref name="archivio.corriere.it">[http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=/documenti_globnet/corsera/2007/01/co_9_070123007.xml «Quel giorno in Tribunale con lui Difese i terroristi rossi e l' Hyperion»] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319074210/http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=%2Fdocumenti_globnet%2Fcorsera%2F2007%2F01%2Fco_9_070123007.xml |date=March 19, 2007 }}, ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|it}}</ref> According to the ''Corriere della Sera'', it would even have been him who convinced then president François Mitterrand to grant protection from [[Mitterrand doctrine|extradition to left-wing]] Italian activists who took refuge in France and had broken with their past.<ref>[http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=/documenti_globnet/corsera/2007/01/co_9_070123006.xml Abbé Pierre, il frate ribelle che scelse gli emarginati] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319074219/http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=%2Fdocumenti_globnet%2Fcorsera%2F2007%2F01%2Fco_9_070123006.xml |date=March 19, 2007 }}, ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|it}}</ref>
More than 20 years later, the [[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]], Italian press agency, recalled that he had supported in 2005 one of his physicians, Michele d'Auria, who was a former member of ''[[Prima Linea]]'', an Italian far-left group, and was accused of having participated in hold-ups during 1990. Like many other Italian activists, he had exiled himself to France during the "[[years of lead (Italy)|years of lead]]", and then joined the Emmaus companions.<ref>[http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/230519.FR.php D'inattendues amitiés brigadistes], ''[[Libération]]'', 24 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> ''[[La Repubblica]]'' specified that Italian justice has recognized the innocence of all people close to the Hyperion School.<ref>AFP news cable: "ROME, 23 January 2007 (AFP) - L'Abbé Pierre et les Brigades rouges italiennes: un épisode méconnu" (23 January 2007), published on ''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]''{{'}}s website [http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/070123152331.3hduui9h.htm here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126093637/http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/070123152331.3hduui9h.htm |date=2007-01-26 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
Following Grouès' death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni declared to the ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' that during the abduction of [[Aldo Moro]] Abbé Pierre had gone to the Christian Democrats' headquarters in Rome in an attempt to speak with its secretary [[Benigno Zaccagnini]], in favor of a "hard line" of refusal of negotiations along with the BR.<ref name="archivio.corriere.it"/>
In 1988, Abbé Pierre met representatives of the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to discuss the difficult financial, monetary and human issues brought by the huge [[Third World debt]] (starting in 1982, Mexico had announced it could not pay the service of its debt, triggering the 1980s [[Latin American debt crisis]]). In the 1990s, the Abbé criticized the [[Apartheid in South Africa|apartheid regime in South Africa]]. In 1995, after a three-year-long [[siege of Sarajevo]], he went there to exhort nations of the world to put an end to the violence, and requested French military operation against the [[Serb]] positions in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
During the [[Gulf War]] (1990–91), Abbé Pierre directly addressed himself to US President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Iraq President [[Saddam Hussein]]. He asked French president François Mitterrand to engage himself in matters concerning refugees, in particular by the creation of a stronger organisation than the current [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UN High Commissioner for Refugees]] (HCR). He encountered this year the [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] during inter-religious peace encounters. A staunch supporter of the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian cause]], he has attracted attention with some of his statements on the [[Israeli-Palestine conflict]].<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6288409.stm Nation to honour French activist], ''[[BBC]]'', 22 January 2007 {{in lang|en}}</ref>
His support "à titre amical" ("in title of friendship") for [[Roger Garaudy]] in 1996 brought controversy. The "Garaudy Affair" had been revealed in January 1996 by the ''[[Le Canard enchaîné|Canard enchaîné]]'' satirical newspaper, which prompted a series of denunciations against his book, "The Foundational Myths of Israeli Politics", and led Garaudy to be charged of [[historical revisionism (negationism)|negationism]] (before being convicted in 1998, under the 1990 [[Gayssot Act]]). But Garaudy provoked public indignation when he announced in March that he was supported by the Abbé Pierre, who was immediately excluded from the honour committee of the [[International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism|LICRA]] (International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism). The Abbé condemned those who tried to "negate, banalize or falsify the Shoah", but his continued support to Garaudy as a friend was criticized by all anti-racist, Jewish organisations ([[MRAP (French NGO)|MRAP]], [[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France|CRIF]], [[Anti-Defamation League]], etc.) and the Church hierarchy.<ref>[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-05-02/1996-05-02-751113 L’abbé Pierre exclu de la LICRA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050621122300/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-05-02/1996-05-02-751113 |date=June 21, 2005 }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 2 May 1996 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> His friend [[Bernard Kouchner]], co-founder of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (MSF), criticized him for "absolving the intolerable,<ref>[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-30/1996-04-30-751021 L’abbé Pierre persiste et s’exclut de la LICRA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419182343/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-30/1996-04-30-751021 |date=April 19, 2006 }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 30 April 1996 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>" while Cardinal [[Jean-Marie Lustiger]] (and archbishop of Paris from 1981 to 2005) publicly disavowed him.<ref>[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070122.OBS8073 L'ami du révisionniste Garaudy], ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]'', 27 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The Abbé then went into retreat in the [[Benedictine]] monastery of [[Praglia Abbey|Praglia]] near [[Padua, Italy]].<ref>See [[Abbazia di Praglia]]</ref> In the film documentary ''Un abbé nommé Pierre, une vie au service des autres'', the Abbé declared that his support had been towards the person of Roger Garaudy, and not towards statements in his book, which he had not read.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
The curator of the Deportation and Resistance Museum of the [[Isère]] department where Grouès carried out most of his resistance activities declared that Abbé Pierre would have merited ten times to be named [[Righteous Among the Nations]] for his struggle in favor of Jews during [[Vichy France|Vichy]].<ref name="Duclos"/>
Following this 1996 controversial support to a personal acquaintance, the Abbé was shunned for a period by the media,<ref name="DBD"/> although Grouès remained a popular figure.
==Positions on the Church hierarchy and the Vatican's policies==
The Abbé's positions towards the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]] and the [[Holy See|Vatican]] also brought controversy. His positions on social issues and engagements were at times explicitly socialist and opposed to the Church. {{Clarify|date=August 2013}} He maintained a relationship with the progressive French Catholic [[Jacques Gaillot|Bishop Jacques Gaillot]], to which he recalled his duty of "instinct of a measured insolence".<ref name="DBD"/> He did not like [[Saint Teresa of Calcutta|Mother Teresa]]; despite her work for the poor, her strict adherence to Catholic teaching on morality did not sit well with Abbé Pierre's left wing ideology. He had difficult relations with the Vatican. ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'', not known for reporting the deaths of priests, did not report on his death right away in 2007. Even though it is not customary for the Pope to offer condolences on the death of individual priests, Abbé Pierre's supporters were heavily critical of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] for not making an exception. Father Lombardi, spokesman of the Vatican, pointed journalists to the statement made by the French Church, while Benedict XVI did mention his death in private audiences. Official reactions from the Church came in two interviews of French cardinals, [[Roger Etchegaray]] and [[Paul Poupard]]. His criticisms of what he considered the lavish lifestyle of the Vatican got him a lot of publicity (especially when he reproached [[John Paul II]] for his expensive travels), but were not well received by the public. [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] [[Tarcisio Bertone]] lauded his "action in favor of poor":<ref>[http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/e-docs/00/00/D1/61/document_une.phtml L’abbé Pierre: un prêtre gênant même après sa mort] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126101653/http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/e-docs/00/00/D1/61/document_une.phtml |date=January 26, 2007 }}, ''[[Marianne (magazine)|Marianne]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> "Informed of the death of Abbe Pierre, the Holy Father gives thanks for his activity in favor of the poorest, by which he bore witness to the charity that comes from Christ. Entrusting to divine mercy this priest whose whole life was dedicated to fighting poverty, he asks the Lord to welcome him into the peace of His kingdom. By way of comfort and hope, His Holiness sends you a heartfelt apostolic blessing, which he extends to the family of the departed, to members of the communities of Emmaus, and to everyone gathering for the funeral".{{citation needed|date=February 2007}}
His support for the [[ordination of women]]<ref>[http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ FRENCH CHAMPION OF HOMELESS DIES AGED 94] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160157/http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/ |date=September 30, 2007 }}, by Delphine Strauss, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 22 January 2007 AND English transl. of ''[[Le Monde]]'' obituary, "ABBÉ PIERRE, FOUNDER OF EMMAÜS, IS DEAD", 23 January 2007 ([http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html original article here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309051526/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html |date=2007-03-09 }} {{in lang|en|fr}}</ref> and for [[clerical marriage|married clergy]] put him at odds with Catholic tradition, Church leaders and a substantial portion of French Catholics that followed the traditional teaching of the Church. The same stances, according to [[BBC|British state media]], made him popular among the declining number of left-wing Catholics in France.<ref name="BBC"/> In his book ''Mon Dieu… pourquoi?'' (God… Why?, 2005), co-written with [[Frédéric Lenoir]], he admitted to breaking his solemn promise of [[clerical celibacy|celibacy]] by having had casual sex with women.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1602564,00.html Sex confessions of 'living saint' shock France], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 October 2005 {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2cc534fe-aa35-11db-83b0-0000779e2340.html French champion of homeless dies aged 94], ''[[Financial Times]]'', January 22, 2007</ref> Despite very strong grassroots opposition to adoption by same-sex couples, Abbé Pierre dismissed people's concerns that it deprives children of a mother or father and turns them into objects. The Abbé also opposed the traditional Catholic policy on [[contraceptives]].<ref name="DBD"/>
== Global policy ==
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind}}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt a [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status= |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA)}}</ref>
==Public image==
===International recognition===
Abbé Pierre had the distinction of having been voted France's most popular person for many years, though he was surpassed in 2003 by [[Zinedine Zidane]], moving to second place.<ref>[http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/OPINIONF/top50persoaout2005.asp Le Top 50 des personnalités - Août 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202040614/http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/OPINIONF/top50persoaout2005.asp |date=February 2, 2007 }}</ref> In 2005, Abbé Pierre came third in a television poll to choose ''[[Le Plus Grand Français]]'' (The Greatest Frenchman).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
In 1998, he has been made [[National Order of Quebec|Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec]] while in 2004, he was awarded the [[Légion d'honneur#Classes and insignia|Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor]] by [[Jacques Chirac]]. He also received the [[Balzan Prize]] for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood among Peoples in 1991 "For having fought, throughout his life, for the defence of human rights, democracy and peace. For having entirely dedicated himself to helping to relieve spiritual and physical suffering. For having inspired – regardless of nationality, race or religion – universal solidarity with the Emmaus Communities".<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2008 |title=A Man of Humanity: Abbé Pierre (1912-2007) |url=https://divainternational.ch/a-man-of-humanity-abb-pierre-1912-2007.html}}</ref>
===Accidents and health problems===
{{Unreferenced|section|date=September 2024}}
He was often sick, particularly in the lungs when he was young. He was left unscathed in several dangerous situations:
* In 1950, while on a flight in India, his plane had to make an emergency landing due to engine failure.
