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{{For|the contemporary usage|modern display of the Confederate battle flag}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2014}}
{{excessive quotation|date=July 2022}}<!-- In First and Second flag sections-->
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Confederate States of America
| Image = Flag of the Confederate States (March 1861 – May 1861).svg
| Imagetext = First national flag of the Confederate States of America, with seven stars.
| Nickname = "The Stars and Bars"
| Use = National flag
| Symbol = {{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion = 5:9
| Adoption = March 4, 1861 (first 7-star version)<br />December 10, 1861<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On December 10, 1861, Kentucky became the 13th state admitted to the Confederacy. The last star added to the C.S. flag was for the state of Kentucky. --> (final 13-star version)
| Design = Three horizontal stripes of equal height, alternating red and white, with a blue square two-thirds the height of the flag as the canton. Inside the canton are seven, eleven, or thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size, arranged in a circle and pointing outward.
| Designer = [[Nicola Marschall]]
| Image2 = Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg
| Alt2 = Second flag of the Confederate States of America
| Imagetext2 = The second national flag of the Confederate States of America
| Nickname2 = "The Stainless Banner"{{efn|[[William Tappan Thompson]], editor of Savannah's ''Daily Morning News'', used a different nickname for the flag, calling it "The White Man's Flag", saying that the flag's white field symbolized the "[[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]]". But it was a nickname that never gained traction with the public.<ref name="GHPreble1872">{{harvnb|Preble|1872|pp=414–417}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1880">{{harvnb|Preble|1880|pp=523–525}}</ref><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "A handful of contemporaries linked the new flag design to the "peculiar institution" that was at the heart of the South's economy, social system and polity: slavery. Bagby characterized the flag motif as the "Southern Cross" – the constellation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing 'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave' southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to the desire among many Southerners to expand Confederate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the Savannah, Ga., Morning News editor focused on the white field on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored races. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of our cause." He dubbed the new flag "the White Man's Flag," a sobriquet that never gained traction."</ref><ref name=SMNApril23>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=William T.|title=[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]|location=Savannah, Georgia|date=April 23, 1863}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref name=SMNApril28>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=William T.|title=[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]|location=Savannah, Georgia|date=April 28, 1863}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref name=SMNMay4>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=William T.|title=[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]|location=Savannah, Georgia|date=May 4, 1863}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo>{{cite book|author-link1=James W. Loewen|last1=Loewen|first1=James W.|last2=Sebesta|first2=Edward H.|year=2010|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson, Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-219-1|oclc=746462600|title=The Confederate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truth about the 'Lost Cause'|page=13|url=http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1338|access-date=December 5, 2013|quote=Confederates even showed their preoccupation with race in their flag. Civil War buffs know that 'the Confederate flag' waved today was never the Confederate States of America's official flag. Rather, it was the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacy adopted three official flags. The first, sometimes called 'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting,' in the words of the editor of the ''Savannah Morning News'', quoted herein.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213161623/http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1338|archive-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=whatyoushouldknow>{{cite news|last1=Kim |first1=Kyle |last2=Krishnakumar |first2=Priya |title=What you should know about the Confederate flag's evolution |url=http://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html |location=California |work=Los Angeles Times |issue=June 23, 2015 |access-date=July 11, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712023515/http://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=MSWWood1957p44>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkZVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |title=Stevens-Davis and allied families: a memorial volume of history, biography, and genealogy|page=44|last=Wood|first=Marie Stevens Walker|access-date=September 1, 2015|date=1957|quote=This design was suggested by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, who, in an editorial published April 23, 1863, stated that through this design could be attained all the...}}</ref><ref name=FAllenp67>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UgsxY0tm_8C&pg=PA67 |title=Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City 1946–1996|last=Allen|first=Frederick|page=67|access-date=September 1, 2015|quote=By modern standards, the greatest flaw of the 'Stainless Banner' was its other popular nickname, bestowed by William T. Thompson, editor of the ''Savannah Daily Morning News'', who called it 'the White Man's Flag' and argued that it represented 'the cause of a superior race and a higher civilization contending against ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism' – a bit of racist rhetoric that is plainly unacceptable in current public discourse.|isbn=978-1-4616-6167-2|date=May 25, 1996|publisher=Taylor Trade }}</ref>}}
| Use2 = National flag
| Symbol2 = {{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion2 = 1:2{{efn|Although the officially specified proportions were 1:2, many of the flags that actually ended up being produced used a 1.5:1 aspect ratio.<ref name="fotc">{{cite web |url=http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTCsbr.htm |title=The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy) |access-date=October 24, 2005 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209190749/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTCsbr.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2009 }}</ref>}}
| Adoption2 = May 1, 1863
| Design2 = A white rectangle two times as wide as it is tall, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.
| Image3 = Flag of the Confederate States of America (1865).svg
| Alt3 = Third flag of the Confederate States of America
| Imagetext3 = The third national flag of the Confederate States of America.
| Nickname3 = "The Blood-Stained Banner"
| Use3 = National flag
| Symbol3 = {{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion3 = 2:3
| Adoption3 = March 4, 1865
| Design3 = A white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall, a red vertical stripe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.{{efn|Although the officially designated design specified a rectangular canton, many of the flags that ended up being produced utilized a square-shaped canton.<ref name="fotc3" />}}
| Designer3 = Maj. Arthur L. Rogers<ref name="autogenerated1" />
}}
The '''flags of the Confederate States of America''' have a history of three successive designs during the [[American Civil War]]. The flags were known as the "Stars and Bars", used from 1861 to 1863; the "Stainless Banner", used from 1863 to 1865; and the "Blood-Stained Banner", used in 1865 shortly before the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]'s dissolution. A rejected national flag design was also used as a battle flag by the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]] and featured in the "Stainless Banner" and "Blood-Stained Banner" designs. Although this design was never a [[national flag]], it is the most commonly recognized symbol of the Confederacy.
Since the end of the Civil War, [[Modern display of the Confederate battle flag|private and official use of the Confederate flags]], particularly the battle flag, has continued amid philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the United States. These include flags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and individuals. The battle flag was also featured in the [[Flags of the U.S. states and territories|state flags]] of [[Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Flag of Mississippi|Mississippi]], although it was removed by Georgia in 2003 and Mississippi in 2020. However, the new design of the Georgia flag still references the original "Stars and Bars" iteration of the Georgia flag. After the Georgia flag was changed in 2001, the city of [[Trenton, Georgia]], has used a [[Flag of Trenton, Georgia|flag design]] nearly identical to the previous version with the battle flag.
It is estimated that 500–544 flags were captured during the civil war by the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. The flags were sent to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 32., Confederate States' flags. |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0290:chapter=1.37 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Returned Flags Booklet, 1905 {{!}} A State Divided |url=https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket-history-civilwar58/returned-flags-booklet/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=PBS LearningMedia |language=en}}</ref>
== {{anchor|First flag}}<!--[[Stars and Bars (flag)]] redirects here--> First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863) ==
{{gallery
| height=100
| width=210
| align=center
| mode=nolines
| File:CSA FLAG 4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg|First flag with 7 stars<br />(March 4 – May 18, 1861)
| File:CSA Flag 21.5.1861-2.7.1861.svg|Flag with 9 stars<br />(May 18<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On May 18, 1861, Arkansas became the 9th state admitted to the Confederacy. The 9th star added to the C.S. flag was for the state of Arkansas. --> – July 2, 1861)
| File:CSA Flag 2.7.1861-28.11.1861.svg|Flag with 11 stars<br />(July 2<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On July 2, 1861, North Carolina and Tennessee became the 10th and 11th states admitted to the Confederacy. The 10th and 11th stars added to the C.S. flag were for the states of North Carolina and Tennessee, respectively. --> – November 28, 1861)
| File:Flag of the Confederate States (1861–1863).svg|Last flag with 13 stars<br />(December 10, 1861<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On December 10, 1861, Kentucky became the 13th state admitted to the Confederacy. The last star added to the C.S. flag was for the state of Kentucky. --> – May 1, 1863)
}}
The Confederacy's first official national flag, often called the ''Stars and Bars'', flew from March 4, 1861, to May 1, 1863. It was designed by [[Prussia]]n-American artist [[Nicola Marschall]] in [[Marion, Alabama]], and is said to resemble the [[Flag of Austria]], with which Marschall would have been familiar.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/ArticlePrintable.jsp?id=h-1134|title= Nicola Marschall|date= April 25, 2011|publisher= The Encyclopedia of Alabama
|access-date=July 29, 2011|quote= The flag does resemble that of the [[German language|Germanic]] European nation of Austria, which as a [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] artist, Marschall would have known well.}}</ref><ref name="hume" />{{efn|[[Catherine Stratton Ladd]] is said to have designed the first Confederate flag.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Ladd, Catherine |encyclopedia=Appletons' Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1600-1889 |publisher=Appleton & Company |volume=3 | pages=584–585 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Ladd, Catherine |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |volume=III | page=196 }}</ref>}} The original version of the flag featured a circle of seven white stars in the navy-blue [[Canton (flag)|canton]], representing the seven states of the South that originally composed the Confederacy: [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]], [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]], [[Florida in the American Civil War|Florida]], [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]], [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]], [[Louisiana in the American Civil War|Louisiana]], and [[Texas in the American Civil War|Texas]]. The "Stars and Bars" flag was adopted on March 4, 1861, in the first temporary national capital of [[Montgomery, Alabama]], and raised over the dome of that first Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the [[Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces|Confederate army uniform]].<ref name="hume">{{cite journal |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/german.html |title=Nicola Marschall: Excerpts from "The German Artist Who Designed the Confederate Flag and Uniform" |first=Edgar Erskine |last=Hume |journal=The American-German Review |date=August 1940 |access-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-date=May 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528220738/http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/german.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A monument that was in [[Louisburg, North Carolina]], claims the "Stars and Bars" "was designed by a son of North Carolina / Orren Randolph Smith / and made under his direction by / Catherine Rebecca (Murphy) Winborne. / Forwarded to Montgomery, Ala. Feb 12, 1861, / Adopted by the Provisional Congress March 4, 1861".<ref>{{cite web
|title=First Confederate Flag and Its Designer O.R. Smith, Louisburg
|author=Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina.
|date=March 19, 2010
|publisher=[[Wilson Library]], [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/commland/monument/22/}}</ref>
One of the first acts of the [[Provisional Confederate Congress]] was to create the ''Committee of the Flag and Seal'', chaired by [[William Porcher Miles]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] congressman, and [[Fire-Eaters|Fire-Eater]] from [[South Carolina]]. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, "overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'old flag' of the United States." Miles had already designed a flag that later became known as the Confederate ''[[#Battle flag|Battle Flag]]'', and he favored his flag over the "Stars and Bars" proposal. But given the popular support for a flag similar to the [[Flag of the United States|U.S. flag]] ("the Stars and Stripes" – originally established and designed in June 1777 during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]), the "Stars and Bars" design was approved by the committee.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=4–5}}</ref>
As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of stars: two were added for [[Virginia in the American Civil War|Virginia]] and [[Arkansas in the American Civil War|Arkansas]] in May 1861, followed by two more representing [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]] and [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]] in July, and finally two more for [[Missouri in the American Civil War|Missouri]] and [[Kentucky in the American Civil War|Kentucky]].
