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{{other uses of|Metz}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name =Metz Cathedral<br><small>Cathedral of Saint Stephen, Metz<br>{{lang|fr|Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz}}</small>
| infobox_width =
| image = Metz (Moselle) - Cathédrale Saint-Étienne (32283913217).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =Metz Cathedral from the south
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location =[[Metz]], [[France]]
| geo ={{Coord|49.12|N|6.1754|E|type:landmark_region:FR|display=title,inline}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| religious_affiliation =[[Catholic Church]]
| rite =[[Roman Rite|Roman]]
| region =
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz|Diocese of Metz]]
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year = 11 April 1552
| status =[[Cathedral]]
| functional_status =Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =Pierre Raffin
| website ={{URL|http://www.cathedrale-metz.fr/|www.cathedrale-metz.fr}}
| architecture =yes
| architect =
| architecture_type =[[Church architecture|Church]]
| architecture_style =[[French Gothic architecture|French Gothic]]; [[Gothic Revival]]
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =West
| groundbreaking ={{start date|1220}}
| year_completed ={{end date|1550}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length ={{convert|136|m}}
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max ={{convert|88|m}} (Mutte tower)
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| materials =[[Pierre de Jaumont|Jaumont Stone]]
| nrhp =
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|designation2=Monument Historique
|designation2_offname=Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz
|designation2_date=1930
|designation2_number=PA00106817<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA00106817}}</ref>
|designation2_free1name=Denomination
|designation2_free1value={{lang|fr|Église}}
}}
'''Metz Cathedral''' is the [[cathedral]] of the [[Catholic]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz|Diocese of Metz]],<ref name="cathedral">{{cite web|url=http://www.cathedrale-metz.fr/|title=Official website of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral.|date= |access-date=29 June 2012|language=fr}}</ref> the seat of the [[Bishop of Metz|bishops of Metz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metz.catholique.fr/|title=Official website of the Bishopric of Metz.|format= |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013|language=fr}}</ref> It is dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]]. The diocese dates back at least to the 4th century and the present cathedral building was begun in the early 14th century. In the mid-14th century, it was joined to the collegiate church of Notre-Dame, and given a new transept and late Gothic [[chevet]], finished between 1486 and 1520.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=3}} The [[cathedral treasury]] displays a rich collection assembled over the long centuries of the history of the Metz diocese and include sacred vestments and items used for the [[Eucharist]].<ref name="cathedral"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/art-et-culture/architecture/video/SXF01013690/tresors-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html|title=INA Archive (1969) Trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, ORTF|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date=2 July 2012|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/religion/video/SXC02003845/patrimoine-tresor-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html|title=INA Archive (1980) Patrimoine: trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, France 3 régions|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date=2 July 2012|language=fr}}</ref>
Metz Cathedral has the [[List of highest church naves|third-highest nave of cathedrals in France]] (41.41 meters (135.9 ft)), after the cathedrals of [[Amiens Cathedral |Amiens]] and [[Beauvais Cathedral| Beauvais ]]. It is nicknamed {{lang|fr|la Lanterne du Bon Dieu}} ("the Good Lord's lantern"), on account of its displaying the largest expanse of [[stained glass]] in the world, totalling {{convert|6,496|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="stained glass">Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. {{ISBN|2-87692-495-1}}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The stained glass windows include works by [[Gothic art|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] master glass makers [[Hermann von Münster]], Theobald of Lixheim, and [[Valentin Bousch]]. Later artistic styles are represented by [[Charles-Laurent Maréchal]] ([[Romanticism]]), [[Roger Bissière]] ([[Tachisme|Tachism]]), [[Jacques Villon]] ([[Cubism]]), [[Marc Chagall]], and [[Kimsooja]].<ref name="stained glass"/>
==History==
===Early churches ===
A Gallo-Roman [[oppidum]], or fortified town, called Diuodron Medimatriques, occupied the site from at least the first century B.C. It became a stop on the trade route between [[Lyon]] and [[Treves]], and was an imperial residence during the [[Roman Empire]] between 306 and 390. The presence of the first bishop, Clement, is recorded in 346.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}}
The cathedral was built on an ancient site dating to the 5th century and dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]].<ref>Vallery-Radot J. (1931): ''La cathédrale de Metz, description archéologique''. Eds A. Picard, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It is said to have contained a collection of his relics.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}} According to [[Gregory of Tours]], the [[shrine]] of Saint Stephen was the sole structure spared during the sack of 451 by [[Attila]]'s [[Huns]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html|title=Gregory of Tours (c. 538-594 A.D.) Historiae, Libri X. The Latin Library.|date= |access-date= 6 January 2013|language=la}}</ref> It was a royal residence of the grandsons of [[Clovis I|Clovis]], king of the Franks, and of [[Theudebert I]], who became the [[Merovingian]] ruler in 534.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}}
[[Gregory of Tours]] mentioned the existence of the church in 584, and a cathedral under the archbishop Arnoul is mentioned in 616. The Archbishop and Saint [[Chrodegang]] (742-766) is mentioned in accounts of the time as a papal envoy to the Franks. He is credited with introducing the Roman liturgy and chants, with the support of King of the Franks, [[Pepin the Short|Pepin]], between 751 and 768. Chrodegang is also credited with establishing the first cathedral chapter in western Europe, and also the first cathedral close, combining chapels, dormitory, refectory, and other functional buildings. This system was formally adopted by other Frankish cathedrals under the Capitulary of Aix-en-Chapelle of 816.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}} This first cloister, on the south side of the cathedral where the Place des Armes is located, survived until its demolition in 1754.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}}
===The Ottonian or Pre-Romanesque cathedral ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Commencement république messine Auguste Migette 1862.jpg|The [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] or [[Ottonian]] cathedral in 1055 imagined by [[Auguste Migette]] (1862)
</gallery>
In 843, after long disputes between [[Charlemagne]]'s successors, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into four parts. In 870, Metz and its province [[Lorraine]] allied with [[East Francia]] while remaining an autonomous duchy. In 962, when [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]], restored the Empire, Lorraine was designated as the autonomous Duchy of Lorraine, with Metz as its capital. It maintained this status until 1766, when it formally became part of France.
The construction of a new cathedral began under bishop Thierry I between 965 and 984, and was completed under his second successor Thierry II of Luxembourg, between 1006 and 1047. It was built in what was later called [[Ottonian architecture| Ottonian style]], a form of pre-Romanesque. This church had two towers and three bays on the west front, a nave with three vessels, and a larger tower over the transept. Because of its placement on a terrace next to the [[Moselle]] River, the cathedral could not have the traditional east to west orientation from the choir to the west front. Instead, it was oriented on an axis from southeast to northwest. The roof, following a regional tradition, was covered with tiles of white limestone.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=11}}
A smaller church, the Collegiale of Notre-Dame-la-Ronde, was built close to the old cathedral in the 8th century, and was entirely rebuilt between 1200 and 1207 to be oriented directly with the axis of the cathedral. The complex of early buildings also included the cloister and a palace for the archbishop, where the market square is located today.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=11}} <ref>Marot P. (1931): ''La cathédrale de Metz, histoire de la construction''. Eds A. Picard, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="first">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wM8NgPiGUs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/-wM8NgPiGUs |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 10th to 13th century.|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
===The Gothic Cathedral ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Vue de Metz et descente de croix Barra & De Nomé.jpg|Metz and the cathedral in the 17th century
File:Portrait de Metz (cathedrale).JPG|City centre and the cathedral in the 17th century
</gallery>
The reconstruction of the cathedral in the Gothic style was proposed in about 1220 by the bishop of Metz, [[Conrad III of Scharfenberg]], the chancellor of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The work began under James of Lotharingia ({{lang-fr|Jacques de Lorraine}}, {{lang-de|Jakob von Lothringen}}), the head of the chapter, who became bishop in 1239.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}} Construction began at the west end of the nave and continued to the transept and the old choir, which was still in place until the end of the 15th century. The vault of the new structure was not planned to be higher than 30–35 meters.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
The plan integrated the neighbouring [[Collegiate church]] of Our Lady into the western end of the cathedral, which resulted in the absence of a traditional west-end portal. The south-western porch of the cathedral became the entrance of the former collegiate church.<ref name="first"/><ref>Villes A. (2004): ''Remarques sur les campagnes de construction de la cathédrale de Metz au XIIieme siecle''. Bulletin Monumental 162, Paris {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
The nave, with the exception of its vaults, was probably finished between 1245 and 1250. Then a decision was taken to make the cathedral much taller, with the addition of a new level of large windows about forty meters high, equal in height to the two levels below. New more massive columns were added, and the triforium between the arcades and high windows was enlarged and strengthened to support the greater weight. Between 1250 and 1255 the south side walls west of the transept were also strengthened to support the new higher walls. The south façade was also built higher to match the greater height of the new nave. The piers of the flying buttresses were also reconstructed, doubling their height. In about 1270–75, the tower of the Chapter was raised to the height of the cornice of the new nave.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
Since the new nave was now twice as high as planned, the towers also had to be made taller. Between 1275 and 1280, A second level and the beginning of a third level were added to the Tour de la Mutte. By 1359 the nave was entirely covered, but work on the upper walls continued for another twenty years. In 1380–81, the [[Canon (priest)|canons]] of the cathedral decided to demolish the wall which separated the cathedral from the adjoining nave of the church of Our Lady. This was resisted by the clergy of the collegiate church, but the work went ahead, modified by the installation of a grill between the two naves. In 1381 the cathedral chapter engaged the glassmaker [[Hermann von Münster|Herman of Münster]] to make a rose window for the west front, which was finished in 1392. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
There was a lull of nearly a century before major work was resumed on the construction of the transept and the choir. In 1388 a wooden belfry was installed by the city government on the La Mutte tower, and a new chapel, the Bishop's Chapel, was added on the lower south aisle in 1443. Its patron, Bishop Conrad Bayer of [[Boppard]], died a few days after the chapel was consecrated, and was interred within it in 1459. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
In 1468 a serious fire broke out on the new balustrade of the roof. In the years before the fire, from 1452 to 1467, there had been a bitter dispute between the city leaders and the cathedral authorities over who was responsible for the maintenance and safety of cathedral property, which Bishop [[George of Baden]] ended by excommunicating the city leaders. When the fire broke out, the city leaders refused to assist the clergy in fighting the fire, only sending men to put out the fire on the bell tower, which was owned by the city. Relations thereafter between the city and clerical authorities were strained. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
The last work on the La Mutte bell tower was completed between 1477 and 1483. The stone shaft forty meters high was topped by a tall spire, giving it a total height of almost ninety meters. The finished cathedral was consecrated on 11 April 1552.<ref name="second">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMOIvAWDY44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/sMOIvAWDY44 |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 14th to 16th century.|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== Gothic Completion and neoclassical additions (16th–18th century) ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz 1603.jpg|Welcoming King Henry IV to Metz with fireworks – 1603
File:Metz vor der Restaurierung , v. 1877.jpg|Blondel's classical portal, added in 1766
File:Cathédrale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-à-Metz.jpeg|The cathedral in about 1800
</gallery>
Work continued into the 16th century to rebuild the remaining Romanesque portions into the Gothic style. The old choir was demolished in 1503. A few weeks later, the old Romanesque south transept fell. The next year work began on the new transept, and the final flying buttress of the choir was installed ion 1506. The new construction largely followed the original Gothic style.
A new canonical choir was built beginning in 1519 next to the sanctuary, at the crossing of the transept. An ornate [[rood screen]] was installed between the choir and the nave, with sculpture by Mansuy Gauvain, and new choir stalls were installed. The choir was completed with a new altar and a small organ in the triforium above the rood screen. A project was also begun to create a new grand portal on the west end. The work was begun but was halted in 1552 by the entry into the city of the army of King [[Henry II of France]]. Work did not resume until 1761.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
Metz and the Duchy of Lorraine formally retained their independent status, but the French political and cultural influence grew from 1737 until 1766, when France formally annexed the Duchy. In 1741, proponents of the new French classical style, popular in Paris, proposed to redecorate the choir of Metz Cathedral in the new style. They presented a neoclassical program for the choir by the royal sculptor from Paris, [[Sébastien Slodtz]]. However, Slotdtz's proposed decoration was fiercely resisted by the more conservative chapter and was finally rejected in 1762.
In 1754 another large modification was begun by the governor of Metz. He destroyed the old cloisters next to the church, with their chapels and arcades, with the intention of creating a parade ground for official celebrations. However, this project was abandoned in 1758. Instead, the space was filled by a group of houses, shops and a large pavilion.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
Another classical addition to the cathedral was proposed in 1755 by the royal architect [[Jacques-François Blondel]]. He was commissioned by the Royal Academy of Architecture to build a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] Doric portico which would serve as the main entrance to the cathedral. This was funded partially by [[Louis XV]], to celebrate his recovery from a serious illness from which he had nearly died in Metz in 1744. It was duly built between 1764 and 1766, However, the work on this new portal caused more problems; it was found that the portico would block some of the stained glass windows, and the digging of the deep foundations for the portico immediately created weaknesses in the west front and north buttress.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}} <ref>Lejeaux J. (1931): ''La cathédrale de Metz, L'œuvre de Blondel à Metz''. Eds A. Picard, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="third">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1evIHE503Jk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/1evIHE503Jk |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 17th to 20th century.|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== The Revolution to the 21st century ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz - Incendie cathédrale, le 7 mai 1877.jpg|The fire of 1877
File:Cathédrale Metz Robida.jpg|Drawing of the cathedral in 1905 by [[Albert Robida]]
File:Euch. Kongress, Metz 1907 - 18e Congrès Euch. Metz 1907 FIC MUT 0770.jpg|The cathedral in 1907 with the new portal and decorated gable
File:Cathédrale Saint-Etienne - Entrée du maréchal Foch dans la ville de Metz - Metz - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - APZ0007321.jpg|The troops of Maréchal Foch parade past the cathedral (1918)
</gallery>
In the years before the French Revolution in 1789, many of the Gothic tombs and monuments of the cathedral were removed, or put into lower aisles to accommodate the new classical taste. The Revolution greatly accelerated the destruction. The cathedral chapter was formally abolished in 1790, and the cathedral was declared a simple parish and episcopal church. The old rood screen, made in 1555. was destroyed and replaced by a circular platform or stage in the transept. From 1793 to 1794, the cathedral was officially termed a "Temple of Reason". It was turned into a legal church in 1795, and services resumed, but it was not formally returned to the Catholic Church until 1802.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=19}}
The cathedral was in a deplorable state in the early 19th century. The vaults shook when the bells in the tower rang. The arch supporting the right side of the bell tower was broken, and the windows of the tower had to be removed. The arch was finally replaced in 1829. Weaknesses of the foundation made the new portico unsteady. The wood of the belfry of the Chapter tower was rotting, and falling in pieces onto the street below; workmen refused to enter the unstable tower. The government finally agreed to finance the complete reconstruction of the tower of La Mutte, which was completed in 1843. The government of Emperor Louis-Napoleon promised a full restoration of the cathedral.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=19}}
Following the Prussian victory in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, Lorraine and Metz were taken from France in 1871 and annexed to the new German Empire. In 1877, the cathedral was heavily damaged by a major fire caused by fireworks. The King of Prussia and Emperor [[William I, German Emperor|William I]] took a particular interest in the rebuilding of Metz Cathedral, to win the support of the population.
{{quote box
| width=25.5%
|Cathedral all ''en volute'' (vaults), where the wind sings as in a flute, and then responds the ''Mutte'', the great voice of the Good Lord!
| — [[Paul Verlaine]], ''Ode to Metz, Invectives'', 1896.
|align=left
|salign=left
}}
A young architect from Munich, Paul Tornow, became master of works of the cathedral in 1874 and held the position for thirty-two years, until 1906. He first constructed a new roof, built on a metal frame, which raised its height by 3.5 meters. He then removed the collection of structures that had been built up against the walls, and restored the Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Mont-Carmel, which had previously belonged to the adjoining church of Notre-Dame-la-Rond. He reopened the windows which had been blocked by the 19th-century construction. He also cleared out the crypt of the cathedral, which had been turned into a storeroom for the neighbouring shops in the gallery. Between 1874 and 1877 he restored the vaults and buttresses that had been weakened by age and the fire. Between 1898 and 1903 he removed Blondel's classical portico over the portal.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
The new portal was the subject of careful study by Tornow. He decided upon a 14th-century Gothic style, in harmony with the rose window. With the French sculptor Auguste Dujardin, he visited twenty-one cathedrals in Burgundy, the Ile-de-France, Normandy and Champagne, taking photographs to act as the basis for his design. The final plan adapted elements of the 13th and 14th centuries, and borrowed particularly from the portals of [[Auxerre Cathedral]], [[Chartres Cathedral]] and [[Amiens Cathedral]]. He also rebuilt triangular gables at the top of the north and south facades in the late Gothic style, with spires and pinnacles.<ref name="third"/>{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=21}} The new south portal was completed and inaugurated on 14 May 1903. The final project of the exterior renovation was the La Mutte tower, which was granted back to the church by the city, which had taken it as the municipal bell tower.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
Major restoration and rebuilding also took place inside the cathedral, under another architect, Wilhelm Schmitz. He enlarged the choir, restored damaged windows, constructed new choir stalls, and installed a new stone choir screen, new altars, and new bronze doors for the west portal. In 1914 war interrupted the work. In 1918, at the end of the First World War, Lorraine and the cathedral were returned to France. The forty-four new choir stalls, made in Colmar in 1914, were finally installed 1922.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
Between the First and Second World Wars, little funding was available to restore or improve the cathedral; the only significant addition was a new bishop's chair, installed in 1932. However, after the Second World War, chief architect Robert Renaud began a campaign to restore and renew the art. He had a copy made and installed of the angel-musician statue which had decorated the roof–it had been blown down in a storm in 1952. In 1965, a stained glass window of David and Bathsheba, designed by [[Marc Chagall]] was installed in Bay 9, along with windows by other contemporary artists.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=67}}
Until 1960 all the furnishings of the cathedral were either original Gothic or recreations of Gothic. That year the cathedral began to acquire modern works of furniture and art, including windows designed by [[Marc Chagall]], [[Jacques Villon]] and other artists.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=67}}
In 1999 another wind storm broke loose a pinnacle from the roof, which fell through the roof of the sacristy, requiring major work. The west rose window also showed signs of weakness, due to the absence of a supporting buttress on the west, and began to crack. It was reinforced with two steel supports between 1995 and 2000. The La Mutte tower was restored beginning in 2009, including the restoration of the bells and their mechanism.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
===Timeline of construction===
* '''984 – {{Circa|1040}}''' Construction of an [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]] basilica over an ancient [[shrine]] dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]]<ref name="first"/>
* '''{{Circa|1180}} – 1207''' Construction of a chapel in [[French Gothic architecture|Early Gothic]] style on the west side of the basilica<ref name="first"/>
* '''1220''' Beginning of the construction of the Gothic cathedral within the foundations of the [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]] basilica, construction of the aisles<ref name="first"/>
* '''1265–1285''' Construction of the [[triforium|triforia]] and the two bell towers<ref name="first"/>
* '''1285 – c. 1290''' Elevation of the westwork within the foundations of a Gothic chapel from the 12th century<ref name="first"/>
* '''1290s''' Construction of the [[Vault (architecture)|vaults]] of the nave and the supporting flying buttresses<ref name="first"/>
* '''c. 1300–1330s''' Construction of the [[Lady chapel|Lady Chapel]]<ref name="second"/>
* '''1380''' Junction between the former Gothic chapel and the nave<ref name="second"/>
* '''1384''' Creation of the stained glass [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of the west facade and the [[rose window]] by master glass maker [[Hermann von Münster]]
* '''1478–1483''' Elevation of the spire<ref name="second"/>
* '''1486–1490s''' Construction of the northern transept<ref name="second"/>
* '''1504''' Creation of the stained glass [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of the northern transept by master glass maker Theobald of Lixheim
* '''c. 1490–1500s''' Construction of the Gothic choir and east end<ref name="second"/>
* '''1504–1520s''' Construction of the southern transept<ref name="second"/>
* '''1518–1539''' Stained glass by master glass maker [[Valentin Bousch]], including the [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] on the southern transept<ref name=jongh155>Ariane Isler-de Jongh: ''A Stained-Glass Window from Flavigny-sur-Moselle'', Metropolitan Museum Journal, 33, 1998. [http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/A_Stained_Glass_Window_from_Flavigny_sur_Moselle_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_33_1998 Online], (p. 155).</ref>
* '''1761–1764''' [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] refurbishment conducted by [[Jacques-François Blondel]]<ref name="third"/>
* '''c.1850–1880s''' Destruction of the [[Ornament (art)|ornaments]] of Jacques-François Blondel<ref name="third"/>
* '''1889–1903''' Construction of a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neogothic]] portal on the west front<ref name="third"/>
* '''1965–1967''' Stained glass windows of [[Marc Chagall]]{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=67}}
==Exterior==
Metz Cathedral is a [[Rayonnant]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] edifice built of the local yellow [[Pierre de Jaumont|Jaumont limestone]]. As in [[French Gothic architecture]], the building is compact, with slight projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. However, it displays singular, distinctive characteristics in both its ground plan and architecture compared to most other cathedrals. Because of the [[topography]] of the [[Moselle valley]] in Metz, the common west–east axis of the ground plan could not be applied and the church is oriented north-northeast. Moreover, unlike the French and German Gothic cathedrals having three [[Portal (architecture)|portal]]s surmounted by a rose window and two large towers, this one has a single [[porch]] at its western front. The entrance is to the side of the building through another portal placed at the south-western side of the [[narthex]], avoiding the usual alignment of the entrance with the choir.
The nave is supported by [[flying buttress]]es and culminates at {{convert|41.41|m}} high, making it one of the highest naves in the world. The height of the nave is contrasted by the relatively low height of the aisles at {{convert|14.3|m}} high, reinforcing the sensation of height of the nave. This feature permitted the architects to create large, tall expanses of stained glass. Throughout its history the cathedral has been subjected to architectural and ornamental modifications with successive additions of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neogothic]] elements.
