Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{Short description|Species of small tree}}', 1 => '{{distinguish|Premna macrophylla}}', 2 => '{{About|the plant known in Chinese as fǔ pí (腐蜱)|the Chinese emperor 苻丕|Fu Pi}}', 3 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}', 4 => '{{Speciesbox', 5 => '| image = Premna microphylla.jpg', 6 => '| image_alt = "Premna microphylla"', 7 => '| image_caption =', 8 => '| status = LC', 9 => '| status_system = IUCN3.1', 10 => '| status_ref =<ref name="IUCN">Zhao, L., Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. 2019. Premna microphylla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T147650548A147650550. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147650548A147650550.en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172710/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/147650548/147650550 |date=6 July 2024 }} . Accessed on 3 July 2024.</ref>', 11 => '| genus = Premna', 12 => '| species = microphylla', 13 => '| authority = [[Nikolai Turczaninow|Turcz.]] 1863<ref name="Turczaninow">{{cite journal |last1=Turczaninow |first1=Nikolai |author-link1=Nikolai Turczaninow |editor1-last=Renard |title=Verbenaceae et Myoporaceae Nonnullae Hucusque Indescriptae |journal=Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou |date=1863 |volume=XXXVI |issue=3 |page=217 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40283123 |access-date=12 December 2018 |trans-title=Verbenaceae and Myoporaceae Several Thus Far Undescribed |language=la |format=PDF |oclc=12176618 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920185209/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40283123 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 14 => '| synonyms = ', 15 => '*''[[Gumira (plant)|Gumira]] japonica'' <small>([[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>', 16 => '*''Gumira microphylla'' <small>([[Nikolai Turczaninow|Turcz.]]) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small> ([[Synonym (taxonomy)#Botany|homotypic synonym]])', 17 => '*''Premna formosana'' <small>[[Karl Maximovich|Maxim.]]</small>', 18 => '*''Premna japonica'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small>', 19 => '*''Premna luxurians'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>', 20 => '*''Premna microphylla'' [[Variety (botany)|var.]] ''glabra'' <small>[[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]</small>', 21 => '*''Premna microphylla'' var. ''luxurians'' <small>([[Takenoshin Nakai|Nakai]]) [[Harold Norman Moldenke|Moldenke]]</small>', 22 => '| synonyms_ref =<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web |title=''Premna microphylla'' |url=https://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=165046 |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=12 December 2018 |location=Kew |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506222036/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/synonomy.do?name_id=165046 |url-status=live }}</ref>', 23 => '| subdivision_ranks = ', 24 => '| subdivision = ', 25 => '}}', 26 => '', 27 => ''''''Premna microphylla''''' is a tree<ref name="Kato"/> in the mint family ([[Lamiaceae]]).<ref name="WCSP"/>', 28 => '', 29 => '==Names==', 30 => '''P. microphylla'' has the [[English language|English]] [[common name]]s '''Japanese premna''',<ref name="Yang">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Xinrong |title=Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine |date=9 March 2013 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783662051771 |page=325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62n7CAAAQBAJ |language=en |oclc=1012445569 |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172709/https://books.google.com/books?id=62n7CAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> ('''Japanese''') '''musk maple''',<ref name="MBG">{{cite web |title=Premna microphylla |url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=359365 |website=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=3 July 2024 |location=St. Louis, MO |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506231804/https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=359365 |url-status=live }}</ref> and '''Japanese neem tree'''.<ref name="MBG" /> It is also called '''tofu tree''' because of the tofu-like food made from the leaves.<ref name="Goldthread">{{cite web |author1=Goldthread |title=The Tofu That Grows On Trees |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KehOMXg9Wo4 |website=YouTube |date=30 November 2018 |publisher=RADII |access-date=7 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>', 31 => '', 32 => 'The [[specific epithet]] ''microphylla'' derives from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|μικροϛ}} ({{transl|el|micros}}) and {{lang|el|φυλλον}} ({{transl|el|phyllon}}) and means 'small leaves'.