When the American Civil War broke out, the "Stars and Bars" confused the battlefield at the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] because of its similarity to the U.S. (or [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]) flag, especially when it was hanging limply on its flagstaff.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=8}}</ref> The "Stars and Bars" was also criticized on ideological grounds for its resemblance to the U.S. flag. Many Confederates disliked the Stars and Bars, seeing it as symbolic of a centralized federal power against which the Confederate states claimed to be seceding.<ref name="The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States">{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/declarationofcauses.html|work=Civil War Trust|title=The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States|access-date=February 23, 2016|quote="Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product that constitutes the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution and was at the point of reaching its consummation. No choice left us but submission to abolition's mandates, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove."}}</ref> As early as April 1861, a month after the flag's adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a "servile imitation" and a "detested parody" of the U.S. flag.<ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /> In January 1862, [[George William Bagby]], writing for the ''[[Southern Literary Messenger]]'', wrote that many Confederates disliked the flag. "Everybody wants a new Confederate flag," Bagby wrote. "The present one is universally hated. It resembles the [[Yankee]] flag, and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable." The editor of the ''[[Charleston Mercury]]'' expressed a similar view: "It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored 'Flag of [[Yankee Doodle]]' ... we imagine that the '[[#Battle flag|Battle Flag]]' will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim." [[William Tappan Thompson|William T. Thompson]], the editor of the Savannah-based ''[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]'' also objected to the flag, due to its aesthetic similarity to the U.S. flag, which for some Confederates had negative associations with emancipation and abolitionism. Thompson stated in April 1863 that he disliked the adopted flag "on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting."<ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=SMNApril28 /><ref name=SMNMay4 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo />
Over the course of the flag's use by the CSA, additional stars were added to the canton, eventually bringing the total number to thirteen-a reflection of the Confederacy's claims of having admitted the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]] of [[Kentucky]] and [[Missouri]], where slavery was still widely practiced.{{efn|Neither state voted to secede or ever came under full Confederate control. Nonetheless both were still represented in the Confederate Congress and had Confederate shadow governments composed of deposed former state politicians.}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/24/us/confederate-flag-myths-facts/index.html|title=Confederate battle flag: Separating the myths from facts|author=Ben Brumfield|date=2015-06-24|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the [[Ben Johnson House (Bardstown, Kentucky)|Ben Johnson House]] in [[Bardstown, Kentucky]]; the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navy's battle [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
== {{anchor|Second flag}}Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg|x100px]]
|[[File:Confederate States Naval Ensign after May 26 1863.svg|x100px]]
|[[File:Stainless Banner (Mobile, Alabama variant).png|x100px]]
|[[File:Stainlessbannerpainesville.png|x100px]]
|[[File:Fortfisherrecreation.png|x100px]]
|-
| width=200px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865) as commonly manufactured, with a 3:2 ratio
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |A 12-star variant of the Stainless Banner produced in [[Mobile, Alabama]]
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Variant captured following the Battle of Painesville, 1865
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Garrison Flag of [[Fort Fisher]], the "''Southern Gibraltar''"
|}
Many different designs were proposed during the solicitation for a second Confederate national flag, nearly all based on the [[#Battle flag|Battle Flag]]. By 1863, it had become well-known and popular among those living in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress specified that the new design be a white field "...with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the groundtyvghgvhgdrgyvjhgf red; thereupon a broad [[saltire]] of blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with [[Star (heraldry)|mullets]] or five-pointed stars, corresponding in numbering hoc jhb Kv fe to that hgvhb gcvbh drserfgcfgof the Confederate States."<ref name="fotc"/ he uhvhh jbftgc n BBC try b. Go vxdfgvc
Cvchhbyufbjn hbv
The flag is also known as ''the Stainlesstfghvhgjdtdufgftyrfjhg Banner'', and the matter of the person behind its design remains a point of contention. On April Mn. Be hvj giv23, 1863, the ''Savannah Morning News'' editor William Tappan Thompson, tugtyrwith assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, publishedvvjhvtfd an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "Thefghvhjgfytre [[White people|White Man]]'s Flag", a name which never caught on.<ref name=SMNMay4 /> In eyuicrsxplaining vggghthe white backgroundhjbbhug of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained [[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]] over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confederate Flag Historyvgvgyvygvyggug |url=http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.civilwar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo /><ref name=whatyoushouldknow /><ref name=MSWWood1957p44 /><ref name=FAllenp67 /> In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to the flag which was eventually created was proposed by General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'... The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."<ref>Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." ''Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 20025 ), 318–319.</ref><ref>"Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the ''Charleston Mercury'', May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863 |work=Daily Dispatch |location=Richmond, VA |date=May 13, 1863 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Edward D. |last=Townsend |title=Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) |date=August 25, 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 }}</ref><ref>William Parker Snow, ''Lee and His Generals'' (1867), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtsL3C6zI0C&dq=%22lee+and+his+generals%22+%22why+change+our+battle-flag%22&pg=PA260] <!-- quote="This idea was adopted by the Congress, on the 1st of May". -->.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=J. Michael |last1=Martinez |first2=William D. |last2=Richardson |first3=Ron |last3=McNinch-Su |title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |page=98 |isbn=978-0-8130-1758-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98 }}</ref><ref>Raphael Prosper Thian, ''Documentary history of the flag and seal of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'', p.79 [https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/78/mode/2up?q=beauregard]</ref>
The Confederate Congress debated whether the white field should have a blue stripe and whether it should be bordered in red. William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. He argued that the battle flag must be used, but it was necessary to emblazon it for a national flag, but as simply as possible, with a plain white field.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=16–17}}</ref> When Thompson received word the Congress had adopted the design with a blue stripe, he published an editorial on April 28 in opposition, writing that "the blue bar running up the center of the white field and joining with the right lower arm of the blue cross, is in bad taste, and utterly destructive of the symmetry and harmony of the design."<ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name=SMNApril28 /> Confederate Congressman [[Peter W. Gray]] proposed the amendment that gave the flag its white field.<ref>Journal of the Confederate Congress, Volume 6, p.477</ref> Gray stated that the white field represented "purity, truth, and freedom."<ref>Richmond Whig, May 5, 1863</ref>
Regardless of who truly originated the Stainless Banner's design, whether by heeding Thompson's editorials or Beauregard's letter, the Confederate Congress officially adopted the Stainless Banner on May 1, 1863. The flags that were actually produced by the [[Richmond Clothing Depot]] used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Confederate navy's battle ensign, rather than the official 2:1 ratio.<ref name="fotc" />
Initial reaction to the second national flag was favorable, but over time it became criticized for being "too white." Military officers also voiced complaints about the flag being too white, for various reasons, such as the danger of being mistaken for a [[white flag|flag of truce]], especially on naval ships where it was too easily soiled.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=17–18}}</ref> The Columbia-based ''Daily South Carolinian'' observed that it was essentially a battle flag upon a flag of truce and might send a mixed message. Due to the flag's resemblance to one of truce, some Confederate soldiers cut off the flag's white portion, leaving only the canton.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=18}}</ref>
The first official use of the "Stainless Banner" was to drape the coffin of General [[Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]] as it [[lay in state]] in the Virginia capitol, May 12, 1863.<ref>John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=17}}</ref> As a result of this first usage, the flag received the alternate nickname of the "Jackson Flag".
== {{anchor|Third flag}} Third flag: the "Blood-Stained Banner" (1865) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Confederate States of America (1865).svg|x100px]]
|[[File:Flag of the Confederate States (1865, variant).svg|x100px]]
|-
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton
|}
Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration introduced in the Confederate Senate. Rogers defended his redesign as symbolizing the primary origins of the people of the Confederacy, with the [[saltire]] of the [[Flag of Scotland|Scottish]] flag and the red bar from the [[flag of France]], and having "as little as possible of the Yankee blue" — the [[Uniforms of the Union Army|Union Army wore blue]], the [[Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces|Confederates gray]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />
The Flag Act of 1865, passed by the [[Congress of the Confederate States|Confederate congress]] near the very end of the War, describes the flag in the following language:
{{blockquote|The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the flag of the Confederate States shall be as follows: The width two-thirds of its length, with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be in width three-fifths of the width of the flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width of the field below it; to have the ground red and a broad blue [[saltire]] thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States; the field to be white, except the outer half from the union to be a red bar extending the width of the flag.<ref name="fotc3">{{cite web|url=http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTC3dnat.htm |title=The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy) |access-date=July 29, 2007 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130091945/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTC3dnat.htm |archive-date=January 30, 2009 }}</ref>}}
Due to the timing, very few of these third national flags were actually manufactured and put into use in the field, with many Confederates never seeing the flag. Moreover, the ones made by the [[Richmond Clothing Depot]] used the square canton of the second national flag rather than the slightly rectangular one that was specified by the law.<ref name="fotc3" />
==State flags==
{{gallery items
|[[File:Flag of Alabama (1861, obverse).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]] (''[[Obverse and reverse|obverse]]'')<br />(January 11, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of Alabama (1861, reverse).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of Alabama (''[[Obverse and reverse|reverse]]'')<br />(January 11, 1861)
|[[File:No flag.svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Arkansas in the American Civil War|Arkansas]]<br /> No flag{{efn|"Neither Arkansas nor Missouri enacted legislation to adopt an official State flag" (Cannon 2005, p. 48).}}{{efn|"On February 26, 1913, the (Arkansas) legislature made Miss Hocker's design the state's official flag."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sos.arkansas.gov/education/arkansas-history/history-of-the-flag/story-of-the-flag | title=Arkansas Secretary of State }}</ref>}}
|[[File:Flag of Florida (1861-1865).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Florida in the American Civil War|Florida]]<br /> (September 13, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of the State of Georgia (1861, red).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]]<br /> (''[[de facto]]''){{efn|"A surviving Georgia flag in the collection of the [[American Civil War Museum|Museum of the Confederacy]] in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] . . . places the arms on a red field" (Cannon 2005, p. 39).}}
|[[File:Flag of Louisiana (February 1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Louisiana in the American Civil War|Louisiana]]<br /> (February 11, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of Mississippi (1861-1865).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]]<br /> (March 30, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of North Carolina (1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]]<br /> (June 22, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of South Carolina (1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]]<br /> (January 26, 1861)
|[[File:Tennessee 1861 proposed.svg|180x100px|border]]|width=180|Flag of [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]]<br /> (''[[de facto]]''){{efn|"Despite . . . inaction of the [[Tennessee General Assembly|Tennessee legislature]], the flag recommended by Senator [Tazewell B.] Newman did see some limited use" (Cannon 2005, pp. 46-47).}}
|[[File:Flag of Texas (1839–1879).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Texas in the American Civil War|Texas]]<br /> (January 25, 1839)
|[[File:Flag of Virginia (1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Virginia in the American Civil War|Virginia]]<br /> (April 30, 1861)
}}
==Indian Territory==
{{main|Indian Territory in the American Civil War}}
{{gallery|mode=nolines|width=180|height=100
|File:Flag of the Choctaw Brigade.svg|Flag of the [[Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma|Choctaw Nation]]<br /> ({{circa|1860|lk=yes}})<ref>[http://www.tmealf.com/DH/choctaw.html "Don Healy's Native American Flags: Choctaw Nation."] Retrieved January 15, 2014.</ref>
|File:Flag of the Confederate States for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation.svg|Flag of the [[Muscogee Nation|Creek Nation]]<br /> ({{circa|1861|lk=yes}}){{cn|date=February 2023}}
|File:Seminola confederats.svg|Flag of the [[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma|Seminole Nation]]<br /> ({{circa|1861|lk=yes}})<ref>{{cite book | last1=Healy | first1=Donald T. | last2=Orenski | first2=Peter J. | title=Native American flags | publication-place=Norman | date=2003 | isbn=978-0-8061-5575-3 | oclc=934794160 | page = 211}}</ref>
|File:Flag of the Cherokee Braves.svg|National Color of the [[1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles]]{{sfn|Cannon|p=64|2005}}
}}
== Battle flag ==<!-- This section is linked from Kentucky and Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) -->
[[File:Our Heroes and Our Flags 1896.jpg|thumb|right|Three versions of the flag of the Confederate States of America and the Confederate Battle Flag are shown on this printed poster from 1896. The "Stars and Bars" can be seen in the upper left. Standing at the center are [[Stonewall Jackson]], [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], and [[Robert E. Lee]], surrounded by bust portraits of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Alexander H. Stephens|Alexander Stephens]], and various Confederate army officers, such as [[James Longstreet]] and [[A. P. Hill]].]]
[[File:Cherokee Confederates Reunion.gif|thumb|right|[[Cherokee in the American Civil War|Cherokee Confederates]] reunion in New Orleans, 1903]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (With White Border).svg
| caption1 = The Battle Flag of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]
| image2 = Forrest's Cavalry Corps Flag.svg|
| caption2 = Battle flag of [[Forrest's Cavalry Corps]], 1863–65.
| image3 = Army of the Trans-Mississippi Flag.svg
| caption3 = The battle flag used by the [[Army of the Trans-Mississippi]]
| image4 = Army of kentucky banner.svg
| caption4 = Battle flag of the [[Army of Central Kentucky]]
}}
At the [[First Battle of Bull Run|First Battle of Manassas]], near [[Manassas, Virginia]], the similarity between the [[#First flag|"Stars and Bars"]] and the [[Flag of the United States|"Stars and Stripes"]] caused confusion and military problems. Regiments carried flags to help commanders observe and assess battles in the warfare of the era. At a distance, the two national flags were hard to tell apart.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gevinson, Alan |url=http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19424 |title=The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars |work=Teachinghistory.org |access-date=October 8, 2011}}</ref> Also, Confederate regiments carried many other flags, which added to the possibility of confusion.
After the battle, General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]] wrote that he was "resolved then to have [our flag] changed if possible, or to adopt for my command a 'Battle flag', which would be Entirely different from any State or Federal flag".<ref name="autogenerated2" /> He turned to his aide, who happened to be [[William Porcher Miles]], the former chairman of the Confederate Congress's ''Committee on the Flag and Seal''. Miles described his rejected national flag design to Beauregard. Miles also told the Committee on the Flag and Seal about the general's complaints and request that the national flag be changed. The committee rejected the idea by a four-to-one vote, after which Beauregard proposed the idea of having two flags. He described the idea in a letter to his commanding General [[Joseph E. Johnston]]:
{{quotation|I wrote to [Miles] that we should have 'two' flags – a 'peace' or parade flag, and a 'war' flag to be used only on the field of battle – but congress having adjourned no action will be taken on the matter – How would it do us to address the War Dept. on the subject of Regimental or badge flags made of red with two blue bars crossing each other diagonally on which shall be introduced the stars, ... We would then on the field of battle know our friends from our Enemies.<ref name="autogenerated2" />}}
The flag that Miles had favored when he was chairman of the "Committee on the Flag and Seal" eventually became the battle flag and, ultimately, the Confederacy's most popular flag.
[[File:South Carolina Sovereignty-Secession Flag.svg|alt=|thumb|The South Carolina sovereignty/secession flag is said to have inspired the battle flag.]]
According to Museum of the Confederacy Director John Coski, Miles' design was inspired by one of the many "secessionist flags" flown at the [[South Carolina secession convention]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] of December 1860. That flag was a blue [[St George's Cross]] (an upright or Latin cross) on a red field, with 15 white stars on the cross, representing the slave-holding states,<ref name="COSKI2009">{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=5}}</ref> and, on the red field, palmetto and crescent symbols. Miles received various feedback on this design, including a critique from Charles Moise, a self-described "Southerner of Jewish persuasion." Moise liked the design but asked that "... the symbol of a particular religion not be made the symbol of the nation." Taking this into account, Miles changed his flag, removing the palmetto and crescent, and substituting a heraldic [[saltire]] ("X") for the upright cross. The number of stars was changed several times as well. He described these changes and his reasons for making them in early 1861. The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, because "it avoided the religious objection about the cross (from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it did not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been placed upright thus." He also argued that the diagonal cross was "more Heraldric {{sic}} than Ecclesiastical, it being the 'saltire' of Heraldry, and significant of strength and progress."<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=5}}: "describes the 15 stars and the debate on religious symbolism."</ref>
According to Coski, the Saint Andrew's Cross (also used on the [[flag of Scotland]] as a white saltire on a blue field) had no special place in Southern iconography at the time. If Miles had not been eager to conciliate the Southern Jews, his flag would have used the traditional upright "[[Saint George's Cross]]" (as used on the [[flag of England]], a red cross on a white field). James B. Walton submitted a battle flag design essentially identical to Miles' except with an upright Saint George's cross, but Beauregard chose the diagonal cross design.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=6–8}}</ref>
Miles' flag and all the flag designs up to that point were rectangular ("oblong") in shape. General Johnston suggested making it square to conserve material. Johnston also specified the various sizes to be used by different types of military units. Generals Beauregard and Johnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag's design at the Ratcliffe home, which served briefly as Beauregard's headquarters, near [[Fairfax, Virginia|Fairfax Court House]] in September 1861. The 12th star represented Missouri. President Jefferson Davis arrived by train at [[Fairfax Station, Virginia|Fairfax Station]] soon after and was shown the design for the new battle flag at the Ratcliffe House. [[Hetty Cary]] and her sister and [[Constance Cary Harrison|cousin]] made prototypes. One such 12-star flag resides in the collection of Richmond's [[American Civil War Museum|Museum of the Confederacy]] and the other is in the [[Confederate Memorial Hall Museum]] in [[New Orleans]].