* In 1963, his ship was shipwrecked in the [[Río de la Plata]], between Argentina and Uruguay. He survived by clinging to a wooden part of the ship, while around him 80 passengers died. On a later trip to Algiers he showed the pocket knife which had enabled him to survive this ordeal.
===Sexual abuse===
{{Main article|Abbé Pierre sexual abuse scandal}}
In July 2024, the Fondation Abbé Pierre and Emmaus issued a statement about the results of an investigation they had commissioned after reports of abuse by Pierre had come to light. An independent research group reported that seven women (one of them a minor at the time of abuse) gave testimony about abuse they suffered at the hands of the French priest between the late 1970s and 2005.<ref>{{cite news| agency=AFP| title=L'abbé Pierre est accusé de violences sexuelles par plusieurs femmes, annoncent Emmaüs et la Fondation Abbé-Pierre|trans-title=Abbé Pierre is accused of sexual violence by several women, announce Emmaus and the Fondation Abbé Pierre| publisher=[[France Info]] | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/harcelement-sexuel/l-abbe-pierre-est-accuse-de-violences-sexuelles-par-plusieurs-femmes-annoncent-emmaus-et-la-fondation-abbe-pierre_6671463.html | language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plummer |first=Robert |date=July 18, 2024 |title=French priest accused of sexual assaults 17 years after death |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7955vg9w8o |website=BBC}}</ref>
Further, more serious, allegations from several women were reported in September 2024, leading to the Abbé Pierre Foundation being retitled, and Emmaus France voting on removing the priest's name from its logo. The Abbé Pierre Centre in Esteville in Normandy, where he lived for many years and is buried, was to close, and the disposal of hundreds of statuettes, busts and other images of the charity's creator was discussed. There was evidence that colleagues in Emmaus and the Catholic Church knew about Abbé Pierre's sexual behaviour, but did not speak out.<ref>{{cite news| last=Schofield | first=Hugh | title=New abuse allegations emerge against venerated Abbé Pierre | publisher=BBC News | date=9 September 2024 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9d1z4lpqpno}}</ref>
== Death ==
Abbé Pierre remained active until his death on 22 January 2007 in the [[Val-de-Grâce]] military hospital in Paris, following a lung infection, aged 94.<ref>"Abbe Pierre, French campaigner for the poor, dies," [[Reuters]] news cable of Monday January 22, 2007 4:50am, ET31 - Temporarily available [http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2007-01-22T094927Z_01_L22731467_RTRUKOC_0_US-FRANCE-ABBEPIERRE.xml&WTmodLoc=IntNewsHome_C2_worldNews-6 here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070331061726/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews |date=2007-03-31 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> He took a stance on most social struggles: supporting [[illegal aliens]], assisting the homeless on the "Enfants de Don Quichotte" movement (end of 2006-start of 2007) and social movements in favor of requisitioning empty buildings and offices ([[squatting|squats]]), etc. He continued to read ''[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]'', the Catholic social newspaper every day.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.MAG000000512_notre_hommage.html L'abbé Pierre, l'insurgé de Dieu], ''[[Le Figaro|Le Figaro Magazine]]'', January 26, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In January 2007, he went to the National Assembly to lobby for a law on lodging homeless people.<ref name="LeMondeobit"/> Following his death, the Minister of Social Cohesion [[Jean-Louis Borloo]] ([[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]) decided to give Abbé Pierre's name to the law, despite the latter's scepticism of the law's real value.<ref>[http://humanite.fr/journal/2007-01-23/2007-01-23-844505 Le nom de l’Abbé Pierre réquisitionné par Borloo]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[L'Humanité]]'', 23 January 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In 2005 he opposed conservative deputies who wanted to reform the [[Jean-Claude Gayssot|Gayssot Act]] on housing projects (''loi SRU''), which would have imposed a 20% housing project limit in each town.<ref name="NecroHuma"/>
After homage by dignitaries, several hundred ordinary Parisians (among them professor [[Albert Jacquard]], who worked with the abbé for the cause of homelessness) went to the Val-de-Grâce chapel to pay their respects.<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20070124.WWW000000359_dernier_hommage_a_labbe_pierre.html Des centaines de Parisiens venus saluer l'abbé Pierre], ''[[Le Figaro]]'', January 24, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> His funeral on 26 January 2007 at the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris]] was attended by numerous dignitaries: President [[Jacques Chirac]], former President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], Prime Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]], many French [[Minister (government)|Minister]]s, and the Companions of Emmaus, who were seated in the cathedral's first rows according to Abbé Pierre's last wishes. He was buried in a cemetery in [[Esteville]], a small village in [[Seine-Maritime]] where he once lived.<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-859915@51-857899,0.html L'abbé Pierre inhumé dans l'intimité] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128015318/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-859915@51-857899,0.html |date=2007-01-28 }}, ''[[Le Monde]]'' (with the [[Agence France-Presse]], 25 January 2007 — actualized on January 26) {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
==Honours==
*{{flag|France}}:
**[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (2004)<ref name="jorf20040714">{{Cite journal|journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]|volume=2004|issue=162|title=Décret du 13 juillet 2004 portant élévation aux dignités de grand'croix et de grand officier|date=14 July 2004|page=12696|id=PREX0407464D|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0407464D|access-date=9 April 2009}}
</ref>
**[[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|70px]] Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (1992){{efn|He was nominated in 1992 but he hadn't accepted to receive the award until 19 April 2001, in protest of French government refusing to grant vacant lodgings to homeless people.}}
**[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|70px]] Commander of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (1987)
**[[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|70px]] Officer of the [[Legion of Honor|Order of the Legion of Honor]] (1981)
**[[File:Medaille militaire ribbon.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Médaille militaire]]
** [[File:Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with palm France - ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Croix de guerre 1939-1945|Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with bronze palms]]
** [[File:Medaille de la Resistance ribbon.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Médaille de la Résistance]]
*{{flag|Quebec}}:
**[[File:National Order Quebec ribbon bar.svg|70px]] Grand Officer of the [[National Order of Quebec]]
==Awards==
* [[Balzan Prize]]
== Bibliography ==
He has written many books and articles, including a book for children aged over ten, titled ''C'est quoi la mort?''. Many of his publications are translated into English. All [[authors' rights]] (books, discs and videos) are versed to the ''Fondation Abbé Pierre'' concerning lodging and accommodations for those lacking these fundamental rights.
* 1987: ''Bernard Chevallier interroge l'abbé Pierre: Emmaüs ou venger l'homme'', with Bernard Chevalier, éd. LGF/Livre de Poche, Paris. — {{ISBN|2-253-04151-3}}.
* 1988: ''Cent poèmes contre la misère'', éd. Le Cherche-midi, Paris — {{ISBN|2-86274-141-8}}.
* 1993: ''Dieu et les hommes'', with Bernard Kouchner, éd. Robert Laffont — {{ISBN|2-221-07618-4}}.
* 1994: ''Testament…'' — {{ISBN|2-7242-8103-9}}. Réédition 2005, éd. Bayard/Centurion, Paris — {{ISBN|2-227-47532-3}}.
* 1994: ''Une terre et des hommes'', éd. Cerf, Paris.
* 1994: ''Absolu'', éd. Seuil, Paris.
* 1996: ''Dieu merci'', éd. Fayard/Centurion, Paris.
* 1996: ''Le bal des exclus'', éd. Fayard, Paris.
* 1997: ''Mémoires d'un croyant'', éd. Fayard, Paris.
* 1999: ''Fraternité'', éd. Fayard, Paris.
* 1999: ''Paroles'', éd. Actes Sud, Paris.
* 1999: ''C'est quoi la mort?''
* 1999: ''J'attendrai le plaisir du Bon Dieu: l'intégrale des entretiens d'Edmond Blattchen'', éd. Alice, Paris.
* 2000: ''En route vers l'absolu'', éd. [[Groupe Flammarion|Flammarion]], Paris.