<ref name="MBG" /><ref name="ChuckG">{{cite web |last1=Griffith |first1=Chuck |title=''micranthiformis'' – ''mitissimus'' |url=https://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.121.html |website=Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614015220/http://botanicalepithets.net/dictionary/dictionary.121.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The name for the genus ''[[Premna]]'' derives from the Greek {{lang|el|πρέμνον}} ({{transl|el|premnon}}, tree stump) refers to the short [[Trunk (botany)|trunks]] that some species have.<ref name="MBG" />', 33 => '', 34 => 'In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] it is called {{lang|ja|ハマクサギ}} ({{transl|ja|hamakusagi}}).<ref name="Kato">{{cite journal |last1=Kato |first1=Makoto |title=Anthophilous insect community and plant-pollinator interactions on Amami Islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan |journal=Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University |date=31 March 2000 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=157–254 |language=en |hdl=2433/156116 |issn=0452-9987 |oclc=957900493|citeseerx=10.1.1.861.2315}}</ref> In China, it is known as {{lang|zh|豆腐柴}} ({{transl|zh|dòufu chái}} 'tofu wood'), {{lang|zh|斑鸠树}} ({{transl|zh|bānjiū shù}} '[[Streptopelia|turtledove]] tree'),<ref name="LI" /> {{lang|zh|臭黄荆}} ({{transl|zh|chòu huáng jīng}} 'stinky yellow thorn'), {{lang|zh|腐蜱}} ({{transl|zh|fǔ pí}} 'rotten tick'), and {{lang|zh|观音草}} ({{transl|zh|guānyīn cǎo}} '[[Guanyin]] grass').<ref name="LIWANG">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Mei-qing |last2=WANG |first2=Yuan-li |last3=DONG |first3=Ming |last4=HE |first4=Jin-ling |title=豆腐柴的研究与应用综述 |journal=Science and Technology of Food Industry |date=2011 |issue=3 |pages=462–464 |doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |url=http://www.spgykj.com/en/article/doi/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Summarization of research and application of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz |language=zh |issn=1002-0306 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703214233/http://www.spgykj.com/en/article/doi/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2011.03.029 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Taiwan it is called {{Lang|zh|臭黃荊}} ({{transl|zh|chòu huáng jīng}})<ref name="TaiCoL">{{cite web |last1=Chung |first1=KF |last2=Shao |first2=KT |title=The National Checklist of Taiwan (Catalogue of Life in Taiwan, TaiCoL) |url=https://ipt.taibif.tw/resource?r=taibnet_com_all&v=1.9 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://ipt.taibif.tw/resource?r=taibnet_com_all&v=1.9 |url-status=live }}</ref> The plant is called {{Lang|vi|cách lá nhỏ}} in [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]].<ref name="BotanyVN">{{cite web |title=Premna microphylla Turcz. |url=https://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Premna%20microphylla&list=species&lg=en |website=Vietnam Plant Data Center |publisher=BotanyVN – Botany Research and Development Group of Vietnam |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |quote=Scientific name: Premna microphylla Turcz. Vietnamese name: Cách lá nhỏ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808063541/http://botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Premna%20microphylla&list=species&lg=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="VCV">{{cite book |author1=Văn Chi Võ |title=Sách tra cứu tên cây cỏ Việt Nam |date=2007 |oclc=271047166 |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHx64XhmPwC&q=%22c%C3%A1ch%20l%C3%A1%20nh%E1%BB%8F%22 |access-date=6 July 2024 |language=vi}}</ref>', 35 => '', 36 => '==Description==', 37 => '''P. microphylla'' is a tree<ref name="Kato"/> and has square, woody, mostly smooth stems and branches.<ref name="Turczaninow"/> The plant reaches {{cvt|2|-|6|m}} in height,<ref name="LIWANG" /> and around {{cvt|3|m}} wide.<ref name="MBG" /> It grows as a [[wikt:nanophanerophyte|nanophanerophyte]] or [[phanerophyte]].<ref name="WCSP"/>', 38 => '', 39 => 'The leaves are [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]], [[Glossary of leaf morphology#ovate|ovate]]-[[Glossary of leaf morphology#lanceolate|lanceolate]] in shape and tapered near the tip.<ref name="Turczaninow"/> The leaves grow in an [[Opposite (leaf)|opposite]] pattern.<ref name="MBG" /> The leaf margins are [[serrate]] from the middle to the apex.<ref name="Turczaninow"/> Both sides of the leaves are [[scabrous]] and covered with very short 'hairs'.<ref name="Turczaninow"/> The leaves have a strong odor<ref name="LIWANG" /> that has been compared to those of ''[[Serissa]]''.<ref name="Chan" />', 40 => '', 41 => 'The flowers are [[Hermaphrodite#Botany|hermaphroditic]]<ref name="Turczaninow"/> and grow in conical [[panicle]]s.<ref name="MBG" /> The 5-part [[Sepal|calyx]] is short,<ref name="Turczaninow"/> cup-shaped, and purplish-green.<ref name="MBG" /> The calyx surrounds a [[funnel]]-shaped [[Petal#Corolla|corolla]]<ref name="Turczaninow"/> that is pale yellow.