===West Front and the Portal of Christ ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz - Cathedral 5.jpg|West Front – the Portal of Christ, Horloge tower on right
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49698.jpg|Tympanum of the Portal of Christ
File:Cathédrale de Metz - portail principal (22).JPG|Statue of Saint Daniel, originally modelled after [[William II of Germany]]
File:Sommet de la façade sud de la cathédrale de Metz (juin 2019).JPG|Top of the west facade
</gallery>
The portal of the west front, typically the main entrance of a cathedral, in Metz is a secondary entrance. The original Gothic portal was replaced by a classical entrance in 1724, which was replaced by the current Neo-Gothic portal in 1903, called "Christ the King." It was designed by architect Paul Tornow and artist Auguste Dujardin. It is lavishly filled with sculpture including column-statues in niches above smaller sculptures in the soubassement. The tympanum over the portal, largely inspired by the Tympanum of [[Amiens Cathedral]], illustrates the [[Last Judgement]], with Christ as the central figure, between two figures representing the Church the Synagogue. The portal is flanked by four 4-meter-tall statues of the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel. The statue of Daniel was originally given the features of the German Emperor of the time, [[William II of Germany|William II]], who commissioned the Portal before the First World War. The moustaches were removed during the German occupation of Metz in World War II.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=30}}
=== Portal of the Virgin ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Le portail de la cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz (4972181384).jpg|South side - Portal of the Virgin Mary
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49566.jpg|Tympanum of the Portal of the Virgin
File:ClemensvonMetzL1110975 (2).jpg|Statue of Saint Clement on the Portal of the Virgin
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49565.jpg|Sculpture of the Portal of the Virgin
</gallery>
The Portal of the Virgin, in the south side facing the Place d'Armes, was constructed before 1225. It was the main entrance of the cathedral until the 18th century, and it most probably occupied the same place as the entrance of the earlier pre-Romanesque cathedral. It was covered over and seriously degraded during the addition of classical features in the 18th century, and was not uncovered until 1867. It was then lowered by a meter and a half. A majority of the sculpture, was recreated by Auguste Dujardin, and other portions were restored. It was not formally opened until 1885. The sculpture depicts scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, culminating at the top of the arch with the crowning of the Virgin by Christ. Recent research found traces of orange, red and green pigment, indicating that the original portal sculpture was brightly colored.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=33}}
=== Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz05.jpg|Sculpture around the portal
File:Metz cathedrale Saint-Etienne portail facade nord-ouest.jpg|Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde
File:Metz Saint-Etienne portail Notre-Dame-la-Ronde panneau 4.JPG| 13th-century sculpture around the portal; The story of David and Goliath (above) and the martyrdom of Saint Maurice (bottom)
</gallery>
The Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde, on the northwest side, dates to 1260–65 and is the oldest and most simply decorated entry to the cathedral. In the 18th century, it was given a classical canopy to harmonise with the other classical features, but it still retains panels of the 13th-century sculpture and carved stonework resembling fabric around the doorway. Similar design from the same period is found at [[Reims Cathedral]]. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=37}}
=== Bell Tower of La Mutte, Chapter Tower and Horloge Tower ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Northern Facade Metz Cathedral.jpg|La Mutte tower (center) and Horloge tower (left)
File:Tour de la Mutte (fèche) - Cathédrale de Metz 57.JPG|Top of the La Mutte tower
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne 4.jpg|The Chapter Tower
</gallery>
The south tower of the cathedral, called "La Mutte", was both the cathedral and municipal bell tower; it was built in 1324 and the municipal bell, called La Mutte, was installed there in 1381. This bell was rung in case of fires, approaching enemies or important civic events. After a fire in 1468, a new upper stage of the tower and a spire was constructed on top, bringing the height to ninety meters. It has two platforms where watchmen were posted to look out for fires or approaching enemies.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=35}}
The present major city bell in the tower is named "La Mutte" and was cast in 1605. It weighs 11,000 kilograms (24,250 pounds). A second bell, called Tocsin, made in 1501, weighs 1500 kilos, and is rung to signal the end of the day; along with a third small bell, called Mademoiselle de Tourmel, made in 1802 and recast in 1875. It weighs just 45 kilograms.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=35}}
The Chapter Tower (Tour de Chapitre), was built at the same time, at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century, and in the same style and plan as the tower of La Mutte. This tower also contains a portal to the cathedral, the Portal of St. Stephen. The medieval sculpture was nearly all destroyed by the end of the 18th century, with the exception of a scene on the lintel of the stoning of Saint Stephen, and two scenes from the life of St. Clement.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=38}}
The west front of the cathedral receives support from a massive buttress on the north, while on the south the facade gets support from the Tower of the Horloge, an eight-sided tower, more slender and shorter than the tower of La Mutte, whose lower portion, with sections of white stone, probably belonged to the original collegiate built in 1207. It is capped by an octagonal belfry and an open pyramid, which were added in 1896. The exterior of this tower features an angel holding a sundial, decorated with the coat of arms of the city, and the date 1504. This tower formally belonged to the city of Metz, and contains a second set of cathedral bells. The largest bell, which sounds the hours, was made in 1413, and weighs 2000 kilograms; a smaller bell sounds the quarter hours, and was made 1398 (60 kilograms); and there is a third bell from the 16th century (also weighing 60 kilograms).
=== Transept ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne Querschiff 2.jpg|Flamboyant facade of the north transept
File:Metz centre ville crop.jpg|The cathedral from the south, with transept to the right
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne Querschiff 3.jpg|Facade with great window of the south transept
</gallery>
The transept and the chevet at the northeast end of the cathedral were constructed together between 1487 and 1450. In this part of the cathedral, the vaults reach a height of 45 meters. The triangular north transept gable was a later addition of Neo-Gothic, made in 1886 in the 15th-century style. It is crowned with a statue of the Virgin Mary, marking the chapel of the Virgin. The south transept facade has a matching gable made in 1883–85, in the more ornate [[flamboyant]] style. It is crowned by two statues, Saint Nicholas and a local medieval bishop, Saint Goëry. There is also a flamboyant gable over the large south window, also an elaborate flamboyant style, with curves and counter-curves. It was damaged by the 19th-century fire and was replaced. At the top is a statue of Saint Stephen, the patron saint of the cathedral.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=31}}
===Chevet ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz02.jpg|Towers and chapel windows of the chevet
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz03.jpg|Buttresses that support the high wall of the chevet
</gallery>
The chevet, at the southeast end of the cathedral, was built between 1503 and 1508 atop the earlier Romanesque crypt and the earlier [[Rayonnant]] style chapels. It contains the apse and disambulatory, and three radiating chapels; the axis chapel of the Virgin; and chapels of the Sacred Heart and Notre-Dame of Mount-Carmel. The doorway to Rue du Vivier was added in 1889.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=31}}
The chapels are separated by the massive buttresses and arches which support the upper walls. The buttresses themselves are decorated with spires, which give them extra weight. The windows of the upper walls are topped with pointed arches and pinnacles, and the chevet is flanked by two additional slender towers with spires on either side of the choir, which give additional support to the structure. On the north is the Tower of the Boule d'Or or Tower of the Pomme d'Or (Named for a gilded copper apple ornament on top of the spire before the Revolution); and to south, the Tower of Charlemagne. This tower has a stairway that gives access to the terraces, triforium, and the narrow pathway around the edge of the roof of the choir.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=41}}
==Interior==
===Nave===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz F PM 049599.jpg|The nave, looking toward the choir
File:Kathedraal van Metz preekstoel 24-07-2018 12-58-11.jpg|The pulpit in the nave
File:Cathedrale saint-etienne metz020.jpg|The three-part elevation of the nave
</gallery>
The nave is the portion of a cathedral, usually at the west end, where the worshippers are seated. The nave of Metz Cathedral is noted for its exceptional height, harmony, and especially the great quantity of stained glass that entirely fills the upper walls, the largest area of glass of any cathedral.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=45}} It has the traditional elevation of Gothic cathedrals of the 13th century, with three levels; an arcade of pointed arches supported by large pillars on the ground floor, 12.65 meters high; above that a [[triforium]] with windows. six meters high; above that a decorative band of two friezes with sculpted foliage and drapery; and above that the high windows extending upwards 25.5 meters into the vaults. Slender colonettes run up the walls between the windows from the arcade pillars to support the vaults. The pillars of the arcade, consisting of bundled columns, also have decoration; sculpted grapevines and other vegetal designs, from about 1245. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=45}}
The four-part rib vaults of the nave vaults are exceptionally high; between 41.2 and 42.6 meters, exceeded in height only by those of [[Beauvais Cathedral]] (48 meters), matching those of [[Amiens Cathedral]] (42.3. meters), and taller than those of [[Reims Cathedral]] (38 meters). {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=41}} The collateral aisles on either side of the nave are not nearly as high; just 13.3 meters, but they also have walls largely filled with stained glass.
===Transept and choir ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz (2012.08) 01.jpg|The south transept, with the organ below
File:AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986 (2).jpg|The modern furnishings in the choir by [[Mattia Bonetti]]
File:Metz (57) cathédrale St Etienne 36.jpg|Detail at the choir stalls (1912)
File:Cathedrale Saint-Etienne de Metz - vierge.jpg|The red marble statue of the Virgin of Lourdes on the lateral altar of the transept
</gallery>
The Transept and choir were built later than the nave, between 1487 and 1520, with elaborate decoration in the [[flamboyant]] style of the late Gothic in the tracery of the windows and the pillars. Nonetheless, the builders respected the elevations and distribution of space on the walls established in the nave at the end of the 13th century. The high windows of the nave were the model for the high windows in the transept and the choir.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=41}}
Parts of the north transept also serve an important structural purpose; the section of the transept where it meets the nave, made about 1300, also serves a buttress for the arches of the nave where they meet the transept. Each level of the transept also has narrow coursières, or passageways, built in the wall on the interior and exterior of the transept.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=49}}
The vaults of the transept meet the vaults of the nave and choir at the central crossing. The transept is 46.80 metres (153.5 ft) high and 16.34 metres (53.6 ft) wide. The vault in the center of the crossing has additional decorative lierne and tiercon ribs, which form a star, and a large keystone, 1.7 meters high and 3.7 meters across, at the meeting point.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=49}}
The choir of a cathedral, where the clergy traditionally worships, is usually long, but because of the unusual topography under the cathedral, the choir in Metz is relatively short, and raised up by twelve steps from the transept.
The modern liturgical furniture in the choir was created by the Swiss-born French artist Mattia Bonetti between 2004 and 2006. It includes an altar, ''Ambon'' or tribune, and ''cathedre'', or bishop's chair. They are made of bronze, marble and oak, with a motif of reeds gently blowing in the wind, against a dark background.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
The '''Altar of Notre Dame de Lourdes ''' made of red marble in 1911 by the Munich sculptor Max Heilmaler, It was subject to many later alterations. It depicts the Virgin in a red marble mandorle. The additional sculpture of the Announciation, also by Heilmaler. Below the altar a depiction of Christ being presented at the Temple, by Caspar Weis.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
With it is the '''retable''' made of gilded and painted oak, It was originally made for the altar of a chapel at the shrine of [[Our Lady of Lourdes|Notre Dame de Lourdes]], where it was placed in 1245. It depicts the Virgin, with the moon at her feet, with figures of Saint Barbara and Saint Catherine. It was removed from that church in 1912 because the church authorities in Lourdes felt it clashed with the simplicity of the decor there.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
The '''choir stalls''' are a prominent feature in the centre of the Choir. They were made by Théophile Klem of [[Colmar]] between 1913 and 1914, but they were not put into place until 1922–23. Carvings also decorate They decorate the screen of the choir made in 1912. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
===Apse, disambulatory, and radiating chapels===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Cathédrale de Metz - intérieur (02).JPG|Triptych dedicated to Saint Anne in the disambulatory
</gallery>
Beyond the choir is the apse, with a semicircular passage, the disambulatory, which leads to the three chapels at the end of the cathedral. The central chapel is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the left chapel to Saint Joseph, and the right chapel to Saint Livier.
The following picture presents the ground plan of Saint-Stephen of Metz and the position of the architectural elements:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:83px; text-align:center;"| Number
! style="width:223px; text-align:center;"| Architectural element
! style="width:310px; text-align:center;"| Plan of Metz Cathedral
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Westwork]]
| rowspan="25" style="text-align:center;"| {{Image label begin|image=MetzDB364.jpg|width=600|float=none}}
{{Image label |x=0.10|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Westwork|1]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.16|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Porch|2]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.25|y=0.93|scale=250|text='''[[Portal (architecture)|3]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.28|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Narthex|4]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.44|y=0.93|scale=250|text='''[[Chapel|5]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.60|y=0.90|scale=250|text='''[[Spire|6]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.87|y=0.96|scale=250|text='''[[Lady Chapel|7]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.00|y=0.77|scale=250|text='''[[Aisle#Architecture|8]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.60|y=0.91|scale=250|text='''[[Organ (music)|9]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.58|y=1.05|scale=250|text='''[[Transept|10]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.80|y=0.77|scale=250|text='''[[crypt|11]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.13|y=0.77|scale=250|text='''[[Apse chapel|12]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.13|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Ambulatory|13]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.22|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Apse|14]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.37|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Architectural development of the eastern end of cathedrals in England and France|15]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.13|y=0.37|scale=250|text='''[[Apse chapel|16]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.58|y=0.10|scale=250|text='''[[Transept|17]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.98|y=0.37|scale=250|text='''[[Aisle#Architecture|18]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.57|y=0.25|scale=250|text='''[[Bell tower|19]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.26|y=0.36|scale=250|text='''[[Altar candle|20]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.98|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Nave|21]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.58|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Transept|22]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.80|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Altar (Catholicism)|23]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.75|y=0.48|scale=250|text='''[[Lectern|24]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.95|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Choir (architecture)|25]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Porch]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portal (architecture)|Portal]] <small>Portal of the Virgin</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Narthex]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Side [[chapel]] <small>Blessed Sacrament chapel</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Spire]] <small>''Mutte'' tower</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lady Chapel]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''8'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Aisle#Architecture|Aisle]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Organ (music)|Organ]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Southern [[transept]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Entrance of the [[crypt]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Apse chapel]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ambulatory]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Apse]] <small>([[Apse#Chevet|Chevet]])</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Architectural development of the eastern end of cathedrals in England and France|East end]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Apse chapel
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''17'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Northern transept
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Aisle
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bell tower]] <small>''Capitulum'' tower</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Altar candle]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nave]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Crossing of the [[transept]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Altar (Catholicism)|Altar]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''24'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lectern]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Choir (architecture)|Choir]] <small>([[Choir (architecture)#Seating|choirstalls]])</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Axis
| style="text-align:left;"| The elements '''1''', '''2''', '''4''', '''13''', '''14''', '''15''', '''19''', '''21''', '''22''', '''23''', and '''25''' constitute the axis (south-southwest/north-northeast, respectively). On its exterior, the cathedral is {{convert|136|m}} long.
|}
== Painting and sculpture ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49683.jpg|Epitaph of Jacques Poulain, with Fresco of the Virgin (14th c.)
File:Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz (6231673809).jpg|Tomb of a bishop
File:Tombe Dupont des Loges.JPG|Tomb of Bishop Dupont des Loges (died 1896) by Emmanuel Hannaux (1923)
</gallery>
The chapels of the transept were decorated in the 14th century with murals on the columns, which served as epitaphs for prominent church figures. These were covered over with plaster in the remodelling of the 17th century and rediscovered and restored between 1840 and 1909. One good example is the painted epitaph of Jacques Poulain, from 1379, located on the north side at the sixth pillar.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=71}}
==Stained glass==
The [[stained glass window]]s of the cathedral range in date from the 13th century to the 20th century, and cover an area of 6500 square meters; the cathedral has the most stained glass of any medieval religious monument.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=53}}
The early windows resemble mosaics, made of very small pieces of thick, deeply-colored glass bound together by thin strips of lead. The later windows became much larger and thinner, as glassmaking technology improved, with support of iron bars and stone tracery. They were often colored with [[silver stain]], and enamel paints which could be etched to give different shades and three dimensions, more closely resembling Renaissance paintings. The later Gothic periods also made greater use of [[grisaille]], glass colored white, grey or other pale colors, to bring more light into the interior, and to highlight the colored glass.
Most of the original glass was removed in the centuries after the Middle Ages. Most of the glass today is restored or a more modern replacement.{{Sfn|Brisac|1994|p=7–11}}
The windows of Metz were made by the master craftsmen including [[Hermann von Münster]] in the fourteenth century, and [[Valentin Bousch]] in the sixteenth. In the twentieth century, the artist [[Marc Chagall]] created three stained glass windows for the cathedral between 1958 and 1968. [[Roger Bissière]] and [[Jacques Villon]] provided designs for further windows, including the complete chapel of the Holy Sacrament.
===Early glass (13th century)===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Vitrail (XIIIe siècle)-cathédrale de Metz.jpg|The oldest glass of the cathedral. Located on one side of the southern transept, Scenes from Life of Saint Paul (13th century)
File:Metz Cathédrale Vitraux 121209 07.jpg|Detail of early glass
</gallery>
The earliest glass in the cathedral, from the third quarter of the 13th century, is found in the central bay of the Chapel of Notre-Dame-La-Rond, on the north side of the cathedral near the portal of that name. The glass was originally all in one window, but was separated and now is displayed in two parts in the lower portions of the bays. In the north (Bay 33) are the lancet windows which illustrate the genealogy of Christ and the Virgin Mary, as well as the prophets and apostles. In the South (Bay 28) is the oculus of the original window, with the crowning of the Virgin. This window very unusually depicts the Virgin to the left of Christ, who is presenting the crown to her with his left hand. A similar arrangement from the same period is found in [[Strasbourg Cathedral]].{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=54}}
=== 14th–15th century glass ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Verriere ouest.jpg|Western rose window at Metz by [[Hermann von Munster]]
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne Innen Rosette 07.jpg|Inner rose window by [[Hermann von Munster]]
File:Cathedrale saint-etienne metz075.jpg|Detail of the West Rose Window
File:Adoration des rois mages 1390 Herman von Munster 08947.JPG|Adoration of the Magi by [[Hermann von Munster]] (1390)
</gallery>
A number of important windows were installed in the 14th century, including the great rose window of the western facade. This window was the work of [[Hermann von Munster]], who created an ambitious program of windows. Other windows he designed were placed in the north and south arms of the transept, the west bay and the north and south arms of the transept.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=55-57}}
=== 16th century glass ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Cathédrale de Metz - vitrail (02).JPG|The north transept windows by [[Theobald of Lixheim]]
File:Metz Saint-Étienne Transept nord 866.jpg|Detail of north transept windows
File:Metz Saint-Étienne Transept nord 896.jpg|Detail of north transept windows – apostles
</gallery>
The most prominent examples of 16th-century glass are the windows of the north face of the transept, made by [[Theobald of Lixheim]] in 1504, and the windows of the south face of the transept, made by [[Valentin Bousch]] between 1521 and 1536. The figures of the last clearly show the influence of the [[Renaissance]], with a full use of perspective, shading, giving the windows a close resemblance to Renaissance paintings.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=55}}
=== 20th century – modern windows ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Jacques Villon Stained Glass Windows, Metz.jpg|Windows by [[Jacques Villon]]
</gallery>
Between 1954 and 1958 most of the upper windows of the nave were replaced with windows designed to harmonize with the early Gothic windows by Jean Gaudin, who had restored the windows of [[Amiens Cathedral]]. Then, in 1956, Robert Renaud, chief architect of the Center of National Monuments, commissioned a group of windows for the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament designed by the cubist-impressionist [[Jacques Villon]], the brother of pioneer modernist [[Marcel Duchamp]], then eighty years old. The windows are composed of intersecting lines and planes of different colors, represents the Last Supper and Crucifixion, surrounded by abstract images of earlier Biblical symbols; the rock of [[Mount Horeb]], the [[Marriage at Cana]], the [[Book of Exodus]] and a lamb representing [[Easter]]. They were installed in 1957.
Two other abstract windows were made by [[Roger Bissière]] for the portal of La Mutte and the portal of the Tower of the Chapter. The former, facing the rising sun, has warm abstract colors, while the latter window, facing the sunset, has cool colors.
The best-known windows are those designed by [[Marc Chagall]]. They were commissioned at the same time that he was chosen by [[André Malraux]], French Minister of Culture, to decorate the central dome of the [[Paris Opera]]. The first, in Bay 17 of the west of the north transept, made between 1958 and 1961, depicts Genesis and the creation, the original sin, and the expulsion from Eden. Two additional groups were made for two bays in the north disambulatory (bays 11 and 9). They were made between 1961 and 1967, and depict Old Testament scenes, including Moses receiving the Ten Commandments, the Sacrifice of Abraham, the Burning Bush, and other events. The final series done by Chagall was created between 1968 and 1970 in the west triforium. These windows are "Grand Bouquet", a composition of birds and flowers and a rainbow on a background of nacre (Bays 111 and 113) and "Petit Bouquet" (Bays 107–109).
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Number
! style="width:200px; text-align:center;"| Master glass maker
! style="width:300px; text-align:center;"| Plan of Saint-Stephen of Metz
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hermann von Münster]]'s windows
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| {{Image label begin|image=MetzDB364.jpg|width=600|float=none}}
{{Image label |x=0.25|y=0.56|scale=250|text='''[[Hermann von Münster|1]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.44|y=0.93|scale=250|text='''[[Jacques Villon|2]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.60|y=0.94|scale=250|text='''[[Valentin Bousch|3]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.18|y=0.56|scale=250|text='''[[Valentin Bousch|4]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.82|y=0.35|scale=250|text='''[[Marc Chagall|5]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.60|y=0.21|scale=250|text='''[[Charles-Laurent Maréchal|6]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.40|y=0.23|scale=250|text='''[[Marc Chagall|7]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.87|y=0.33|scale=250|text='''[[Roger Bissière|8]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jacques Villon]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Valentin Bousch]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Valentin Bousch]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Marc Chagall]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Theobald of Lixheim's windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Marc Chagall]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''8'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Roger Bissière]]'s windows
|}
== Organs ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Cathedrale Saint-Etienne de Metz - orgue.jpg|The modern organ, placed in the south transept
File:Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz 02.jpg|The Renaissance organ, now on the triforium of the nave (1537)
</gallery>
Metz Cathedral has two organs. The modern and larger organ is located in the transept. The smaller and older instrument, called the "Renaissance", is perched on the triforium of the last traverse of the nave, closest to the choir. It was placed there above the former rood screen to accompany ceremonies of the clergy taking place within the choir. It was made in 1537, and while the instrument has been regularly modified and updated, the wooden buffet or cabinet is original.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=72}}
== Crypt ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:MetzerDomKryptaL1120360 (2).jpg|The crypt beneath the transept and apse
File:Metz -F-, 2010, Cripta della Cattedrale il drago Graoully. (4714314013).jpg|The Graouilly, a dragon figure carried in processions, now in the cathedral crypt
</gallery>
The original romanesque crypt beneath the choir was enlarged at the beginning of the 16th century to serve as a foundation for the new chevet. and contains ambulatory leading to three chapels. It was originally largely filled with tombs, It now serves as a museum of cathedral history.