* 2001: ''La Planète des pauvres. Le tour du monde à vélo des communautés Emmaüs'', de Louis Harenger, Michel Friedman, Emmaus international, Abbé Pierre, éd. J'ai lu, Paris — {{ISBN|2-290-30999-0}}.
* 2002: ''Confessions'', éd. [[Albin Michel]], Paris — {{ISBN|2-226-13051-9}}.
* 2002: ''Je voulais être marin, missionnaire ou brigand'', rédigé avec Denis Lefèvre, éd. Le Cherche-midi, Paris — {{ISBN|2-7491-0015-1}}. Réédition en livre de poche, éd. J'ai lu, Paris — {{ISBN|2-290-34221-1}}.
* 2004: ''L'Abbé Pierre, la construction d'une légende'', by Philippe Falcone, éd. Golias — {{ISBN|2-914475-49-7}}.
* 2004: ''L'Abbé Pierre parle aux jeunes'', with Pierre-Roland Saint-Dizier, éd. Du Signe, Paris — {{ISBN|2-7468-1257-6}}.
* 2005: ''Le sourire d'un ange'', éd. Elytis, Paris.
* 2005: ''Mon Dieu… pourquoi? Petites méditations sur la foi chrétienne et le sens de la vie'', with [[Frédéric Lenoir]], éd. [[Plon (publisher)|Plon]] — {{ISBN|2-259-20140-7}}.
* 2006: ''Servir: Paroles de vie'', with Albine Navarino, éd. Presses du Châtelet, Paris — {{ISBN|2-84592-186-1}}.
== Discography (interviews, etc.) ==
* 2001: ''Radioscopie: Abbé Pierre - Entretien avec Jacques Chancel'', CD Audio - {{OCLC|416996272}}.
* 1988-2003: ''Éclats De Voix'', suite de CD Audio, Poèmes et réflexions, en 4 volumes:
** Vol. 1: ''Le Temps des Catacombes'', rééd. label Celia - {{OCLC|416996232}}.
** Vol. 2: ''Hors de Soi'', rééd. label Celia - {{OCLC|416996251}}.
** Vol. 3: ''Corsaire de Dieu'', rééd. label Celia - {{OCLC|416996232}}.
** Vol. 4: ''?'', label Scalen - {{OCLC|401716081}}.
* 2005: Le CD ''Testament…'', pour fêter le 56<sup>e</sup> anniversaire de la Foundation d'Emmaüs (réflexions personnelles, textes et paroles inspirées de la [[Bible]]) - {{ISBN|2-227-47532-3}}.
* 2005: ''Avant de partir…'', le testament audio de l'Abbé Pierre, CD audio et vidéos pour PC, prières et musiques de méditation - {{OCLC|319795796}}.
* 2006: ''L'Insurgé de l'amour'', label Revues Bayard, Paris - {{OCLC|936964597}}.
* 2006: ''Paroles de Paix de l'Abbé Pierre'', CD audio, label Fremeux - {{OCLC|419366250}}.
== Filmography ==
* 1955: ''[[Les Chiffonniers d'Emmaüs]]'' from [[Robert Darène]] with [[Pierre Mondy]].
* 1989: ''[[Hiver 54, l'abbé Pierre]]'' from [[Denis Amar]], with [[Lambert Wilson]] and [[Claudia Cardinale]].
* 2023: ''[[Abbé Pierre – A Century of Devotion]]'' from Frédéric Tellier with [[Benjamin Lavernhe]] and [[Emmanuelle Bercot]].
==See also==
* [[Emmaus Mouvement]]
* [[Streetwise priest]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Abbé Pierre}}
* [http://www.emmaus-international.org/en/ Emmaus International, Abbé Pierre's sole legatee]
* [http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/ Fondation Abbé Pierre]
* [http://www.balzan.it International Balzan Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214008/http://www.ufppc.org/us-a-world-news-mainmenu-35/5614/ Obituary in ''Le Monde'' (Paris), 23 January 2007 (English translation)]
* [http://www.lefigaro.fr/une/20070122.WWW000000911_le_premier_appel_de_l_abbe_pierre_dans_le_figaro.html 7 January 1954 call for homeless people], published in ''[[Le Figaro]]'' (22 January 2007)
* [http://atheisme.free.fr/Revue_presse/Mort_abbe_pierre.htm French review of press titles for his death]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8dPq5tSg6c An "Insight" episode which mentions Abbe Pierre], who was portrayed by [[Ricardo Montalbán]]
{{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pierre, Abbe}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Abbé Pierre|*]]
[[Category:20th-century French Roman Catholic priests]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>{{short description|French Roman Catholic priest
</p><p>
<span lang="en" dir=<b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style></b></p><b><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn">Abbé Pierre</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">GOQ</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ABBE_PIERRE-1999Without.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ABBE_PIERRE-1999Without.jpg/220px-ABBE_PIERRE-1999Without.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ABBE_PIERRE-1999Without.jpg/330px-ABBE_PIERRE-1999Without.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ABBE_PIERRE-1999Without.jpg/440px-ABBE_PIERRE-1999Without.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="735" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pierre in 1999</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Henri Marie Joseph Grouès</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-08-05</span>)</span>5 August 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-01-22)</span> (aged 94)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmaus_(charity)" title="Emmaus (charity)">Emmaus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">MRP</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a><br />for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap">In office<b></b></span><b><br />1 October 1945 – 4 July 1951</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table></b><b><p><b>Abbé Pierre</b>, <span class="noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">GOQ</a></span> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> Pierre</i>; born <b>Henri Marie Joseph Grouès</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-jorf20040714_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jorf20040714-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 August 1912 – 22 January 2007) was a French <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Resistance_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance (France)">Resistance</a> during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and deputy of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a> (MRP).
</p><p>In 1949, he founded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmaus_(charity)" title="Emmaus (charity)">Emmaus</a> movement, with the goal of helping poor and homeless people and refugees. For years, he was one of the most popular figures in France. Allegations of sexual abuse almost 20 years after his death shocked the French public.
</p></b><b><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Youth_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Youth and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Political_career_(1945–51)_and_the_1960s/70s"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Political career (1945–51) and the 1960s/70s</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Emmaus"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Emmaus</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1949:_the_origin"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">1949: the origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Winter_1954:_"Uprising_of_kindness""><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Winter 1954: "Uprising of kindness"</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#1980s_to_2000s"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">1980s to 2000s</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Positions_on_the_Church_hierarchy_and_the_Vatican's_policies"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Positions on the Church hierarchy and the Vatican's policies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Global_policy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Global policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Public_image"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Public image</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#International_recognition"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">International recognition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Accidents_and_health_problems"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Accidents and health problems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sexual_abuse"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sexual abuse</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Honours"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Honours</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Discography_(interviews,_etc.)"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Discography (interviews, etc.)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Filmography"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Filmography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>Grouès was born on 5 August 1912 in Lyon, France to a wealthy Catholic family of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> traders, the fifth of eight children. His aunt was the writer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%C3%A9ra_Mirtel" title="Héra Mirtel">Héra Mirtel</a>. He spent his childhood in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irigny" title="Irigny">Irigny</a>, near Lyon. He was twelve when he met <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Chabbey (page does not exist)">François Chabbey</a> and went for the first time with his father to an Order circle, the brotherhood of the "<i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hospitaliers_veilleurs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hospitaliers veilleurs (page does not exist)">Hospitaliers veilleurs</a></i>" in which the mainly middle-class members would serve the poor by providing barber services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Grouès became a member of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scouts_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouts de France">Scouts de France</a></i> in which he was nicknamed "Meditative Beaver" (<i>Castor méditatif</i>). In 1928, aged 16, he made the decision to join a monastic order, but he had to wait until he was seventeen and a half to fulfill this ambition. In 1931, Grouès entered the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin Order</a>, renouncing his inheritance and offering all his possessions to charity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Known as <i>frère Philippe</i> (Brother Philippe), he entered the monastery of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crest,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Crest, Drôme">Crest</a> in 1932, where he lived for seven years and was ordained a priest on 24 August 1938. He had to leave in 1939 after developing severe lung infections, which made monastic life difficult to cope with. He became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> to the sick at several places<sup id="cite_ref-NecroHuma_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NecroHuma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then was nominated as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>'s cathedral in April 1939, only a few months before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The theologian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a> told him on the day of his priestly ordination: "Ask the Holy Spirit to grant you the same <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> of the saints".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in 1939, he was mobilised as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officer</a> in the train transport corps. According to his official biography, he helped Jewish people to escape <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Persecution_of_Jews" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi persecution</a> following the July 1942 mass arrests in Paris, called the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv</a></i>, and another raid in the area of Grenoble in the non-occupied zone: "In July 1942, two fleeing Jews asked him for help. Having discovered the persecution taking place, he immediately went to learn how to make false passports. Starting in August 1942, he guided Jewish people to Switzerland".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>His pseudonym dates from his work with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> during the Second World War, when he operated under several different names. Based in Grenoble, an important center of the Resistance, he helped Jews and politically persecuted escape to Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, he assisted <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Gaulle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Gaulle (page does not exist)">Jacques de Gaulle</a> (the brother of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>) and his wife escape to Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-Duclos_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duclos-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>He participated in establishing a section of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">maquis</a></i> where he officially became one of the local leaders in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vercors_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercors Plateau">Vercors Plateau</a> and in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chartreuse_Mountains" title="Chartreuse Mountains">Chartreuse Mountains</a>. He helped people to avoid being taken into the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Service_du_travail_obligatoire" title="Service du travail obligatoire">Service du travail obligatoire</a></i> (STO), the Nazi forced-labour program agreed upon with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, by creating in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a> the first refuge for resistants to the STO; he founded the clandestine newspaper <i>L'Union patriotique indépendante</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NecroHuma_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NecroHuma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMondeobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time, in 1943, he was given shelter by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucie_Coutaz" title="Lucie Coutaz">Lucie Coutaz</a>, a Resistance member who later became his secretary and was his assistant in his charity work until her death in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>He was arrested twice, once in 1944 by the Nazi police in the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambo-les-Bains" title="Cambo-les-Bains">Cambo-les-Bains</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a>, but was quickly released and travelled to Spain then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> before joining the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a> of General de Gaulle in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMondeobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Free North Africa, he became