On November 28, 1861, Confederate soldiers in General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s newly reorganized [[Army of Northern Virginia]] received the new battle flags in ceremonies at [[Centreville, Virginia|Centreville]] and [[Manassas, Virginia]], and carried them throughout the Civil War. Beauregard gave a speech encouraging the soldiers to treat the new flag with honor and that it must never be surrendered. Many soldiers wrote home about the ceremony and the impression the flag had upon them, the "fighting colors" boosting morale after the confusion at the [[First Battle of Bull Run|Battle of First Manassas]]. From then on, the battle flag grew in its identification with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] and the South in general.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=10}}</ref> The flag's stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of [[Confederate government of Kentucky|Kentucky]] and [[Confederate government of Missouri|Missouri]] joined in late 1861.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=11}}</ref>
The Army of Northern Virginia battle flag assumed a prominent place post-war when it was adopted as the copyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans. Its continued use by the Southern Army's post-war veteran's groups, the [[United Confederate Veterans]] (U.C.V.) and the later [[Sons of Confederate Veterans]], (S.C.V.), and elements of the design by related similar female descendants organizations of the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]], (U.D.C.), led to the assumption that it was, as it has been termed, "the soldier's flag" or "the Confederate battle flag."
The square "battle flag" is also properly known as "the flag of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]". It was sometimes called "Beauregard's flag" or "the Virginia battle flag". A [[Virginia Department of Historic Resources]] marker declaring [[Fairfax, Virginia]], as the birthplace of the Confederate battle flag was dedicated on April 12, 2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, in Fairfax, Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=7095 |title=Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag |website=The Historical Marker Database}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |series=Notes on Virginia |number=52 |year=2008 |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources |title=37 New Historical Markers for Virginia's Roadways |page=71 |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/pdf_files/Notes_On_Virginia_08.FINAL.Web.pdf |quote=B-261: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairfaxrifles.org/Photos-Fx_Mkr_Ded.html |title=2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=FairfaxRifles.org}}</ref>
[[File:Army of Tennessee Battle Flag.svg|alt=|thumb|Battle Flag of the [[Army of Tennessee]], Late 1863 To 1865]]
To boost the morale of the [[Army of Tennessee]], [[Joseph E. Johnston|General Johnston]] introduced a new battle flag for the entire army. This flag bore a basic design similar to the one he had contributed to creating in Virginia in 1861 and had been commissioned in Mobile while he was in command in Mississippi in 1863. These flags for infantry and cavalry were to measure 37 by 54 inches. The white edging cross was about 2 inches wide and was often filled with battle honors. The stars were from 3 ½ inches to 4, and a 6 inch wide cross. Flags for artillery 30 by 41 inches overall.[https://confederateflags.org/army/fotcaot/#aot]
== Naval flags ==
The fledgling [[Confederate States Navy]] adopted and used several types of flags, banners, and pennants aboard all CSN ships: [[Jack (flag)|jacks]], battle [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]]s, and small boat ensigns, as well as commissioning pennants, designating flags, and signal flags.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}}
The first Confederate Navy [[Jack (flag)|jacks]], in use from 1861 to 1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fifteen five-pointed white stars against a field of "medium blue." It was flown forward aboard all Confederate warships while they were anchored in port. One seven-star jack still exists today (found aboard the captured ironclad [[USS Atlanta (1861)|CSS ''Atlanta'']]) that is actually "dark blue" in color (see illustration below, left).<ref name=ancestors>{{cite web |last1=Loeser |first1=Pete |title=American Civil War Flags |url=http://www.loeser.us/flags/civil.html |website=Historical Flags of Our Ancestors |access-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref>
The second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangular cousin of the Confederate Army's battle flag and was in use from 1863 until 1865. It existed in a variety of dimensions and sizes, despite the CSN's detailed naval regulations. The blue color of the diagonal saltire's "Southern Cross" was much lighter than the battle flag's dark blue.<ref name=ancestors />
{{gallery items
| width=210
| [[File:Jack of the CSA Navy 1861 1863.svg|x100px|border]]|The first Confederate Navy Jack, 1861–1863
| [[File:CSA FLAG 4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg|x100px|border]]|The first Confederate Navy ensign, 1861–1863
| [[File:Naval jack of the Confederate States of America_(2-3).svg|x100px|border]]|The second Confederate Navy Jack, 1863–1865
| [[File:Confederate States Naval Ensign after May 26 1863.svg|x100px|border]]|The second Confederate Navy ensign, 1863–1865
| [[File:StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png|x100px|border]]|The second Navy Ensign of the ironclad [[CSS Atlanta|CSS ''Atlanta'']]
| [[File:Ensign of the Confederate States (9 stars).svg|x100px|border]]|The 9-star first Naval ensign of the paddle steamer [[CSS Curlew|CSS ''Curlew'']]
| [[File:Ensign of the Confederate States (11 stars).svg|x100px|border]]|The 11-star ensign of the Confederate [[Privateer]] [[Jefferson Davis (privateer)|''Jefferson Davis'']]
| [[File:Ensign of the Confederate States (12 stars).svg|x100px|border]]|A 12-star first Confederate Navy ensign of the gunboat [[CSS Ellis|CSS ''Ellis'']], 1861–1862
| [[File:ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png|x100px|border]]|The [[Command flag]] of Captain [[William F. Lynch]], flown as ensign of his flagship, [[CSS Sea Bird|CSS ''Seabird'']], 1862
| [[File:2011-10-1 Pennant, Personal, CSN, Admiral Buchanan (5375014875).jpg|x100px|border]]|Pennant of Admiral [[Franklin Buchanan]], {{Ship|CSS|Tennessee|1863|6}}, at [[Battle of Mobile Bay]], August 5, 1864
| [[File:Admiral Flag of the Confederate States of America.svg|x100px]]|Digital recreation of Admiral Buchanan's pennant
| [[File:Admiral's Rank flag of Franklin Buchanan.svg|x100px|border]]|Admiral's Rank flag of Franklin Buchanan, flown from [[CSS Virginia|CSS ''Virginia'']] during the first day of the [[Battle of Hampton Roads]] and also flown from the CSS ''Tennessee'' during the Battle of Mobile Bay
| [[File:Confederate Naval Flag, captured when Sherman took Savannah - Wisconsin Veterans Museum - DSC02988.JPG|x100px|border]]|Confederate naval flag, captured when General [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William Sherman]] took [[Sherman's March to the Sea|Savannah]], Georgia, 1864
| [[File:Flag of Louisiana (February 1861).svg|x100px]]|Ensign of the Louisiana State Navy
||
}}
The first national flag, also known as the ''Stars and Bars'' (see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the Confederate Navy's first battle ensign. It was generally made with a 2:3 aspect ratio, but a few very wide 1:2 ratio ensigns still survive today in museums and private collections. As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of white stars on the ensign's dark blue canton: seven-, nine-, eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical. Even a few fourteen- and fifteen-starred ensigns were made to include states expected to secede but never completely joined the Confederacy. {{citation needed|date = November 2015}}
The second national flag was later adapted as a [[Maritime flag#Ensigns|naval ensign]], using a shorter 2:3 aspect ratio than the 1:2 ratio adopted by the Confederate Congress for the national flag. This particular battle ensign was the only example taken around the world, finally becoming the last Confederate flag lowered in the Civil War; this happened aboard the commerce raider [[CSS Shenandoah|CSS ''Shenandoah'']] in Liverpool, England, on November 7, 1865.
==National flag proposals==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
Hundreds of proposed national flag designs were submitted to the Confederate Congress during competitions to find a First National flag (February–May 1861) and Second National flag (April 1862; April 1863).
===First National flag proposals===
When the Confederate States of America was founded during the Montgomery [[Constitutional Convention (political meeting)|Convention]] that took place on February 4, 1861, a national flag was not selected by the Convention due to not having any proposals. President Jefferson Davis' inauguration took place under the 1861 state flag of Alabama, and the celebratory parade was led by a unit carrying the 1861 state flag of Georgia.
Realizing that they quickly needed a national banner to represent their sovereignty, the [[Provisional Congress of the Confederate States]] set up the Committee on Flag and Seal. The chairman was [[William Porcher Miles]], who was also the Representative of South Carolina in the Confederate House of Representatives.
The Committee began a competition to find a new national flag, with an unwritten deadline being that a national flag had to be adopted by March 4, 1861, the date of President Lincoln's [[First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|inauguration]]. This would serve to show the world the South was truly sovereign. Hundreds of examples were submitted from across the Confederate States and from states that were not yet part of Confederacy (e.g. Kentucky), and even from Union states (such as New York). Many of the proposed designs paid homage to the [[Flag of the United States|Stars and Stripes]], due to a nostalgia in early 1861 that many of the new Confederate citizens felt towards the Union. Some of the homages were outright mimicry, while others were less obviously inspired by the Stars and Stripes, yet were still intended to pay homage to that flag.
Those inspired by the Stars and Stripes were discounted almost immediately by the Committee due to mirroring the Union's flag too closely. While others were wildly different, many of which were very complex and extravagant, these were largely discounted due to the being too complicated and expensive to produce.
The winner of the competition was Nicola Marschall's [[#First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863)|"Stars and Bars" flag]]. The "Stars and Bars" flag was only selected by the Congress of March 4, 1861, the day of the deadline. The first flag was produced in rush, due to the date having already been selected to host an official flag-raising ceremony, W. P. Miles credited the speedy completion of the first "Stars and Bars" flag to "Fair and nimble fingers". This flag, made of [[Merino]], was raised by Letitia Tyler over the Alabama state capitol. The Congress inspected two other finalist designs on March 4: One was a "Blue ring or circle on a field of red", while the other consisted of alternating red and blue stripes with a blue canton containing stars. These two designs were lost, and we only know of them thanks to an 1872 letter sent by William Porcher Miles to P. G. T. Beauregard.
William Porcher Miles, however, was not really happy with any of the proposals. He did not share in the nostalgia for the Union that many of his fellows Southerners felt, believing that the South's flag should be completely different from that of the North. To this end, he proposed his own flag design featuring a blue saltire on white [[Fimbriation]] with a field of red. (Miles had originally planned to use a blue St. George's Cross like that of the South Carolina Sovereignty Flag, but was dissuaded from doing so.) Within the blue saltire were seven white stars, representing the current seven states of the Confederacy, two on each of the left arms, one of each of the right arms, and one in the middle.
However, Miles' flag was not well received by the rest of the Congress. One Congressman even mocked it as looking "like a pair of Suspenders". Miles' flag lost out to the "Stars and Bars".
{{gallery
| mode=nolines
| height=100
| width=210
| align=center
| File:A. Bonand's flag proposal 1.jpg|First variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand of Savannah, Georgia
| File:A. Bonand's flag proposal 2.svg|Second variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand
| File:Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png|Flag proposal submitted by the "Ladies of Charleston"
| File:ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg|First variant of flag proposal by L. P. Honour of [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
| File:ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png|L. P. Honour's second variant of First national flag proposal
| File:ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg|Confederate First national flag proposal by John Sansom of Alabama
| File:Confederate States Proposed1 1861.svg|William Porcher Miles' flag proposal, ancestor flag of the Confederate Battle Flag
| File:Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png|John G. Gaines' First national flag proposal
| File:ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png|Flag proposal by J. M. Jennings of [[Lowndesboro, Alabama]]
| File:Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png|Samuel White's flag proposal
| File:Confederate flag proposal (Louisville).svg|Flag proposal submitted by an unknown person of [[Louisville, Kentucky]]
| File:Confederate States Proposed3 1861.svg|One of three finalist designs examined by Congress on March 4, 1861, lost out to Stars and Bars
| File:Confederate States Proposed2 1861.svg|Second of three finalists in the Confederate First national flag competition
| File:ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png|Confederate flag proposal by E. G. Carpenter of [[Cassville, Georgia]]
| File:ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png|Confederate flag proposal by Thomas H. Hobbs of [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]
| File:ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png|Flag proposal by Eugene Wythe Baylor of Louisiana
| File:ConfederateproposalbyH.png|Flag proposal submitted by "H" of South Carolina
| File:Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg|A Confederate flag proposal by Hamilton Coupes that was submitted on February 1, 1861
| File:Confederateproposalireneriddle.png|The Confederate national flag proposal of Irene Riddle of [[Eutaw, Alabama]]
| File:WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png|This flag proposal was the first variant submitted by William T. Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama. Riddle submitted his flag proposals to Stephen Foster Hale on February 21, 1861.
| File:Confederate States Proposed 1862.svg|Flag proposed in 1862
| File:Confederate States Proposed 1863.svg|Flag proposed in 1863
| File:Confederate States Proposed 1863 Amendment1.svg|Flag proposed in 1863
| File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (3-5).svg|Congressman Swan's Amendment to Senate Bill №132
}}
== Flag variants ==
In addition to the Confederacy's national flags, a wide variety of flags and banners were flown by Southerners during the Civil War. Most famously, the "[[Bonnie Blue Flag]]" was used as an unofficial flag during the early months of 1861. It was flying above the Confederate batteries that first opened fire on [[Fort Sumter]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] harbor, in [[South Carolina]] beginning the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The "[[Van Dorn battle flag]]" was also carried by Confederate troops fighting in the [[Trans-Mississippi]] and Western theaters of war. Besides, many military units had their own regimental flags they would carry into battle.<ref>[[North & South (US magazine)|North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society]], Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 16, 2010, [http://www.northandsouthmagazine.com/images/volume11/ind11-1.pdf "The Stars and Bars"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195019/http://www.northandsouthmagazine.com/images/volume11/ind11-1.pdf |date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
{{gallery
| mode=nolines
| height=100
| width=210
| align=center
| File:KGC FLAG.png|Flag of [[Knights of the Golden Circle]]
| File:Bonnieblue.svg|The "[[Bonnie Blue Flag]]"—an unofficial flag in 1861
| File:The Van Dorn Flag.svg|The "[[Van Dorn battle flag]]" used in the Western theaters of operation
| File:Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia.svg|Flag of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] or "[[Robert E. Lee]] Headquarters Flag"
| File:Flag of the Confederate States Marine Corps.svg|7-star First national flag of the [[Confederate States Marine Corps]]
| File:Polk’s Corps Battle Flag Second Issue.svg|Flag of [[First Corps, Army of Tennessee]]
| File:10th_Mississippi_flag.png|A Polk's Corps-style Battle Flag of the [[10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]]
| File:Perote Guards flag.svg|The first battle flag of the [[Perote Guards]] (Company D, [[1st Regiment Alabama Infantry]]). Flag officially used: September 1860 – Summer, 1861
| File:JP Gillis Flag.svg|George P. Gilliss flag, also known as the Biderman Flag, the only Confederate flag captured in [[California in the American Civil War|California]] ([[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]])
| File:SibleyFlag.svg|The "Sibley Flag", Battle Flag of the [[Army of New Mexico]], commanded by General [[Henry Hopkins Sibley]].
| File:Flag of the Confederate States Revenue Service.svg|The ensign of the Confederate States Revenue Service, designed by H. P. Capers of South Carolina on April 10, 1861.
| File:Missouri Regiments Army Banner.svg|Flag flown by Confederate Missouri regiments during the [[Vicksburg campaign]].{{sfn|Tucker|1993|p=122}}
| File:Garrison flag of Vicksburg.svg|Flag variant with 12 stars that served as the Garrison Flag of [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]] during the [[Vicksburg campaign]].