The crypt displays the Graouilly, a large figure of the mythical dragon which was said in legend to been slain by Saint Clement in about 1000 AD. It was carried in religious processions in Metz beginning the 13th century and was described by [[Rabelais]] after his stay in Metz in 1546–47. The body of the current Graouilly is made of canvas covering a metal frame is from the 19th century, while the head is wood from an 18th-century effigy of the creature. {{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=72}}
== Treasury ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299 (2).jpg|The Treasury, located in the Sacristy
File:RingArnulfL1120311 (2).jpg|The Ring of saint Arnoul (7th century)
</gallery>
The treasury of the cathedral, located in the old sacristy next to the south transept, lost most of its precious objects during the French Revolution, when they were taken away to be melted down for their gold or stripped of their jewels. The most famous item in the Treasury is the reputed "Cape of [[Charlemagne]]", a garment probably made in the 12th century. It is made of purple silk with three large eagles embroidered with gold, whose wings are decorated with roses and griffons. It was further adorned during the Renaissance with a plus a hood embroidered with silver. The treasury also displays a large Bishop's ring made of stone and gold, called the Ring of Saint Arnoul, made in the 7th century. It is one of the oldest Bishop's rings still existing.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=75}}
==See also==
{{commons category|Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz|Metz Cathedral}}
*[[Gothic cathedrals and churches]]
*[[French Gothic architecture]]
*[[List of highest church naves]]
*[[List of tallest churches]]
*[[List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe]]
*[[Mont Saint-Quentin in Moselle Valley]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Brisac|first=Catherine|title=Le Vitrail|year=1994|publisher=La Martinière|location=Paris|language=French|isbn=2-73-242117-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Wagner|first=Pierre Édouard|title=Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz|date=2013|language=French|publisher=Centre des monuments nationaux, Éditions du patrimoine|isbn=978-2-7577-0262-8}}
==External links==
* [http://www.gotik-romanik.de/Metz%20Thumbnails/Thumbnails.html Photos ]
* {{flickr-inline2|photos/98676624@N05/collections/72157638659466665/|Denis Krieger, extensive collection of stained glass photos}}
{{Catholic Church in France|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Metz]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Metz]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in France|Metz]]
[[Category:Architecture in Metz]]
[[Category:Romanesque architecture in France]]
[[Category:Gothic architecture in France]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in the 1520s]]
[[Category:Burial sites of the Pippinids]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France]]
[[Category:Monuments historiques of Grand Est]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Catholic cathedral in Metz, France}}
{{other uses of|Metz}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name =Metz Cathedral<br><small>Cathedral of Saint Stephen, Metz<br>{{lang|fr|Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz}}</small>
| infobox_width =
| image = Metz (Moselle) - Cathédrale Saint-Étienne (32283913217).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =Metz Cathedral from the south
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location =[[Metz]], [[France]]
| geo ={{Coord|49.12|N|6.1754|E|type:landmark_region:FR|display=title,inline}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| religious_affiliation =[[Catholic Church]]
| rite =[[Roman Rite|Roman]]
| region =
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz|Diocese of Metz]]
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year = 11 April 1552
| status =[[Cathedral]]
| functional_status =Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =Pierre Raffin
| website ={{URL|http://www.cathedrale-metz.fr/|www.cathedrale-metz.fr}}
| architecture =yes
| architect =
| architecture_type =[[Church architecture|Church]]
| architecture_style =[[French Gothic architecture|French Gothic]]; [[Gothic Revival]]
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =West
| groundbreaking ={{start date|1220}}
| year_completed ={{end date|1550}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length ={{convert|136|m}}
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max ={{convert|88|m}} (Mutte tower)
| dome_quantity =
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| materials =[[Pierre de Jaumont|Jaumont Stone]]
| nrhp =
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|designation2=Monument Historique
|designation2_offname=Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz
|designation2_date=1930
|designation2_number=PA00106817<ref>{{Base Mérimée|PA00106817}}</ref>
|designation2_free1name=Denomination
|designation2_free1value={{lang|fr|Église}}
}}
'''Metz Cathedral''' is the [[cathedral]] of the [[Catholic]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz|Diocese of Metz]],<ref name="cathedral">{{cite web|url=http://www.cathedrale-metz.fr/|title=Official website of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral.|date= |access-date=29 June 2012|language=fr}}</ref> the seat of the [[Bishop of Metz|bishops of Metz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metz.catholique.fr/|title=Official website of the Bishopric of Metz.|format= |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013|language=fr}}</ref> It is dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]]. The diocese dates back at least to the 4th century and the present cathedral building was begun in the early 14th century. In the mid-14th century, it was joined to the collegiate church of Notre-Dame, and given a new transept and late Gothic [[chevet]], finished between 1486 and 1520.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=3}} The [[cathedral treasury]] displays a rich collection assembled over the long centuries of the history of the Metz diocese and include sacred vestments and items used for the [[Eucharist]].<ref name="cathedral"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/art-et-culture/architecture/video/SXF01013690/tresors-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html|title=INA Archive (1969) Trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, ORTF|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date=2 July 2012|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/religion/video/SXC02003845/patrimoine-tresor-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html|title=INA Archive (1980) Patrimoine: trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, France 3 régions|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date=2 July 2012|language=fr}}</ref>
Can you hop on fortnite I’m lonely has the [[List of highest church naves|third-highest nave of cathedrals in France]] (41.41 meters (135.9 ft)), after the cathedrals of [[Amiens Cathedral |Amiens]] and [[Beauvais Cathedral| Beauvais ]]. It is nicknamed {{lang|fr|la Lanterne du Bon Dieu}} ("the Good Lord's lantern"), on account of its displaying the largest expanse of [[stained glass]] in the world, totalling {{convert|6,496|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="stained glass">Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. {{ISBN|2-87692-495-1}}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The stained glass windows include works by [[Gothic art|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] master glass makers [[Hermann von Münster]], Theobald of Lixheim, and [[Valentin Bousch]]. Later artistic styles are represented by [[Charles-Laurent Maréchal]] ([[Romanticism]]), [[Roger Bissière]] ([[Tachisme|Tachism]]), [[Jacques Villon]] ([[Cubism]]), [[Marc Chagall]], and [[Kimsooja]].<ref name="stained glass"/>
==History==
===Early churches ===
A Gallo-Roman [[oppidum]], or fortified town, called Diuodron Medimatriques, occupied the site from at least the first century B.C. It became a stop on the trade route between [[Lyon]] and [[Treves]], and was an imperial residence during the [[Roman Empire]] between 306 and 390. The presence of the first bishop, Clement, is recorded in 346.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}}
The cathedral was built on an ancient site dating to the 5th century and dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]].<ref>Vallery-Radot J. (1931): ''La cathédrale de Metz, description archéologique''. Eds A. Picard, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> It is said to have contained a collection of his relics.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}} According to [[Gregory of Tours]], the [[shrine]] of Saint Stephen was the sole structure spared during the sack of 451 by [[Attila]]'s [[Huns]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html|title=Gregory of Tours (c. 538-594 A.D.) Historiae, Libri X. The Latin Library.|date= |access-date= 6 January 2013|language=la}}</ref> It was a royal residence of the grandsons of [[Clovis I|Clovis]], king of the Franks, and of [[Theudebert I]], who became the [[Merovingian]] ruler in 534.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}}
[[Gregory of Tours]] mentioned the existence of the church in 584, and a cathedral under the archbishop Arnoul is mentioned in 616. The Archbishop and Saint [[Chrodegang]] (742-766) is mentioned in accounts of the time as a papal envoy to the Franks. He is credited with introducing the Roman liturgy and chants, with the support of King of the Franks, [[Pepin the Short|Pepin]], between 751 and 768. Chrodegang is also credited with establishing the first cathedral chapter in western Europe, and also the first cathedral close, combining chapels, dormitory, refectory, and other functional buildings. This system was formally adopted by other Frankish cathedrals under the Capitulary of Aix-en-Chapelle of 816.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}} This first cloister, on the south side of the cathedral where the Place des Armes is located, survived until its demolition in 1754.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=7}}
===The Ottonian or Pre-Romanesque cathedral ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Commencement république messine Auguste Migette 1862.jpg|The [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] or [[Ottonian]] cathedral in 1055 imagined by [[Auguste Migette]] (1862)
</gallery>
In 843, after long disputes between [[Charlemagne]]'s successors, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into four parts. In 870, Metz and its province [[Lorraine]] allied with [[East Francia]] while remaining an autonomous duchy. In 962, when [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]], restored the Empire, Lorraine was designated as the autonomous Duchy of Lorraine, with Metz as its capital. It maintained this status until 1766, when it formally became part of France.
The construction of a new cathedral began under bishop Thierry I between 965 and 984, and was completed under his second successor Thierry II of Luxembourg, between 1006 and 1047. It was built in what was later called [[Ottonian architecture| Ottonian style]], a form of pre-Romanesque. This church had two towers and three bays on the west front, a nave with three vessels, and a larger tower over the transept. Because of its placement on a terrace next to the [[Moselle]] River, the cathedral could not have the traditional east to west orientation from the choir to the west front. Instead, it was oriented on an axis from southeast to northwest. The roof, following a regional tradition, was covered with tiles of white limestone.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=11}}
A smaller church, the Collegiale of Notre-Dame-la-Ronde, was built close to the old cathedral in the 8th century, and was entirely rebuilt between 1200 and 1207 to be oriented directly with the axis of the cathedral. The complex of early buildings also included the cloister and a palace for the archbishop, where the market square is located today.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=11}} <ref>Marot P. (1931): ''La cathédrale de Metz, histoire de la construction''. Eds A. Picard, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="first">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wM8NgPiGUs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/-wM8NgPiGUs |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 10th to 13th century.|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
===The Gothic Cathedral ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Vue de Metz et descente de croix Barra & De Nomé.jpg|Metz and the cathedral in the 17th century
File:Portrait de Metz (cathedrale).JPG|City centre and the cathedral in the 17th century
</gallery>
The reconstruction of the cathedral in the Gothic style was proposed in about 1220 by the bishop of Metz, [[Conrad III of Scharfenberg]], the chancellor of [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The work began under James of Lotharingia ({{lang-fr|Jacques de Lorraine}}, {{lang-de|Jakob von Lothringen}}), the head of the chapter, who became bishop in 1239.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}} Construction began at the west end of the nave and continued to the transept and the old choir, which was still in place until the end of the 15th century. The vault of the new structure was not planned to be higher than 30–35 meters.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
The plan integrated the neighbouring [[Collegiate church]] of Our Lady into the western end of the cathedral, which resulted in the absence of a traditional west-end portal. The south-western porch of the cathedral became the entrance of the former collegiate church.<ref name="first"/><ref>Villes A. (2004): ''Remarques sur les campagnes de construction de la cathédrale de Metz au XIIieme siecle''. Bulletin Monumental 162, Paris {{in lang|fr}}</ref>
The nave, with the exception of its vaults, was probably finished between 1245 and 1250. Then a decision was taken to make the cathedral much taller, with the addition of a new level of large windows about forty meters high, equal in height to the two levels below. New more massive columns were added, and the triforium between the arcades and high windows was enlarged and strengthened to support the greater weight. Between 1250 and 1255 the south side walls west of the transept were also strengthened to support the new higher walls. The south façade was also built higher to match the greater height of the new nave. The piers of the flying buttresses were also reconstructed, doubling their height. In about 1270–75, the tower of the Chapter was raised to the height of the cornice of the new nave.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
Since the new nave was now twice as high as planned, the towers also had to be made taller. Between 1275 and 1280, A second level and the beginning of a third level were added to the Tour de la Mutte. By 1359 the nave was entirely covered, but work on the upper walls continued for another twenty years. In 1380–81, the [[Canon (priest)|canons]] of the cathedral decided to demolish the wall which separated the cathedral from the adjoining nave of the church of Our Lady. This was resisted by the clergy of the collegiate church, but the work went ahead, modified by the installation of a grill between the two naves. In 1381 the cathedral chapter engaged the glassmaker [[Hermann von Münster|Herman of Münster]] to make a rose window for the west front, which was finished in 1392. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
There was a lull of nearly a century before major work was resumed on the construction of the transept and the choir. In 1388 a wooden belfry was installed by the city government on the La Mutte tower, and a new chapel, the Bishop's Chapel, was added on the lower south aisle in 1443. Its patron, Bishop Conrad Bayer of [[Boppard]], died a few days after the chapel was consecrated, and was interred within it in 1459. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
In 1468 a serious fire broke out on the new balustrade of the roof. In the years before the fire, from 1452 to 1467, there had been a bitter dispute between the city leaders and the cathedral authorities over who was responsible for the maintenance and safety of cathedral property, which Bishop [[George of Baden]] ended by excommunicating the city leaders. When the fire broke out, the city leaders refused to assist the clergy in fighting the fire, only sending men to put out the fire on the bell tower, which was owned by the city. Relations thereafter between the city and clerical authorities were strained. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
The last work on the La Mutte bell tower was completed between 1477 and 1483. The stone shaft forty meters high was topped by a tall spire, giving it a total height of almost ninety meters. The finished cathedral was consecrated on 11 April 1552.<ref name="second">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMOIvAWDY44 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/sMOIvAWDY44 |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 14th to 16th century.|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== Gothic Completion and neoclassical additions (16th–18th century) ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz 1603.jpg|Welcoming King Henry IV to Metz with fireworks – 1603
File:Metz vor der Restaurierung , v. 1877.jpg|Blondel's classical portal, added in 1766
File:Cathédrale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-à-Metz.jpeg|The cathedral in about 1800
</gallery>
Work continued into the 16th century to rebuild the remaining Romanesque portions into the Gothic style. The old choir was demolished in 1503. A few weeks later, the old Romanesque south transept fell. The next year work began on the new transept, and the final flying buttress of the choir was installed ion 1506. The new construction largely followed the original Gothic style.
A new canonical choir was built beginning in 1519 next to the sanctuary, at the crossing of the transept. An ornate [[rood screen]] was installed between the choir and the nave, with sculpture by Mansuy Gauvain, and new choir stalls were installed. The choir was completed with a new altar and a small organ in the triforium above the rood screen. A project was also begun to create a new grand portal on the west end. The work was begun but was halted in 1552 by the entry into the city of the army of King [[Henry II of France]]. Work did not resume until 1761.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
Metz and the Duchy of Lorraine formally retained their independent status, but the French political and cultural influence grew from 1737 until 1766, when France formally annexed the Duchy. In 1741, proponents of the new French classical style, popular in Paris, proposed to redecorate the choir of Metz Cathedral in the new style. They presented a neoclassical program for the choir by the royal sculptor from Paris, [[Sébastien Slodtz]]. However, Slotdtz's proposed decoration was fiercely resisted by the more conservative chapter and was finally rejected in 1762.
In 1754 another large modification was begun by the governor of Metz. He destroyed the old cloisters next to the church, with their chapels and arcades, with the intention of creating a parade ground for official celebrations. However, this project was abandoned in 1758. Instead, the space was filled by a group of houses, shops and a large pavilion.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}}
Another classical addition to the cathedral was proposed in 1755 by the royal architect [[Jacques-François Blondel]]. He was commissioned by the Royal Academy of Architecture to build a [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] Doric portico which would serve as the main entrance to the cathedral. This was funded partially by [[Louis XV]], to celebrate his recovery from a serious illness from which he had nearly died in Metz in 1744. It was duly built between 1764 and 1766, However, the work on this new portal caused more problems; it was found that the portico would block some of the stained glass windows, and the digging of the deep foundations for the portico immediately created weaknesses in the west front and north buttress.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=12}} <ref>Lejeaux J. (1931): ''La cathédrale de Metz, L'œuvre de Blondel à Metz''. Eds A. Picard, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="third">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1evIHE503Jk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/1evIHE503Jk |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|title=Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 17th to 20th century.|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== The Revolution to the 21st century ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz - Incendie cathédrale, le 7 mai 1877.jpg|The fire of 1877
File:Cathédrale Metz Robida.jpg|Drawing of the cathedral in 1905 by [[Albert Robida]]
File:Euch. Kongress, Metz 1907 - 18e Congrès Euch. Metz 1907 FIC MUT 0770.jpg|The cathedral in 1907 with the new portal and decorated gable
File:Cathédrale Saint-Etienne - Entrée du maréchal Foch dans la ville de Metz - Metz - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - APZ0007321.jpg|The troops of Maréchal Foch parade past the cathedral (1918)
</gallery>
In the years before the French Revolution in 1789, many of the Gothic tombs and monuments of the cathedral were removed, or put into lower aisles to accommodate the new classical taste. The Revolution greatly accelerated the destruction. The cathedral chapter was formally abolished in 1790, and the cathedral was declared a simple parish and episcopal church. The old rood screen, made in 1555. was destroyed and replaced by a circular platform or stage in the transept. From 1793 to 1794, the cathedral was officially termed a "Temple of Reason". It was turned into a legal church in 1795, and services resumed, but it was not formally returned to the Catholic Church until 1802.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=19}}
The cathedral was in a deplorable state in the early 19th century. The vaults shook when the bells in the tower rang. The arch supporting the right side of the bell tower was broken, and the windows of the tower had to be removed. The arch was finally replaced in 1829. Weaknesses of the foundation made the new portico unsteady. The wood of the belfry of the Chapter tower was rotting, and falling in pieces onto the street below; workmen refused to enter the unstable tower. The government finally agreed to finance the complete reconstruction of the tower of La Mutte, which was completed in 1843. The government of Emperor Louis-Napoleon promised a full restoration of the cathedral.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=19}}
Following the Prussian victory in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, Lorraine and Metz were taken from France in 1871 and annexed to the new German Empire. In 1877, the cathedral was heavily damaged by a major fire caused by fireworks. The King of Prussia and Emperor [[William I, German Emperor|William I]] took a particular interest in the rebuilding of Metz Cathedral, to win the support of the population.
{{quote box
| width=25.5%
|Cathedral all ''en volute'' (vaults), where the wind sings as in a flute, and then responds the ''Mutte'', the great voice of the Good Lord!
| — [[Paul Verlaine]], ''Ode to Metz, Invectives'', 1896.
|align=left
|salign=left
}}
A young architect from Munich, Paul Tornow, became master of works of the cathedral in 1874 and held the position for thirty-two years, until 1906. He first constructed a new roof, built on a metal frame, which raised its height by 3.5 meters. He then removed the collection of structures that had been built up against the walls, and restored the Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Mont-Carmel, which had previously belonged to the adjoining church of Notre-Dame-la-Rond. He reopened the windows which had been blocked by the 19th-century construction. He also cleared out the crypt of the cathedral, which had been turned into a storeroom for the neighbouring shops in the gallery. Between 1874 and 1877 he restored the vaults and buttresses that had been weakened by age and the fire. Between 1898 and 1903 he removed Blondel's classical portico over the portal.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
The new portal was the subject of careful study by Tornow. He decided upon a 14th-century Gothic style, in harmony with the rose window. With the French sculptor Auguste Dujardin, he visited twenty-one cathedrals in Burgundy, the Ile-de-France, Normandy and Champagne, taking photographs to act as the basis for his design. The final plan adapted elements of the 13th and 14th centuries, and borrowed particularly from the portals of [[Auxerre Cathedral]], [[Chartres Cathedral]] and [[Amiens Cathedral]]. He also rebuilt triangular gables at the top of the north and south facades in the late Gothic style, with spires and pinnacles.<ref name="third"/>{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=21}} The new south portal was completed and inaugurated on 14 May 1903. The final project of the exterior renovation was the La Mutte tower, which was granted back to the church by the city, which had taken it as the municipal bell tower.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
Major restoration and rebuilding also took place inside the cathedral, under another architect, Wilhelm Schmitz. He enlarged the choir, restored damaged windows, constructed new choir stalls, and installed a new stone choir screen, new altars, and new bronze doors for the west portal. In 1914 war interrupted the work. In 1918, at the end of the First World War, Lorraine and the cathedral were returned to France. The forty-four new choir stalls, made in Colmar in 1914, were finally installed 1922.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
Between the First and Second World Wars, little funding was available to restore or improve the cathedral; the only significant addition was a new bishop's chair, installed in 1932. However, after the Second World War, chief architect Robert Renaud began a campaign to restore and renew the art. He had a copy made and installed of the angel-musician statue which had decorated the roof–it had been blown down in a storm in 1952. In 1965, a stained glass window of David and Bathsheba, designed by [[Marc Chagall]] was installed in Bay 9, along with windows by other contemporary artists.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=67}}
Until 1960 all the furnishings of the cathedral were either original Gothic or recreations of Gothic. That year the cathedral began to acquire modern works of furniture and art, including windows designed by [[Marc Chagall]], [[Jacques Villon]] and other artists.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=67}}
In 1999 another wind storm broke loose a pinnacle from the roof, which fell through the roof of the sacristy, requiring major work. The west rose window also showed signs of weakness, due to the absence of a supporting buttress on the west, and began to crack. It was reinforced with two steel supports between 1995 and 2000. The La Mutte tower was restored beginning in 2009, including the restoration of the bells and their mechanism.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=24}}
===Timeline of construction===
* '''984 – {{Circa|1040}}''' Construction of an [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]] basilica over an ancient [[shrine]] dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]]<ref name="first"/>
* '''{{Circa|1180}} – 1207''' Construction of a chapel in [[French Gothic architecture|Early Gothic]] style on the west side of the basilica<ref name="first"/>
* '''1220''' Beginning of the construction of the Gothic cathedral within the foundations of the [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]] basilica, construction of the aisles<ref name="first"/>
* '''1265–1285''' Construction of the [[triforium|triforia]] and the two bell towers<ref name="first"/>
* '''1285 – c. 1290''' Elevation of the westwork within the foundations of a Gothic chapel from the 12th century<ref name="first"/>
* '''1290s''' Construction of the [[Vault (architecture)|vaults]] of the nave and the supporting flying buttresses<ref name="first"/>
* '''c. 1300–1330s''' Construction of the [[Lady chapel|Lady Chapel]]<ref name="second"/>
* '''1380''' Junction between the former Gothic chapel and the nave<ref name="second"/>
* '''1384''' Creation of the stained glass [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of the west facade and the [[rose window]] by master glass maker [[Hermann von Münster]]
* '''1478–1483''' Elevation of the spire<ref name="second"/>
* '''1486–1490s''' Construction of the northern transept<ref name="second"/>
* '''1504''' Creation of the stained glass [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of the northern transept by master glass maker Theobald of Lixheim
* '''c. 1490–1500s''' Construction of the Gothic choir and east end<ref name="second"/>
* '''1504–1520s''' Construction of the southern transept<ref name="second"/>
* '''1518–1539''' Stained glass by master glass maker [[Valentin Bousch]], including the [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] on the southern transept<ref name=jongh155>Ariane Isler-de Jongh: ''A Stained-Glass Window from Flavigny-sur-Moselle'', Metropolitan Museum Journal, 33, 1998. [http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/A_Stained_Glass_Window_from_Flavigny_sur_Moselle_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_33_1998 Online], (p. 155).</ref>
* '''1761–1764''' [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] refurbishment conducted by [[Jacques-François Blondel]]<ref name="third"/>
* '''c.1850–1880s''' Destruction of the [[Ornament (art)|ornaments]] of Jacques-François Blondel<ref name="third"/>
* '''1889–1903''' Construction of a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neogothic]] portal on the west front<ref name="third"/>
* '''1965–1967''' Stained glass windows of [[Marc Chagall]]{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=67}}
==Exterior==
Metz Cathedral is a [[Rayonnant]] [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] edifice built of the local yellow [[Pierre de Jaumont|Jaumont limestone]]. As in [[French Gothic architecture]], the building is compact, with slight projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. However, it displays singular, distinctive characteristics in both its ground plan and architecture compared to most other cathedrals. Because of the [[topography]] of the [[Moselle valley]] in Metz, the common west–east axis of the ground plan could not be applied and the church is oriented north-northeast. Moreover, unlike the French and German Gothic cathedrals having three [[Portal (architecture)|portal]]s surmounted by a rose window and two large towers, this one has a single [[porch]] at its western front. The entrance is to the side of the building through another portal placed at the south-western side of the [[narthex]], avoiding the usual alignment of the entrance with the choir.