a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> on the battleship <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_battleship_Jean_Bart_(1940)" title="French battleship Jean Bart (1940)">Jean Bart</a></i> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. He had become an important symbol of the French Resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>At the end of the war, he was awarded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945"><i>Croix de guerre 1939-1945</i></a> with bronze palms and the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Médaille de la Résistance">Médaille de la Résistance</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_(1945–51)_and_the_1960s/70s"><span id="Political_career_.281945.E2.80.9351.29_and_the_1960s.2F70s"></span>Political career (1945–51) and the 1960s/70s</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>When the war was over, following de Gaulle's entourage's advice and the approbation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">archbishop of Paris</a>, Abbé Pierre was elected <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">deputy</a> for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle department</a> in both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic#Founding_of_the_Fourth_Republic_(1944–1954)" title="French Fourth Republic">National Constituent Assemblies</a> in 1945–1946 as an independent close to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a> (MRP), mainly consisting of Christian democratic members of the Resistance. In 1946, he was re-elected as a member of the National Assembly, but this time as a member of the MRP. Abbé Pierre became vice-president of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement/Institute_for_Global_Policy" title="World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy">World Federalist Movement</a> in 1947, a universal federalist movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>After a bloody accident resulting in the death of a blue-collar worker, Édouard Mazé, in Brest in 1950, Henri Antoine Grouès decided to put an end to his MRP affiliation on 28 April 1950, writing a letter titled <i>"Pourquoi je quitte le MRP"</i> ("Why I'm leaving the MRP"), where he denounced the political and social attitude of the MRP party. He then joined the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian socialist">Christian socialist</a> movement named <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ligue_de_la_jeune_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue de la jeune République">Ligue de la jeune République</a></i>, created in 1912 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Sangnier" title="Marc Sangnier">Marc Sangnier</a>, but decided to finally end his political career. In 1951, before the end of his mandate, he returned to his first vocation: helping the homeless. With the modest funds he had received as a deputy, he invested in a run-down house near Paris in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neuilly-Plaisance" title="Neuilly-Plaisance">Neuilly-Plaisance</a> neighbourhood, repairing the whole house. He made it the first Emmaus base (because, according to him, it was simply too big for one person).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Although the priest had left <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative politics</a>, preferring to invest his energies in the Emmaus charity movement, he never completely abandoned the political field, taking strong stances on many and various subjects. Thus, when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> movement was slowly beginning to emerge in the whole world, he attempted in 1956 to convince Tunisian leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> to obtain independence without using violence. Present in various international conferences at the end of the 1950s, he met Colombian priest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camilo_Torres_Restrepo" title="Camilo Torres Restrepo">Camilo Torres</a> (1929–1966), a predecessor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a>, who asked for his advice on the Colombian Church's criticism of "workers' priests". He was also received by US president <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dwight_David_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight David Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V of Morocco</a> in 1955 and 1956. In 1962, he resided for several months in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a>'s retreat in <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ni-Abb%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Béni-Abbés (page does not exist)">Béni-Abbés</a> (Algeria). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Abbé Pierre was then called to India in 1971 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> to represent, along with the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ligue_des_droits_de_l%27homme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue des droits de l'homme">Ligue des droits de l'homme</a></i> (Human Rights League) France in the issues of refugees. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> then invited him to deal with the question of Bengali refugees, and Grouès founded Emmaus communities in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emmaus">Emmaus</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmaus_(charity)" title="Emmaus (charity)">Emmaus</a> (<i>Emmaüs</i> in French) was started in 1949. Its name is a reference to a village in Palestine appearing in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, where two disciples extended hospitality to Jesus just after his resurrection without recognizing him. In that way, Emmaus's mission is to help poor and homeless people. It is a secular organization. In 1950 the first community of Emmaus companions was created in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neuilly-Plaisance" title="Neuilly-Plaisance">Neuilly-Plaisance</a> close to Paris in France. The Emmaus community raises funds for the construction of housing by selling used goods. "Emmaus, it's a little like the wheelbarrow, the shovels and the pickaxes coming before the banners. A sort of social fuel derived from salvaging defeating men".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There were initial difficulties raising funds, so in 1952, Abbé Pierre decided to be a contestant on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(French)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Luxembourg (French)">Radio Luxembourg</a> game show <i>Quitte ou double</i> (<i>Double or Nothing</i>) for the prize money; he ended up winning 256,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_1954:_"Uprising_of_kindness""><span id="Winter_1954:_.22Uprising_of_kindness.22"></span>Winter 1954: "Uprising of kindness"</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>Grouès became famous during the extremely cold winter of 1954 in France, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homeless" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeless">homeless</a> people were dying in the streets. Following the failure of the projected law on lodgings, he gave a well-remembered speech on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(French)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Luxembourg (French)">Radio Luxembourg</a> on 1 February 1954, and asked <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, a conservative newspaper, to publish his call, in which he stated soberly that "a woman froze to death tonight at 3:00 AM, on the pavement of Sebastopol Boulevard, clutching the eviction notice which the day before had made her homeless". He went on to describe the drama of homeless life, claiming that in "every town in France, in every quarter of Paris" ministry was needed based on "these simple words: 'If you suffer, whoever you are, enter, eat, sleep, recover hope, here you are loved'".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The next morning, the press wrote of an "uprising of kindness" (<i>insurrection de la bonté</i>) and the now-famous call for help ended up raising 500 million francs in donations (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> gave 2 million<sup id="cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMondeobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This enormous amount was totally unexpected; telephone operators and the postal service were overwhelmed, and owing to the volume of donations, several weeks were needed just to sort them, distribute them, and find a place to stock them throughout the country. Moreover, this call attracted volunteers from all over the country to help them, including wealthy <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoises</a></i> who were emotionally shaken by the Abbé's call: first to do the redistribution, but then to duplicate the effort all around France. Quite quickly, Grouès had to organise his movement by creating the <i>Emmaus communities</i> on 23 March 1954. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p></b><b><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_(1955).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_%281955%29.jpg/220px-Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_%281955%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_%281955%29.jpg/330px-Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_%281955%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_%281955%29.jpg/440px-Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_%281955%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>Abbé Pierre (1955)</figcaption></figure></b><b><p>A book was written by Boris Simon called <i>Abbé Pierre and the ragpickers of Emmaus</i>. It spread knowledge about the Emmaus community. In 1955, the priest gave <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a> an English translation of the book in the oval office. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Emmaus communities quickly spread worldwide. Grouès traveled to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beyrouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyrouth">Beyrouth</a> (Beirut, Lebanon) in 1959, to assist in the creation of the first multiconfessional Emmaus group there; it was founded by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni (Muslim)</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite (Catholic)</a> archbishop and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite (Christian)</a> writer. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s_to_2000s">1980s to 2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 election</a> of President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a>, PS), during which Abbé Pierre called for voters to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blank_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Blank vote">vote in blank</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), he supported the initiative of the French Premier <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a> (PS) to create in 1984 the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenu_minimum_d%27insertion" title="Revenu minimum d'insertion">Revenu minimum d'insertion</a></i> (RMI), a welfare system for indigent people.<sup id="cite_ref-DBD_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
The same year, he organized the operation "Charity Christmas", which, relayed by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France_Soir" class="mw-redirect" title="France Soir">France Soir</a></i>, raised 6 million <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">francs</a> and 200 tons of products. The actor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coluche" title="Coluche">Coluche</a>, who had organized the charitable <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Restos_du_C%C5%93ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Restos du Cœur">Restos du Cœur</a></i>, offered him 150 million French cents received by his organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-DBD_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coluche's huge success with the Restos du Cœur, caused by his popularity (Coluche had even tried to nominate himself as a candidate in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential election</a> before withdrawing), convinced the Abbé again of the necessity and value of such charitable struggles and the usefulness of the media in such endeavours. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 1983, he spoke with Italian President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a> to plead the cause of Vanni Mulinaris, imprisoned on charge of assistance to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a> (BR), and even observed eight days of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> from 26 May to 3 June 1984 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Turin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (Turin)">Cathedral of Turin</a> to protest against detention conditions of "Brigadists" in Italian prisons and the imprisonment without trial of Vanni Mulinaris, who was recognized innocent sometimes afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni recalled in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i> in 2007 that a niece of the Abbé was a secretary at Hyperion language school in Paris, directed by Vanni Mulinaris, and married to one of the Italians refugees then wanted by the Italian justice.<sup id="cite_ref-archivio.corriere.it_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivio.corriere.it-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Corriere della Sera</i>, it would even have been him who convinced then president François Mitterrand to grant protection from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitterrand_doctrine" title="Mitterrand doctrine">extradition to left-wing</a> Italian activists who took refuge in France and had broken with their past.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>More than 20 years later, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agenzia_Nazionale_Stampa_Associata" title="Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata">ANSA</a>, Italian press agency, recalled that he had supported in 2005 one of his physicians, Michele d'Auria, who was a former member of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prima_Linea" title="Prima Linea">Prima Linea</a></i>, an Italian far-left group, and was accused of having participated in hold-ups during 1990. Like many other Italian activists, he had exiled himself to France during the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Years_of_lead_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of lead (Italy)">years of lead</a>", and then joined the Emmaus companions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a></i> specified that Italian justice has recognized the innocence of all people close to the Hyperion School.