}}
== Controversy ==
{{for|use of Confederate symbols in modern society and popular culture|Modern display of the Confederate battle flag}}
[[File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (3-5).svg|thumb|An elongated version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Tennessee, and similar to The Second Confederate Navy Jack, in use from 1863 until 1865, although with the darker blue field of the Army's battle flag, and with a more elongated aspect ratio of 3:5 instead of 2:3]]
[[File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America.svg|thumb|A square version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Tennessee, similar to the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, but without the white fringe.]]
Though never having historically represented the Confederate States of America as a country, nor having been officially recognized as one of its national flags, the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia and its variants are now flag types commonly referred to as ''the Confederate Flag''. This design has become commonly regarded by opponents of its use as a symbol of [[racism]] and [[white supremacy]] or [[white nationalism]], while supporters of it maintain that its modern use is as a symbol of regional cultural pride.<ref name="Chapman2011">{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Roger|title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&pg=PA114|access-date=February 21, 2013|year=2011|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-2250-1|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Confederate Flag|url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/confederate-flag|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref><ref name="McWhorter">{{cite news|last1=McWhorter|first1=Diane|date=April 3, 2005|title='The Confederate Battle Flag': Clashing Symbols|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/books/review/the-confederate-battle-flag-clashing-symbols.html|access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>
It is also known as the ''rebel flag'', ''[[Dixie]] flag'', and ''Southern cross'' (not to be confused with another use of the term ''Southern Cross'', referring to [[Crux]], a constellation of the southern sky used on the coats of arms and flags of various countries and sub-national entities). It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as ''the Stars and Bars'', the name of the first national Confederate flag.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=58}}</ref> The "rebel flag" is considered by some to be a highly divisive and polarizing symbol in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Little |first1=Becky |title=Why the Confederate Flag Made a 20th Century Comeback |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815064537/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |website=National Geographic |access-date=June 12, 2020 |date=June 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2015/07/confederate_flag_removed_a_his.html|title=Confederate flag removed: A history of the divisive symbol|author=The Associated Press|publisher=Oregon Live|date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> A 2020 [[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute|Quinnipiac]] poll showed that 55% of Southerners saw the Confederate flag as a symbol of racism, with a similar percentage for Americans as a whole.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Tina |title=Trump keeps fighting a Confederate flag battle many supporters have conceded |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/18/trump-confederate-flag-battle-368607 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |work=Politico |date=July 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reimann |first1=Nicholas |title=Majority Of Southerners Now View The Confederate Flag As A Racist Symbol, Poll Finds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2020/07/15/majority-of-southerners-now-view-the-confederate-flag-as-a-racist-symbol-poll-finds/#78fc431b2c7a |access-date=July 22, 2020 |work=Forbes |date=July 15, 2020}}</ref>
A [[YouGov]] poll in 2020 of more than 34,000 Americans reported that 41% viewed the flag as representing racism, and 34% viewed it as symbolizing southern heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/01/13/what-confederate-flag-means-america-today |title=What the Confederate flag means in America today |last=Sanders |first=Linley |date=January 13, 2020 |website=yougov.com |access-date=October 28, 2020 |quote=For a plurality of Americans, the Confederate flag represents racism (41%). But for about one-third of Americans (34%) – particularly adults over 65, those living in rural communities, or non-college-educated white Americans – the flag symbolizes heritage.}}</ref> A July 2021 Politico-Morning Consult poll of 1,996 registered voters reported that 47% viewed it as a symbol of Southern pride while 36% viewed it as a symbol of racism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2021 |title=American Electorate Continues to Favor Leaving Confederate Relics in Place |url=https://morningconsult.com/2021/07/14/confederate-statues-flag-military-bases-polling/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Tracking Poll #2107045 / July 09-12, 2021 / Crosstabulation Results |url=https://assets.morningconsult.com/wp-uploads/2021/07/14051637/2107045_crosstabs_POLITICO_RVs_v1_LM.pdf |page=176 |author1=Morning Consult |author2=Politico}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sponsor souvenir album - history and reunion (1895) (1895) (14576050240).jpg|Drawing in the [[United Confederate Veterans]] 1895 ''Sponsor souvenir album''
File:Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum.JPG|Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum. The [[Bonnie Blue Flag]] is on the right.
File:Flag of Fort McAllister, GA, US.jpg|Confederate National flag of [[Fort McAllister]]
File:Fort McAllister battle flag, GA, US.jpg|[[War flag|Battle Flag]] of the Emmett Rifles
File:Confederate flag of Fort Jackson, LA, US.JPG|Confederate National Flag captured from [[Fort Jackson, Louisiana|Fort Jackson]]
File:11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment battle flag army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg|Battle flag of the [[List of Mississippi Civil War Confederate units|11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]] used at [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]]
File:Confederate Surrender Towel Flag.jpg|[[Surrender of Lee|Surrender flag of Army of Northern Virginia]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Flag of Alabama]]
* [[Flag of Florida]]
* [[Seal of the Confederate States]]<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add the words "Great" or "of America" as it would be historically inaccurate. Those words were not in the 1863 law passed by the C.S. Congress establishing the Seal. Thank you. -->
<!--You're welcome.-->
* [[Red flag (American slavery)]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Bonner | first=Robert | title=Colors and Blood: Flag Passions of the Confederate South | publisher=Princeton University Press | date=2002 | isbn=0-691-11949-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Cannon | first=Devereaux D. Jr. |year=2005 |title=The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History |location=Gretna |publisher=[[Pelican Publishing Company]] |orig-year=1st pub. St. Luke's Press:1988 |isbn=978-1-565-54109-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Coski|first=John M.|title=The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC |year=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01722-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Coski|first=John M.|title=The Confederate Battle Flag |year=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02986-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC |access-date=November 24, 2016}}
* {{cite web|last=Coski|first=John M.|title=The Birth of the 'Stainless Banner' |date=May 13, 2013 |work=The New York Times |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/the-birth-of-the-stainless-banner/ |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107164729/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/the-birth-of-the-stainless-banner/ |archive-date=November 7, 2019}}
* {{cite book | last1=Katcher | first1=Phillip | last2=Scollins | first2=Rick | title=Flags of the American Civil War 1: Confederate | series=Osprey Men-At-War Series | publisher=Osprey Publishing Company | date=1993 | isbn=1-85532-270-6}}
* Madaus, H. Michael. ''Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine''. [[Flag Research Center]], 1986, Winchester, MA. {{ISSN|0015-3370}}. (Eighty-page, all Confederate naval flags issue of "The Flag Bulletin," magazine #115.)
* Marcovitz, Hal. ''The Confederate Flag, American Symbols and Their Meanings''. Mason Crest Publishers, 2002. {{ISBN|1-59084-035-6}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Martinez|first1=James Michael|last2=Richardson|first2=William Donald|last3=McNinch-Su|first3=Ron|title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South|date=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|location=Gainesville, FL|pages=284–285|isbn=0-8130-1758-0}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog/page/n444 414]|quote=as a people we are fighting to.|title=Our Flag: Origin and Progress of the Flag of the United States of America, with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Standards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations|date=1872|location=Albany|publisher=Joel Munsell|oclc=612597989|last=Preble|first=George Henry|author-link=George Henry Preble}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog/page/n582 523] |quote=William Ross Postell Flag. |title=History of the Flag of the United States of America: And of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals, and Arms, and Principal National Songs of the United States, with a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations |edition=2nd revised |date=1880 |location=Boston |publisher=A. Williams and Company |oclc=645323981 |last=Preble |first=George Henry|author-link=George Henry Preble}}
* Silkenat, David. ''Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-4696-4972-6}}.
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Phillip Thomas |title=The South's Finest: The First Missouri Confederate Brigade From Pea Ridge to Vicksburg |location=Shippensburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=White Mane Publishing Co. |year=1993 |isbn=0-942597-31-1}}
{{refend}}
"Southern Confederacy" (Atlanta, Georgia), 5 Feb 1865, pg 2. Congressional, Richmond, 4 Feb: A bill to establish the flag of the Confederate States was adopted without opposition, and the flag was displayed in the Capitol today. The only change was a substitution of a red bar for one-half of the white field of the former flag, composing the flag's outer end.
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Flags of the Confederate States|Flag of the Confederate States}}
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* {{curlie|Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/Confederate_Flags|Confederate Flags}}
* {{YouTube|qJPjWWIkakM|Battle Colors of Arkansas}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/symbols-of-battle-civil-war-flags Symbols of Battle: Civil War Flags] at [[Google Arts & Culture|Google Cultural Institute]]
<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page. Thank you. -->
{{US state flags}}
{{Lists of flags}}
{{Six flags of Texas}}
{{Portal bar|American Civil War|Heraldry|North America}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confederate States, Flags Of The}}
[[Category:1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1861]]
[[Category:Flags of the Confederate States of America| ]]
[[Category:Flags with blue, red and white]]
[[Category:Flags with cantons]]
[[Category:Lists of flags of the United States]]
[[Category:Obsolete national flags]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|none}}
{{For|the contemporary usage|modern display of the Confederate battle flag}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2014}}
{{excessive quotation|date=July 2022}}<!-- In First and Second flag sections-->
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Confederate States of America
| Image = Flag of the Confederate States (March 1861 – May 1861).svg
| Imagetext = First national flag of the Confederate States of America, with seven stars.
| Nickname = "The Stars and Bars"
| Use = National flag
| Symbol = {{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion = 5:9
| Adoption = March 4, 1861 (first 7-star version)<br />December 10, 1861<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On December 10, 1861, Kentucky became the 13th state admitted to the Confederacy. The last star added to the C.S. flag was for the state of Kentucky. --> (final 13-star version)
| Design = Three horizontal stripes of equal height, alternating red and white, with a blue square two-thirds the height of the flag as the canton. Inside the canton are seven, eleven, or thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size, arranged in a circle and pointing outward.
| Designer = [[Nicola Marschall]]
| Image2 = Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg
| Alt2 = Second flag of the Confederate States of America
| Imagetext2 = The second national flag of the Confederate States of America
| Nickname2 = "The Stainless Banner"{{efn|[[William Tappan Thompson]], editor of Savannah's ''Daily Morning News'', used a different nickname for the flag, calling it "The White Man's Flag", saying that the flag's white field symbolized the "[[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]]". But it was a nickname that never gained traction with the public.<ref name="GHPreble1872">{{harvnb|Preble|1872|pp=414–417}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1880">{{harvnb|Preble|1880|pp=523–525}}</ref><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "A handful of contemporaries linked the new flag design to the "peculiar institution" that was at the heart of the South's economy, social system and polity: slavery. Bagby characterized the flag motif as the "Southern Cross" – the constellation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing 'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave' southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to the desire among many Southerners to expand Confederate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the Savannah, Ga., Morning News editor focused on the white field on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored races. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of our cause." He dubbed the new flag "the White Man's Flag," a sobriquet that never gained traction."</ref><ref name=SMNApril23>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=William T.|title=[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]|location=Savannah, Georgia|date=April 23, 1863}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref name=SMNApril28>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=William T.|title=[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]|location=Savannah, Georgia|date=April 28, 1863}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref name=SMNMay4>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=William T.|title=[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]|location=Savannah, Georgia|date=May 4, 1863}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo>{{cite book|author-link1=James W. Loewen|last1=Loewen|first1=James W.|last2=Sebesta|first2=Edward H.|year=2010|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|location=Jackson, Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-219-1|oclc=746462600|title=The Confederate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truth about the 'Lost Cause'|page=13|url=http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1338|access-date=December 5, 2013|quote=Confederates even showed their preoccupation with race in their flag. Civil War buffs know that 'the Confederate flag' waved today was never the Confederate States of America's official flag. Rather, it was the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacy adopted three official flags. The first, sometimes called 'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting,' in the words of the editor of the ''Savannah Morning News'', quoted herein.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213161623/http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1338|archive-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=whatyoushouldknow>{{cite news|last1=Kim |first1=Kyle |last2=Krishnakumar |first2=Priya |title=What you should know about the Confederate flag's evolution |url=http://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html |location=California |work=Los Angeles Times |issue=June 23, 2015 |access-date=July 11, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712023515/http://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html |archive-date=July 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=MSWWood1957p44>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkZVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44 |title=Stevens-Davis and allied families: a memorial volume of history, biography, and genealogy|page=44|last=Wood|first=Marie Stevens Walker|access-date=September 1, 2015|date=1957|quote=This design was suggested by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, who, in an editorial published April 23, 1863, stated that through this design could be attained all the...}}</ref><ref name=FAllenp67>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UgsxY0tm_8C&pg=PA67 |title=Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City 1946–1996|last=Allen|first=Frederick|page=67|access-date=September 1, 2015|quote=By modern standards, the greatest flaw of the 'Stainless Banner' was its other popular nickname, bestowed by William T. Thompson, editor of the ''Savannah Daily Morning News'', who called it 'the White Man's Flag' and argued that it represented 'the cause of a superior race and a higher civilization contending against ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism' – a bit of racist rhetoric that is plainly unacceptable in current public discourse.|isbn=978-1-4616-6167-2|date=May 25, 1996|publisher=Taylor Trade }}</ref>}}
| Use2 = National flag
| Symbol2 = {{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion2 = 1:2{{efn|Although the officially specified proportions were 1:2, many of the flags that actually ended up being produced used a 1.5:1 aspect ratio.<ref name="fotc">{{cite web |url=http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTCsbr.htm |title=The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy) |access-date=October 24, 2005 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209190749/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTCsbr.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2009 }}</ref>}}
| Adoption2 = May 1, 1863
| Design2 = A white rectangle two times as wide as it is tall, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.
| Image3 = Flag of the Confederate States of America (1865).svg
| Alt3 = Third flag of the Confederate States of America
| Imagetext3 = The third national flag of the Confederate States of America.
| Nickname3 = "The Blood-Stained Banner"
| Use3 = National flag
| Symbol3 = {{FIAV|historical}}
| Proportion3 = 2:3
| Adoption3 = March 4, 1865
| Design3 = A white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall, a red vertical stripe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.{{efn|Although the officially designated design specified a rectangular canton, many of the flags that ended up being produced utilized a square-shaped canton.<ref name="fotc3" />}}
| Designer3 = Maj. Arthur L. Rogers<ref name="autogenerated1" />
}}
The '''flags of the Confederate States of America''' have a history of three successive designs during the [[American Civil War]]. The flags were known as the "Stars and Bars", used from 1861 to 1863; the "Stainless Banner", used from 1863 to 1865; and the "Blood-Stained Banner", used in 1865 shortly before the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]'s dissolution. A rejected national flag design was also used as a battle flag by the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]] and featured in the "Stainless Banner" and "Blood-Stained Banner" designs. Although this design was never a [[national flag]], it is the most commonly recognized symbol of the Confederacy.