<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="MBG" /> The petals are {{convert|0.3-0.4|in}} long.<ref name="Turczaninow"/> The cream-colored and [[zygomorphic]] flowers bloom in May and August.<ref name="Kato"/>', 42 => '', 43 => 'The [[drupe]] is [[obovate]] to nearly spherical and purple-black when ripe.<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="MBG" />', 44 => '', 45 => 'Major compounds found in the [[essential oil]] include [[blumenol c]], [[β-cedrene]], [[limonene]], [[α-guaiene]], [[cryptone]], and [[α-cyperone]].<ref name="Zhang">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Han-Yu |last2=Gao |first2=Yang |last3=Lai |first3=Peng-Xiang |editor1-last=Tzakou |editor1-first=Olga |title=Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Premna microphylla Turczaninow |journal=Molecules |date=March 2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=381 |doi=10.3390/molecules22030381 |doi-access=free |pmid=28264507 |language=en |pmc=6155397 |oclc=7181596296 }}</ref>', 46 => '', 47 => '==Distribution==', 48 => 'The plant is found in [[South China|southern China]],<ref name="Turczaninow"/><ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="MBG" /> central and southern [[Japan]],<ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="Kato"/> and [[Taiwan]].<ref name="WCSP"/><ref name="TaiCoL" /><ref name="MBG" /> The [[type specimen]] was collected by Scottish botanist and plant hunter [[Robert Fortune]] in China.<ref name="Turczaninow"/> It prefers growing in slightly acidic to [[acidic soil]] mainly on [[woodland edge]]s or [[understory]] at an altitude of {{convert|500-1000|m}} in elevation.<ref name="LIWANG" />', 49 => '', 50 => '==Ecology==', 51 => 'The growing season is yearly from March to November.<ref name="LIWANG" /> The [[pollination syndrome]] for ''P. microphylla'' is melittophily, with bee and wasp pollinators including ''[[Xylocopa amamensis]]'', ''[[Cerceris yuwanensis]]'', and ''[[Hylaeus insularum]]''.<ref name="Kato"/> There are no major diseases or insect pests known.<ref name="MBG" /> There is some evidence that [[sika deer]] will nibble on the tree occasionally.<ref name="Terada">{{cite journal |last1=Terada |first1=Chisato |last2=Tatsuzawa |first2=Shirow |last3=Kawamura |first3=Takashi |last4=Fujioka |first4=Masahiro |title=ヤクシカの餌場としての林道脇植生の評価 |journal=保全生態学研究 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) |date=15 February 2010 |volume=15 |page=197 |doi=10.18960/hozen.15.2_193 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hozen/15/2/15_KJ00007405310/_article/-char/ja/ |access-date=7 July 2024 |trans-title=Evaluation of forestry roads as feeding sites of sika deer |language=ja |issn=2424-1431 |oclc=9658348117}}</ref>', 52 => '', 53 => '==Uses==', 54 => '''P. microphylla'' is used for food. The leaves can be used to make a [[pectin]]-rich gel that is something like [[tofu]].<ref name="LIWANG" /><ref name="LI">{{cite journal |last1=LI |first1=Gang-feng |last2=YAN |first2=Hong-bo |last3=KANG |first3=Ming |last4=WANG |first4=Huan |last5=HE |first5=Zhi-jun |last6=ZHOU |first6=Qiang-ying |last7=ZHANG |first7=Hua-min |title=豆腐柴叶豆腐的加工工艺优化 |journal=食品研究与开发 |date=19 February 2017 |volume=38 |issue=14 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.14.015 |url=http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |access-date=3 July 2024 |trans-title=Optimization of Processing Technology of ''Premna microphylla'' Turcz Leaf Tofu |language=zh |issn=1005-6521 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172717/http://www.tjfrad.com.cn/html/2017/14/201714015.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The jelly is similar to [[grass jelly]] but it not usually called that, unlike other [[List of grass jelly plants|grass jelly plants]]. This green gel is called '''{{lang|zh|神仙豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|shénxiān dòufu}}''', immortal/divine tofu)<ref name="LI" /> or '''{{lang|zh|观音豆腐}}''' ('''{{transl|zh|Guānyīn dòufu}}''', '''Guanyin tofu''').<ref name="LIWANG" /> In English it is sometimes called '''green leaf tofu'''.<ref name="Goldthread" /> A similar 'fairy tofu' is made from the leaves of ''[[Premna puberula]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Ming-Sheng|date=2012-09-28|title=A Key Component Determination on Forming Fairy Tofu from the Leaf of ''Premna puberula'' (Verbenaceae)|url=http://www.japsonline.com/abstract.php?article_id=627|journal=Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science|doi=10.7324/JAPS.2012.2906|doi-access=free}}</ref> The leaves are high in protein (13.48%),<ref name="LIWANG" /> and while not as much as soybeans, it is high for a leaf vegetable and ranks closer to cereal grains like [[hard wheat]] (12.6%) rather than spinach (2.9%).