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Following Grouès' death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni declared to the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i> that during the abduction of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> Abbé Pierre had gone to the Christian Democrats' headquarters in Rome in an attempt to speak with its secretary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benigno_Zaccagnini" title="Benigno Zaccagnini">Benigno Zaccagnini</a>, in favor of a "hard line" of refusal of negotiations along with the BR.<sup id="cite_ref-archivio.corriere.it_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivio.corriere.it-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1988, Abbé Pierre met representatives of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) to discuss the difficult financial, monetary and human issues brought by the huge <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_World_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World debt">Third World debt</a> (starting in 1982, Mexico had announced it could not pay the service of its debt, triggering the 1980s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">Latin American debt crisis</a>). In the 1990s, the Abbé criticized the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">apartheid regime in South Africa</a>. In 1995, after a three-year-long <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">siege of Sarajevo</a>, he went there to exhort nations of the world to put an end to the violence, and requested French military operation against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serb</a> positions in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (1990–91), Abbé Pierre directly addressed himself to US President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and Iraq President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. He asked French president François Mitterrand to engage himself in matters concerning refugees, in particular by the creation of a stronger organisation than the current <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (HCR). He encountered this year the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso,_14th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> during inter-religious peace encounters. A staunch supporter of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian cause</a>, he has attracted attention with some of his statements on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israeli-Palestine_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Palestine conflict">Israeli-Palestine conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>His support "à titre amical" ("in title of friendship") for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Garaudy" title="Roger Garaudy">Roger Garaudy</a> in 1996 brought controversy. The "Garaudy Affair" had been revealed in January 1996 by the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="Le Canard enchaîné">Canard enchaîné</a></i> satirical newspaper, which prompted a series of denunciations against his book, "The Foundational Myths of Israeli Politics", and led Garaudy to be charged of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_revisionism_(negationism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical revisionism (negationism)">negationism</a> (before being convicted in 1998, under the 1990 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayssot_Act" title="Gayssot Act">Gayssot Act</a>). But Garaudy provoked public indignation when he announced in March that he was supported by the Abbé Pierre, who was immediately excluded from the honour committee of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_League_against_Racism_and_Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism">LICRA</a> (International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism). The Abbé condemned those who tried to "negate, banalize or falsify the Shoah", but his continued support to Garaudy as a friend was criticized by all anti-racist, Jewish organisations (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/MRAP_(French_NGO)" class="mw-redirect" title="MRAP (French NGO)">MRAP</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conseil_Repr%C3%A9sentatif_des_Institutions_juives_de_France" title="Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France">CRIF</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, etc.) and the Church hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His friend <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a>, co-founder of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> (MSF), criticized him for "absolving the intolerable,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" while Cardinal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lustiger" title="Jean-Marie Lustiger">Jean-Marie Lustiger</a> (and archbishop of Paris from 1981 to 2005) publicly disavowed him.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Abbé then went into retreat in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monastery of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Praglia_Abbey" title="Praglia Abbey">Praglia</a> near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padua,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Padua, Italy">Padua, Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the film documentary <i>Un abbé nommé Pierre, une vie au service des autres</i>, the Abbé declared that his support had been towards the person of Roger Garaudy, and not towards statements in his book, which he had not read.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The curator of the Deportation and Resistance Museum of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a> department where Grouès carried out most of his resistance activities declared that Abbé Pierre would have merited ten times to be named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> for his struggle in favor of Jews during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duclos_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duclos-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Following this 1996 controversial support to a personal acquaintance, the Abbé was shunned for a period by the media,<sup id="cite_ref-DBD_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Grouès remained a popular figure.
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions_on_the_Church_hierarchy_and_the_Vatican's_policies"><span id="Positions_on_the_Church_hierarchy_and_the_Vatican.27s_policies"></span>Positions on the Church hierarchy and the Vatican's policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>The Abbé's positions towards the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> also brought controversy. His positions on social issues and engagements were at times explicitly socialist and opposed to the Church. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He maintained a relationship with the progressive French Catholic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Gaillot" title="Jacques Gaillot">Bishop Jacques Gaillot</a>, to which he recalled his duty of "instinct of a measured insolence".<sup id="cite_ref-DBD_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Teresa of Calcutta">Mother Teresa</a>; despite her work for the poor, her strict adherence to Catholic teaching on morality did not sit well with Abbé Pierre's left wing ideology. He had difficult relations with the Vatican. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i>, not known for reporting the deaths of priests, did not report on his death right away in 2007. Even though it is not customary for the Pope to offer condolences on the death of individual priests, Abbé Pierre's supporters were heavily critical of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> for not making an exception. Father Lombardi, spokesman of the Vatican, pointed journalists to the statement made by the French Church, while Benedict XVI did mention his death in private audiences. Official reactions from the Church came in two interviews of French cardinals, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Etchegaray" title="Roger Etchegaray">Roger Etchegaray</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Poupard" title="Paul Poupard">Paul Poupard</a>. His criticisms of what he considered the lavish lifestyle of the Vatican got him a lot of publicity (especially when he reproached <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> for his expensive travels), but were not well received by the public. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarcisio_Bertone" title="Tarcisio Bertone">Tarcisio Bertone</a> lauded his "action in favor of poor":<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Informed of the death of Abbe Pierre, the Holy Father gives thanks for his activity in favor of the poorest, by which he bore witness to the charity that comes from Christ. Entrusting to divine mercy this priest whose whole life was dedicated to fighting poverty, he asks the Lord to welcome him into the peace of His kingdom. By way of comfort and hope, His Holiness sends you a heartfelt apostolic blessing, which he extends to the family of the departed, to members of the communities of Emmaus, and to everyone gathering for the funeral".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>His support for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">married clergy</a> put him at odds with Catholic tradition, Church leaders and a substantial portion of French Catholics that followed the traditional teaching of the Church. The same stances, according to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British state media</a>, made him popular among the declining number of left-wing Catholics in France.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>Mon Dieu… pourquoi?</i> (God… Why?, 2005), co-written with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lenoir" title="Frédéric Lenoir">Frédéric Lenoir</a>, he admitted to breaking his solemn promise of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">celibacy</a> by having had casual sex with women.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite very strong grassroots opposition to adoption by same-sex couples, Abbé Pierre dismissed people's concerns that it deprives children of a mother or father and turns them into objects. The Abbé also opposed the traditional Catholic policy on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptives">contraceptives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DBD_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_policy">Global policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">world constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, for the first time in human history, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="World Constituent Assembly">World Constituent Assembly</a> convened to draft and adopt a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_for_the_Federation_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution for the Federation of Earth">Constitution for the Federation of Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</div></b><b><p>Abbé Pierre had the distinction of having been voted France's most popular person for many years, though he was surpassed in 2003 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</a>, moving to second place.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Abbé Pierre came third in a television poll to choose <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Plus_Grand_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Plus Grand Français">Le Plus Grand Français</a></i> (The Greatest Frenchman).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In 1998, he has been made <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec</a> while in 2004, he was awarded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur#Classes_and_insignia" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>. He also received the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood among Peoples in 1991 "For having fought, throughout his life, for the defence of human rights, democracy and peace. For having entirely dedicated himself to helping to relieve spiritual and physical suffering. For having inspired – regardless of nationality, race or religion – universal solidarity with the Emmaus Communities".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accidents_and_health_problems">Accidents and health problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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</p></b><b><ul><li>In 1950, while on a flight in India, his plane had to make an emergency landing due to engine failure.</li>