Since the end of the Civil War, [[Modern display of the Confederate battle flag|private and official use of the Confederate flags]], particularly the battle flag, has continued amid philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the United States. These include flags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and individuals. The battle flag was also featured in the [[Flags of the U.S. states and territories|state flags]] of [[Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Flag of Mississippi|Mississippi]], although it was removed by Georgia in 2003 and Mississippi in 2020. However, the new design of the Georgia flag still references the original "Stars and Bars" iteration of the Georgia flag. After the Georgia flag was changed in 2001, the city of [[Trenton, Georgia]], has used a [[Flag of Trenton, Georgia|flag design]] nearly identical to the previous version with the battle flag.
It is estimated that 500–544 flags were captured during the civil war by the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. The flags were sent to the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 32., Confederate States' flags. |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0290:chapter=1.37 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Returned Flags Booklet, 1905 {{!}} A State Divided |url=https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket-history-civilwar58/returned-flags-booklet/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=PBS LearningMedia |language=en}}</ref>
== {{anchor|First flag}}<!--[[Stars and Bars (flag)]] redirects here--> First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863) ==
{{gallery
| height=100
| width=210
| align=center
| mode=nolines
| File:CSA FLAG 4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg|First flag with 7 stars<br />(March 4 – May 18, 1861)
| File:CSA Flag 21.5.1861-2.7.1861.svg|Flag with 9 stars<br />(May 18<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On May 18, 1861, Arkansas became the 9th state admitted to the Confederacy. The 9th star added to the C.S. flag was for the state of Arkansas. --> – July 2, 1861)
| File:CSA Flag 2.7.1861-28.11.1861.svg|Flag with 11 stars<br />(July 2<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On July 2, 1861, North Carolina and Tennessee became the 10th and 11th states admitted to the Confederacy. The 10th and 11th stars added to the C.S. flag were for the states of North Carolina and Tennessee, respectively. --> – November 28, 1861)
| File:Flag of the Confederate States (1861–1863).svg|Last flag with 13 stars<br />(December 10, 1861<!-- EDITORS NOTE: On December 10, 1861, Kentucky became the 13th state admitted to the Confederacy. The last star added to the C.S. flag was for the state of Kentucky. --> – May 1, 1863)
}}
The Confederacy's first official national flag, often called the ''Stars and Bars'', flew from March 4, 1861, to May 1, 1863. It was designed by [[Prussia]]n-American artist [[Nicola Marschall]] in [[Marion, Alabama]], and is said to resemble the [[Flag of Austria]], with which Marschall would have been familiar.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/ArticlePrintable.jsp?id=h-1134|title= Nicola Marschall|date= April 25, 2011|publisher= The Encyclopedia of Alabama
|access-date=July 29, 2011|quote= The flag does resemble that of the [[German language|Germanic]] European nation of Austria, which as a [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] artist, Marschall would have known well.}}</ref><ref name="hume" />{{efn|[[Catherine Stratton Ladd]] is said to have designed the first Confederate flag.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Ladd, Catherine |encyclopedia=Appletons' Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1600-1889 |publisher=Appleton & Company |volume=3 | pages=584–585 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Ladd, Catherine |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography |volume=III | page=196 }}</ref>}} The original version of the flag featured a circle of seven white stars in the navy-blue [[Canton (flag)|canton]], representing the seven states of the South that originally composed the Confederacy: [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]], [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]], [[Florida in the American Civil War|Florida]], [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]], [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]], [[Louisiana in the American Civil War|Louisiana]], and [[Texas in the American Civil War|Texas]]. The "Stars and Bars" flag was adopted on March 4, 1861, in the first temporary national capital of [[Montgomery, Alabama]], and raised over the dome of that first Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the [[Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces|Confederate army uniform]].<ref name="hume">{{cite journal |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/german.html |title=Nicola Marschall: Excerpts from "The German Artist Who Designed the Confederate Flag and Uniform" |first=Edgar Erskine |last=Hume |journal=The American-German Review |date=August 1940 |access-date=June 26, 2015 |archive-date=May 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528220738/http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/german.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A monument that was in [[Louisburg, North Carolina]], claims the "Stars and Bars" "was designed by a son of North Carolina / Orren Randolph Smith / and made under his direction by / Catherine Rebecca (Murphy) Winborne. / Forwarded to Montgomery, Ala. Feb 12, 1861, / Adopted by the Provisional Congress March 4, 1861".<ref>{{cite web
|title=First Confederate Flag and Its Designer O.R. Smith, Louisburg
|author=Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina.
|date=March 19, 2010
|publisher=[[Wilson Library]], [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]
|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/commland/monument/22/}}</ref>
One of the first acts of the [[Provisional Confederate Congress]] was to create the ''Committee of the Flag and Seal'', chaired by [[William Porcher Miles]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] congressman, and [[Fire-Eaters|Fire-Eater]] from [[South Carolina]]. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, "overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'old flag' of the United States." Miles had already designed a flag that later became known as the Confederate ''[[#Battle flag|Battle Flag]]'', and he favored his flag over the "Stars and Bars" proposal. But given the popular support for a flag similar to the [[Flag of the United States|U.S. flag]] ("the Stars and Stripes" – originally established and designed in June 1777 during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]), the "Stars and Bars" design was approved by the committee.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=4–5}}</ref>
As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of stars: two were added for [[Virginia in the American Civil War|Virginia]] and [[Arkansas in the American Civil War|Arkansas]] in May 1861, followed by two more representing [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]] and [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]] in July, and finally two more for [[Missouri in the American Civil War|Missouri]] and [[Kentucky in the American Civil War|Kentucky]].
When the American Civil War broke out, the "Stars and Bars" confused the battlefield at the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] because of its similarity to the U.S. (or [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]) flag, especially when it was hanging limply on its flagstaff.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=8}}</ref> The "Stars and Bars" was also criticized on ideological grounds for its resemblance to the U.S. flag. Many Confederates disliked the Stars and Bars, seeing it as symbolic of a centralized federal power against which the Confederate states claimed to be seceding.<ref name="The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States">{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/declarationofcauses.html|work=Civil War Trust|title=The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States|access-date=February 23, 2016|quote="Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product that constitutes the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution and was at the point of reaching its consummation. No choice left us but submission to abolition's mandates, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove."}}</ref> As early as April 1861, a month after the flag's adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a "servile imitation" and a "detested parody" of the U.S. flag.<ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /> In January 1862, [[George William Bagby]], writing for the ''[[Southern Literary Messenger]]'', wrote that many Confederates disliked the flag. "Everybody wants a new Confederate flag," Bagby wrote. "The present one is universally hated. It resembles the [[Yankee]] flag, and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable." The editor of the ''[[Charleston Mercury]]'' expressed a similar view: "It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored 'Flag of [[Yankee Doodle]]' ... we imagine that the '[[#Battle flag|Battle Flag]]' will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim." [[William Tappan Thompson|William T. Thompson]], the editor of the Savannah-based ''[[Savannah Morning News|Daily Morning News]]'' also objected to the flag, due to its aesthetic similarity to the U.S. flag, which for some Confederates had negative associations with emancipation and abolitionism. Thompson stated in April 1863 that he disliked the adopted flag "on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting."<ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=SMNApril28 /><ref name=SMNMay4 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo />
Over the course of the flag's use by the CSA, additional stars were added to the canton, eventually bringing the total number to thirteen-a reflection of the Confederacy's claims of having admitted the [[Border states (American Civil War)|border states]] of [[Kentucky]] and [[Missouri]], where slavery was still widely practiced.{{efn|Neither state voted to secede or ever came under full Confederate control. Nonetheless both were still represented in the Confederate Congress and had Confederate shadow governments composed of deposed former state politicians.}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/24/us/confederate-flag-myths-facts/index.html|title=Confederate battle flag: Separating the myths from facts|author=Ben Brumfield|date=2015-06-24|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> The first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the [[Ben Johnson House (Bardstown, Kentucky)|Ben Johnson House]] in [[Bardstown, Kentucky]]; the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navy's battle [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
== {{anchor|Second flag}}Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Confederate States of America (1863-1865).svg|x100px]]
|[[File:Confederate States Naval Ensign after May 26 1863.svg|x100px]]
|[[File:Stainless Banner (Mobile, Alabama variant).png|x100px]]
|[[File:Stainlessbannerpainesville.png|x100px]]
|[[File:Fortfisherrecreation.png|x100px]]
|-
| width=200px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865) as commonly manufactured, with a 3:2 ratio
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |A 12-star variant of the Stainless Banner produced in [[Mobile, Alabama]]
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Variant captured following the Battle of Painesville, 1865
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Garrison Flag of [[Fort Fisher]], the "''Southern Gibraltar''"
|}
Many different designs were proposed during the solicitation for a second Confederate national flag, nearly all based on the [[#Battle flag|Battle Flag]]. By 1863, it had become well-known and popular among those living in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress specified that the new design be a white field "...with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the groundtyvghgvhgdrgyvjhgf red; thereupon a broad [[saltire]] of blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with [[Star (heraldry)|mullets]] or five-pointed stars, corresponding in numbering hoc jhb Kv fe to that hgvhb gcvbh drserfgcfgof the Confederate States."<ref name="fotc"/ he uhvhh jbftgc n BBC try b. Go vxdfgvc
Cvchhbyufbjn hbv
cdhdcgdcbhdc hudcgdchbdvn scvhus chjcvsnhucsvvgThe flag is also known as ''the Stainlesstfghvhgjdtdufgftyrfjhg Banner'', and the matter of the person behind its design remains a point of contention. On April Mn. Be hvj giv23, 1863, the ''Savannah Morning News'' editor William Tappan Thompson, tugtyrwith assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, publishedvvjhvtfd an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "Thefghvhjgfytre [[White people|White Man]]'s Flag", a name which never caught on.<ref name=SMNMay4 /> In eyuicrsxplaining vggghthe white backgroundhjbbhug of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained [[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]] over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confederate Flag Historyvgvgyvygvyggug |url=http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29 |access-date=2023-03-04 mi b cca gffcghvhjhbjkjhjhjjibiuhvjbbhfhgnvvbgfrutdghbhgddgbjhkvgjfdyvhjvrtdgfvbjbjhbkhguyfuygouguy*jihoiuguygoiuhhubuhghughugyyuydyfcffxcg gvcghbhjgtbnbkjbvhgbguiiswbchudsbjhfbdgh fdmnbfhjdnfd|website=www.civilwar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo /><ref name=whatyoushouldknow /><ref name=MSWWood1957p44 /><ref name=FAllenp67 /> In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to the flag which was eventually created was proposed by General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'... The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."<ref>Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." ''Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 20025 ), 318–319.</ref><ref>"Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the ''Charleston Mercury'', May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863 |work=Daily Dispatch |location=Richmond, VA |date=May 13, 1863 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Edward D. |last=Townsend |title=Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) |date=August 25, 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 }}</ref><ref>William Parker Snow, ''Lee and His Generals'' (1867), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtsL3C6zI0C&dq=%22lee+and+his+generals%22+%22why+change+our+battle-flag%22&pg=PA260] <!-- quote="This idea was adopted by the Congress, on the 1st of May". -->.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=J. Michael |last1=Martinez |first2=William D. |last2=Richardson |first3=Ron |last3=McNinch-Su |title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |page=98 |isbn=978-0-8130-1758-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98 }}</ref><ref>Raphael Prosper Thian, ''Documentary history of the flag and seal of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'', p.79 [https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/78/mode/2up?q=beauregard]</ref>
The Confederate Congress debated whether the white field should have a blue stripe and whether it should be bordered in red. William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. He argued that the battle flag must be used, but it was necessary to emblazon it for a national flag, but as simply as possible, with a plain white field.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=16–17}}</ref> When Thompson received word the Congress had adopted the design with a blue stripe, he published an editorial on April 28 in opposition, writing that "the blue bar running up the center of the white field and joining with the right lower arm of the blue cross, is in bad taste, and utterly destructive of the symmetry and harmony of the design."<ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name=SMNApril28 /> Confederate Congressman [[Peter W. Gray]] proposed the amendment that gave the flag its white field.<ref>Journal of the Confederate Congress, Volume 6, p.477</ref> Gray stated that the white field represented "purity, truth, and freedom."<ref>Richmond Whig, May 5, 1863</ref>
Regardless of who truly originated the Stainless Banner's design, whether by heeding Thompson's editorials or Beauregard's letter, the Confederate Congress officially adopted the Stainless Banner on May 1, 1863. The flags that were actually produced by the [[Richmond Clothing Depot]] used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Confederate navy's battle ensign, rather than the official 2:1 ratio.<ref name="fotc" />
Initial reaction to the second national flag was favorable, but over time it became criticized for being "too white." Military officers also voiced complaints about the flag being too white, for various reasons, such as the danger of being mistaken for a [[white flag|flag of truce]], especially on naval ships where it was too easily soiled.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=17–18}}</ref> The Columbia-based ''Daily South Carolinian'' observed that it was essentially a battle flag upon a flag of truce and might send a mixed message. Due to the flag's resemblance to one of truce, some Confederate soldiers cut off the flag's white portion, leaving only the canton.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=18}}</ref>
The first official use of the "Stainless Banner" was to drape the coffin of General [[Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]] as it [[lay in state]] in the Virginia capitol, May 12, 1863.<ref>John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=17}}</ref> As a result of this first usage, the flag received the alternate nickname of the "Jackson Flag".