The nave is supported by [[flying buttress]]es and culminates at {{convert|41.41|m}} high, making it one of the highest naves in the world. The height of the nave is contrasted by the relatively low height of the aisles at {{convert|14.3|m}} high, reinforcing the sensation of height of the nave. This feature permitted the architects to create large, tall expanses of stained glass. Throughout its history the cathedral has been subjected to architectural and ornamental modifications with successive additions of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Gothic Revival architecture|Neogothic]] elements.
===West Front and the Portal of Christ ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz - Cathedral 5.jpg|West Front – the Portal of Christ, Horloge tower on right
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49698.jpg|Tympanum of the Portal of Christ
File:Cathédrale de Metz - portail principal (22).JPG|Statue of Saint Daniel, originally modelled after [[William II of Germany]]
File:Sommet de la façade sud de la cathédrale de Metz (juin 2019).JPG|Top of the west facade
</gallery>
The portal of the west front, typically the main entrance of a cathedral, in Metz is a secondary entrance. The original Gothic portal was replaced by a classical entrance in 1724, which was replaced by the current Neo-Gothic portal in 1903, called "Christ the King." It was designed by architect Paul Tornow and artist Auguste Dujardin. It is lavishly filled with sculpture including column-statues in niches above smaller sculptures in the soubassement. The tympanum over the portal, largely inspired by the Tympanum of [[Amiens Cathedral]], illustrates the [[Last Judgement]], with Christ as the central figure, between two figures representing the Church the Synagogue. The portal is flanked by four 4-meter-tall statues of the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel. The statue of Daniel was originally given the features of the German Emperor of the time, [[William II of Germany|William II]], who commissioned the Portal before the First World War. The moustaches were removed during the German occupation of Metz in World War II.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=30}}
=== Portal of the Virgin ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Le portail de la cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz (4972181384).jpg|South side - Portal of the Virgin Mary
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49566.jpg|Tympanum of the Portal of the Virgin
File:ClemensvonMetzL1110975 (2).jpg|Statue of Saint Clement on the Portal of the Virgin
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49565.jpg|Sculpture of the Portal of the Virgin
</gallery>
The Portal of the Virgin, in the south side facing the Place d'Armes, was constructed before 1225. It was the main entrance of the cathedral until the 18th century, and it most probably occupied the same place as the entrance of the earlier pre-Romanesque cathedral. It was covered over and seriously degraded during the addition of classical features in the 18th century, and was not uncovered until 1867. It was then lowered by a meter and a half. A majority of the sculpture, was recreated by Auguste Dujardin, and other portions were restored. It was not formally opened until 1885. The sculpture depicts scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, culminating at the top of the arch with the crowning of the Virgin by Christ. Recent research found traces of orange, red and green pigment, indicating that the original portal sculpture was brightly colored.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=33}}
=== Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz05.jpg|Sculpture around the portal
File:Metz cathedrale Saint-Etienne portail facade nord-ouest.jpg|Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde
File:Metz Saint-Etienne portail Notre-Dame-la-Ronde panneau 4.JPG| 13th-century sculpture around the portal; The story of David and Goliath (above) and the martyrdom of Saint Maurice (bottom)
</gallery>
The Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde, on the northwest side, dates to 1260–65 and is the oldest and most simply decorated entry to the cathedral. In the 18th century, it was given a classical canopy to harmonise with the other classical features, but it still retains panels of the 13th-century sculpture and carved stonework resembling fabric around the doorway. Similar design from the same period is found at [[Reims Cathedral]]. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=37}}
=== Bell Tower of La Mutte, Chapter Tower and Horloge Tower ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Northern Facade Metz Cathedral.jpg|La Mutte tower (center) and Horloge tower (left)
File:Tour de la Mutte (fèche) - Cathédrale de Metz 57.JPG|Top of the La Mutte tower
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne 4.jpg|The Chapter Tower
</gallery>
The south tower of the cathedral, called "La Mutte", was both the cathedral and municipal bell tower; it was built in 1324 and the municipal bell, called La Mutte, was installed there in 1381. This bell was rung in case of fires, approaching enemies or important civic events. After a fire in 1468, a new upper stage of the tower and a spire was constructed on top, bringing the height to ninety meters. It has two platforms where watchmen were posted to look out for fires or approaching enemies.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=35}}
The present major city bell in the tower is named "La Mutte" and was cast in 1605. It weighs 11,000 kilograms (24,250 pounds). A second bell, called Tocsin, made in 1501, weighs 1500 kilos, and is rung to signal the end of the day; along with a third small bell, called Mademoiselle de Tourmel, made in 1802 and recast in 1875. It weighs just 45 kilograms.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=35}}
The Chapter Tower (Tour de Chapitre), was built at the same time, at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century, and in the same style and plan as the tower of La Mutte. This tower also contains a portal to the cathedral, the Portal of St. Stephen. The medieval sculpture was nearly all destroyed by the end of the 18th century, with the exception of a scene on the lintel of the stoning of Saint Stephen, and two scenes from the life of St. Clement.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=38}}
The west front of the cathedral receives support from a massive buttress on the north, while on the south the facade gets support from the Tower of the Horloge, an eight-sided tower, more slender and shorter than the tower of La Mutte, whose lower portion, with sections of white stone, probably belonged to the original collegiate built in 1207. It is capped by an octagonal belfry and an open pyramid, which were added in 1896. The exterior of this tower features an angel holding a sundial, decorated with the coat of arms of the city, and the date 1504. This tower formally belonged to the city of Metz, and contains a second set of cathedral bells. The largest bell, which sounds the hours, was made in 1413, and weighs 2000 kilograms; a smaller bell sounds the quarter hours, and was made 1398 (60 kilograms); and there is a third bell from the 16th century (also weighing 60 kilograms).
=== Transept ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne Querschiff 2.jpg|Flamboyant facade of the north transept
File:Metz centre ville crop.jpg|The cathedral from the south, with transept to the right
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne Querschiff 3.jpg|Facade with great window of the south transept
</gallery>
The transept and the chevet at the northeast end of the cathedral were constructed together between 1487 and 1450. In this part of the cathedral, the vaults reach a height of 45 meters. The triangular north transept gable was a later addition of Neo-Gothic, made in 1886 in the 15th-century style. It is crowned with a statue of the Virgin Mary, marking the chapel of the Virgin. The south transept facade has a matching gable made in 1883–85, in the more ornate [[flamboyant]] style. It is crowned by two statues, Saint Nicholas and a local medieval bishop, Saint Goëry. There is also a flamboyant gable over the large south window, also an elaborate flamboyant style, with curves and counter-curves. It was damaged by the 19th-century fire and was replaced. At the top is a statue of Saint Stephen, the patron saint of the cathedral.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=31}}
===Chevet ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz02.jpg|Towers and chapel windows of the chevet
File:20201017Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz03.jpg|Buttresses that support the high wall of the chevet
</gallery>
The chevet, at the southeast end of the cathedral, was built between 1503 and 1508 atop the earlier Romanesque crypt and the earlier [[Rayonnant]] style chapels. It contains the apse and disambulatory, and three radiating chapels; the axis chapel of the Virgin; and chapels of the Sacred Heart and Notre-Dame of Mount-Carmel. The doorway to Rue du Vivier was added in 1889.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=31}}
The chapels are separated by the massive buttresses and arches which support the upper walls. The buttresses themselves are decorated with spires, which give them extra weight. The windows of the upper walls are topped with pointed arches and pinnacles, and the chevet is flanked by two additional slender towers with spires on either side of the choir, which give additional support to the structure. On the north is the Tower of the Boule d'Or or Tower of the Pomme d'Or (Named for a gilded copper apple ornament on top of the spire before the Revolution); and to south, the Tower of Charlemagne. This tower has a stairway that gives access to the terraces, triforium, and the narrow pathway around the edge of the roof of the choir.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=41}}
==Interior==
===Nave===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz F PM 049599.jpg|The nave, looking toward the choir
File:Kathedraal van Metz preekstoel 24-07-2018 12-58-11.jpg|The pulpit in the nave
File:Cathedrale saint-etienne metz020.jpg|The three-part elevation of the nave
</gallery>
The nave is the portion of a cathedral, usually at the west end, where the worshippers are seated. The nave of Metz Cathedral is noted for its exceptional height, harmony, and especially the great quantity of stained glass that entirely fills the upper walls, the largest area of glass of any cathedral.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=45}} It has the traditional elevation of Gothic cathedrals of the 13th century, with three levels; an arcade of pointed arches supported by large pillars on the ground floor, 12.65 meters high; above that a [[triforium]] with windows. six meters high; above that a decorative band of two friezes with sculpted foliage and drapery; and above that the high windows extending upwards 25.5 meters into the vaults. Slender colonettes run up the walls between the windows from the arcade pillars to support the vaults. The pillars of the arcade, consisting of bundled columns, also have decoration; sculpted grapevines and other vegetal designs, from about 1245. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=45}}
The four-part rib vaults of the nave vaults are exceptionally high; between 41.2 and 42.6 meters, exceeded in height only by those of [[Beauvais Cathedral]] (48 meters), matching those of [[Amiens Cathedral]] (42.3. meters), and taller than those of [[Reims Cathedral]] (38 meters). {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=41}} The collateral aisles on either side of the nave are not nearly as high; just 13.3 meters, but they also have walls largely filled with stained glass.
===Transept and choir ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz (2012.08) 01.jpg|The south transept, with the organ below
File:AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986 (2).jpg|The modern furnishings in the choir by [[Mattia Bonetti]]
File:Metz (57) cathédrale St Etienne 36.jpg|Detail at the choir stalls (1912)
File:Cathedrale Saint-Etienne de Metz - vierge.jpg|The red marble statue of the Virgin of Lourdes on the lateral altar of the transept
</gallery>
The Transept and choir were built later than the nave, between 1487 and 1520, with elaborate decoration in the [[flamboyant]] style of the late Gothic in the tracery of the windows and the pillars. Nonetheless, the builders respected the elevations and distribution of space on the walls established in the nave at the end of the 13th century. The high windows of the nave were the model for the high windows in the transept and the choir.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=41}}
Parts of the north transept also serve an important structural purpose; the section of the transept where it meets the nave, made about 1300, also serves a buttress for the arches of the nave where they meet the transept. Each level of the transept also has narrow coursières, or passageways, built in the wall on the interior and exterior of the transept.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=49}}
The vaults of the transept meet the vaults of the nave and choir at the central crossing. The transept is 46.80 metres (153.5 ft) high and 16.34 metres (53.6 ft) wide. The vault in the center of the crossing has additional decorative lierne and tiercon ribs, which form a star, and a large keystone, 1.7 meters high and 3.7 meters across, at the meeting point.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=49}}
The choir of a cathedral, where the clergy traditionally worships, is usually long, but because of the unusual topography under the cathedral, the choir in Metz is relatively short, and raised up by twelve steps from the transept.
The modern liturgical furniture in the choir was created by the Swiss-born French artist Mattia Bonetti between 2004 and 2006. It includes an altar, ''Ambon'' or tribune, and ''cathedre'', or bishop's chair. They are made of bronze, marble and oak, with a motif of reeds gently blowing in the wind, against a dark background.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
The '''Altar of Notre Dame de Lourdes ''' made of red marble in 1911 by the Munich sculptor Max Heilmaler, It was subject to many later alterations. It depicts the Virgin in a red marble mandorle. The additional sculpture of the Announciation, also by Heilmaler. Below the altar a depiction of Christ being presented at the Temple, by Caspar Weis.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
With it is the '''retable''' made of gilded and painted oak, It was originally made for the altar of a chapel at the shrine of [[Our Lady of Lourdes|Notre Dame de Lourdes]], where it was placed in 1245. It depicts the Virgin, with the moon at her feet, with figures of Saint Barbara and Saint Catherine. It was removed from that church in 1912 because the church authorities in Lourdes felt it clashed with the simplicity of the decor there.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
The '''choir stalls''' are a prominent feature in the centre of the Choir. They were made by Théophile Klem of [[Colmar]] between 1913 and 1914, but they were not put into place until 1922–23. Carvings also decorate They decorate the screen of the choir made in 1912. {{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=73}}
===Apse, disambulatory, and radiating chapels===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Cathédrale de Metz - intérieur (02).JPG|Triptych dedicated to Saint Anne in the disambulatory
</gallery>
Beyond the choir is the apse, with a semicircular passage, the disambulatory, which leads to the three chapels at the end of the cathedral. The central chapel is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the left chapel to Saint Joseph, and the right chapel to Saint Livier.
The following picture presents the ground plan of Saint-Stephen of Metz and the position of the architectural elements:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:83px; text-align:center;"| Number
! style="width:223px; text-align:center;"| Architectural element
! style="width:310px; text-align:center;"| Plan of Metz Cathedral
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Westwork]]
| rowspan="25" style="text-align:center;"| {{Image label begin|image=MetzDB364.jpg|width=600|float=none}}
{{Image label |x=0.10|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Westwork|1]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.16|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Porch|2]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.25|y=0.93|scale=250|text='''[[Portal (architecture)|3]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.28|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Narthex|4]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.44|y=0.93|scale=250|text='''[[Chapel|5]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.60|y=0.90|scale=250|text='''[[Spire|6]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.87|y=0.96|scale=250|text='''[[Lady Chapel|7]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.00|y=0.77|scale=250|text='''[[Aisle#Architecture|8]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.60|y=0.91|scale=250|text='''[[Organ (music)|9]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.58|y=1.05|scale=250|text='''[[Transept|10]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.80|y=0.77|scale=250|text='''[[crypt|11]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.13|y=0.77|scale=250|text='''[[Apse chapel|12]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.13|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Ambulatory|13]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.22|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Apse|14]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.37|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Architectural development of the eastern end of cathedrals in England and France|15]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.13|y=0.37|scale=250|text='''[[Apse chapel|16]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.58|y=0.10|scale=250|text='''[[Transept|17]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.98|y=0.37|scale=250|text='''[[Aisle#Architecture|18]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.57|y=0.25|scale=250|text='''[[Bell tower|19]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.26|y=0.36|scale=250|text='''[[Altar candle|20]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.98|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Nave|21]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.58|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Transept|22]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.80|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Altar (Catholicism)|23]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.75|y=0.48|scale=250|text='''[[Lectern|24]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.95|y=0.57|scale=250|text='''[[Choir (architecture)|25]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Porch]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Portal (architecture)|Portal]] <small>Portal of the Virgin</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Narthex]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Side [[chapel]] <small>Blessed Sacrament chapel</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Spire]] <small>''Mutte'' tower</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lady Chapel]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''8'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Aisle#Architecture|Aisle]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Organ (music)|Organ]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Southern [[transept]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Entrance of the [[crypt]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Apse chapel]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ambulatory]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Apse]] <small>([[Apse#Chevet|Chevet]])</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Architectural development of the eastern end of cathedrals in England and France|East end]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Apse chapel
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''17'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Northern transept
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Aisle
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bell tower]] <small>''Capitulum'' tower</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Altar candle]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Nave]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Crossing of the [[transept]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Altar (Catholicism)|Altar]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''24'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lectern]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Choir (architecture)|Choir]] <small>([[Choir (architecture)#Seating|choirstalls]])</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Axis
| style="text-align:left;"| The elements '''1''', '''2''', '''4''', '''13''', '''14''', '''15''', '''19''', '''21''', '''22''', '''23''', and '''25''' constitute the axis (south-southwest/north-northeast, respectively). On its exterior, the cathedral is {{convert|136|m}} long.
|}
== Painting and sculpture ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49683.jpg|Epitaph of Jacques Poulain, with Fresco of the Virgin (14th c.)
File:Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz (6231673809).jpg|Tomb of a bishop
File:Tombe Dupont des Loges.JPG|Tomb of Bishop Dupont des Loges (died 1896) by Emmanuel Hannaux (1923)
</gallery>
The chapels of the transept were decorated in the 14th century with murals on the columns, which served as epitaphs for prominent church figures. These were covered over with plaster in the remodelling of the 17th century and rediscovered and restored between 1840 and 1909. One good example is the painted epitaph of Jacques Poulain, from 1379, located on the north side at the sixth pillar.{{Sfn|Wagner|2013|p=71}}
==Stained glass==
The [[stained glass window]]s of the cathedral range in date from the 13th century to the 20th century, and cover an area of 6500 square meters; the cathedral has the most stained glass of any medieval religious monument.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=53}}
The early windows resemble mosaics, made of very small pieces of thick, deeply-colored glass bound together by thin strips of lead. The later windows became much larger and thinner, as glassmaking technology improved, with support of iron bars and stone tracery. They were often colored with [[silver stain]], and enamel paints which could be etched to give different shades and three dimensions, more closely resembling Renaissance paintings. The later Gothic periods also made greater use of [[grisaille]], glass colored white, grey or other pale colors, to bring more light into the interior, and to highlight the colored glass.
Most of the original glass was removed in the centuries after the Middle Ages. Most of the glass today is restored or a more modern replacement.{{Sfn|Brisac|1994|p=7–11}}
The windows of Metz were made by the master craftsmen including [[Hermann von Münster]] in the fourteenth century, and [[Valentin Bousch]] in the sixteenth. In the twentieth century, the artist [[Marc Chagall]] created three stained glass windows for the cathedral between 1958 and 1968. [[Roger Bissière]] and [[Jacques Villon]] provided designs for further windows, including the complete chapel of the Holy Sacrament.
===Early glass (13th century)===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Vitrail (XIIIe siècle)-cathédrale de Metz.jpg|The oldest glass of the cathedral. Located on one side of the southern transept, Scenes from Life of Saint Paul (13th century)
File:Metz Cathédrale Vitraux 121209 07.jpg|Detail of early glass
</gallery>
The earliest glass in the cathedral, from the third quarter of the 13th century, is found in the central bay of the Chapel of Notre-Dame-La-Rond, on the north side of the cathedral near the portal of that name. The glass was originally all in one window, but was separated and now is displayed in two parts in the lower portions of the bays. In the north (Bay 33) are the lancet windows which illustrate the genealogy of Christ and the Virgin Mary, as well as the prophets and apostles. In the South (Bay 28) is the oculus of the original window, with the crowning of the Virgin. This window very unusually depicts the Virgin to the left of Christ, who is presenting the crown to her with his left hand. A similar arrangement from the same period is found in [[Strasbourg Cathedral]].{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=54}}
=== 14th–15th century glass ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Verriere ouest.jpg|Western rose window at Metz by [[Hermann von Munster]]
File:Metz Cathédrale St. Étienne Innen Rosette 07.jpg|Inner rose window by [[Hermann von Munster]]
File:Cathedrale saint-etienne metz075.jpg|Detail of the West Rose Window
File:Adoration des rois mages 1390 Herman von Munster 08947.JPG|Adoration of the Magi by [[Hermann von Munster]] (1390)
</gallery>
A number of important windows were installed in the 14th century, including the great rose window of the western facade. This window was the work of [[Hermann von Munster]], who created an ambitious program of windows. Other windows he designed were placed in the north and south arms of the transept, the west bay and the north and south arms of the transept.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=55-57}}
=== 16th century glass ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Cathédrale de Metz - vitrail (02).JPG|The north transept windows by [[Theobald of Lixheim]]
File:Metz Saint-Étienne Transept nord 866.jpg|Detail of north transept windows
File:Metz Saint-Étienne Transept nord 896.jpg|Detail of north transept windows – apostles
</gallery>
The most prominent examples of 16th-century glass are the windows of the north face of the transept, made by [[Theobald of Lixheim]] in 1504, and the windows of the south face of the transept, made by [[Valentin Bousch]] between 1521 and 1536. The figures of the last clearly show the influence of the [[Renaissance]], with a full use of perspective, shading, giving the windows a close resemblance to Renaissance paintings.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=55}}
=== 20th century – modern windows ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Jacques Villon Stained Glass Windows, Metz.jpg|Windows by [[Jacques Villon]]
</gallery>
Between 1954 and 1958 most of the upper windows of the nave were replaced with windows designed to harmonize with the early Gothic windows by Jean Gaudin, who had restored the windows of [[Amiens Cathedral]]. Then, in 1956, Robert Renaud, chief architect of the Center of National Monuments, commissioned a group of windows for the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament designed by the cubist-impressionist [[Jacques Villon]], the brother of pioneer modernist [[Marcel Duchamp]], then eighty years old. The windows are composed of intersecting lines and planes of different colors, represents the Last Supper and Crucifixion, surrounded by abstract images of earlier Biblical symbols; the rock of [[Mount Horeb]], the [[Marriage at Cana]], the [[Book of Exodus]] and a lamb representing [[Easter]]. They were installed in 1957.