<li>In 1963, his ship was shipwrecked in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a>, between Argentina and Uruguay. He survived by clinging to a wooden part of the ship, while around him 80 passengers died. On a later trip to Algiers he showed the pocket knife which had enabled him to survive this ordeal.</li></ul></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_abuse">Sexual abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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</p><p>Further, more serious, allegations from several women were reported in September 2024, leading to the Abbé Pierre Foundation being retitled, and Emmaus France voting on removing the priest's name from its logo. The Abbé Pierre Centre in Esteville in Normandy, where he lived for many years and is buried, was to close, and the disposal of hundreds of statuettes, busts and other images of the charity's creator was discussed. There was evidence that colleagues in Emmaus and the Catholic Church knew about Abbé Pierre's sexual behaviour, but did not speak out.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</div></b><b><p>Abbé Pierre remained active until his death on 22 January 2007 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Val-de-Gr%C3%A2ce" title="Val-de-Grâce">Val-de-Grâce</a> military hospital in Paris, following a lung infection, aged 94.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took a stance on most social struggles: supporting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illegal_aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal aliens">illegal aliens</a>, assisting the homeless on the "Enfants de Don Quichotte" movement (end of 2006-start of 2007) and social movements in favor of requisitioning empty buildings and offices (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squats</a>), etc. He continued to read <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i>, the Catholic social newspaper every day.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2007, he went to the National Assembly to lobby for a law on lodging homeless people.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMondeobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death, the Minister of Social Cohesion <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Jean-Louis Borloo</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">UMP</a>) decided to give Abbé Pierre's name to the law, despite the latter's scepticism of the law's real value.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 he opposed conservative deputies who wanted to reform the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Claude_Gayssot" title="Jean-Claude Gayssot">Gayssot Act</a> on housing projects (<i>loi SRU</i>), which would have imposed a 20% housing project limit in each town.<sup id="cite_ref-NecroHuma_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NecroHuma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After homage by dignitaries, several hundred ordinary Parisians (among them professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Jacquard" title="Albert Jacquard">Albert Jacquard</a>, who worked with the abbé for the cause of homelessness) went to the Val-de-Grâce chapel to pay their respects.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His funeral on 26 January 2007 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris</a> was attended by numerous dignitaries: President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, former President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a>, many French <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a>, and the Companions of Emmaus, who were seated in the cathedral's first rows according to Abbé Pierre's last wishes. He was buried in a cemetery in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esteville" title="Esteville">Esteville</a>, a small village in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a> where he once lived.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</div></b><b><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>:
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/70px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/105px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/140px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Order of the Legion of Honor</a> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-jorf20040714_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jorf20040714-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg/70px-Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg/105px-Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg/140px-Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Officer of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Order of the Legion of Honor</a> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/70px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/105px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/140px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Commander of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Order of the Legion of Honor</a> (1987)</li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/70px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/105px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/140px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Officer of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Order of the Legion of Honor</a> (1981)</li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg/70px-Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg/105px-Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg/140px-Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_militaire" title="Médaille militaire">Médaille militaire</a></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945_with_palm_France_-_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945_with_palm_France_-_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945_with_palm_France_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945_with_palm_France_-_ribbon_bar.svg/105px-Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945_with_palm_France_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945_with_palm_France_-_ribbon_bar.svg/140px-Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945_with_palm_France_-_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939-1945">Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with bronze palms</a></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Medaille_de_la_Resistance_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Medaille_de_la_Resistance_ribbon.svg/70px-Medaille_de_la_Resistance_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Medaille_de_la_Resistance_ribbon.svg/105px-Medaille_de_la_Resistance_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Medaille_de_la_Resistance_ribbon.svg/140px-Medaille_de_la_Resistance_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Recipient of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Médaille de la Résistance">Médaille de la Résistance</a></li></ul></li></ul></b><b><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>:
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:National_Order_Quebec_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/National_Order_Quebec_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-National_Order_Quebec_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/National_Order_Quebec_ribbon_bar.svg/105px-National_Order_Quebec_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/National_Order_Quebec_ribbon_bar.svg/140px-National_Order_Quebec_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Grand Officer of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">National Order of Quebec</a></li></ul></li></ul></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a></li></ul></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><p>He has written many books and articles, including a book for children aged over ten, titled <i>C'est quoi la mort?</i>. Many of his publications are translated into English. All <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">authors' rights</a> (books, discs and videos) are versed to the <i>Fondation Abbé Pierre</i> concerning lodging and accommodations for those lacking these fundamental rights.
</p></b><b><ul><li>1987: <i>Bernard Chevallier interroge l'abbé Pierre: Emmaüs ou venger l'homme</i>, with Bernard Chevalier, éd. LGF/Livre de Poche, Paris. — <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-253-04151-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-253-04151-3">2-253-04151-3</a>.</li>
<li>1988: <i>Cent poèmes contre la misère</i>, éd. Le Cherche-midi, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86274-141-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-86274-141-8">2-86274-141-8</a>.</li>
<li>1993: <i>Dieu et les hommes</i>, with Bernard Kouchner, éd. Robert Laffont — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-07618-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-07618-4">2-221-07618-4</a>.</li>
<li>1994: <i>Testament…</i> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7242-8103-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7242-8103-9">2-7242-8103-9</a>. Réédition 2005, éd. Bayard/Centurion, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-227-47532-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-227-47532-3">2-227-47532-3</a>.</li>
<li>1994: <i>Une terre et des hommes</i>, éd. Cerf, Paris.</li>
<li>1994: <i>Absolu</i>, éd. Seuil, Paris.</li>
<li>1996: <i>Dieu merci</i>, éd. Fayard/Centurion, Paris.</li>
<li>1996: <i>Le bal des exclus</i>, éd. Fayard, Paris.</li>
<li>1997: <i>Mémoires d'un croyant</i>, éd. Fayard, Paris.</li>
<li>1999: <i>Fraternité</i>, éd. Fayard, Paris.</li>
<li>1999: <i>Paroles</i>, éd. Actes Sud, Paris.</li>
<li>1999: <i>C'est quoi la mort?</i></li>
<li>1999: <i>J'attendrai le plaisir du Bon Dieu: l'intégrale des entretiens d'Edmond Blattchen</i>, éd. Alice, Paris.</li>
<li>2000: <i>En route vers l'absolu</i>, éd. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion" title="Groupe Flammarion">Flammarion</a>, Paris.</li>
<li>2001: <i>La Planète des pauvres. Le tour du monde à vélo des communautés Emmaüs</i>, de Louis Harenger, Michel Friedman, Emmaus international, Abbé Pierre, éd. J'ai lu, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-290-30999-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-290-30999-0">2-290-30999-0</a>.</li>
<li>2002: <i>Confessions</i>, éd. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albin_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Albin Michel">Albin Michel</a>, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-13051-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-226-13051-9">2-226-13051-9</a>.</li>
<li>2002: <i>Je voulais être marin, missionnaire ou brigand</i>, rédigé avec Denis Lefèvre, éd. Le Cherche-midi, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7491-0015-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7491-0015-1">2-7491-0015-1</a>. Réédition en livre de poche, éd. J'ai lu, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-290-34221-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-290-34221-1">2-290-34221-1</a>.</li>
<li>2004: <i>L'Abbé Pierre, la construction d'une légende</i>, by Philippe Falcone, éd. Golias — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914475-49-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-914475-49-7">2-914475-49-7</a>.</li>
<li>2004: <i>L'Abbé Pierre parle aux jeunes</i>, with Pierre-Roland Saint-Dizier, éd. Du Signe, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7468-1257-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7468-1257-6">2-7468-1257-6</a>.</li>
<li>2005: <i>Le sourire d'un ange</i>, éd. Elytis, Paris.</li>
<li>2005: <i>Mon Dieu… pourquoi? Petites méditations sur la foi chrétienne et le sens de la vie</i>, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lenoir" title="Frédéric Lenoir">Frédéric Lenoir</a>, éd. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plon_(publisher)" title="Plon (publisher)">Plon</a> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-259-20140-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-259-20140-7">2-259-20140-7</a>.</li>
<li>2006: <i>Servir: Paroles de vie</i>, with Albine Navarino, éd. Presses du Châtelet, Paris — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84592-186-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-84592-186-1">2-84592-186-1</a>.</li></ul></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography_(interviews,_etc.)"><span id="Discography_.28interviews.2C_etc..29"></span>Discography (interviews, etc.)</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><ul><li>2001: <i>Radioscopie: Abbé Pierre - Entretien avec Jacques Chancel</i>, CD Audio - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/416996272">416996272</a>.</li>
<li>1988-2003: <i>Éclats De Voix</i>, suite de CD Audio, Poèmes et réflexions, en 4 volumes:
<ul><li>Vol. 1: <i>Le Temps des Catacombes</i>, rééd. label Celia - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/416996232">416996232</a>.</li>
<li>Vol. 2: <i>Hors de Soi</i>, rééd. label Celia - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/416996251">416996251</a>.</li>
<li>Vol. 3: <i>Corsaire de Dieu</i>, rééd. label Celia - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/416996232">416996232</a>.</li>
<li>Vol. 4: <i>?</i>, label Scalen - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/401716081">401716081</a>.</li></ul></li>
<li>2005: Le CD <i>Testament…</i>, pour fêter le 56<sup>e</sup> anniversaire de la Foundation d'Emmaüs (réflexions personnelles, textes et paroles inspirées de la <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>) - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-227-47532-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-227-47532-3">2-227-47532-3</a>.</li>
<li>2005: <i>Avant de partir…</i>, le testament audio de l'Abbé Pierre, CD audio et vidéos pour PC, prières et musiques de méditation - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319795796">319795796</a>.</li>
<li>2006: <i>L'Insurgé de l'amour</i>, label Revues Bayard, Paris - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/936964597">936964597</a>.</li>
<li>2006: <i>Paroles de Paix de l'Abbé Pierre</i>, CD audio, label Fremeux - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/419366250">419366250</a>.</li></ul></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><ul><li>1955: <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Les_Chiffonniers_d%27Emma%C3%BCs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Chiffonniers d'Emmaüs (page does not exist)">Les Chiffonniers d'Emmaüs</a></i> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Dar%C3%A8ne" title="Robert Darène">Robert Darène</a> with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Mondy" title="Pierre Mondy">Pierre Mondy</a>.</li>
<li>1989: <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiver_54,_l%27abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Hiver 54, l'abbé Pierre">Hiver 54, l'abbé Pierre</a></i> from <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Denis_Amar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Amar (page does not exist)">Denis Amar</a>, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambert_Wilson" title="Lambert Wilson">Lambert Wilson</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale" title="Claudia Cardinale">Claudia Cardinale</a>.</li>
<li>2023: <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre_%E2%80%93_A_Century_of_Devotion" title="Abbé Pierre – A Century of Devotion">Abbé Pierre – A Century of Devotion</a></i> from Frédéric Tellier with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Lavernhe" title="Benjamin Lavernhe">Benjamin Lavernhe</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuelle_Bercot" title="Emmanuelle Bercot">Emmanuelle Bercot</a>.</li></ul></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</div></b><b><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmaus_Mouvement" title="Emmaus Mouvement">Emmaus Mouvement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Streetwise_priest" title="Streetwise priest">Streetwise priest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li></ul></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He was nominated in 1992 but he hadn't accepted to receive the award until 19 April 2001, in protest of French government refusing to grant vacant lodgings to homeless people.</span>