== {{anchor|Third flag}} Third flag: the "Blood-Stained Banner" (1865) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Confederate States of America (1865).svg|x100px]]
|[[File:Flag of the Confederate States (1865, variant).svg|x100px]]
|-
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
| width=150px style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;" |Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton
|}
Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration introduced in the Confederate Senate. Rogers defended his redesign as symbolizing the primary origins of the people of the Confederacy, with the [[saltire]] of the [[Flag of Scotland|Scottish]] flag and the red bar from the [[flag of France]], and having "as little as possible of the Yankee blue" — the [[Uniforms of the Union Army|Union Army wore blue]], the [[Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces|Confederates gray]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />
The Flag Act of 1865, passed by the [[Congress of the Confederate States|Confederate congress]] near the very end of the War, describes the flag in the following language:
{{blockquote|The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the flag of the Confederate States shall be as follows: The width two-thirds of its length, with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be in width three-fifths of the width of the flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width of the field below it; to have the ground red and a broad blue [[saltire]] thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States; the field to be white, except the outer half from the union to be a red bar extending the width of the flag.<ref name="fotc3">{{cite web|url=http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTC3dnat.htm |title=The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy) |access-date=July 29, 2007 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130091945/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTC3dnat.htm |archive-date=January 30, 2009 }}</ref>}}
Due to the timing, very few of these third national flags were actually manufactured and put into use in the field, with many Confederates never seeing the flag. Moreover, the ones made by the [[Richmond Clothing Depot]] used the square canton of the second national flag rather than the slightly rectangular one that was specified by the law.<ref name="fotc3" />
==State flags==
{{gallery items
|[[File:Flag of Alabama (1861, obverse).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]] (''[[Obverse and reverse|obverse]]'')<br />(January 11, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of Alabama (1861, reverse).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of Alabama (''[[Obverse and reverse|reverse]]'')<br />(January 11, 1861)
|[[File:No flag.svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Arkansas in the American Civil War|Arkansas]]<br /> No flag{{efn|"Neither Arkansas nor Missouri enacted legislation to adopt an official State flag" (Cannon 2005, p. 48).}}{{efn|"On February 26, 1913, the (Arkansas) legislature made Miss Hocker's design the state's official flag."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sos.arkansas.gov/education/arkansas-history/history-of-the-flag/story-of-the-flag | title=Arkansas Secretary of State }}</ref>}}
|[[File:Flag of Florida (1861-1865).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Florida in the American Civil War|Florida]]<br /> (September 13, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of the State of Georgia (1861, red).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]]<br /> (''[[de facto]]''){{efn|"A surviving Georgia flag in the collection of the [[American Civil War Museum|Museum of the Confederacy]] in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] . . . places the arms on a red field" (Cannon 2005, p. 39).}}
|[[File:Flag of Louisiana (February 1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Louisiana in the American Civil War|Louisiana]]<br /> (February 11, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of Mississippi (1861-1865).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]]<br /> (March 30, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of North Carolina (1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]]<br /> (June 22, 1861)
|[[File:Flag of South Carolina (1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]]<br /> (January 26, 1861)
|[[File:Tennessee 1861 proposed.svg|180x100px|border]]|width=180|Flag of [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]]<br /> (''[[de facto]]''){{efn|"Despite . . . inaction of the [[Tennessee General Assembly|Tennessee legislature]], the flag recommended by Senator [Tazewell B.] Newman did see some limited use" (Cannon 2005, pp. 46-47).}}
|[[File:Flag of Texas (1839–1879).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Texas in the American Civil War|Texas]]<br /> (January 25, 1839)
|[[File:Flag of Virginia (1861).svg|180x100px|border]]|Flag of [[Virginia in the American Civil War|Virginia]]<br /> (April 30, 1861)
}}
==Indian Territory==
{{main|Indian Territory in the American Civil War}}
{{gallery|mode=nolines|width=180|height=100
|File:Flag of the Choctaw Brigade.svg|Flag of the [[Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma|Choctaw Nation]]<br /> ({{circa|1860|lk=yes}})<ref>[http://www.tmealf.com/DH/choctaw.html "Don Healy's Native American Flags: Choctaw Nation."] Retrieved January 15, 2014.</ref>
|File:Flag of the Confederate States for the Muscogee (Creek) Nation.svg|Flag of the [[Muscogee Nation|Creek Nation]]<br /> ({{circa|1861|lk=yes}}){{cn|date=February 2023}}
|File:Seminola confederats.svg|Flag of the [[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma|Seminole Nation]]<br /> ({{circa|1861|lk=yes}})<ref>{{cite book | last1=Healy | first1=Donald T. | last2=Orenski | first2=Peter J. | title=Native American flags | publication-place=Norman | date=2003 | isbn=978-0-8061-5575-3 | oclc=934794160 | page = 211}}</ref>
|File:Flag of the Cherokee Braves.svg|National Color of the [[1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles]]{{sfn|Cannon|p=64|2005}}
}}
== Battle flag ==<!-- This section is linked from Kentucky and Flag of Georgia (U.S. state) -->
[[File:Our Heroes and Our Flags 1896.jpg|thumb|right|Three versions of the flag of the Confederate States of America and the Confederate Battle Flag are shown on this printed poster from 1896. The "Stars and Bars" can be seen in the upper left. Standing at the center are [[Stonewall Jackson]], [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], and [[Robert E. Lee]], surrounded by bust portraits of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[Alexander H. Stephens|Alexander Stephens]], and various Confederate army officers, such as [[James Longstreet]] and [[A. P. Hill]].]]
[[File:Cherokee Confederates Reunion.gif|thumb|right|[[Cherokee in the American Civil War|Cherokee Confederates]] reunion in New Orleans, 1903]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (With White Border).svg
| caption1 = The Battle Flag of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]
| image2 = Forrest's Cavalry Corps Flag.svg|
| caption2 = Battle flag of [[Forrest's Cavalry Corps]], 1863–65.
| image3 = Army of the Trans-Mississippi Flag.svg
| caption3 = The battle flag used by the [[Army of the Trans-Mississippi]]
| image4 = Army of kentucky banner.svg
| caption4 = Battle flag of the [[Army of Central Kentucky]]
}}
At the [[First Battle of Bull Run|First Battle of Manassas]], near [[Manassas, Virginia]], the similarity between the [[#First flag|"Stars and Bars"]] and the [[Flag of the United States|"Stars and Stripes"]] caused confusion and military problems. Regiments carried flags to help commanders observe and assess battles in the warfare of the era. At a distance, the two national flags were hard to tell apart.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gevinson, Alan |url=http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19424 |title=The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars |work=Teachinghistory.org |access-date=October 8, 2011}}</ref> Also, Confederate regiments carried many other flags, which added to the possibility of confusion.
After the battle, General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]] wrote that he was "resolved then to have [our flag] changed if possible, or to adopt for my command a 'Battle flag', which would be Entirely different from any State or Federal flag".<ref name="autogenerated2" /> He turned to his aide, who happened to be [[William Porcher Miles]], the former chairman of the Confederate Congress's ''Committee on the Flag and Seal''. Miles described his rejected national flag design to Beauregard. Miles also told the Committee on the Flag and Seal about the general's complaints and request that the national flag be changed. The committee rejected the idea by a four-to-one vote, after which Beauregard proposed the idea of having two flags. He described the idea in a letter to his commanding General [[Joseph E. Johnston]]:
{{quotation|I wrote to [Miles] that we should have 'two' flags – a 'peace' or parade flag, and a 'war' flag to be used only on the field of battle – but congress having adjourned no action will be taken on the matter – How would it do us to address the War Dept. on the subject of Regimental or badge flags made of red with two blue bars crossing each other diagonally on which shall be introduced the stars, ... We would then on the field of battle know our friends from our Enemies.<ref name="autogenerated2" />}}
The flag that Miles had favored when he was chairman of the "Committee on the Flag and Seal" eventually became the battle flag and, ultimately, the Confederacy's most popular flag.
[[File:South Carolina Sovereignty-Secession Flag.svg|alt=|thumb|The South Carolina sovereignty/secession flag is said to have inspired the battle flag.]]
According to Museum of the Confederacy Director John Coski, Miles' design was inspired by one of the many "secessionist flags" flown at the [[South Carolina secession convention]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] of December 1860. That flag was a blue [[St George's Cross]] (an upright or Latin cross) on a red field, with 15 white stars on the cross, representing the slave-holding states,<ref name="COSKI2009">{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=5}}</ref> and, on the red field, palmetto and crescent symbols. Miles received various feedback on this design, including a critique from Charles Moise, a self-described "Southerner of Jewish persuasion." Moise liked the design but asked that "... the symbol of a particular religion not be made the symbol of the nation." Taking this into account, Miles changed his flag, removing the palmetto and crescent, and substituting a heraldic [[saltire]] ("X") for the upright cross. The number of stars was changed several times as well. He described these changes and his reasons for making them in early 1861. The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, because "it avoided the religious objection about the cross (from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it did not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been placed upright thus." He also argued that the diagonal cross was "more Heraldric {{sic}} than Ecclesiastical, it being the 'saltire' of Heraldry, and significant of strength and progress."<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=5}}: "describes the 15 stars and the debate on religious symbolism."</ref>
According to Coski, the Saint Andrew's Cross (also used on the [[flag of Scotland]] as a white saltire on a blue field) had no special place in Southern iconography at the time. If Miles had not been eager to conciliate the Southern Jews, his flag would have used the traditional upright "[[Saint George's Cross]]" (as used on the [[flag of England]], a red cross on a white field). James B. Walton submitted a battle flag design essentially identical to Miles' except with an upright Saint George's cross, but Beauregard chose the diagonal cross design.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=6–8}}</ref>
Miles' flag and all the flag designs up to that point were rectangular ("oblong") in shape. General Johnston suggested making it square to conserve material. Johnston also specified the various sizes to be used by different types of military units. Generals Beauregard and Johnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag's design at the Ratcliffe home, which served briefly as Beauregard's headquarters, near [[Fairfax, Virginia|Fairfax Court House]] in September 1861. The 12th star represented Missouri. President Jefferson Davis arrived by train at [[Fairfax Station, Virginia|Fairfax Station]] soon after and was shown the design for the new battle flag at the Ratcliffe House. [[Hetty Cary]] and her sister and [[Constance Cary Harrison|cousin]] made prototypes. One such 12-star flag resides in the collection of Richmond's [[American Civil War Museum|Museum of the Confederacy]] and the other is in the [[Confederate Memorial Hall Museum]] in [[New Orleans]].
On November 28, 1861, Confederate soldiers in General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s newly reorganized [[Army of Northern Virginia]] received the new battle flags in ceremonies at [[Centreville, Virginia|Centreville]] and [[Manassas, Virginia]], and carried them throughout the Civil War. Beauregard gave a speech encouraging the soldiers to treat the new flag with honor and that it must never be surrendered. Many soldiers wrote home about the ceremony and the impression the flag had upon them, the "fighting colors" boosting morale after the confusion at the [[First Battle of Bull Run|Battle of First Manassas]]. From then on, the battle flag grew in its identification with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] and the South in general.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=10}}</ref> The flag's stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of [[Confederate government of Kentucky|Kentucky]] and [[Confederate government of Missouri|Missouri]] joined in late 1861.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|p=11}}</ref>
The Army of Northern Virginia battle flag assumed a prominent place post-war when it was adopted as the copyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans. Its continued use by the Southern Army's post-war veteran's groups, the [[United Confederate Veterans]] (U.C.V.) and the later [[Sons of Confederate Veterans]], (S.C.V.), and elements of the design by related similar female descendants organizations of the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]], (U.D.C.), led to the assumption that it was, as it has been termed, "the soldier's flag" or "the Confederate battle flag."