Two other abstract windows were made by [[Roger Bissière]] for the portal of La Mutte and the portal of the Tower of the Chapter. The former, facing the rising sun, has warm abstract colors, while the latter window, facing the sunset, has cool colors.
The best-known windows are those designed by [[Marc Chagall]]. They were commissioned at the same time that he was chosen by [[André Malraux]], French Minister of Culture, to decorate the central dome of the [[Paris Opera]]. The first, in Bay 17 of the west of the north transept, made between 1958 and 1961, depicts Genesis and the creation, the original sin, and the expulsion from Eden. Two additional groups were made for two bays in the north disambulatory (bays 11 and 9). They were made between 1961 and 1967, and depict Old Testament scenes, including Moses receiving the Ten Commandments, the Sacrifice of Abraham, the Burning Bush, and other events. The final series done by Chagall was created between 1968 and 1970 in the west triforium. These windows are "Grand Bouquet", a composition of birds and flowers and a rainbow on a background of nacre (Bays 111 and 113) and "Petit Bouquet" (Bays 107–109).
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! style="width:40px; text-align:center;"| Number
! style="width:200px; text-align:center;"| Master glass maker
! style="width:300px; text-align:center;"| Plan of Saint-Stephen of Metz
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Hermann von Münster]]'s windows
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| {{Image label begin|image=MetzDB364.jpg|width=600|float=none}}
{{Image label |x=0.25|y=0.56|scale=250|text='''[[Hermann von Münster|1]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.44|y=0.93|scale=250|text='''[[Jacques Villon|2]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.60|y=0.94|scale=250|text='''[[Valentin Bousch|3]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=2.18|y=0.56|scale=250|text='''[[Valentin Bousch|4]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.82|y=0.35|scale=250|text='''[[Marc Chagall|5]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.60|y=0.21|scale=250|text='''[[Charles-Laurent Maréchal|6]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=1.40|y=0.23|scale=250|text='''[[Marc Chagall|7]]'''}}
{{Image label |x=0.87|y=0.33|scale=250|text='''[[Roger Bissière|8]]'''}}
{{Image label end}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jacques Villon]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Valentin Bousch]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Valentin Bousch]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Marc Chagall]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| style="text-align:left;"| Theobald of Lixheim's windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Marc Chagall]]'s windows
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''8'''
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Roger Bissière]]'s windows
|}
== Organs ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Cathedrale Saint-Etienne de Metz - orgue.jpg|The modern organ, placed in the south transept
File:Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz 02.jpg|The Renaissance organ, now on the triforium of the nave (1537)
</gallery>
Metz Cathedral has two organs. The modern and larger organ is located in the transept. The smaller and older instrument, called the "Renaissance", is perched on the triforium of the last traverse of the nave, closest to the choir. It was placed there above the former rood screen to accompany ceremonies of the clergy taking place within the choir. It was made in 1537, and while the instrument has been regularly modified and updated, the wooden buffet or cabinet is original.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=72}}
== Crypt ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:MetzerDomKryptaL1120360 (2).jpg|The crypt beneath the transept and apse
File:Metz -F-, 2010, Cripta della Cattedrale il drago Graoully. (4714314013).jpg|The Graouilly, a dragon figure carried in processions, now in the cathedral crypt
</gallery>
The original romanesque crypt beneath the choir was enlarged at the beginning of the 16th century to serve as a foundation for the new chevet. and contains ambulatory leading to three chapels. It was originally largely filled with tombs, It now serves as a museum of cathedral history.
The crypt displays the Graouilly, a large figure of the mythical dragon which was said in legend to been slain by Saint Clement in about 1000 AD. It was carried in religious processions in Metz beginning the 13th century and was described by [[Rabelais]] after his stay in Metz in 1546–47. The body of the current Graouilly is made of canvas covering a metal frame is from the 19th century, while the head is wood from an 18th-century effigy of the creature. {{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=72}}
== Treasury ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299 (2).jpg|The Treasury, located in the Sacristy
File:RingArnulfL1120311 (2).jpg|The Ring of saint Arnoul (7th century)
</gallery>
The treasury of the cathedral, located in the old sacristy next to the south transept, lost most of its precious objects during the French Revolution, when they were taken away to be melted down for their gold or stripped of their jewels. The most famous item in the Treasury is the reputed "Cape of [[Charlemagne]]", a garment probably made in the 12th century. It is made of purple silk with three large eagles embroidered with gold, whose wings are decorated with roses and griffons. It was further adorned during the Renaissance with a plus a hood embroidered with silver. The treasury also displays a large Bishop's ring made of stone and gold, called the Ring of Saint Arnoul, made in the 7th century. It is one of the oldest Bishop's rings still existing.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=75}}
==See also==
{{commons category|Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz|Metz Cathedral}}
*[[Gothic cathedrals and churches]]
*[[French Gothic architecture]]
*[[List of highest church naves]]
*[[List of tallest churches]]
*[[List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe]]
*[[Mont Saint-Quentin in Moselle Valley]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Brisac|first=Catherine|title=Le Vitrail|year=1994|publisher=La Martinière|location=Paris|language=French|isbn=2-73-242117-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Wagner|first=Pierre Édouard|title=Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz|date=2013|language=French|publisher=Centre des monuments nationaux, Éditions du patrimoine|isbn=978-2-7577-0262-8}}
==External links==
* [http://www.gotik-romanik.de/Metz%20Thumbnails/Thumbnails.html Photos ]
* {{flickr-inline2|photos/98676624@N05/collections/72157638659466665/|Denis Krieger, extensive collection of stained glass photos}}
{{Catholic Church in France|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Metz]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Metz]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in France|Metz]]
[[Category:Architecture in Metz]]
[[Category:Romanesque architecture in France]]
[[Category:Gothic architecture in France]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in the 1520s]]
[[Category:Burial sites of the Pippinids]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France]]
[[Category:Monuments historiques of Grand Est]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -69,5 +69,5 @@
'''Metz Cathedral''' is the [[cathedral]] of the [[Catholic]] [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz|Diocese of Metz]],<ref name="cathedral">{{cite web|url=http://www.cathedrale-metz.fr/|title=Official website of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral.|date= |access-date=29 June 2012|language=fr}}</ref> the seat of the [[Bishop of Metz|bishops of Metz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metz.catholique.fr/|title=Official website of the Bishopric of Metz.|format= |date= |access-date= 6 January 2013|language=fr}}</ref> It is dedicated to [[Saint Stephen]]. The diocese dates back at least to the 4th century and the present cathedral building was begun in the early 14th century. In the mid-14th century, it was joined to the collegiate church of Notre-Dame, and given a new transept and late Gothic [[chevet]], finished between 1486 and 1520.{{sfn|Wagner|2013|p=3}} The [[cathedral treasury]] displays a rich collection assembled over the long centuries of the history of the Metz diocese and include sacred vestments and items used for the [[Eucharist]].<ref name="cathedral"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/art-et-culture/architecture/video/SXF01013690/tresors-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html|title=INA Archive (1969) Trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, ORTF|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date=2 July 2012|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/religion/video/SXC02003845/patrimoine-tresor-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html|title=INA Archive (1980) Patrimoine: trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, France 3 régions|format=VIDEO |date= |access-date=2 July 2012|language=fr}}</ref>
-Metz Cathedral has the [[List of highest church naves|third-highest nave of cathedrals in France]] (41.41 meters (135.9 ft)), after the cathedrals of [[Amiens Cathedral |Amiens]] and [[Beauvais Cathedral| Beauvais ]]. It is nicknamed {{lang|fr|la Lanterne du Bon Dieu}} ("the Good Lord's lantern"), on account of its displaying the largest expanse of [[stained glass]] in the world, totalling {{convert|6,496|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="stained glass">Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. {{ISBN|2-87692-495-1}}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The stained glass windows include works by [[Gothic art|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] master glass makers [[Hermann von Münster]], Theobald of Lixheim, and [[Valentin Bousch]]. Later artistic styles are represented by [[Charles-Laurent Maréchal]] ([[Romanticism]]), [[Roger Bissière]] ([[Tachisme|Tachism]]), [[Jacques Villon]] ([[Cubism]]), [[Marc Chagall]], and [[Kimsooja]].<ref name="stained glass"/>
+Can you hop on fortnite I’m lonely has the [[List of highest church naves|third-highest nave of cathedrals in France]] (41.41 meters (135.9 ft)), after the cathedrals of [[Amiens Cathedral |Amiens]] and [[Beauvais Cathedral| Beauvais ]]. It is nicknamed {{lang|fr|la Lanterne du Bon Dieu}} ("the Good Lord's lantern"), on account of its displaying the largest expanse of [[stained glass]] in the world, totalling {{convert|6,496|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="stained glass">Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. {{ISBN|2-87692-495-1}}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The stained glass windows include works by [[Gothic art|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] master glass makers [[Hermann von Münster]], Theobald of Lixheim, and [[Valentin Bousch]]. Later artistic styles are represented by [[Charles-Laurent Maréchal]] ([[Romanticism]]), [[Roger Bissière]] ([[Tachisme|Tachism]]), [[Jacques Villon]] ([[Cubism]]), [[Marc Chagall]], and [[Kimsooja]].<ref name="stained glass"/>
==History==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 61991 |
Old page size (old_size) | 61969 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 22 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => 'Can you hop on fortnite I’m lonely has the [[List of highest church naves|third-highest nave of cathedrals in France]] (41.41 meters (135.9 ft)), after the cathedrals of [[Amiens Cathedral |Amiens]] and [[Beauvais Cathedral| Beauvais ]]. It is nicknamed {{lang|fr|la Lanterne du Bon Dieu}} ("the Good Lord's lantern"), on account of its displaying the largest expanse of [[stained glass]] in the world, totalling {{convert|6,496|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="stained glass">Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. {{ISBN|2-87692-495-1}}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The stained glass windows include works by [[Gothic art|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] master glass makers [[Hermann von Münster]], Theobald of Lixheim, and [[Valentin Bousch]]. Later artistic styles are represented by [[Charles-Laurent Maréchal]] ([[Romanticism]]), [[Roger Bissière]] ([[Tachisme|Tachism]]), [[Jacques Villon]] ([[Cubism]]), [[Marc Chagall]], and [[Kimsooja]].<ref name="stained glass"/>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'Metz Cathedral has the [[List of highest church naves|third-highest nave of cathedrals in France]] (41.41 meters (135.9 ft)), after the cathedrals of [[Amiens Cathedral |Amiens]] and [[Beauvais Cathedral| Beauvais ]]. It is nicknamed {{lang|fr|la Lanterne du Bon Dieu}} ("the Good Lord's lantern"), on account of its displaying the largest expanse of [[stained glass]] in the world, totalling {{convert|6,496|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="stained glass">Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. {{ISBN|2-87692-495-1}}. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The stained glass windows include works by [[Gothic art|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance art|Renaissance]] master glass makers [[Hermann von Münster]], Theobald of Lixheim, and [[Valentin Bousch]]. Later artistic styles are represented by [[Charles-Laurent Maréchal]] ([[Romanticism]]), [[Roger Bissière]] ([[Tachisme|Tachism]]), [[Jacques Villon]] ([[Cubism]]), [[Marc Chagall]], and [[Kimsooja]].<ref name="stained glass"/>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Catholic cathedral in Metz, France</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Metz", see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Metz (disambiguation)">Metz (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Metz Cathedral<br /><small>Cathedral of Saint Stephen, Metz<br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz</i></span></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_(Moselle)_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_(32283913217).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Metz_%28Moselle%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_%2832283913217%29.jpg/220px-Metz_%28Moselle%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_%2832283913217%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Metz_%28Moselle%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_%2832283913217%29.jpg/330px-Metz_%28Moselle%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_%2832283913217%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Metz_%28Moselle%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_%2832283913217%29.jpg/440px-Metz_%28Moselle%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_%2832283913217%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3517" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Metz Cathedral from the south</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical district">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical or organizational status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leadership</th><td class="infobox-data">Pierre Raffin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Year consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1552</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Metz_Cathedral&params=49.12_N_6.1754_E_type:landmark_region:FR"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°07′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°10′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.12°N 6.1754°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.12; 6.1754</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Groundbreaking</th><td class="infobox-data note">1220<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1220</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">1550<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1550</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Direction of façade</th><td class="infobox-data">West</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">136 metres (446 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height (max)</th><td class="infobox-data">88 metres (289 ft) (Mutte tower)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_de_Jaumont" title="Pierre de Jaumont">Jaumont Stone</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border:4px solid #0055A4; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">Monument historique</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i>Official name: Cathédrale Saint Étienne de Metz</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1930</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">PA00106817<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Église</i></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathedrale-metz.fr/">www.cathedrale-metz.fr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Metz Cathedral</b> is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cathedral_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathedral-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the seat of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Metz">bishops of Metz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is dedicated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>. The diocese dates back at least to the 4th century and the present cathedral building was begun in the early 14th century. In the mid-14th century, it was joined to the collegiate church of Notre-Dame, and given a new transept and late Gothic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a>, finished between 1486 and 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20133_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20133-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathedral_treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral treasury">cathedral treasury</a> displays a rich collection assembled over the long centuries of the history of the Metz diocese and include sacred vestments and items used for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cathedral_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathedral-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Can you hop on fortnite I’m lonely has the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest_church_naves" title="List of highest church naves">third-highest nave of cathedrals in France</a> (41.41 meters (135.9 ft)), after the cathedrals of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral"> Beauvais </a>. It is nicknamed <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la Lanterne du Bon Dieu</i></span> ("the Good Lord's lantern"), on account of its displaying the largest expanse of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> in the world, totalling 6,496 m<sup>2</sup> (69,920 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-stained_glass_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stained_glass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stained glass windows include works by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> master glass makers <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_M%C3%BCnster" title="Hermann von Münster">Hermann von Münster</a>, Theobald of Lixheim, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">Valentin Bousch</a>. Later artistic styles are represented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Laurent_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Charles-Laurent Maréchal">Charles-Laurent Maréchal</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Bissi%C3%A8re" title="Roger Bissière">Roger Bissière</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachism</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimsooja" title="Kimsooja">Kimsooja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stained_glass_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stained_glass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_churches"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early churches</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_Ottonian_or_Pre-Romanesque_cathedral"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Ottonian or Pre-Romanesque cathedral</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Gothic_Cathedral"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Gothic Cathedral</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Gothic_Completion_and_neoclassical_additions_(16th–18th_century)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gothic Completion and neoclassical additions (16th–18th century)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Revolution_to_the_21st_century"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">The Revolution to the 21st century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Timeline_of_construction"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline of construction</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Exterior"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Exterior</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#West_Front_and_the_Portal_of_Christ"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">West Front and the Portal of Christ</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Portal_of_the_Virgin"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Portal of the Virgin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Portal_of_Notre-Dame-La-Ronde"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bell_Tower_of_La_Mutte,_Chapter_Tower_and_Horloge_Tower"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bell Tower of La Mutte, Chapter Tower and Horloge Tower</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Transept"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Transept</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Chevet"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Chevet</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Interior"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Interior</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Nave"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nave</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Transept_and_choir"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transept and choir</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Apse,_disambulatory,_and_radiating_chapels"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Apse, disambulatory, and radiating chapels</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Painting_and_sculpture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Painting and sculpture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Stained_glass"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Stained glass</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Early_glass_(13th_century)"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early glass (13th century)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#14th–15th_century_glass"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">14th–15th century glass</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#16th_century_glass"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">16th century glass</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#20th_century_–_modern_windows"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">20th century – modern windows</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Organs"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Organs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Crypt"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Crypt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Treasury"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Treasury</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_churches">Early churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>A Gallo-Roman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a>, or fortified town, called Diuodron Medimatriques, occupied the site from at least the first century B.C. It became a stop on the trade route between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treves" class="mw-redirect" title="Treves">Treves</a>, and was an imperial residence during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> between 306 and 390. The presence of the first bishop, Clement, is recorded in 346.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The cathedral was built on an ancient site dating to the 5th century and dedicated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said to have contained a collection of his relics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> of Saint Stephen was the sole structure spared during the sack of 451 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a royal residence of the grandsons of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>, king of the Franks, and of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theudebert_I" title="Theudebert I">Theudebert I</a>, who became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> ruler in 534.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> mentioned the existence of the church in 584, and a cathedral under the archbishop Arnoul is mentioned in 616. The Archbishop and Saint <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chrodegang" title="Chrodegang">Chrodegang</a> (742-766) is mentioned in accounts of the time as a papal envoy to the Franks. He is credited with introducing the Roman liturgy and chants, with the support of King of the Franks, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin</a>, between 751 and 768. Chrodegang is also credited with establishing the first cathedral chapter in western Europe, and also the first cathedral close, combining chapels, dormitory, refectory, and other functional buildings. This system was formally adopted by other Frankish cathedrals under the Capitulary of Aix-en-Chapelle of 816.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first cloister, on the south side of the cathedral where the Place des Armes is located, survived until its demolition in 1754.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20137-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ottonian_or_Pre-Romanesque_cathedral">The Ottonian or Pre-Romanesque cathedral</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonian">Ottonian</a> cathedral in 1055 imagined by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auguste_Migette" title="Auguste Migette">Auguste Migette</a> (1862)</div>
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<p>In 843, after long disputes between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s successors, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into four parts. In 870, Metz and its province <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> allied with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> while remaining an autonomous duchy. In 962, when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, restored the Empire, Lorraine was designated as the autonomous Duchy of Lorraine, with Metz as its capital. It maintained this status until 1766, when it formally became part of France.
</p><p>The construction of a new cathedral began under bishop Thierry I between 965 and 984, and was completed under his second successor Thierry II of Luxembourg, between 1006 and 1047. It was built in what was later called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture"> Ottonian style</a>, a form of pre-Romanesque. This church had two towers and three bays on the west front, a nave with three vessels, and a larger tower over the transept. Because of its placement on a terrace next to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> River, the cathedral could not have the traditional east to west orientation from the choir to the west front. Instead, it was oriented on an axis from southeast to northwest. The roof, following a regional tradition, was covered with tiles of white limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201311_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201311-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A smaller church, the Collegiale of Notre-Dame-la-Ronde, was built close to the old cathedral in the 8th century, and was entirely rebuilt between 1200 and 1207 to be oriented directly with the axis of the cathedral. The complex of early buildings also included the cloister and a palace for the archbishop, where the market square is located today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201311_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201311-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-first_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gothic_Cathedral">The Gothic Cathedral</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 274px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vue_de_Metz_et_descente_de_croix_Barra_%26_De_Nom%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metz and the cathedral in the 17th century"><img alt="Metz and the cathedral in the 17th century" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vue_de_Metz_et_descente_de_croix_Barra_%26_De_Nom%C3%A9.jpg/411px-Vue_de_Metz_et_descente_de_croix_Barra_%26_De_Nom%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vue_de_Metz_et_descente_de_croix_Barra_%26_De_Nom%C3%A9.jpg/617px-Vue_de_Metz_et_descente_de_croix_Barra_%26_De_Nom%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vue_de_Metz_et_descente_de_croix_Barra_%26_De_Nom%C3%A9.jpg/823px-Vue_de_Metz_et_descente_de_croix_Barra_%26_De_Nom%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Metz and the cathedral in the 17th century</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Metz_(cathedrale).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="City centre and the cathedral in the 17th century"><img alt="City centre and the cathedral in the 17th century" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Portrait_de_Metz_%28cathedrale%29.JPG/400px-Portrait_de_Metz_%28cathedrale%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Portrait_de_Metz_%28cathedrale%29.JPG/600px-Portrait_de_Metz_%28cathedrale%29.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Portrait_de_Metz_%28cathedrale%29.JPG/800px-Portrait_de_Metz_%28cathedrale%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">City centre and the cathedral in the 17th century</div>
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<p>The reconstruction of the cathedral in the Gothic style was proposed in about 1220 by the bishop of Metz, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Scharfenberg" title="Conrad III of Scharfenberg">Conrad III of Scharfenberg</a>, the chancellor of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The work began under James of Lotharingia (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Jacques de Lorraine</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Jakob von Lothringen</i>), the head of the chapter, who became bishop in 1239.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction began at the west end of the nave and continued to the transept and the old choir, which was still in place until the end of the 15th century. The vault of the new structure was not planned to be higher than 30–35 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The plan integrated the neighbouring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a> of Our Lady into the western end of the cathedral, which resulted in the absence of a traditional west-end portal. The south-western porch of the cathedral became the entrance of the former collegiate church.<sup id="cite_ref-first_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The nave, with the exception of its vaults, was probably finished between 1245 and 1250. Then a decision was taken to make the cathedral much taller, with the addition of a new level of large windows about forty meters high, equal in height to the two levels below. New more massive columns were added, and the triforium between the arcades and high windows was enlarged and strengthened to support the greater weight. Between 1250 and 1255 the south side walls west of the transept were also strengthened to support the new higher walls. The south façade was also built higher to match the greater height of the new nave. The piers of the flying buttresses were also reconstructed, doubling their height. In about 1270–75, the tower of the Chapter was raised to the height of the cornice of the new nave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Since the new nave was now twice as high as planned, the towers also had to be made taller. Between 1275 and 1280, A second level and the beginning of a third level were added to the Tour de la Mutte. By 1359 the nave was entirely covered, but work on the upper walls continued for another twenty years. In 1380–81, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a> of the cathedral decided to demolish the wall which separated the cathedral from the adjoining nave of the church of Our Lady. This was resisted by the clergy of the collegiate church, but the work went ahead, modified by the installation of a grill between the two naves. In 1381 the cathedral chapter engaged the glassmaker <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_M%C3%BCnster" title="Hermann von Münster">Herman of Münster</a> to make a rose window for the west front, which was finished in 1392. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There was a lull of nearly a century before major work was resumed on the construction of the transept and the choir. In 1388 a wooden belfry was installed by the city government on the La Mutte tower, and a new chapel, the Bishop's Chapel, was added on the lower south aisle in 1443. Its patron, Bishop Conrad Bayer of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boppard" title="Boppard">Boppard</a>, died a few days after the chapel was consecrated, and was interred within it in 1459. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1468 a serious fire broke out on the new balustrade of the roof. In the years before the fire, from 1452 to 1467, there had been a bitter dispute between the city leaders and the cathedral authorities over who was responsible for the maintenance and safety of cathedral property, which Bishop <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_of_Baden" title="George of Baden">George of Baden</a> ended by excommunicating the city leaders. When the fire broke out, the city leaders refused to assist the clergy in fighting the fire, only sending men to put out the fire on the bell tower, which was owned by the city. Relations thereafter between the city and clerical authorities were strained. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The last work on the La Mutte bell tower was completed between 1477 and 1483. The stone shaft forty meters high was topped by a tall spire, giving it a total height of almost ninety meters. The finished cathedral was consecrated on 11 April 1552.<sup id="cite_ref-second_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic_Completion_and_neoclassical_additions_(16th–18th_century)"><span id="Gothic_Completion_and_neoclassical_additions_.2816th.E2.80.9318th_century.29"></span>Gothic Completion and neoclassical additions (16th–18th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_1603.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Welcoming King Henry IV to Metz with fireworks – 1603"><img alt="Welcoming King Henry IV to Metz with fireworks – 1603" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_1603.jpg/344px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_1603.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_1603.jpg/516px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_1603.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_1603.jpg/688px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_1603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="2056" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Welcoming King Henry IV to Metz with fireworks – 1603</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_vor_der_Restaurierung_,_v._1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blondel's classical portal, added in 1766"><img alt="Blondel's classical portal, added in 1766" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Metz_vor_der_Restaurierung_%2C_v._1877.jpg/198px-Metz_vor_der_Restaurierung_%2C_v._1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Metz_vor_der_Restaurierung_%2C_v._1877.jpg/297px-Metz_vor_der_Restaurierung_%2C_v._1877.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Metz_vor_der_Restaurierung_%2C_v._1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Blondel's classical portal, added in 1766</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 276px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-%C3%A0-Metz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cathedral in about 1800"><img alt="The cathedral in about 1800" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cath%C3%A9drale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-%C3%A0-Metz.jpeg/414px-Cath%C3%A9drale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-%C3%A0-Metz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="276" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cath%C3%A9drale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-%C3%A0-Metz.jpeg/621px-Cath%C3%A9drale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-%C3%A0-Metz.jpeg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Cath%C3%A9drale-et-pont-des-Basses-Grilles-%C3%A0-Metz.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The cathedral in about 1800</div>
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<p>Work continued into the 16th century to rebuild the remaining Romanesque portions into the Gothic style. The old choir was demolished in 1503. A few weeks later, the old Romanesque south transept fell. The next year work began on the new transept, and the final flying buttress of the choir was installed ion 1506. The new construction largely followed the original Gothic style.