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</ol></div></div></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></b></p><b><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-jorf20040714-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jorf20040714_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jorf20040714_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0407464D">"Décret du 13 juillet 2004 portant élévation aux dignités de grand'croix et de grand officier"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Journal_Officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Officiel de la République Française">JORF</a></i>. <b>2004</b> (162): 12696. 14 July 2004. PREX0407464D<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JORF&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9cret+du+13+juillet+2004+portant+%C3%A9l%C3%A9vation+aux+dignit%C3%A9s+de+grand%27croix+et+de+grand+officier&rft.volume=2004&rft.issue=162&rft.pages=12696&rft.date=2004-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FWAspad%2FUnTexteDeJorf%3Fnumjo%3DPREX0407464D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NecroHuma-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NecroHuma_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NecroHuma_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NecroHuma_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanite.fr/journal/2007-01-23/2007-01-23-844445">L'insurgé de la bonté</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i>, 23 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/abbe_pierre.html">Fondation Abbé Pierre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123010946/http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/abbe_pierre.html">Archived</a> January 23, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«demandez à l'Esprit saint qu'il vous accorde l'anticléricalisme des saints», quote in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.WWW000000593_le_diable_et_le_bon_dieu.html"><i>Le diable et le bon dieu</i></a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, 26 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2012" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, P. J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.at/books/edition/Lives_That_Made_a_Difference/tGvTQHR216gC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=%22false+passports.+Starting+in+August%22&pg=PA187&printsec=frontcover"><i>Lives That Made a Difference</i></a>. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 187. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62212-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62212-014-7"><bdi>978-1-62212-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+That+Made+a+Difference&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-62212-014-7&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.at%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FLives_That_Made_a_Difference%2FtGvTQHR216gC%3Fhl%3Dde%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3D%2522false%2Bpassports.%2BStarting%2Bin%2BAugust%2522%26pg%3DPA187%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=115372007">Abbé Pierre, the conscience of France, dies at the age of 94</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918205712/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=115372007">Archived</a> 2007-09-18 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>, 23 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Duclos-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duclos_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duclos_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/societe/230198.FR.php">Il aurait mérité dix fois d'être fait "Juste parmi les nations"</a>, testimony of Jean-Claude Duclos, curator of the Musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation de l'Isère, in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i>, 25 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LeMondeobit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeMondeobit_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Le Monde</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s obituary, in English: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/">"ABBÉ PIERRE, FOUNDER OF EMMAÜS, IS DEAD"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160157/http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 23 January 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html">original article here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309051526/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-09 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in English and French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centreabbepierreemmausesteville.wordpress.com/2011/01/13/mlle-lucie-coutaz/">"Mlle Lucie Coutaz"</a>. <i>Centre Abbe Pierre Emmaus Esteville</i>. 13 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+Abbe+Pierre+Emmaus+Esteville&rft.atitle=Mlle+Lucie+Coutaz&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentreabbepierreemmausesteville.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F01%2F13%2Fmlle-lucie-coutaz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albine Novarino. (2007) <i>L'abbé Pierre: Citations</i> (French) Paris: Huitième Jour Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-914119-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-914119-88-7">978-2-914119-88-7</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Appel_de_l%27Abb%C3%A9_Pierre">l'Appel de l'Abbé Pierre</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFle_Vaillant2002" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">le Vaillant, Luc (24 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/portrait/2002/09/25/l-abbe-ne-fait-pas-le-moine_416436/">"L'abbé ne fait pas le moine"</a> (in French). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%27abb%C3%A9+ne+fait+pas+le+moine&rft.date=2002-09-24&rft.aulast=le+Vaillant&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fportrait%2F2002%2F09%2F25%2Fl-abbe-ne-fait-pas-le-moine_416436%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DBD-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DBD_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DBD_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DBD_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DBD_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DBD_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.WWW000000593_le_diable_et_le_bon_dieu.html">Le diable et le Bon Dieu</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, 26 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/inventaires2000/2000050-2.html">CAMT. Répertoire papiers Abbé Pierre/Emmaus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513143152/http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/camt/fr/inventaires2000/2000050-2.html">Archived</a> May 13, 2008, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on the website of the French <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archives_Nationales_(France)" title="Archives Nationales (France)">Archives Nationales</a></i> (National Archives) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-archivio.corriere.it-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archivio.corriere.it_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archivio.corriere.it_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=/documenti_globnet/corsera/2007/01/co_9_070123007.xml">«Quel giorno in Tribunale con lui Difese i terroristi rossi e l' Hyperion»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319074210/http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=%2Fdocumenti_globnet%2Fcorsera%2F2007%2F01%2Fco_9_070123007.xml">Archived</a> March 19, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i>, 23 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=/documenti_globnet/corsera/2007/01/co_9_070123006.xml">Abbé Pierre, il frate ribelle che scelse gli emarginati</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319074219/http://archivio.corriere.it/archiveDocumentServlet.jsp?url=%2Fdocumenti_globnet%2Fcorsera%2F2007%2F01%2Fco_9_070123006.xml">Archived</a> March 19, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera" title="Corriere della Sera">Corriere della Sera</a></i>, 23 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/actualite/politiques/230519.FR.php">D'inattendues amitiés brigadistes</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i>, 24 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AFP news cable: "ROME, 23 January 2007 (AFP) - L'Abbé Pierre et les Brigades rouges italiennes: un épisode méconnu" (23 January 2007), published on <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/070123152331.3hduui9h.htm">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126093637/http://www.la-croix.com/afp.static/pages/070123152331.3hduui9h.htm">Archived</a> 2007-01-26 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6288409.stm">Nation to honour French activist</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>, 22 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-05-02/1996-05-02-751113">L’abbé Pierre exclu de la LICRA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050621122300/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-05-02/1996-05-02-751113">Archived</a> June 21, 2005, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i>, 2 May 1996 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-30/1996-04-30-751021">L’abbé Pierre persiste et s’exclut de la LICRA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060419182343/http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-30/1996-04-30-751021">Archived</a> April 19, 2006, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i>, 30 April 1996 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/societe/20070122.OBS8073">L'ami du révisionniste Garaudy</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nouvel Observateur">Le Nouvel Observateur</a></i>, 27 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbazia_di_Praglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbazia di Praglia">Abbazia di Praglia</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/e-docs/00/00/D1/61/document_une.phtml">L’abbé Pierre: un prêtre gênant même après sa mort</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126101653/http://www.marianne-en-ligne.fr/e-docs/00/00/D1/61/document_une.phtml">Archived</a> January 26, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marianne_(magazine)" title="Marianne (magazine)">Marianne</a></i>, 23 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/">FRENCH CHAMPION OF HOMELESS DIES AGED 94</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930160157/http://www.ufppc.org/content/view/5614/29/">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Delphine Strauss, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, 22 January 2007 AND English transl. of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> obituary, "ABBÉ PIERRE, FOUNDER OF EMMAÜS, IS DEAD", 23 January 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html">original article here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309051526/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-857943@51-857899,0.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-09 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1602564,00.html">Sex confessions of 'living saint' shock France</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 28 October 2005 <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2cc534fe-aa35-11db-83b0-0000779e2340.html">French champion of homeless dies aged 94</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, January 22, 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961"</a>. <i>Helen Keller Archive</i>. American Foundation for the Blind<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helen+Keller+Archive&rft.atitle=Letters+from+Thane+Read+asking+Helen+Keller+to+sign+the+World+Constitution+for+world+peace.+1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2FHelenKellerArchive%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DA-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6">"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials"</a>. <i>Helen Keller Archive</i>. American Foundation for the Blind<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Helen+Keller+Archive&rft.atitle=Letter+from+World+Constitution+Coordinating+Committee+to+Helen%2C+enclosing+current+materials&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afb.org%2FHelenKellerArchive%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DA-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465">"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Problems+%7C+Union+of+International+Associations+%28UIA%29&rft.atitle=Preparing+earth+constitution+%7C+Global+Strategies+%26+Solutions+%7C+The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.uia.org%2Fen%2Fstrategy%2F193465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/OPINIONF/top50persoaout2005.asp">Le Top 50 des personnalités - Août 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202040614/http://www.ifop.com/europe/sondages/OPINIONF/top50persoaout2005.asp">Archived</a> February 2, 2007, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://divainternational.ch/a-man-of-humanity-abb-pierre-1912-2007.html">"A Man of Humanity: Abbé Pierre (1912-2007)"</a>. May 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Man+of+Humanity%3A+Abb%C3%A9+Pierre+%281912-2007%29&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdivainternational.ch%2Fa-man-of-humanity-abb-pierre-1912-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/harcelement-sexuel/l-abbe-pierre-est-accuse-de-violences-sexuelles-par-plusieurs-femmes-annoncent-emmaus-et-la-fondation-abbe-pierre_6671463.html">"L'abbé Pierre est accusé de violences sexuelles par plusieurs femmes, annoncent Emmaüs et la Fondation Abbé-Pierre"</a> [Abbé Pierre is accused of sexual violence by several women, announce Emmaus and the Fondation Abbé Pierre] (in French). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France_Info" title="France Info">France Info</a>. AFP. 17 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%27abb%C3%A9+Pierre+est+accus%C3%A9+de+violences+sexuelles+par+plusieurs+femmes%2C+annoncent+Emma%C3%BCs+et+la+Fondation+Abb%C3%A9-Pierre&rft.date=2024-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fsociete%2Fharcelement-sexuel%2Fl-abbe-pierre-est-accuse-de-violences-sexuelles-par-plusieurs-femmes-annoncent-emmaus-et-la-fondation-abbe-pierre_6671463.