The square "battle flag" is also properly known as "the flag of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]". It was sometimes called "Beauregard's flag" or "the Virginia battle flag". A [[Virginia Department of Historic Resources]] marker declaring [[Fairfax, Virginia]], as the birthplace of the Confederate battle flag was dedicated on April 12, 2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, in Fairfax, Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=7095 |title=Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag |website=The Historical Marker Database}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |series=Notes on Virginia |number=52 |year=2008 |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources |title=37 New Historical Markers for Virginia's Roadways |page=71 |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/pdf_files/Notes_On_Virginia_08.FINAL.Web.pdf |quote=B-261: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fairfaxrifles.org/Photos-Fx_Mkr_Ded.html |title=2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=FairfaxRifles.org}}</ref>
[[File:Army of Tennessee Battle Flag.svg|alt=|thumb|Battle Flag of the [[Army of Tennessee]], Late 1863 To 1865]]
To boost the morale of the [[Army of Tennessee]], [[Joseph E. Johnston|General Johnston]] introduced a new battle flag for the entire army. This flag bore a basic design similar to the one he had contributed to creating in Virginia in 1861 and had been commissioned in Mobile while he was in command in Mississippi in 1863. These flags for infantry and cavalry were to measure 37 by 54 inches. The white edging cross was about 2 inches wide and was often filled with battle honors. The stars were from 3 ½ inches to 4, and a 6 inch wide cross. Flags for artillery 30 by 41 inches overall.[https://confederateflags.org/army/fotcaot/#aot]
== Naval flags ==
The fledgling [[Confederate States Navy]] adopted and used several types of flags, banners, and pennants aboard all CSN ships: [[Jack (flag)|jacks]], battle [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]]s, and small boat ensigns, as well as commissioning pennants, designating flags, and signal flags.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}}
The first Confederate Navy [[Jack (flag)|jacks]], in use from 1861 to 1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fifteen five-pointed white stars against a field of "medium blue." It was flown forward aboard all Confederate warships while they were anchored in port. One seven-star jack still exists today (found aboard the captured ironclad [[USS Atlanta (1861)|CSS ''Atlanta'']]) that is actually "dark blue" in color (see illustration below, left).<ref name=ancestors>{{cite web |last1=Loeser |first1=Pete |title=American Civil War Flags |url=http://www.loeser.us/flags/civil.html |website=Historical Flags of Our Ancestors |access-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref>
The second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangular cousin of the Confederate Army's battle flag and was in use from 1863 until 1865. It existed in a variety of dimensions and sizes, despite the CSN's detailed naval regulations. The blue color of the diagonal saltire's "Southern Cross" was much lighter than the battle flag's dark blue.<ref name=ancestors />
{{gallery items
| width=210
| [[File:Jack of the CSA Navy 1861 1863.svg|x100px|border]]|The first Confederate Navy Jack, 1861–1863
| [[File:CSA FLAG 4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg|x100px|border]]|The first Confederate Navy ensign, 1861–1863
| [[File:Naval jack of the Confederate States of America_(2-3).svg|x100px|border]]|The second Confederate Navy Jack, 1863–1865
| [[File:Confederate States Naval Ensign after May 26 1863.svg|x100px|border]]|The second Confederate Navy ensign, 1863–1865
| [[File:StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png|x100px|border]]|The second Navy Ensign of the ironclad [[CSS Atlanta|CSS ''Atlanta'']]
| [[File:Ensign of the Confederate States (9 stars).svg|x100px|border]]|The 9-star first Naval ensign of the paddle steamer [[CSS Curlew|CSS ''Curlew'']]
| [[File:Ensign of the Confederate States (11 stars).svg|x100px|border]]|The 11-star ensign of the Confederate [[Privateer]] [[Jefferson Davis (privateer)|''Jefferson Davis'']]
| [[File:Ensign of the Confederate States (12 stars).svg|x100px|border]]|A 12-star first Confederate Navy ensign of the gunboat [[CSS Ellis|CSS ''Ellis'']], 1861–1862
| [[File:ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png|x100px|border]]|The [[Command flag]] of Captain [[William F. Lynch]], flown as ensign of his flagship, [[CSS Sea Bird|CSS ''Seabird'']], 1862
| [[File:2011-10-1 Pennant, Personal, CSN, Admiral Buchanan (5375014875).jpg|x100px|border]]|Pennant of Admiral [[Franklin Buchanan]], {{Ship|CSS|Tennessee|1863|6}}, at [[Battle of Mobile Bay]], August 5, 1864
| [[File:Admiral Flag of the Confederate States of America.svg|x100px]]|Digital recreation of Admiral Buchanan's pennant
| [[File:Admiral's Rank flag of Franklin Buchanan.svg|x100px|border]]|Admiral's Rank flag of Franklin Buchanan, flown from [[CSS Virginia|CSS ''Virginia'']] during the first day of the [[Battle of Hampton Roads]] and also flown from the CSS ''Tennessee'' during the Battle of Mobile Bay
| [[File:Confederate Naval Flag, captured when Sherman took Savannah - Wisconsin Veterans Museum - DSC02988.JPG|x100px|border]]|Confederate naval flag, captured when General [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William Sherman]] took [[Sherman's March to the Sea|Savannah]], Georgia, 1864
| [[File:Flag of Louisiana (February 1861).svg|x100px]]|Ensign of the Louisiana State Navy
||
}}
The first national flag, also known as the ''Stars and Bars'' (see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the Confederate Navy's first battle ensign. It was generally made with a 2:3 aspect ratio, but a few very wide 1:2 ratio ensigns still survive today in museums and private collections. As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of white stars on the ensign's dark blue canton: seven-, nine-, eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical. Even a few fourteen- and fifteen-starred ensigns were made to include states expected to secede but never completely joined the Confederacy. {{citation needed|date = November 2015}}
The second national flag was later adapted as a [[Maritime flag#Ensigns|naval ensign]], using a shorter 2:3 aspect ratio than the 1:2 ratio adopted by the Confederate Congress for the national flag. This particular battle ensign was the only example taken around the world, finally becoming the last Confederate flag lowered in the Civil War; this happened aboard the commerce raider [[CSS Shenandoah|CSS ''Shenandoah'']] in Liverpool, England, on November 7, 1865.
==National flag proposals==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
Hundreds of proposed national flag designs were submitted to the Confederate Congress during competitions to find a First National flag (February–May 1861) and Second National flag (April 1862; April 1863).
===First National flag proposals===
When the Confederate States of America was founded during the Montgomery [[Constitutional Convention (political meeting)|Convention]] that took place on February 4, 1861, a national flag was not selected by the Convention due to not having any proposals. President Jefferson Davis' inauguration took place under the 1861 state flag of Alabama, and the celebratory parade was led by a unit carrying the 1861 state flag of Georgia.
Realizing that they quickly needed a national banner to represent their sovereignty, the [[Provisional Congress of the Confederate States]] set up the Committee on Flag and Seal. The chairman was [[William Porcher Miles]], who was also the Representative of South Carolina in the Confederate House of Representatives.
The Committee began a competition to find a new national flag, with an unwritten deadline being that a national flag had to be adopted by March 4, 1861, the date of President Lincoln's [[First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln|inauguration]]. This would serve to show the world the South was truly sovereign. Hundreds of examples were submitted from across the Confederate States and from states that were not yet part of Confederacy (e.g. Kentucky), and even from Union states (such as New York). Many of the proposed designs paid homage to the [[Flag of the United States|Stars and Stripes]], due to a nostalgia in early 1861 that many of the new Confederate citizens felt towards the Union. Some of the homages were outright mimicry, while others were less obviously inspired by the Stars and Stripes, yet were still intended to pay homage to that flag.
Those inspired by the Stars and Stripes were discounted almost immediately by the Committee due to mirroring the Union's flag too closely. While others were wildly different, many of which were very complex and extravagant, these were largely discounted due to the being too complicated and expensive to produce.
The winner of the competition was Nicola Marschall's [[#First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863)|"Stars and Bars" flag]]. The "Stars and Bars" flag was only selected by the Congress of March 4, 1861, the day of the deadline. The first flag was produced in rush, due to the date having already been selected to host an official flag-raising ceremony, W. P. Miles credited the speedy completion of the first "Stars and Bars" flag to "Fair and nimble fingers". This flag, made of [[Merino]], was raised by Letitia Tyler over the Alabama state capitol. The Congress inspected two other finalist designs on March 4: One was a "Blue ring or circle on a field of red", while the other consisted of alternating red and blue stripes with a blue canton containing stars. These two designs were lost, and we only know of them thanks to an 1872 letter sent by William Porcher Miles to P. G. T. Beauregard.
William Porcher Miles, however, was not really happy with any of the proposals. He did not share in the nostalgia for the Union that many of his fellows Southerners felt, believing that the South's flag should be completely different from that of the North. To this end, he proposed his own flag design featuring a blue saltire on white [[Fimbriation]] with a field of red. (Miles had originally planned to use a blue St. George's Cross like that of the South Carolina Sovereignty Flag, but was dissuaded from doing so.) Within the blue saltire were seven white stars, representing the current seven states of the Confederacy, two on each of the left arms, one of each of the right arms, and one in the middle.
However, Miles' flag was not well received by the rest of the Congress. One Congressman even mocked it as looking "like a pair of Suspenders". Miles' flag lost out to the "Stars and Bars".
{{gallery
| mode=nolines
| height=100
| width=210
| align=center
| File:A. Bonand's flag proposal 1.jpg|First variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand of Savannah, Georgia
| File:A. Bonand's flag proposal 2.svg|Second variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand
| File:Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png|Flag proposal submitted by the "Ladies of Charleston"
| File:ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg|First variant of flag proposal by L. P. Honour of [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
| File:ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png|L. P. Honour's second variant of First national flag proposal
| File:ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg|Confederate First national flag proposal by John Sansom of Alabama
| File:Confederate States Proposed1 1861.svg|William Porcher Miles' flag proposal, ancestor flag of the Confederate Battle Flag
| File:Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png|John G. Gaines' First national flag proposal
| File:ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png|Flag proposal by J. M. Jennings of [[Lowndesboro, Alabama]]
| File:Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png|Samuel White's flag proposal
| File:Confederate flag proposal (Louisville).svg|Flag proposal submitted by an unknown person of [[Louisville, Kentucky]]
| File:Confederate States Proposed3 1861.svg|One of three finalist designs examined by Congress on March 4, 1861, lost out to Stars and Bars
| File:Confederate States Proposed2 1861.svg|Second of three finalists in the Confederate First national flag competition
| File:ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png|Confederate flag proposal by E. G. Carpenter of [[Cassville, Georgia]]
| File:ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png|Confederate flag proposal by Thomas H. Hobbs of [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]
| File:ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png|Flag proposal by Eugene Wythe Baylor of Louisiana
| File:ConfederateproposalbyH.png|Flag proposal submitted by "H" of South Carolina
| File:Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg|A Confederate flag proposal by Hamilton Coupes that was submitted on February 1, 1861
| File:Confederateproposalireneriddle.png|The Confederate national flag proposal of Irene Riddle of [[Eutaw, Alabama]]
| File:WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png|This flag proposal was the first variant submitted by William T. Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama. Riddle submitted his flag proposals to Stephen Foster Hale on February 21, 1861.
| File:Confederate States Proposed 1862.svg|Flag proposed in 1862
| File:Confederate States Proposed 1863.svg|Flag proposed in 1863
| File:Confederate States Proposed 1863 Amendment1.svg|Flag proposed in 1863
| File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (3-5).svg|Congressman Swan's Amendment to Senate Bill №132
}}
== Flag variants ==
In addition to the Confederacy's national flags, a wide variety of flags and banners were flown by Southerners during the Civil War. Most famously, the "[[Bonnie Blue Flag]]" was used as an unofficial flag during the early months of 1861. It was flying above the Confederate batteries that first opened fire on [[Fort Sumter]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] harbor, in [[South Carolina]] beginning the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The "[[Van Dorn battle flag]]" was also carried by Confederate troops fighting in the [[Trans-Mississippi]] and Western theaters of war. Besides, many military units had their own regimental flags they would carry into battle.<ref>[[North & South (US magazine)|North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society]], Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 16, 2010, [http://www.northandsouthmagazine.com/images/volume11/ind11-1.pdf "The Stars and Bars"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195019/http://www.northandsouthmagazine.com/images/volume11/ind11-1.pdf |date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
{{gallery
| mode=nolines
| height=100
| width=210
| align=center
| File:KGC FLAG.png|Flag of [[Knights of the Golden Circle]]
| File:Bonnieblue.svg|The "[[Bonnie Blue Flag]]"—an unofficial flag in 1861
| File:The Van Dorn Flag.svg|The "[[Van Dorn battle flag]]" used in the Western theaters of operation
| File:Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia.svg|Flag of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] or "[[Robert E. Lee]] Headquarters Flag"
| File:Flag of the Confederate States Marine Corps.svg|7-star First national flag of the [[Confederate States Marine Corps]]
| File:Polk’s Corps Battle Flag Second Issue.svg|Flag of [[First Corps, Army of Tennessee]]
| File:10th_Mississippi_flag.png|A Polk's Corps-style Battle Flag of the [[10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]]
| File:Perote Guards flag.svg|The first battle flag of the [[Perote Guards]] (Company D, [[1st Regiment Alabama Infantry]]). Flag officially used: September 1860 – Summer, 1861
| File:JP Gillis Flag.svg|George P. Gilliss flag, also known as the Biderman Flag, the only Confederate flag captured in [[California in the American Civil War|California]] ([[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]])
| File:SibleyFlag.svg|The "Sibley Flag", Battle Flag of the [[Army of New Mexico]], commanded by General [[Henry Hopkins Sibley]].
| File:Flag of the Confederate States Revenue Service.svg|The ensign of the Confederate States Revenue Service, designed by H. P. Capers of South Carolina on April 10, 1861.
| File:Missouri Regiments Army Banner.svg|Flag flown by Confederate Missouri regiments during the [[Vicksburg campaign]].{{sfn|Tucker|1993|p=122}}
| File:Garrison flag of Vicksburg.svg|Flag variant with 12 stars that served as the Garrison Flag of [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]] during the [[Vicksburg campaign]].
}}
== Controversy ==
{{for|use of Confederate symbols in modern society and popular culture|Modern display of the Confederate battle flag}}
[[File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (3-5).svg|thumb|An elongated version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Tennessee, and similar to The Second Confederate Navy Jack, in use from 1863 until 1865, although with the darker blue field of the Army's battle flag, and with a more elongated aspect ratio of 3:5 instead of 2:3]]
[[File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America.svg|thumb|A square version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Tennessee, similar to the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, but without the white fringe.]]
Though never having historically represented the Confederate States of America as a country, nor having been officially recognized as one of its national flags, the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia and its variants are now flag types commonly referred to as ''the Confederate Flag''. This design has become commonly regarded by opponents of its use as a symbol of [[racism]] and [[white supremacy]] or [[white nationalism]], while supporters of it maintain that its modern use is as a symbol of regional cultural pride.<ref name="Chapman2011">{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Roger|title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&pg=PA114|access-date=February 21, 2013|year=2011|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-2250-1|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Confederate Flag|url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/confederate-flag|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=Anti-Defamation League|language=en}}</ref><ref name="McWhorter">{{cite news|last1=McWhorter|first1=Diane|date=April 3, 2005|title='The Confederate Battle Flag': Clashing Symbols|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/books/review/the-confederate-battle-flag-clashing-symbols.html|access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>
It is also known as the ''rebel flag'', ''[[Dixie]] flag'', and ''Southern cross'' (not to be confused with another use of the term ''Southern Cross'', referring to [[Crux]], a constellation of the southern sky used on the coats of arms and flags of various countries and sub-national entities). It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as ''the Stars and Bars'', the name of the first national Confederate flag.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=58}}</ref> The "rebel flag" is considered by some to be a highly divisive and polarizing symbol in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Little |first1=Becky |title=Why the Confederate Flag Made a 20th Century Comeback |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815064537/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |website=National Geographic |access-date=June 12, 2020 |date=June 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2015/07/confederate_flag_removed_a_his.html|title=Confederate flag removed: A history of the divisive symbol|author=The Associated Press|publisher=Oregon Live|date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> A 2020 [[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute|Quinnipiac]] poll showed that 55% of Southerners saw the Confederate flag as a symbol of racism, with a similar percentage for Americans as a whole.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Tina |title=Trump keeps fighting a Confederate flag battle many supporters have conceded |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/18/trump-confederate-flag-battle-368607 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |work=Politico |date=July 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reimann |first1=Nicholas |title=Majority Of Southerners Now View The Confederate Flag As A Racist Symbol, Poll Finds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2020/07/15/majority-of-southerners-now-view-the-confederate-flag-as-a-racist-symbol-poll-finds/#78fc431b2c7a |access-date=July 22, 2020 |work=Forbes |date=July 15, 2020}}</ref>
A [[YouGov]] poll in 2020 of more than 34,000 Americans reported that 41% viewed the flag as representing racism, and 34% viewed it as symbolizing southern heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/01/13/what-confederate-flag-means-america-today |title=What the Confederate flag means in America today |last=Sanders |first=Linley |date=January 13, 2020 |website=yougov.com |access-date=October 28, 2020 |quote=For a plurality of Americans, the Confederate flag represents racism (41%). But for about one-third of Americans (34%) – particularly adults over 65, those living in rural communities, or non-college-educated white Americans – the flag symbolizes heritage.}}</ref> A July 2021 Politico-Morning Consult poll of 1,996 registered voters reported that 47% viewed it as a symbol of Southern pride while 36% viewed it as a symbol of racism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2021 |title=American Electorate Continues to Favor Leaving Confederate Relics in Place |url=https://morningconsult.com/2021/07/14/confederate-statues-flag-military-bases-polling/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Tracking Poll #2107045 / July 09-12, 2021 / Crosstabulation Results |url=https://assets.morningconsult.com/wp-uploads/2021/07/14051637/2107045_crosstabs_POLITICO_RVs_v1_LM.pdf |page=176 |author1=Morning Consult |author2=Politico}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sponsor souvenir album - history and reunion (1895) (1895) (14576050240).jpg|Drawing in the [[United Confederate Veterans]] 1895 ''Sponsor souvenir album''
File:Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum.JPG|Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum. The [[Bonnie Blue Flag]] is on the right.