A new canonical choir was built beginning in 1519 next to the sanctuary, at the crossing of the transept. An ornate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a> was installed between the choir and the nave, with sculpture by Mansuy Gauvain, and new choir stalls were installed. The choir was completed with a new altar and a small organ in the triforium above the rood screen. A project was also begun to create a new grand portal on the west end. The work was begun but was halted in 1552 by the entry into the city of the army of King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>. Work did not resume until 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Metz and the Duchy of Lorraine formally retained their independent status, but the French political and cultural influence grew from 1737 until 1766, when France formally annexed the Duchy. In 1741, proponents of the new French classical style, popular in Paris, proposed to redecorate the choir of Metz Cathedral in the new style. They presented a neoclassical program for the choir by the royal sculptor from Paris, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Slodtz" title="Sébastien Slodtz">Sébastien Slodtz</a>. However, Slotdtz's proposed decoration was fiercely resisted by the more conservative chapter and was finally rejected in 1762.
</p><p>In 1754 another large modification was begun by the governor of Metz. He destroyed the old cloisters next to the church, with their chapels and arcades, with the intention of creating a parade ground for official celebrations. However, this project was abandoned in 1758. Instead, the space was filled by a group of houses, shops and a large pavilion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Another classical addition to the cathedral was proposed in 1755 by the royal architect <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blondel" title="Jacques-François Blondel">Jacques-François Blondel</a>. He was commissioned by the Royal Academy of Architecture to build a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> Doric portico which would serve as the main entrance to the cathedral. This was funded partially by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, to celebrate his recovery from a serious illness from which he had nearly died in Metz in 1744. It was duly built between 1764 and 1766, However, the work on this new portal caused more problems; it was found that the portico would block some of the stained glass windows, and the digging of the deep foundations for the portico immediately created weaknesses in the west front and north buttress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-third_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Revolution_to_the_21st_century">The Revolution to the 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_-_Incendie_cath%C3%A9drale,_le_7_mai_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fire of 1877"><img alt="The fire of 1877" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metz_-_Incendie_cath%C3%A9drale%2C_le_7_mai_1877.jpg/209px-Metz_-_Incendie_cath%C3%A9drale%2C_le_7_mai_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metz_-_Incendie_cath%C3%A9drale%2C_le_7_mai_1877.jpg/313px-Metz_-_Incendie_cath%C3%A9drale%2C_le_7_mai_1877.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metz_-_Incendie_cath%C3%A9drale%2C_le_7_mai_1877.jpg/418px-Metz_-_Incendie_cath%C3%A9drale%2C_le_7_mai_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The fire of 1877</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Metz_Robida.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of the cathedral in 1905 by Albert Robida"><img alt="Drawing of the cathedral in 1905 by Albert Robida" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cath%C3%A9drale_Metz_Robida.jpg/241px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Metz_Robida.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cath%C3%A9drale_Metz_Robida.jpg/362px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Metz_Robida.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cath%C3%A9drale_Metz_Robida.jpg/483px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Metz_Robida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="4049" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Drawing of the cathedral in 1905 by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Robida" title="Albert Robida">Albert Robida</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Euch._Kongress,_Metz_1907_-_18e_Congr%C3%A8s_Euch._Metz_1907_FIC_MUT_0770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cathedral in 1907 with the new portal and decorated gable"><img alt="The cathedral in 1907 with the new portal and decorated gable" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euch._Kongress%2C_Metz_1907_-_18e_Congr%C3%A8s_Euch._Metz_1907_FIC_MUT_0770.jpg/187px-Euch._Kongress%2C_Metz_1907_-_18e_Congr%C3%A8s_Euch._Metz_1907_FIC_MUT_0770.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euch._Kongress%2C_Metz_1907_-_18e_Congr%C3%A8s_Euch._Metz_1907_FIC_MUT_0770.jpg/281px-Euch._Kongress%2C_Metz_1907_-_18e_Congr%C3%A8s_Euch._Metz_1907_FIC_MUT_0770.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Euch._Kongress%2C_Metz_1907_-_18e_Congr%C3%A8s_Euch._Metz_1907_FIC_MUT_0770.jpg/374px-Euch._Kongress%2C_Metz_1907_-_18e_Congr%C3%A8s_Euch._Metz_1907_FIC_MUT_0770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The cathedral in 1907 with the new portal and decorated gable</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne_-_Entr%C3%A9e_du_mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_dans_la_ville_de_Metz_-_Metz_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0007321.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The troops of Maréchal Foch parade past the cathedral (1918)"><img alt="The troops of Maréchal Foch parade past the cathedral (1918)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne_-_Entr%C3%A9e_du_mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_dans_la_ville_de_Metz_-_Metz_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0007321.jpg/406px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne_-_Entr%C3%A9e_du_mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_dans_la_ville_de_Metz_-_Metz_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0007321.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne_-_Entr%C3%A9e_du_mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_dans_la_ville_de_Metz_-_Metz_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0007321.jpg/608px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne_-_Entr%C3%A9e_du_mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_dans_la_ville_de_Metz_-_Metz_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0007321.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne_-_Entr%C3%A9e_du_mar%C3%A9chal_Foch_dans_la_ville_de_Metz_-_Metz_-_M%C3%A9diath%C3%A8que_de_l%27architecture_et_du_patrimoine_-_APZ0007321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The troops of Maréchal Foch parade past the cathedral (1918) </div>
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<p>In the years before the French Revolution in 1789, many of the Gothic tombs and monuments of the cathedral were removed, or put into lower aisles to accommodate the new classical taste. The Revolution greatly accelerated the destruction. The cathedral chapter was formally abolished in 1790, and the cathedral was declared a simple parish and episcopal church. The old rood screen, made in 1555. was destroyed and replaced by a circular platform or stage in the transept. From 1793 to 1794, the cathedral was officially termed a "Temple of Reason". It was turned into a legal church in 1795, and services resumed, but it was not formally returned to the Catholic Church until 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201319_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201319-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The cathedral was in a deplorable state in the early 19th century. The vaults shook when the bells in the tower rang. The arch supporting the right side of the bell tower was broken, and the windows of the tower had to be removed. The arch was finally replaced in 1829. Weaknesses of the foundation made the new portico unsteady. The wood of the belfry of the Chapter tower was rotting, and falling in pieces onto the street below; workmen refused to enter the unstable tower. The government finally agreed to finance the complete reconstruction of the tower of La Mutte, which was completed in 1843. The government of Emperor Louis-Napoleon promised a full restoration of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201319_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201319-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Following the Prussian victory in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, Lorraine and Metz were taken from France in 1871 and annexed to the new German Empire. In 1877, the cathedral was heavily damaged by a major fire caused by fireworks. The King of Prussia and Emperor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> took a particular interest in the rebuilding of Metz Cathedral, to win the support of the population.
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<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<p>Cathedral all <i>en volute</i> (vaults), where the wind sings as in a flute, and then responds the <i>Mutte</i>, the great voice of the Good Lord!
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> — <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>, <i>Ode to Metz, Invectives</i>, 1896.
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<p>A young architect from Munich, Paul Tornow, became master of works of the cathedral in 1874 and held the position for thirty-two years, until 1906. He first constructed a new roof, built on a metal frame, which raised its height by 3.5 meters. He then removed the collection of structures that had been built up against the walls, and restored the Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Mont-Carmel, which had previously belonged to the adjoining church of Notre-Dame-la-Rond. He reopened the windows which had been blocked by the 19th-century construction. He also cleared out the crypt of the cathedral, which had been turned into a storeroom for the neighbouring shops in the gallery. Between 1874 and 1877 he restored the vaults and buttresses that had been weakened by age and the fire. Between 1898 and 1903 he removed Blondel's classical portico over the portal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201324-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The new portal was the subject of careful study by Tornow. He decided upon a 14th-century Gothic style, in harmony with the rose window. With the French sculptor Auguste Dujardin, he visited twenty-one cathedrals in Burgundy, the Ile-de-France, Normandy and Champagne, taking photographs to act as the basis for his design. The final plan adapted elements of the 13th and 14th centuries, and borrowed particularly from the portals of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auxerre_Cathedral" title="Auxerre Cathedral">Auxerre Cathedral</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>. He also rebuilt triangular gables at the top of the north and south facades in the late Gothic style, with spires and pinnacles.<sup id="cite_ref-third_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201321_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201321-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new south portal was completed and inaugurated on 14 May 1903. The final project of the exterior renovation was the La Mutte tower, which was granted back to the church by the city, which had taken it as the municipal bell tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201324-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Major restoration and rebuilding also took place inside the cathedral, under another architect, Wilhelm Schmitz. He enlarged the choir, restored damaged windows, constructed new choir stalls, and installed a new stone choir screen, new altars, and new bronze doors for the west portal. In 1914 war interrupted the work. In 1918, at the end of the First World War, Lorraine and the cathedral were returned to France. The forty-four new choir stalls, made in Colmar in 1914, were finally installed 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201324-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Between the First and Second World Wars, little funding was available to restore or improve the cathedral; the only significant addition was a new bishop's chair, installed in 1932. However, after the Second World War, chief architect Robert Renaud began a campaign to restore and renew the art. He had a copy made and installed of the angel-musician statue which had decorated the roof–it had been blown down in a storm in 1952. In 1965, a stained glass window of David and Bathsheba, designed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> was installed in Bay 9, along with windows by other contemporary artists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201367_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201367-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Until 1960 all the furnishings of the cathedral were either original Gothic or recreations of Gothic. That year the cathedral began to acquire modern works of furniture and art, including windows designed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a> and other artists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201367_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201367-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1999 another wind storm broke loose a pinnacle from the roof, which fell through the roof of the sacristy, requiring major work. The west rose window also showed signs of weakness, due to the absence of a supporting buttress on the west, and began to crack. It was reinforced with two steel supports between 1995 and 2000. The La Mutte tower was restored beginning in 2009, including the restoration of the bells and their mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201324-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_construction">Timeline of construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><b>984 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1040</span></b> Construction of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a> basilica over an ancient <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> dedicated to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a><sup id="cite_ref-first_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span> – 1207</b> Construction of a chapel in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">Early Gothic</a> style on the west side of the basilica<sup id="cite_ref-first_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1220</b> Beginning of the construction of the Gothic cathedral within the foundations of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a> basilica, construction of the aisles<sup id="cite_ref-first_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1265–1285</b> Construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforia</a> and the two bell towers<sup id="cite_ref-first_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1285 – c. 1290</b> Elevation of the westwork within the foundations of a Gothic chapel from the 12th century<sup id="cite_ref-first_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1290s</b> Construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a> of the nave and the supporting flying buttresses<sup id="cite_ref-first_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>c. 1300–1330s</b> Construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lady_chapel" title="Lady chapel">Lady Chapel</a><sup id="cite_ref-second_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1380</b> Junction between the former Gothic chapel and the nave<sup id="cite_ref-second_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1384</b> Creation of the stained glass <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of the west facade and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> by master glass maker <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_M%C3%BCnster" title="Hermann von Münster">Hermann von Münster</a></li>
<li><b>1478–1483</b> Elevation of the spire<sup id="cite_ref-second_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1486–1490s</b> Construction of the northern transept<sup id="cite_ref-second_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1504</b> Creation of the stained glass <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of the northern transept by master glass maker Theobald of Lixheim</li>
<li><b>c. 1490–1500s</b> Construction of the Gothic choir and east end<sup id="cite_ref-second_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1504–1520s</b> Construction of the southern transept<sup id="cite_ref-second_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1518–1539</b> Stained glass by master glass maker <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">Valentin Bousch</a>, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> on the southern transept<sup id="cite_ref-jongh155_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jongh155-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1761–1764</b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> refurbishment conducted by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blondel" title="Jacques-François Blondel">Jacques-François Blondel</a><sup id="cite_ref-third_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>c.1850–1880s</b> Destruction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a> of Jacques-François Blondel<sup id="cite_ref-third_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1889–1903</b> Construction of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neogothic</a> portal on the west front<sup id="cite_ref-third_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-third-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><b>1965–1967</b> Stained glass windows of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201367_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201367-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exterior">Exterior</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Metz Cathedral is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> edifice built of the local yellow <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_de_Jaumont" title="Pierre de Jaumont">Jaumont limestone</a>. As in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic architecture</a>, the building is compact, with slight projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. However, it displays singular, distinctive characteristics in both its ground plan and architecture compared to most other cathedrals. Because of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moselle_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle valley">Moselle valley</a> in Metz, the common west–east axis of the ground plan could not be applied and the church is oriented north-northeast. Moreover, unlike the French and German Gothic cathedrals having three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">portals</a> surmounted by a rose window and two large towers, this one has a single <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">porch</a> at its western front. The entrance is to the side of the building through another portal placed at the south-western side of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a>, avoiding the usual alignment of the entrance with the choir.
</p><p>The nave is supported by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> and culminates at 41.41 metres (135.9 ft) high, making it one of the highest naves in the world. The height of the nave is contrasted by the relatively low height of the aisles at 14.3 metres (47 ft) high, reinforcing the sensation of height of the nave. This feature permitted the architects to create large, tall expanses of stained glass. Throughout its history the cathedral has been subjected to architectural and ornamental modifications with successive additions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neogothic</a> elements.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Front_and_the_Portal_of_Christ">West Front and the Portal of Christ</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_-_Cathedral_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West Front – the Portal of Christ, Horloge tower on right"><img alt="West Front – the Portal of Christ, Horloge tower on right" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Metz_-_Cathedral_5.jpg/250px-Metz_-_Cathedral_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Metz_-_Cathedral_5.jpg/374px-Metz_-_Cathedral_5.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Metz_-_Cathedral_5.jpg/499px-Metz_-_Cathedral_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">West Front – the Portal of Christ, Horloge tower on right </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49698.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tympanum of the Portal of Christ"><img alt="Tympanum of the Portal of Christ" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49698.jpg/450px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49698.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49698.jpg/675px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49698.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49698.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Tympanum of the Portal of Christ</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_portail_principal_(22).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Saint Daniel, originally modelled after William II of Germany"><img alt="Statue of Saint Daniel, originally modelled after William II of Germany" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_portail_principal_%2822%29.JPG/225px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_portail_principal_%2822%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_portail_principal_%2822%29.JPG/337px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_portail_principal_%2822%29.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_portail_principal_%2822%29.JPG/450px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_portail_principal_%2822%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Statue of Saint Daniel, originally modelled after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Germany">William II of Germany</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sommet_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_(juin_2019).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Top of the west facade"><img alt="Top of the west facade" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sommet_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_%28juin_2019%29.JPG/400px-Sommet_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_%28juin_2019%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sommet_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_%28juin_2019%29.JPG/600px-Sommet_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_%28juin_2019%29.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sommet_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_%28juin_2019%29.JPG/800px-Sommet_de_la_fa%C3%A7ade_sud_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_%28juin_2019%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Top of the west facade</div>
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<p>The portal of the west front, typically the main entrance of a cathedral, in Metz is a secondary entrance. The original Gothic portal was replaced by a classical entrance in 1724, which was replaced by the current Neo-Gothic portal in 1903, called "Christ the King." It was designed by architect Paul Tornow and artist Auguste Dujardin. It is lavishly filled with sculpture including column-statues in niches above smaller sculptures in the soubassement. The tympanum over the portal, largely inspired by the Tympanum of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, illustrates the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a>, with Christ as the central figure, between two figures representing the Church the Synagogue. The portal is flanked by four 4-meter-tall statues of the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel. The statue of Daniel was originally given the features of the German Emperor of the time, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="William II of Germany">William II</a>, who commissioned the Portal before the First World War. The moustaches were removed during the German occupation of Metz in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201330_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201330-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portal_of_the_Virgin">Portal of the Virgin</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Le_portail_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_(4972181384).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South side - Portal of the Virgin Mary"><img alt="South side - Portal of the Virgin Mary" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Le_portail_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%284972181384%29.jpg/200px-Le_portail_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%284972181384%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Le_portail_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%284972181384%29.jpg/300px-Le_portail_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%284972181384%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Le_portail_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%284972181384%29.jpg/400px-Le_portail_de_la_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%284972181384%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">South side - Portal of the Virgin Mary</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49566.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tympanum of the Portal of the Virgin"><img alt="Tympanum of the Portal of the Virgin" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49566.jpg/450px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49566.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49566.jpg/675px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49566.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Tympanum of the Portal of the Virgin </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ClemensvonMetzL1110975_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Saint Clement on the Portal of the Virgin"><img alt="Statue of Saint Clement on the Portal of the Virgin" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ClemensvonMetzL1110975_%282%29.jpg/126px-ClemensvonMetzL1110975_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ClemensvonMetzL1110975_%282%29.jpg/188px-ClemensvonMetzL1110975_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ClemensvonMetzL1110975_%282%29.jpg/251px-ClemensvonMetzL1110975_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="3710" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Statue of Saint Clement on the Portal of the Virgin </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49565.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of the Portal of the Virgin"><img alt="Sculpture of the Portal of the Virgin" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49565.jpg/200px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49565.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49565.jpg/300px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49565.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49565.jpg/400px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of the Portal of the Virgin </div>
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<p>The Portal of the Virgin, in the south side facing the Place d'Armes, was constructed before 1225. It was the main entrance of the cathedral until the 18th century, and it most probably occupied the same place as the entrance of the earlier pre-Romanesque cathedral. It was covered over and seriously degraded during the addition of classical features in the 18th century, and was not uncovered until 1867. It was then lowered by a meter and a half. A majority of the sculpture, was recreated by Auguste Dujardin, and other portions were restored. It was not formally opened until 1885. The sculpture depicts scenes from the life of the Virgin Mary, culminating at the top of the arch with the crowning of the Virgin by Christ. Recent research found traces of orange, red and green pigment, indicating that the original portal sculpture was brightly colored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201333_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201333-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portal_of_Notre-Dame-La-Ronde">Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture around the portal"><img alt="Sculpture around the portal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz05.jpg/400px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz05.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz05.jpg/600px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz05.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz05.jpg/800px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Sculpture around the portal </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_portail_facade_nord-ouest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde"><img alt="Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Metz_cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_portail_facade_nord-ouest.jpg/400px-Metz_cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_portail_facade_nord-ouest.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Metz_cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_portail_facade_nord-ouest.jpg/600px-Metz_cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_portail_facade_nord-ouest.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Metz_cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_portail_facade_nord-ouest.jpg/800px-Metz_cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_portail_facade_nord-ouest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Saint-Etienne_portail_Notre-Dame-la-Ronde_panneau_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="13th-century sculpture around the portal; The story of David and Goliath (above) and the martyrdom of Saint Maurice (bottom)"><img alt="13th-century sculpture around the portal; The story of David and Goliath (above) and the martyrdom of Saint Maurice (bottom)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Metz_Saint-Etienne_portail_Notre-Dame-la-Ronde_panneau_4.JPG/400px-Metz_Saint-Etienne_portail_Notre-Dame-la-Ronde_panneau_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Metz_Saint-Etienne_portail_Notre-Dame-la-Ronde_panneau_4.JPG/600px-Metz_Saint-Etienne_portail_Notre-Dame-la-Ronde_panneau_4.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Metz_Saint-Etienne_portail_Notre-Dame-la-Ronde_panneau_4.JPG/800px-Metz_Saint-Etienne_portail_Notre-Dame-la-Ronde_panneau_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"> 13th-century sculpture around the portal; The story of David and Goliath (above) and the martyrdom of Saint Maurice (bottom) </div>
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<p>The Portal of Notre-Dame-La-Ronde, on the northwest side, dates to 1260–65 and is the oldest and most simply decorated entry to the cathedral. In the 18th century, it was given a classical canopy to harmonise with the other classical features, but it still retains panels of the 13th-century sculpture and carved stonework resembling fabric around the doorway. Similar design from the same period is found at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201337_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201337-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_Tower_of_La_Mutte,_Chapter_Tower_and_Horloge_Tower"><span id="Bell_Tower_of_La_Mutte.2C_Chapter_Tower_and_Horloge_Tower"></span>Bell Tower of La Mutte, Chapter Tower and Horloge Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="gallerytext">La Mutte tower (center) and Horloge tower (left)</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tour_de_la_Mutte_(f%C3%A8che)_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_57.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Top of the La Mutte tower"><img alt="Top of the La Mutte tower" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tour_de_la_Mutte_%28f%C3%A8che%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_57.JPG/200px-Tour_de_la_Mutte_%28f%C3%A8che%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_57.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tour_de_la_Mutte_%28f%C3%A8che%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_57.JPG/300px-Tour_de_la_Mutte_%28f%C3%A8che%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_57.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Tour_de_la_Mutte_%28f%C3%A8che%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_57.JPG/400px-Tour_de_la_Mutte_%28f%C3%A8che%29_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_57.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Top of the La Mutte tower </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chapter Tower"><img alt="The Chapter Tower" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_4.jpg/250px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_4.jpg/375px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_4.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_4.jpg/501px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="4103" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Chapter Tower </div>
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<p>The south tower of the cathedral, called "La Mutte", was both the cathedral and municipal bell tower; it was built in 1324 and the municipal bell, called La Mutte, was installed there in 1381. This bell was rung in case of fires, approaching enemies or important civic events. After a fire in 1468, a new upper stage of the tower and a spire was constructed on top, bringing the height to ninety meters. It has two platforms where watchmen were posted to look out for fires or approaching enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201335_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201335-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The present major city bell in the tower is named "La Mutte" and was cast in 1605. It weighs 11,000 kilograms (24,250 pounds). A second bell, called Tocsin, made in 1501, weighs 1500 kilos, and is rung to signal the end of the day; along with a third small bell, called Mademoiselle de Tourmel, made in 1802 and recast in 1875. It weighs just 45 kilograms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201335_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201335-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Chapter Tower (Tour de Chapitre), was built at the same time, at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century, and in the same style and plan as the tower of La Mutte. This tower also contains a portal to the cathedral, the Portal of St. Stephen. The medieval sculpture was nearly all destroyed by the end of the 18th century, with the exception of a scene on the lintel of the stoning of Saint Stephen, and two scenes from the life of St. Clement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201338_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201338-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The west front of the cathedral receives support from a massive buttress on the north, while on the south the facade gets support from the Tower of the Horloge, an eight-sided tower, more slender and shorter than the tower of La Mutte, whose lower portion, with sections of white stone, probably belonged to the original collegiate built in 1207. It is capped by an octagonal belfry and an open pyramid, which were added in 1896. The exterior of this tower features an angel holding a sundial, decorated with the coat of arms of the city, and the date 1504. This tower formally belonged to the city of Metz, and contains a second set of cathedral bells. The largest bell, which sounds the hours, was made in 1413, and weighs 2000 kilograms; a smaller bell sounds the quarter hours, and was made 1398 (60 kilograms); and there is a third bell from the 16th century (also weighing 60 kilograms).