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2024" class="citation web cs1">Plummer, Robert (July 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7955vg9w8o">"French priest accused of sexual assaults 17 years after death"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=French+priest+accused+of+sexual+assaults+17+years+after+death&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcy7955vg9w8o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2024" class="citation news cs1">Schofield, Hugh (9 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9d1z4lpqpno">"New abuse allegations emerge against venerated Abbé Pierre"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+abuse+allegations+emerge+against+venerated+Abb%C3%A9+Pierre&rft.date=2024-09-09&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc9d1z4lpqpno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbb%C3%A9+Pierre" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Abbe Pierre, French campaigner for the poor, dies," <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> news cable of Monday January 22, 2007 4:50am, ET31 - Temporarily available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2007-01-22T094927Z_01_L22731467_RTRUKOC_0_US-FRANCE-ABBEPIERRE.xml&WTmodLoc=IntNewsHome_C2_worldNews-6">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070331061726/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=worldNews">Archived</a> 2007-03-31 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/magazine/20070126.MAG000000512_notre_hommage.html">L'abbé Pierre, l'insurgé de Dieu</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro Magazine</a></i>, January 26, 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanite.fr/journal/2007-01-23/2007-01-23-844505">Le nom de l’Abbé Pierre réquisitionné par Borloo</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i>, 23 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20070124.WWW000000359_dernier_hommage_a_labbe_pierre.html">Des centaines de Parisiens venus saluer l'abbé Pierre</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, January 24, 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-859915@51-857899,0.html">L'abbé Pierre inhumé dans l'intimité</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128015318/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-859915@51-857899,0.html">Archived</a> 2007-01-28 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> (with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>, 25 January 2007 — actualized on January 26) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div></b><b><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></span>.</div></div>
</div></b><b><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emmaus-international.org/en/">Emmaus International, Abbé Pierre's sole legatee</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondation-abbe-pierre.fr/">Fondation Abbé Pierre</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balzan.it">International Balzan Foundation</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214008/http://www.ufppc.org/us-a-world-news-mainmenu-35/5614/">Obituary in <i>Le Monde</i> (Paris), 23 January 2007 (English translation)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/une/20070122.WWW000000911_le_premier_appel_de_l_abbe_pierre_dans_le_figaro.html">7 January 1954 call for homeless people</a>, published in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i> (22 January 2007)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheisme.free.fr/Revue_presse/Mort_abbe_pierre.htm">French review of press titles for his death</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8dPq5tSg6c">An "Insight" episode which mentions Abbe Pierre</a>, who was portrayed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ricardo_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo Montalbán">Ricardo Montalbán</a></li></ul></b><b><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_Lloyd" title="Georgia Lloyd">Georgia Lloyd</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_presidents" title="Lists of presidents">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Orlich_Bolmarcich" title="Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich">Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueres_Ferrer" title="José Figueres Ferrer">José Figueres Ferrer</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Muhammad Ayub Khan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otilio_Ulate_Blanco" title="Otilio Ulate Blanco">Otilio Ulate Blanco</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice-presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jaramogi_Oginga_Odinga" title="Jaramogi Oginga Odinga">Jaramogi Oginga Odinga</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Ministers">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milton_Margai" title="Milton Margai">Milton Margai</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiroo_%C5%8Chara" title="Hiroo Ōhara">Hiroo Ōhara</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region" title="Greater Accra Region"><img alt="Greater Accra Region" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greater_Accra_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E.C._Quaye" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Quaye">E.C. Quaye</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Setsuo_Yamada" title="Setsuo Yamada">Setsuo Yamada</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture"><img alt="Hiroshima Prefecture" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinzo_Hamai" title="Shinzo Hamai">Shinzo Hamai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer" title="Cornelis Berkhouwer">Cornelis Berkhouwer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_Ebrahim_Haroon_Jaffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer">Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akira_Kazami" title="Akira Kazami">Akira Kazami</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/B._Satya_Narayan_Reddy" title="B. Satya Narayan Reddy">B. Satya Narayan Reddy</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiyo_Sakakibara" title="Chiyo Sakakibara">Chiyo Sakakibara</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwan_Chaman_Lall" title="Diwan Chaman Lall">Diwan Chaman Lall</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ezequiel_Padilla_Pe%C3%B1aloza" title="Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza">Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerhard_Jahn" title="Gerhard Jahn">Gerhard Jahn</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hisato_Ichimada" title="Hisato Ichimada">Hisato Ichimada</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Usborne" title="Henry Usborne">Henry Usborne</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Kiyose" title="Ichirō Kiyose">Ichirō Kiyose</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_de_Lipkowski" title="Irène de Lipkowski">Irène de Lipkowski</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Foster_(MP_for_Northwich)" title="John Foster (MP for Northwich)">John Foster</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Matsumura" title="Kenzō Matsumura">Kenzō Matsumura</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komla_Agbeli_Gbedemah" title="Komla Agbeli Gbedemah">Komla Agbeli Gbedemah</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Wolrige-Gordon" title="Patrick Wolrige-Gordon">Patrick Wolrige-Gordon</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious leader">Religious leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abbé Pierre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana_McLean_Greeley" title="Dana McLean Greeley">Dana McLean Greeley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Collins_(priest)" title="John Collins (priest)">John Collins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Scott_(priest)" title="Michael Scott (priest)">Michael Scott</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> <small>(twice)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiology or Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> <small>(Chemistry & Peace)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_C._Price" title="Charles C. Price">Charles C. Price</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edris_Rice-Wray_Carson" title="Edris Rice-Wray Carson">Edris Rice-Wray Carson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Orcel" title="Jean Orcel">Jean Orcel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priyadaranjan_Ray" title="Priyadaranjan Ray">Priyadaranjan Ray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dumont" title="René Dumont">René Dumont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights activists">Human rights activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">Humanitarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_and_Magda_Trocm%C3%A9" title="André and Magda Trocmé">André and Magda Trocmé</a> <small>(Righteous Among the Nations)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veterans" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans">Veterans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_B._Hester" title="Hugh B. Hester">Hugh B. Hester</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varied Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Bishop" title="Arthur Ernest Bishop">Arthur Ernest Bishop</a> <small>(inventor)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a> <small>(Social realist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._M._L._Odjidja" title="E. M. L. Odjidja">E. M. L. Odjidja</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_J._Sparling" title="Edward J. Sparling">Edward J. Sparling</a> <small>(educator)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erich_Kahler" title="Erich Kahler">Erich Kahler</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregorio_Bermann" title="Gregorio Bermann">Gregorio Bermann</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerard_Piel" title="Gerard Piel">Gerard Piel</a> <small>(science editor)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_Laugier" title="Henri Laugier">Henri Laugier</a> <small>(scholar)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> <small>(scholar & pacifist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaoru_%C5%8Cta" title="Kaoru Ōta">Kaoru Ōta</a> <small>(union leader)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kay_Boyle" title="Kay Boyle">Kay Boyle</a> <small>(writer)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lloyd_Morain" title="Lloyd Morain">Lloyd Morain</a> <small>(humanist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> <small>(writer & scholar)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> <small>(teacher)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> <small>(architect)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Hy%C5%8Dei" title="Ōuchi Hyōei">Ōuchi Hyōei</a> <small>(economist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a> <small>(social worker)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a> <small>(artist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shigeri_Yamataka" title="Shigeri Yamataka">Shigeri Yamataka</a> <small>(feminist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sophia_Wadia" title="Sophia Wadia">Sophia Wadia</a> <small>(theosophist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanley_Slotkin" title="Stanley Slotkin">Stanley Slotkin</a> <small>(businessman)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> <small>(cultural theorist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamaki_Uemura" title="Tamaki Uemura">Tamaki Uemura</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">YWCA</a> executive)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tano_J%C5%8Ddai" title="Tano Jōdai">Tano Jōdai</a> <small>(teacher & pacifist)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> <small>(pacifist)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Committee_for_a_World_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention">World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional World Parliament</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_constitution" title="World constitution">World constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.3">[2]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Emerging_World_Law.html?id=Qw-IOgAACAAJ">[4]</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:World_Constitutional_Convention_call_signatories" title="Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></b><b><p><br />
</p></b><b><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306933#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306933#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306933#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121483257">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/114404636">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1468779/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3KbjJtKrt9cgjQR384q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118542745">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85148666">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885559k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11885559k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00515539">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Abbé Pierre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV033163">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011211164&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1109946">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/204978">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071063293">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90796375">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000104503&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000028603">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200206041">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200005181">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftws46117b2lxg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690567205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000122257">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058581064106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14234617">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09151683?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/287ebdf9-9fc9-4b52-a96a-d3cbe2716c1e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/396525">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/5918">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118542745.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026647796">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></b></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1726182431' |