<ref name="steinke">{{cite book | last = Steinke | first = Waggle | name-list-style = vanc |title= New protein foods in human health: nutrition, prevention and therapy|publisher= CRC Press|year= 1992|pages=91–100|isbn= 978-0-8493-6904-9|display-authors= etal}}</ref><ref name=vernon>{{cite journal | vauthors = Young VR, Pellett PL | title = Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 59 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = 1203S–1212S | date = May 1994 | pmid = 8172124 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/59.5.1203s |url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/59/5/1203S.full.pdf | access-date = 6 July 2024 | archive-date = 28 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428173157/https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-pdf/59/5/1203S/24113861/1203s.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> To make the 'tofu', the leaves are washed and crushed with some water to facilitate grinding.<ref name="LIWANG" /> [[Culinary ash]] is added to the strained mixture and it is allowed to set.<ref name="LIWANG" /> Some cooks burn specific wood for the ash, such as ''[[Osmanthus]]''.<ref name="DocuLife">{{cite web |author1=Documentary Channel, [[Shanghai Media Group]] |title=Guanyin Tofu观音豆腐 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Bh36gZrMBQ |website=YouTube |access-date=7 July 2024 |date=Mar 3, 2022}}</ref> The dish is considered a refreshing summer treat.<ref name="LIWANG" /> Production is small and local, and not done on an [[industrial scale]].<ref name="LIWANG" />', 55 => '', 56 => 'Much effort has been made to develop ''P. microphylla'' as an industrial source of pectin.<ref name="LIWANG" /> The leaves contain 30-40% pectin,<ref name="LIWANG" /> much higher than the typical sources, apple [[pomace]] (10-15%) and [[citrus peel]] (20-30%).<ref name="Srivastava">{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Pranati |last2=Malviya |first2=Rishabha |title=Sources of pectin, extraction and its applications in pharmaceutical industry − An overview |journal=Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources |date=March 2011 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=10–18 |url=http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/11534 |access-date=6 July 2024 |publisher=NISCAIR-CSIR |location=India |language=en |issn=0975-1033 |oclc=724554396}}</ref>', 57 => '', 58 => 'The plant is also used for [[bonsai]]<ref name="MBG" /> because of its small, strong-smelling leaves.<ref name="Chan" /> The bonsai trunks are evocative of [[driftwood]], similar to [[Juniperus chinensis 'Shimpaku'|shimpaku juniper]].<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Peter |title=The Bonsai Bible The Definitive Guide to Choosing and Growing Bonsai |date=8 September 2014 |publisher=Octopus |isbn=9781784720063 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=897024475 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhKABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&pg=PT448#v=onepage&q=%22Premna%20microphylla%22%20%22bonsai%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A specimen of ''P. microphylla'' was used as an autonomous bonsai in the [[art installation]] titled ''Premna Daemon''.<ref name="Roth">{{cite book |last1=Roth |first1=Christopher |last2=Malik |first2=Suhail |last3=Seidler |first3=Paul |last4=Rafferty |first4=Penny |last5=Noorizadeh |first5=Bahar |last6=Raesaar |first6=Kristel |title=REALTY Beyond the Traditional Blueprints of Art & Gentrification |date=25 May 2022 |publisher=Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH |isbn=9783775753432 |pages=151–152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |oclc=1372166991 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521213549/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPO9EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Medium">{{cite web |author1=((terra0)) |title=Premna Daemon — An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |website=Medium |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223011935/https://terra0.medium.com/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere-3cee15e92fe2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="github">{{cite web |title=terra0 |url=https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |website=github |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706172712/https://github.com/terra0project/source?tab=readme-ov-file#premna-daemon-%EF%B8%8F- |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Info Institute">{{cite web |title=Premna Daemon – An Introduction via a History of Autonomy in the Cryptosphere |url=https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |website=Info Institute |date=9 November 2023 |access-date=3 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705162842/https://generalrelativity.org/blog/premna-daemon-an-introduction-via-a-history-of-autonomy-in-the-cryptosphere/ |url-status=live }}</ref>', 59 => '', 60 => '==References==', 61 => '{{Reflist}}', 62 => '', 63 => '==External links==', 64 => '* {{Commons category-inline|Premna microphylla|''Premna microphylla''}}', 65 => '', 66 => '{{Taxonbar|from=Q15244762|from2=Q110082986|from3=Q110083067|from4=Q110072231}}' ]