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transept">Transept</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant facade of the north transept"><img alt="Flamboyant facade of the north transept" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_2.jpg/239px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_2.jpg/358px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_2.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_2.jpg/478px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="4260" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flamboyant facade of the north transept</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 263.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_centre_ville_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cathedral from the south, with transept to the right"><img alt="The cathedral from the south, with transept to the right" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Metz_centre_ville_crop.jpg/395px-Metz_centre_ville_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Metz_centre_ville_crop.jpg/593px-Metz_centre_ville_crop.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Metz_centre_ville_crop.jpg/790px-Metz_centre_ville_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2855" data-file-height="2168" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The cathedral from the south, with transept to the right</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade with great window of the south transept"><img alt="Facade with great window of the south transept" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_3.jpg/228px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_3.jpg/343px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_3.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_3.jpg/457px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Querschiff_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="4447" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Facade with great window of the south transept</div>
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<p>The transept and the chevet at the northeast end of the cathedral were constructed together between 1487 and 1450. In this part of the cathedral, the vaults reach a height of 45 meters. The triangular north transept gable was a later addition of Neo-Gothic, made in 1886 in the 15th-century style. It is crowned with a statue of the Virgin Mary, marking the chapel of the Virgin. The south transept facade has a matching gable made in 1883–85, in the more ornate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">flamboyant</a> style. It is crowned by two statues, Saint Nicholas and a local medieval bishop, Saint Goëry. There is also a flamboyant gable over the large south window, also an elaborate flamboyant style, with curves and counter-curves. It was damaged by the 19th-century fire and was replaced. At the top is a statue of Saint Stephen, the patron saint of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201331_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chevet">Chevet</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Towers and chapel windows of the chevet"><img alt="Towers and chapel windows of the chevet" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz02.jpg/400px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz02.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz02.jpg/600px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz02.jpg/800px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Towers and chapel windows of the chevet</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buttresses that support the high wall of the chevet"><img alt="Buttresses that support the high wall of the chevet" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz03.jpg/225px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz03.jpg/337px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz03.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz03.jpg/450px-20201017Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Buttresses that support the high wall of the chevet</div>
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<p>The chevet, at the southeast end of the cathedral, was built between 1503 and 1508 atop the earlier Romanesque crypt and the earlier <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> style chapels. It contains the apse and disambulatory, and three radiating chapels; the axis chapel of the Virgin; and chapels of the Sacred Heart and Notre-Dame of Mount-Carmel. The doorway to Rue du Vivier was added in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201331_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201331-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The chapels are separated by the massive buttresses and arches which support the upper walls. The buttresses themselves are decorated with spires, which give them extra weight. The windows of the upper walls are topped with pointed arches and pinnacles, and the chevet is flanked by two additional slender towers with spires on either side of the choir, which give additional support to the structure. On the north is the Tower of the Boule d'Or or Tower of the Pomme d'Or (Named for a gilded copper apple ornament on top of the spire before the Revolution); and to south, the Tower of Charlemagne. This tower has a stairway that gives access to the terraces, triforium, and the narrow pathway around the edge of the roof of the choir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201341_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201341-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nave">Nave</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_F_PM_049599.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The nave, looking toward the choir"><img alt="The nave, looking toward the choir" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Metz_F_PM_049599.jpg/263px-Metz_F_PM_049599.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Metz_F_PM_049599.jpg/395px-Metz_F_PM_049599.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Metz_F_PM_049599.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The nave, looking toward the choir</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kathedraal_van_Metz_preekstoel_24-07-2018_12-58-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pulpit in the nave"><img alt="The pulpit in the nave" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kathedraal_van_Metz_preekstoel_24-07-2018_12-58-11.jpg/218px-Kathedraal_van_Metz_preekstoel_24-07-2018_12-58-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kathedraal_van_Metz_preekstoel_24-07-2018_12-58-11.jpg/328px-Kathedraal_van_Metz_preekstoel_24-07-2018_12-58-11.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kathedraal_van_Metz_preekstoel_24-07-2018_12-58-11.jpg/437px-Kathedraal_van_Metz_preekstoel_24-07-2018_12-58-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3707" data-file-height="5090" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The pulpit in the nave</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The three-part elevation of the nave"><img alt="The three-part elevation of the nave" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz020.jpg/400px-Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz020.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz020.jpg/600px-Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz020.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz020.jpg/800px-Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The three-part elevation of the nave </div>
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<p>The nave is the portion of a cathedral, usually at the west end, where the worshippers are seated. The nave of Metz Cathedral is noted for its exceptional height, harmony, and especially the great quantity of stained glass that entirely fills the upper walls, the largest area of glass of any cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201345_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201345-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the traditional elevation of Gothic cathedrals of the 13th century, with three levels; an arcade of pointed arches supported by large pillars on the ground floor, 12.65 meters high; above that a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> with windows. six meters high; above that a decorative band of two friezes with sculpted foliage and drapery; and above that the high windows extending upwards 25.5 meters into the vaults. Slender colonettes run up the walls between the windows from the arcade pillars to support the vaults. The pillars of the arcade, consisting of bundled columns, also have decoration; sculpted grapevines and other vegetal designs, from about 1245. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201345_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201345-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The four-part rib vaults of the nave vaults are exceptionally high; between 41.2 and 42.6 meters, exceeded in height only by those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> (48 meters), matching those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> (42.3. meters), and taller than those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> (38 meters). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201341_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201341-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collateral aisles on either side of the nave are not nearly as high; just 13.3 meters, but they also have walls largely filled with stained glass.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transept_and_choir">Transept and choir</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_(2012.08)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The south transept, with the organ below"><img alt="The south transept, with the organ below" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Metz_%282012.08%29_01.jpg/203px-Metz_%282012.08%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Metz_%282012.08%29_01.jpg/305px-Metz_%282012.08%29_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Metz_%282012.08%29_01.jpg/407px-Metz_%282012.08%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="2908" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The south transept, with the organ below </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The modern furnishings in the choir by Mattia Bonetti"><img alt="The modern furnishings in the choir by Mattia Bonetti" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986_%282%29.jpg/450px-AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986_%282%29.jpg/675px-AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986_%282%29.jpg/899px-AltarinselMetzerDomL1110986_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The modern furnishings in the choir by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mattia_Bonetti" title="Mattia Bonetti">Mattia Bonetti</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 338.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_(57)_cath%C3%A9drale_St_Etienne_36.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail at the choir stalls (1912)"><img alt="Detail at the choir stalls (1912)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Metz_%2857%29_cath%C3%A9drale_St_Etienne_36.jpg/508px-Metz_%2857%29_cath%C3%A9drale_St_Etienne_36.jpg" decoding="async" width="339" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Metz_%2857%29_cath%C3%A9drale_St_Etienne_36.jpg/762px-Metz_%2857%29_cath%C3%A9drale_St_Etienne_36.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Metz_%2857%29_cath%C3%A9drale_St_Etienne_36.jpg/1016px-Metz_%2857%29_cath%C3%A9drale_St_Etienne_36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Detail at the choir stalls (1912)</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_vierge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The red marble statue of the Virgin of Lourdes on the lateral altar of the transept"><img alt="The red marble statue of the Virgin of Lourdes on the lateral altar of the transept" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_vierge.jpg/225px-Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_vierge.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_vierge.jpg/337px-Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_vierge.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_vierge.jpg/450px-Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_vierge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The red marble statue of the Virgin of Lourdes on the lateral altar of the transept</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The Transept and choir were built later than the nave, between 1487 and 1520, with elaborate decoration in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">flamboyant</a> style of the late Gothic in the tracery of the windows and the pillars. Nonetheless, the builders respected the elevations and distribution of space on the walls established in the nave at the end of the 13th century. The high windows of the nave were the model for the high windows in the transept and the choir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201341_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201341-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Parts of the north transept also serve an important structural purpose; the section of the transept where it meets the nave, made about 1300, also serves a buttress for the arches of the nave where they meet the transept. Each level of the transept also has narrow coursières, or passageways, built in the wall on the interior and exterior of the transept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201349_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201349-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The vaults of the transept meet the vaults of the nave and choir at the central crossing. The transept is 46.80 metres (153.5 ft) high and 16.34 metres (53.6 ft) wide. The vault in the center of the crossing has additional decorative lierne and tiercon ribs, which form a star, and a large keystone, 1.7 meters high and 3.7 meters across, at the meeting point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201349_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201349-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The choir of a cathedral, where the clergy traditionally worships, is usually long, but because of the unusual topography under the cathedral, the choir in Metz is relatively short, and raised up by twelve steps from the transept.
</p><p>The modern liturgical furniture in the choir was created by the Swiss-born French artist Mattia Bonetti between 2004 and 2006. It includes an altar, <i>Ambon</i> or tribune, and <i>cathedre</i>, or bishop's chair. They are made of bronze, marble and oak, with a motif of reeds gently blowing in the wind, against a dark background.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201373-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <b>Altar of Notre Dame de Lourdes </b> made of red marble in 1911 by the Munich sculptor Max Heilmaler, It was subject to many later alterations. It depicts the Virgin in a red marble mandorle. The additional sculpture of the Announciation, also by Heilmaler. Below the altar a depiction of Christ being presented at the Temple, by Caspar Weis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201373-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>With it is the <b>retable</b> made of gilded and painted oak, It was originally made for the altar of a chapel at the shrine of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Notre Dame de Lourdes</a>, where it was placed in 1245. It depicts the Virgin, with the moon at her feet, with figures of Saint Barbara and Saint Catherine. It was removed from that church in 1912 because the church authorities in Lourdes felt it clashed with the simplicity of the decor there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201373-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <b>choir stalls</b> are a prominent feature in the centre of the Choir. They were made by Théophile Klem of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a> between 1913 and 1914, but they were not put into place until 1922–23. Carvings also decorate They decorate the screen of the choir made in 1912. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201373-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apse,_disambulatory,_and_radiating_chapels"><span id="Apse.2C_disambulatory.2C_and_radiating_chapels"></span>Apse, disambulatory, and radiating chapels</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_int%C3%A9rieur_(02).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Triptych dedicated to Saint Anne in the disambulatory"><img alt="Triptych dedicated to Saint Anne in the disambulatory" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%2802%29.JPG/225px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%2802%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%2802%29.JPG/337px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%2802%29.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%2802%29.JPG/450px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%2802%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Triptych dedicated to Saint Anne in the disambulatory </div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Beyond the choir is the apse, with a semicircular passage, the disambulatory, which leads to the three chapels at the end of the cathedral. The central chapel is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the left chapel to Saint Joseph, and the right chapel to Saint Livier.
</p><p>The following picture presents the ground plan of Saint-Stephen of Metz and the position of the architectural elements:
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;">
<tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;">
<th style="width:83px; text-align:center;">Number
</th>
<th style="width:223px; text-align:center;">Architectural element
</th>
<th style="width:310px; text-align:center;">Plan of Metz Cathedral
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>1</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westwork" title="Westwork">Westwork</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="25" style="text-align:center;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MetzDB364.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetzDB364.jpg/600px-MetzDB364.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetzDB364.jpg/900px-MetzDB364.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetzDB364.jpg/1200px-MetzDB364.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="859" /></a></span>
<div style="position:absolute; left:19px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westwork" title="Westwork">1</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">2</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:56.5px; top:224.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">3</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:64px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">4</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:104px; top:224.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">5</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:144px; top:217px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">6</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:211.5px; top:232px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lady_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Chapel">7</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:244px; top:184.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aisle#Architecture" title="Aisle">8</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:394px; top:219.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">9</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:254.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">10</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:444px; top:184.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">11</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:526.5px; top:184.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apse_chapel" title="Apse chapel">12</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:526.5px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">13</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:549px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">14</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:586.5px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architectural_development_of_the_eastern_end_of_cathedrals_in_England_and_France" title="Architectural development of the eastern end of cathedrals in England and France">15</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:526.5px; top:84.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apse_chapel" title="Apse chapel">16</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:17px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">17</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:239px; top:84.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aisle#Architecture" title="Aisle">18</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:136.5px; top:54.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">19</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:59px; top:82px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altar_candle" title="Altar candle">20</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:239px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">21</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:389px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">22</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:444px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altar_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar (Catholicism)">23</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:431.5px; top:112px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">24</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:481.5px; top:134.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">25</a></b></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>2</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>3</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a> <small>Portal of the Virgin</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>4</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">Narthex</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>5</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Side <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> <small>Blessed Sacrament chapel</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>6</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">Spire</a> <small><i>Mutte</i> tower</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>7</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lady_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Chapel">Lady Chapel</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>8</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aisle#Architecture" title="Aisle">Aisle</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>9</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>10</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>11</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Entrance of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>12</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apse_chapel" title="Apse chapel">Apse chapel</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>13</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">Ambulatory</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>14</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">Apse</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apse#Chevet" title="Apse">Chevet</a>)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>15</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architectural_development_of_the_eastern_end_of_cathedrals_in_England_and_France" title="Architectural development of the eastern end of cathedrals in England and France">East end</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>16</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Apse chapel
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>17</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Northern transept
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>18</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Aisle
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>19</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower</a> <small><i>Capitulum</i> tower</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>20</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altar_candle" title="Altar candle">Altar candle</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>21</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">Nave</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>22</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Crossing of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>23</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Altar_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar (Catholicism)">Altar</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>24</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">Lectern</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>25</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">Choir</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choir_(architecture)#Seating" title="Choir (architecture)">choirstalls</a>)</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>26</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Axis
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">The elements <b>1</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>13</b>, <b>14</b>, <b>15</b>, <b>19</b>, <b>21</b>, <b>22</b>, <b>23</b>, and <b>25</b> constitute the axis (south-southwest/north-northeast, respectively). On its exterior, the cathedral is 136 metres (446 ft) long.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49683.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epitaph of Jacques Poulain, with Fresco of the Virgin (14th c.)"><img alt="Epitaph of Jacques Poulain, with Fresco of the Virgin (14th c.)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49683.jpg/195px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49683.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49683.jpg/292px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49683.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49683.jpg/390px-Metz%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Etienne-PM_49683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Epitaph of Jacques Poulain, with Fresco of the Virgin (14th c.)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_(6231673809).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of a bishop"><img alt="Tomb of a bishop" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%286231673809%29.jpg/400px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%286231673809%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%286231673809%29.jpg/600px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%286231673809%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%286231673809%29.jpg/800px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_%286231673809%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1793" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Tomb of a bishop</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tombe_Dupont_des_Loges.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Bishop Dupont des Loges (died 1896) by Emmanuel Hannaux (1923)"><img alt="Tomb of Bishop Dupont des Loges (died 1896) by Emmanuel Hannaux (1923)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tombe_Dupont_des_Loges.JPG/400px-Tombe_Dupont_des_Loges.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tombe_Dupont_des_Loges.JPG/600px-Tombe_Dupont_des_Loges.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tombe_Dupont_des_Loges.JPG/800px-Tombe_Dupont_des_Loges.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Bishop Dupont des Loges (died 1896) by Emmanuel Hannaux (1923)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The chapels of the transept were decorated in the 14th century with murals on the columns, which served as epitaphs for prominent church figures. These were covered over with plaster in the remodelling of the 17th century and rediscovered and restored between 1840 and 1909. One good example is the painted epitaph of Jacques Poulain, from 1379, located on the north side at the sixth pillar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201371_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201371-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stained_glass_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass window">stained glass windows</a> of the cathedral range in date from the 13th century to the 20th century, and cover an area of 6500 square meters; the cathedral has the most stained glass of any medieval religious monument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201353_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201353-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The early windows resemble mosaics, made of very small pieces of thick, deeply-colored glass bound together by thin strips of lead. The later windows became much larger and thinner, as glassmaking technology improved, with support of iron bars and stone tracery. They were often colored with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silver_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver stain">silver stain</a>, and enamel paints which could be etched to give different shades and three dimensions, more closely resembling Renaissance paintings. The later Gothic periods also made greater use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a>, glass colored white, grey or other pale colors, to bring more light into the interior, and to highlight the colored glass.
Most of the original glass was removed in the centuries after the Middle Ages. Most of the glass today is restored or a more modern replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisac19947–11_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisac19947–11-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The windows of Metz were made by the master craftsmen including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_M%C3%BCnster" title="Hermann von Münster">Hermann von Münster</a> in the fourteenth century, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">Valentin Bousch</a> in the sixteenth. In the twentieth century, the artist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> created three stained glass windows for the cathedral between 1958 and 1968. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Bissi%C3%A8re" title="Roger Bissière">Roger Bissière</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a> provided designs for further windows, including the complete chapel of the Holy Sacrament.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_glass_(13th_century)"><span id="Early_glass_.2813th_century.29"></span>Early glass (13th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Vitrail_(XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle)-cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The oldest glass of the cathedral. Located on one side of the southern transept, Scenes from Life of Saint Paul (13th century)"><img alt="The oldest glass of the cathedral. Located on one side of the southern transept, Scenes from Life of Saint Paul (13th century)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vitrail_%28XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29-cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz.jpg/353px-Vitrail_%28XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29-cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vitrail_%28XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29-cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz.jpg/529px-Vitrail_%28XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29-cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vitrail_%28XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29-cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz.jpg/705px-Vitrail_%28XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29-cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The oldest glass of the cathedral. Located on one side of the southern transept, Scenes from Life of Saint Paul (13th century) </div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vitraux_121209_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of early glass"><img alt="Detail of early glass" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vitraux_121209_07.jpg/170px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vitraux_121209_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vitraux_121209_07.jpg/255px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vitraux_121209_07.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vitraux_121209_07.jpg/340px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_Vitraux_121209_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1763" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Detail of early glass </div>
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<p>The earliest glass in the cathedral, from the third quarter of the 13th century, is found in the central bay of the Chapel of Notre-Dame-La-Rond, on the north side of the cathedral near the portal of that name. The glass was originally all in one window, but was separated and now is displayed in two parts in the lower portions of the bays. In the north (Bay 33) are the lancet windows which illustrate the genealogy of Christ and the Virgin Mary, as well as the prophets and apostles. In the South (Bay 28) is the oculus of the original window, with the crowning of the Virgin. This window very unusually depicts the Virgin to the left of Christ, who is presenting the crown to her with his left hand. A similar arrangement from the same period is found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201354_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201354-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th–15th_century_glass"><span id="14th.E2.80.9315th_century_glass"></span>14th–15th century glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Verriere_ouest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western rose window at Metz by Hermann von Munster"><img alt="Western rose window at Metz by Hermann von Munster" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Verriere_ouest.jpg/202px-Verriere_ouest.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Verriere_ouest.jpg/304px-Verriere_ouest.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Verriere_ouest.jpg/405px-Verriere_ouest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Western rose window at Metz by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann von Munster">Hermann von Munster</a> </div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 281.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 279.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Innen_Rosette_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inner rose window by Hermann von Munster"><img alt="Inner rose window by Hermann von Munster" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Innen_Rosette_07.jpg/419px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Innen_Rosette_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Innen_Rosette_07.jpg/628px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Innen_Rosette_07.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Innen_Rosette_07.jpg/837px-Metz_Cath%C3%A9drale_St._%C3%89tienne_Innen_Rosette_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="3215" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Inner rose window by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann von Munster">Hermann von Munster</a> </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz075.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the West Rose Window"><img alt="Detail of the West Rose Window" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz075.jpg/400px-Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz075.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz075.jpg/600px-Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz075.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz075.jpg/800px-Cathedrale_saint-etienne_metz075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Detail of the West Rose Window </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Adoration_des_rois_mages_1390_Herman_von_Munster_08947.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adoration of the Magi by Hermann von Munster (1390)"><img alt="Adoration of the Magi by Hermann von Munster (1390)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Adoration_des_rois_mages_1390_Herman_von_Munster_08947.JPG/121px-Adoration_des_rois_mages_1390_Herman_von_Munster_08947.JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Adoration_des_rois_mages_1390_Herman_von_Munster_08947.JPG/182px-Adoration_des_rois_mages_1390_Herman_von_Munster_08947.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Adoration_des_rois_mages_1390_Herman_von_Munster_08947.JPG/242px-Adoration_des_rois_mages_1390_Herman_von_Munster_08947.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="4747" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Adoration of the Magi by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann von Munster">Hermann von Munster</a> (1390)</div>
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<p>A number of important windows were installed in the 14th century, including the great rose window of the western facade. This window was the work of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann von Munster">Hermann von Munster</a>, who created an ambitious program of windows. Other windows he designed were placed in the north and south arms of the transept, the west bay and the north and south arms of the transept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201355-57_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201355-57-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century_glass">16th century glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_vitrail_(02).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The north transept windows by Theobald of Lixheim"><img alt="The north transept windows by Theobald of Lixheim" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_vitrail_%2802%29.JPG/225px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_vitrail_%2802%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_vitrail_%2802%29.JPG/337px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_vitrail_%2802%29.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_vitrail_%2802%29.JPG/450px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Metz_-_vitrail_%2802%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The north transept windows by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Theobald_of_Lixheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theobald of Lixheim (page does not exist)">Theobald of Lixheim</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_866.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of north transept windows"><img alt="Detail of north transept windows" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_866.jpg/450px-Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_866.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_866.jpg/675px-Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_866.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_866.jpg/899px-Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Detail of north transept windows </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_896.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of north transept windows – apostles"><img alt="Detail of north transept windows – apostles" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_896.jpg/450px-Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_896.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_896.jpg/675px-Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_896.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_896.jpg/900px-Metz_Saint-%C3%89tienne_Transept_nord_896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Detail of north transept windows – apostles </div>
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<p>The most prominent examples of 16th-century glass are the windows of the north face of the transept, made by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Theobald_of_Lixheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theobald of Lixheim (page does not exist)">Theobald of Lixheim</a> in 1504, and the windows of the south face of the transept, made by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">Valentin Bousch</a> between 1521 and 1536. The figures of the last clearly show the influence of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, with a full use of perspective, shading, giving the windows a close resemblance to Renaissance paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201355_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201355-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_–_modern_windows"><span id="20th_century_.E2.80.93_modern_windows"></span>20th century – modern windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jacques_Villon_Stained_Glass_Windows,_Metz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windows by Jacques Villon"><img alt="Windows by Jacques Villon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Jacques_Villon_Stained_Glass_Windows%2C_Metz.jpg/400px-Jacques_Villon_Stained_Glass_Windows%2C_Metz.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Jacques_Villon_Stained_Glass_Windows%2C_Metz.jpg/600px-Jacques_Villon_Stained_Glass_Windows%2C_Metz.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Jacques_Villon_Stained_Glass_Windows%2C_Metz.jpg/800px-Jacques_Villon_Stained_Glass_Windows%2C_Metz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Windows by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a> </div>
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<p>Between 1954 and 1958 most of the upper windows of the nave were replaced with windows designed to harmonize with the early Gothic windows by Jean Gaudin, who had restored the windows of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>. Then, in 1956, Robert Renaud, chief architect of the Center of National Monuments, commissioned a group of windows for the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament designed by the cubist-impressionist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a>, the brother of pioneer modernist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, then eighty years old. The windows are composed of intersecting lines and planes of different colors, represents the Last Supper and Crucifixion, surrounded by abstract images of earlier Biblical symbols; the rock of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">Marriage at Cana</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> and a lamb representing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. They were installed in 1957.
</p><p>Two other abstract windows were made by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Bissi%C3%A8re" title="Roger Bissière">Roger Bissière</a> for the portal of La Mutte and the portal of the Tower of the Chapter. The former, facing the rising sun, has warm abstract colors, while the latter window, facing the sunset, has cool colors.
</p><p>The best-known windows are those designed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>. They were commissioned at the same time that he was chosen by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>, French Minister of Culture, to decorate the central dome of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a>. The first, in Bay 17 of the west of the north transept, made between 1958 and 1961, depicts Genesis and the creation, the original sin, and the expulsion from Eden. Two additional groups were made for two bays in the north disambulatory (bays 11 and 9). They were made between 1961 and 1967, and depict Old Testament scenes, including Moses receiving the Ten Commandments, the Sacrifice of Abraham, the Burning Bush, and other events. The final series done by Chagall was created between 1968 and 1970 in the west triforium. These windows are "Grand Bouquet", a composition of birds and flowers and a rainbow on a background of nacre (Bays 111 and 113) and "Petit Bouquet" (Bays 107–109).
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;">
<tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;">
<th style="width:40px; text-align:center;">Number
</th>
<th style="width:200px; text-align:center;">Master glass maker
</th>
<th style="width:300px; text-align:center;">Plan of Saint-Stephen of Metz
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>1</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_M%C3%BCnster" title="Hermann von Münster">Hermann von Münster</a>'s windows
</td>
<td rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MetzDB364.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetzDB364.jpg/600px-MetzDB364.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetzDB364.jpg/900px-MetzDB364.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/MetzDB364.jpg/1200px-MetzDB364.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="859" /></a></span>
<div style="position:absolute; left:56.5px; top:132px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hermann_von_M%C3%BCnster" title="Hermann von Münster">1</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:104px; top:224.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">2</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:394px; top:227px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">3</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:539px; top:132px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">4</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:449px; top:79.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">5</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:394px; top:44.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Laurent_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Charles-Laurent Maréchal">6</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:344px; top:49.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">7</a></b></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:211.5px; top:74.5px"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Bissi%C3%A8re" title="Roger Bissière">8</a></b></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>2</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a>'s windows
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>3</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">Valentin Bousch</a>'s windows
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>4</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valentin_Bousch" title="Valentin Bousch">Valentin Bousch</a>'s windows
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>5</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>'s windows
</td></tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><b>6</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;">Theobald of Lixheim's windows
</td></tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><b>7</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>'s windows
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b>8</b>
</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Bissi%C3%A8re" title="Roger Bissière">Roger Bissière</a>'s windows
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organs">Organs</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 308.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_orgue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The modern organ, placed in the south transept"><img alt="The modern organ, placed in the south transept" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_orgue.jpg/463px-Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_orgue.jpg" decoding="async" width="309" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_orgue.jpg/694px-Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_orgue.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_orgue.jpg/925px-Cathedrale_Saint-Etienne_de_Metz_-_orgue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2596" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The modern organ, placed in the south transept </div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Renaissance organ, now on the triforium of the nave (1537)"><img alt="The Renaissance organ, now on the triforium of the nave (1537)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_02.jpg/187px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_02.jpg/280px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_02.jpg/373px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="2903" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Renaissance organ, now on the triforium of the nave (1537)</div>
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</ul>
<p>Metz Cathedral has two organs. The modern and larger organ is located in the transept. The smaller and older instrument, called the "Renaissance", is perched on the triforium of the last traverse of the nave, closest to the choir. It was placed there above the former rood screen to accompany ceremonies of the clergy taking place within the choir. It was made in 1537, and while the instrument has been regularly modified and updated, the wooden buffet or cabinet is original.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201372_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201372-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crypt">Crypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MetzerDomKryptaL1120360_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The crypt beneath the transept and apse"><img alt="The crypt beneath the transept and apse" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MetzerDomKryptaL1120360_%282%29.jpg/200px-MetzerDomKryptaL1120360_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MetzerDomKryptaL1120360_%282%29.jpg/300px-MetzerDomKryptaL1120360_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MetzerDomKryptaL1120360_%282%29.jpg/400px-MetzerDomKryptaL1120360_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="3625" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The crypt beneath the transept and apse</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Metz_-F-,_2010,_Cripta_della_Cattedrale_il_drago_Graoully._(4714314013).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Graouilly, a dragon figure carried in processions, now in the cathedral crypt"><img alt="The Graouilly, a dragon figure carried in processions, now in the cathedral crypt" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Metz_-F-%2C_2010%2C_Cripta_della_Cattedrale_il_drago_Graoully._%284714314013%29.jpg/400px-Metz_-F-%2C_2010%2C_Cripta_della_Cattedrale_il_drago_Graoully._%284714314013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Metz_-F-%2C_2010%2C_Cripta_della_Cattedrale_il_drago_Graoully._%284714314013%29.jpg/600px-Metz_-F-%2C_2010%2C_Cripta_della_Cattedrale_il_drago_Graoully._%284714314013%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Metz_-F-%2C_2010%2C_Cripta_della_Cattedrale_il_drago_Graoully._%284714314013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Graouilly, a dragon figure carried in processions, now in the cathedral crypt</div>
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<p>The original romanesque crypt beneath the choir was enlarged at the beginning of the 16th century to serve as a foundation for the new chevet. and contains ambulatory leading to three chapels. It was originally largely filled with tombs, It now serves as a museum of cathedral history.
</p><p>The crypt displays the Graouilly, a large figure of the mythical dragon which was said in legend to been slain by Saint Clement in about 1000 AD. It was carried in religious processions in Metz beginning the 13th century and was described by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a> after his stay in Metz in 1546–47. The body of the current Graouilly is made of canvas covering a metal frame is from the 19th century, while the head is wood from an 18th-century effigy of the creature. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201372_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201372-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treasury">Treasury</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Treasury, located in the Sacristy"><img alt="The Treasury, located in the Sacristy" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299_%282%29.jpg/450px-MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299_%282%29.jpg/675px-MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299_%282%29.jpg/900px-MetzerDomSakristeiL1120299_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3617" data-file-height="2413" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Treasury, located in the Sacristy </div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:RingArnulfL1120311_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ring of saint Arnoul (7th century)"><img alt="The Ring of saint Arnoul (7th century)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RingArnulfL1120311_%282%29.jpg/450px-RingArnulfL1120311_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RingArnulfL1120311_%282%29.jpg/675px-RingArnulfL1120311_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RingArnulfL1120311_%282%29.jpg/899px-RingArnulfL1120311_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Ring of saint Arnoul (7th century)</div>
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<p>The treasury of the cathedral, located in the old sacristy next to the south transept, lost most of its precious objects during the French Revolution, when they were taken away to be melted down for their gold or stripped of their jewels. The most famous item in the Treasury is the reputed "Cape of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>", a garment probably made in the 12th century. It is made of purple silk with three large eagles embroidered with gold, whose wings are decorated with roses and griffons. It was further adorned during the Renaissance with a plus a hood embroidered with silver. The treasury also displays a large Bishop's ring made of stone and gold, called the Ring of Saint Arnoul, made in the 7th century. It is one of the oldest Bishop's rings still existing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201375_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201375-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest_church_naves" title="List of highest church naves">List of highest church naves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest churches">List of tallest churches</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mont_Saint-Quentin_in_Moselle_Valley" title="Mont Saint-Quentin in Moselle Valley">Mont Saint-Quentin in Moselle Valley</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Base Mérimée">Base Mérimée</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00106817">PA00106817</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cathedral-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cathedral_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cathedral_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathedrale-metz.fr/">"Official website of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+Saint-Stephen+Cathedral.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathedrale-metz.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metz.catholique.fr/">"Official website of the Bishopric of Metz"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+Bishopric+of+Metz.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetz.catholique.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20133-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20133_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.fr/art-et-culture/architecture/video/SXF01013690/tresors-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html">"INA Archive (1969) Trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, ORTF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(VIDEO)</span> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INA+Archive+%281969%29+Tr%C3%A9sor+de+la+cath%C3%A9drale+de+Metz%2C+Lorraine+soir%2C+ORTF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ina.fr%2Fart-et-culture%2Farchitecture%2Fvideo%2FSXF01013690%2Ftresors-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ina.fr/economie-et-societe/religion/video/SXC02003845/patrimoine-tresor-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html">"INA Archive (1980) Patrimoine: trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, France 3 régions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(VIDEO)</span> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INA+Archive+%281980%29+Patrimoine%3A+tr%C3%A9sor+de+la+cath%C3%A9drale+de+Metz%2C+Lorraine+soir%2C+France+3+r%C3%A9gions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ina.fr%2Feconomie-et-societe%2Freligion%2Fvideo%2FSXC02003845%2Fpatrimoine-tresor-de-la-cathedrale-de-metz.fr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-stained_glass-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stained_glass_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stained_glass_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87692-495-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-87692-495-1">2-87692-495-1</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20137-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner20137_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallery-Radot J. (1931): <i>La cathédrale de Metz, description archéologique</i>. Eds A. Picard, Paris. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gregorytours.html">"Gregory of Tours (c. 538-594 A.D.) Historiae, Libri X. The Latin Library"</a> (in Latin)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gregory+of+Tours+%28c.+538-594+A.D.%29+Historiae%2C+Libri+X.+The+Latin+Library.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fgregorytours.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201311-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201311_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201311_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marot P. (1931): <i>La cathédrale de Metz, histoire de la construction</i>. Eds A. Picard, Paris. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-first-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wM8NgPiGUs">"Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 10th to 13th century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(VIDEO)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/-wM8NgPiGUs">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+the+construction+of+Metz+Cathedral%2C+from+10th+to+13th+century.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-wM8NgPiGUs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201312-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201312_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 12.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villes A. (2004): <i>Remarques sur les campagnes de construction de la cathédrale de Metz au XIIieme siecle</i>. Bulletin Monumental 162, Paris <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-second-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-second_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-second_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMOIvAWDY44">"Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 14th to 16th century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(VIDEO)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/sMOIvAWDY44">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+the+construction+of+Metz+Cathedral%2C+from+14th+to+16th+century.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsMOIvAWDY44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lejeaux J. (1931): <i>La cathédrale de Metz, L'œuvre de Blondel à Metz</i>. Eds A. Picard, Paris. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-third-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-third_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-third_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-third_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-third_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-third_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1evIHE503Jk">"Timeline of the construction of Metz Cathedral, from 17th to 20th century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(VIDEO)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/1evIHE503Jk">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+the+construction+of+Metz+Cathedral%2C+from+17th+to+20th+century.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1evIHE503Jk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201319-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201319_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201319_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 19.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201324-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201324_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201321-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201321_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201367-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201367_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201367_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201367_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 67.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-jongh155-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jongh155_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ariane Isler-de Jongh: <i>A Stained-Glass Window from Flavigny-sur-Moselle</i>, Metropolitan Museum Journal, 33, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/A_Stained_Glass_Window_from_Flavigny_sur_Moselle_The_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_33_1998">Online</a>, (p. 155).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201330-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201330_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 30.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201333-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201333_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201337-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201337_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201335-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201335_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201335_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201338-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201338_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201331-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201331_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201331_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201341-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201341_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201341_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201341_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201345-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201345_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201345_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 45.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201349-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201349_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201349_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201373-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201373_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201371-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201371_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 71.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201353-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201353_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisac19947–11-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisac19947–11_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrisac1994">Brisac 1994</a>, p. 7–11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201354-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201354_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201355-57-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201355-57_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 55-57.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201355-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201355_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201372-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201372_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201372_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 72.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201375-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner201375_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2013">Wagner 2013</a>, p. 75.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisac1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brisac, Catherine (1994). <i>Le Vitrail</i> (in French). Paris: La Martinière. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-73-242117-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-73-242117-0"><bdi>2-73-242117-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Vitrail&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=La+Martini%C3%A8re&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=2-73-242117-0&rft.aulast=Brisac&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wagner, Pierre Édouard (2013). <i>Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Metz</i> (in French). Centre des monuments nationaux, Éditions du patrimoine. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7577-0262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7577-0262-8"><bdi>978-2-7577-0262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cath%C3%A9drale+Saint-%C3%89tienne+de+Metz&rft.pub=Centre+des+monuments+nationaux%2C+%C3%89ditions+du+patrimoine&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-7577-0262-8&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Pierre+%C3%89douard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetz+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotik-romanik.de/Metz%20Thumbnails/Thumbnails.html">Photos </a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/98676624@N05/collections/72157638659466665/">Denis Krieger, extensive collection of stained glass photos</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></li></ul>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nancy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nancy">Diocese of Nancy</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Di%C3%A9" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Dié">Diocese of Saint-Dié</a></li>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bordeaux" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux">Archdiocese of Bordeaux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Agen" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Agen">Diocese of Agen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Aire_and_Dax" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Aire and Dax">Diocese of Aire and Dax</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bayonne,_Lescar_and_Oloron" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron">Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_P%C3%A9rigueux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Périgueux">Diocese of Périgueux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Clermont</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Clermont" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Clermont">Archdiocese of Clermont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay">Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Moulins" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Moulins">Diocese of Moulins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Flour" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Flour">Diocese of Saint-Flour</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Dijon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dijon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dijon">Archdiocese of Dijon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Sens" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sens">Archdiocese of Sens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Autun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun">Diocese of Autun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nevers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nevers">Diocese of Nevers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_Prelature_of_the_Mission_de_France_at_Pontigny" title="Territorial Prelature of the Mission de France at Pontigny">Mission de France</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Lille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lille" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lille">Archdiocese of Lille</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Archdiocese of Cambrai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arras" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras">Diocese of Arras</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Lyon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon">Archdiocese of Lyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chamb%C3%A9ry%E2%80%93Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne%E2%80%93Tarentaise" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise">Archdiocese of Chambéry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Annecy" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Annecy">Diocese of Annecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Belley%E2%80%93Ars" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Belley–Ars">Diocese of Belley–Ars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Grenoble-Vienne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Grenoble-Vienne">Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Étienne">Diocese of Saint-Étienne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Valence" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Valence">Diocese of Valence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viviers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viviers">Diocese of Viviers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Marseille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Marseille" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Marseille">Archdiocese of Marseille</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Aix" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix">Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Avignon" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Avignon">Archdiocese of Avignon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ajaccio" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ajaccio">Diocese of Ajaccio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Digne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Digne">Diocese of Digne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Fr%C3%A9jus-Toulon" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Fréjus-Toulon">Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gap-Embrun" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gap-Embrun">Diocese of Gap-Embrun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nice" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nice">Diocese of Nice</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Montpellier</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Montpellier" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montpellier">Archdiocese of Montpellier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Carcassonne-Narbonne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne">Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mende" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mende">Diocese of Mende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_N%C3%AEmes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nîmes">Diocese of Nîmes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Perpignan-Elne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Perpignan-Elne">Diocese of Perpignan–Elne</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Paris</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Archdiocese of Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cr%C3%A9teil" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Créteil">Diocese of Créteil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vry-Corbeil-Essonnes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes">Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Meaux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Meaux">Diocese of Meaux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nanterre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nanterre">Diocese of Nanterre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pontoise" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pontoise">Diocese of Pontoise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis">Diocese of Saint-Denis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Versailles" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Versailles">Diocese of Versailles</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Poitiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Poitiers" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poitiers">Archdiocese of Poitiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Angoulême">Diocese of Angoulême</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_La_Rochelle_and_Saintes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes">Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Limoges" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Limoges">Diocese of Limoges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tulle" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle">Diocese of Tulle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Reims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims">Archdiocese of Reims</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Amiens" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens">Diocese of Amiens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beauvais" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais">Diocese of Beauvais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ch%C3%A2lons" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons">Diocese of Châlons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Langres" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Langres">Diocese of Langres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Soissons" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Soissons">Diocese of Soissons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Troyes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes">Diocese of Troyes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Rennes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rennes,_Dol_and_Saint-Malo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol and Saint-Malo">Archdiocese of Rennes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Angers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Angers">Diocese of Angers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Laval" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Laval">Diocese of Laval</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Mans" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Mans">Diocese of Le Mans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lu%C3%A7on" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Luçon">Diocese of Luçon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nantes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes">Diocese of Nantes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Quimper" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Quimper">Diocese of Quimper</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Brieuc" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Brieuc">Diocese of Saint-Brieuc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vannes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vannes">Diocese of Vannes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Rouen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Rouen" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen">Archdiocese of Rouen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bayeux" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bayeux">Diocese of Bayeux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coutances" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Coutances">Diocese of Coutances</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Évreux">Diocese of Évreux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Le_Havre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Havre">Diocese of Le Havre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_S%C3%A9ez" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Séez">Diocese of Séez</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Toulouse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toulouse" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toulouse">Archdiocese of Toulouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Albi" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Albi">Archdiocese of Albi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Auch" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Auch">Archdiocese of Auch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cahors" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cahors">Diocese of Cahors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Montauban" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Montauban">Diocese of Montauban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pamiers" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pamiers">Diocese of Pamiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rodez" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rodez">Diocese of Rodez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tarbes-et-Lourdes" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes">Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tours" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tours">Archdiocese of Tours</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Bourges" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bourges">Archdiocese of Bourges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Blois" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Blois">Diocese of Blois</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Chartres" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chartres">Diocese of Chartres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Orléans">Diocese of Orléans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Martinique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Fort-de-France%E2%80%93Saint-Pierre" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre">Archdiocese of Fort-de-France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basse-Terre" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Basse-Terre">Diocese of Basse-Terre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cayenne" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cayenne">Diocese of Cayenne</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Papeete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Papeete" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Papeete">Archdiocese of Papeete</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Taiohae" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Taiohae">Diocese of Taiohae</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Noumea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Noum%C3%A9a" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nouméa">Archdiocese of Nouméa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wallis_et_Futuna" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Wallis et Futuna">Diocese of Wallis and Futuna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Port-Vila" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Port-Vila">Diocese of Port-Vila</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Directly under Holy See</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg">Archdiocese of Strasbourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Diocese of Metz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint-Denis_de_La_R%C3%A9union" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion">Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diocese_of_the_French_Armed_Forces" title="Diocese of the French Armed Forces">Military Ordinariate of France</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_France" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France">Ordinariate<br /> for Eastern Catholics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sainte-Croix-de-Paris" title="Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris">Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Paris" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Vladimir_the_Great_of_Paris" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Catholic_cathedrals_in_France" title="Category:Catholic cathedrals in France">Cathedrals in France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apostolic_Nuncio_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nuncio to France">Apostolic Nuncio to France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="France–Holy See relations">France–Holy See relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_France" title="List of Catholic dioceses in France">Former dioceses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/16px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/24px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671066#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671066#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671066#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134839691">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4367719-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50074540">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/21684">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011257527205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00106817">Mérimée</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20002884">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/0152f0ca-4afb-4e21-90b6-33989a9ea583">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1727018812' |