File:Flag of Fort McAllister, GA, US.jpg|Confederate National flag of [[Fort McAllister]]
File:Fort McAllister battle flag, GA, US.jpg|[[War flag|Battle Flag]] of the Emmett Rifles
File:Confederate flag of Fort Jackson, LA, US.JPG|Confederate National Flag captured from [[Fort Jackson, Louisiana|Fort Jackson]]
File:11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment battle flag army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg|Battle flag of the [[List of Mississippi Civil War Confederate units|11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment]] used at [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]]
File:Confederate Surrender Towel Flag.jpg|[[Surrender of Lee|Surrender flag of Army of Northern Virginia]]
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Flag of Alabama]]
* [[Flag of Florida]]
* [[Seal of the Confederate States]]<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add the words "Great" or "of America" as it would be historically inaccurate. Those words were not in the 1863 law passed by the C.S. Congress establishing the Seal. Thank you. -->
<!--You're welcome.-->
* [[Red flag (American slavery)]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Bonner | first=Robert | title=Colors and Blood: Flag Passions of the Confederate South | publisher=Princeton University Press | date=2002 | isbn=0-691-11949-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Cannon | first=Devereaux D. Jr. |year=2005 |title=The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History |location=Gretna |publisher=[[Pelican Publishing Company]] |orig-year=1st pub. St. Luke's Press:1988 |isbn=978-1-565-54109-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Coski|first=John M.|title=The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC |year=2005 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01722-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Coski|first=John M.|title=The Confederate Battle Flag |year=2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02986-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC |access-date=November 24, 2016}}
* {{cite web|last=Coski|first=John M.|title=The Birth of the 'Stainless Banner' |date=May 13, 2013 |work=The New York Times |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/the-birth-of-the-stainless-banner/ |access-date=January 27, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107164729/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/the-birth-of-the-stainless-banner/ |archive-date=November 7, 2019}}
* {{cite book | last1=Katcher | first1=Phillip | last2=Scollins | first2=Rick | title=Flags of the American Civil War 1: Confederate | series=Osprey Men-At-War Series | publisher=Osprey Publishing Company | date=1993 | isbn=1-85532-270-6}}
* Madaus, H. Michael. ''Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine''. [[Flag Research Center]], 1986, Winchester, MA. {{ISSN|0015-3370}}. (Eighty-page, all Confederate naval flags issue of "The Flag Bulletin," magazine #115.)
* Marcovitz, Hal. ''The Confederate Flag, American Symbols and Their Meanings''. Mason Crest Publishers, 2002. {{ISBN|1-59084-035-6}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Martinez|first1=James Michael|last2=Richardson|first2=William Donald|last3=McNinch-Su|first3=Ron|title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South|date=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|location=Gainesville, FL|pages=284–285|isbn=0-8130-1758-0}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog/page/n444 414]|quote=as a people we are fighting to.|title=Our Flag: Origin and Progress of the Flag of the United States of America, with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Standards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations|date=1872|location=Albany|publisher=Joel Munsell|oclc=612597989|last=Preble|first=George Henry|author-link=George Henry Preble}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog/page/n582 523] |quote=William Ross Postell Flag. |title=History of the Flag of the United States of America: And of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals, and Arms, and Principal National Songs of the United States, with a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations |edition=2nd revised |date=1880 |location=Boston |publisher=A. Williams and Company |oclc=645323981 |last=Preble |first=George Henry|author-link=George Henry Preble}}
* Silkenat, David. ''Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-4696-4972-6}}.
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Phillip Thomas |title=The South's Finest: The First Missouri Confederate Brigade From Pea Ridge to Vicksburg |location=Shippensburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=White Mane Publishing Co. |year=1993 |isbn=0-942597-31-1}}
{{refend}}
"Southern Confederacy" (Atlanta, Georgia), 5 Feb 1865, pg 2. Congressional, Richmond, 4 Feb: A bill to establish the flag of the Confederate States was adopted without opposition, and the flag was displayed in the Capitol today. The only change was a substitution of a red bar for one-half of the white field of the former flag, composing the flag's outer end.
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Flags of the Confederate States|Flag of the Confederate States}}
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* {{curlie|Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/Confederate_Flags|Confederate Flags}}
* {{YouTube|qJPjWWIkakM|Battle Colors of Arkansas}}
* [https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/symbols-of-battle-civil-war-flags Symbols of Battle: Civil War Flags] at [[Google Arts & Culture|Google Cultural Institute]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Confederate States, Flags Of The}}
[[Category:1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1861]]
[[Category:Flags of the Confederate States of America| ]]
[[Category:Flags with blue, red and white]]
[[Category:Flags with cantons]]
[[Category:Lists of flags of the United States]]
[[Category:Obsolete national flags]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -89,5 +89,5 @@
Many different designs were proposed during the solicitation for a second Confederate national flag, nearly all based on the [[#Battle flag|Battle Flag]]. By 1863, it had become well-known and popular among those living in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress specified that the new design be a white field "...with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the groundtyvghgvhgdrgyvjhgf red; thereupon a broad [[saltire]] of blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with [[Star (heraldry)|mullets]] or five-pointed stars, corresponding in numbering hoc jhb Kv fe to that hgvhb gcvbh drserfgcfgof the Confederate States."<ref name="fotc"/ he uhvhh jbftgc n BBC try b. Go vxdfgvc
Cvchhbyufbjn hbv
-The flag is also known as ''the Stainlesstfghvhgjdtdufgftyrfjhg Banner'', and the matter of the person behind its design remains a point of contention. On April Mn. Be hvj giv23, 1863, the ''Savannah Morning News'' editor William Tappan Thompson, tugtyrwith assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, publishedvvjhvtfd an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "Thefghvhjgfytre [[White people|White Man]]'s Flag", a name which never caught on.<ref name=SMNMay4 /> In eyuicrsxplaining vggghthe white backgroundhjbbhug of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained [[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]] over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confederate Flag Historyvgvgyvygvyggug |url=http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.civilwar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo /><ref name=whatyoushouldknow /><ref name=MSWWood1957p44 /><ref name=FAllenp67 /> In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to the flag which was eventually created was proposed by General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'... The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."<ref>Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." ''Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 20025 ), 318–319.</ref><ref>"Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the ''Charleston Mercury'', May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863 |work=Daily Dispatch |location=Richmond, VA |date=May 13, 1863 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Edward D. |last=Townsend |title=Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) |date=August 25, 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 }}</ref><ref>William Parker Snow, ''Lee and His Generals'' (1867), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtsL3C6zI0C&dq=%22lee+and+his+generals%22+%22why+change+our+battle-flag%22&pg=PA260] <!-- quote="This idea was adopted by the Congress, on the 1st of May". -->.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=J. Michael |last1=Martinez |first2=William D. |last2=Richardson |first3=Ron |last3=McNinch-Su |title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |page=98 |isbn=978-0-8130-1758-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98 }}</ref><ref>Raphael Prosper Thian, ''Documentary history of the flag and seal of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'', p.79 [https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/78/mode/2up?q=beauregard]</ref>
+ cdhdcgdcbhdc hudcgdchbdvn scvhus chjcvsnhucsvvgThe flag is also known as ''the Stainlesstfghvhgjdtdufgftyrfjhg Banner'', and the matter of the person behind its design remains a point of contention. On April Mn. Be hvj giv23, 1863, the ''Savannah Morning News'' editor William Tappan Thompson, tugtyrwith assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, publishedvvjhvtfd an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "Thefghvhjgfytre [[White people|White Man]]'s Flag", a name which never caught on.<ref name=SMNMay4 /> In eyuicrsxplaining vggghthe white backgroundhjbbhug of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained [[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]] over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confederate Flag Historyvgvgyvygvyggug |url=http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29 |access-date=2023-03-04 mi b cca gffcghvhjhbjkjhjhjjibiuhvjbbhfhgnvvbgfrutdghbhgddgbjhkvgjfdyvhjvrtdgfvbjbjhbkhguyfuygouguy*jihoiuguygoiuhhubuhghughugyyuydyfcffxcg gvcghbhjgtbnbkjbvhgbguiiswbchudsbjhfbdgh fdmnbfhjdnfd|website=www.civilwar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo /><ref name=whatyoushouldknow /><ref name=MSWWood1957p44 /><ref name=FAllenp67 /> In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to the flag which was eventually created was proposed by General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'... The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."<ref>Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." ''Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 20025 ), 318–319.</ref><ref>"Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the ''Charleston Mercury'', May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863 |work=Daily Dispatch |location=Richmond, VA |date=May 13, 1863 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Edward D. |last=Townsend |title=Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) |date=August 25, 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 }}</ref><ref>William Parker Snow, ''Lee and His Generals'' (1867), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtsL3C6zI0C&dq=%22lee+and+his+generals%22+%22why+change+our+battle-flag%22&pg=PA260] <!-- quote="This idea was adopted by the Congress, on the 1st of May". -->.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=J. Michael |last1=Martinez |first2=William D. |last2=Richardson |first3=Ron |last3=McNinch-Su |title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |page=98 |isbn=978-0-8130-1758-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98 }}</ref><ref>Raphael Prosper Thian, ''Documentary history of the flag and seal of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'', p.79 [https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/78/mode/2up?q=beauregard]</ref>
The Confederate Congress debated whether the white field should have a blue stripe and whether it should be bordered in red. William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. He argued that the battle flag must be used, but it was necessary to emblazon it for a national flag, but as simply as possible, with a plain white field.<ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2005|pp=16–17}}</ref> When Thompson received word the Congress had adopted the design with a blue stripe, he published an editorial on April 28 in opposition, writing that "the blue bar running up the center of the white field and joining with the right lower arm of the blue cross, is in bad taste, and utterly destructive of the symmetry and harmony of the design."<ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name=SMNApril28 /> Confederate Congressman [[Peter W. Gray]] proposed the amendment that gave the flag its white field.<ref>Journal of the Confederate Congress, Volume 6, p.477</ref> Gray stated that the white field represented "purity, truth, and freedom."<ref>Richmond Whig, May 5, 1863</ref>
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0 => ' cdhdcgdcbhdc hudcgdchbdvn scvhus chjcvsnhucsvvgThe flag is also known as ''the Stainlesstfghvhgjdtdufgftyrfjhg Banner'', and the matter of the person behind its design remains a point of contention. On April Mn. Be hvj giv23, 1863, the ''Savannah Morning News'' editor William Tappan Thompson, tugtyrwith assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, publishedvvjhvtfd an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "Thefghvhjgfytre [[White people|White Man]]'s Flag", a name which never caught on.<ref name=SMNMay4 /> In eyuicrsxplaining vggghthe white backgroundhjbbhug of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained [[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]] over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confederate Flag Historyvgvgyvygvyggug |url=http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29 |access-date=2023-03-04 mi b cca gffcghvhjhbjkjhjhjjibiuhvjbbhfhgnvvbgfrutdghbhgddgbjhkvgjfdyvhjvrtdgfvbjbjhbkhguyfuygouguy*jihoiuguygoiuhhubuhghughugyyuydyfcffxcg gvcghbhjgtbnbkjbvhgbguiiswbchudsbjhfbdgh fdmnbfhjdnfd|website=www.civilwar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo /><ref name=whatyoushouldknow /><ref name=MSWWood1957p44 /><ref name=FAllenp67 /> In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to the flag which was eventually created was proposed by General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'... The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."<ref>Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." ''Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 20025 ), 318–319.</ref><ref>"Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the ''Charleston Mercury'', May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863 |work=Daily Dispatch |location=Richmond, VA |date=May 13, 1863 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Edward D. |last=Townsend |title=Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) |date=August 25, 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 }}</ref><ref>William Parker Snow, ''Lee and His Generals'' (1867), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtsL3C6zI0C&dq=%22lee+and+his+generals%22+%22why+change+our+battle-flag%22&pg=PA260] <!-- quote="This idea was adopted by the Congress, on the 1st of May". -->.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=J. Michael |last1=Martinez |first2=William D. |last2=Richardson |first3=Ron |last3=McNinch-Su |title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |page=98 |isbn=978-0-8130-1758-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98 }}</ref><ref>Raphael Prosper Thian, ''Documentary history of the flag and seal of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'', p.79 [https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/78/mode/2up?q=beauregard]</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'The flag is also known as ''the Stainlesstfghvhgjdtdufgftyrfjhg Banner'', and the matter of the person behind its design remains a point of contention. On April Mn. Be hvj giv23, 1863, the ''Savannah Morning News'' editor William Tappan Thompson, tugtyrwith assistance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate blockade runner, publishedvvjhvtfd an editorial championing a design featuring the battle flag on a white background he referred to later as "Thefghvhjgfytre [[White people|White Man]]'s Flag", a name which never caught on.<ref name=SMNMay4 /> In eyuicrsxplaining vggghthe white backgroundhjbbhug of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained [[White supremacy|supremacy of the white man]] over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confederate Flag Historyvgvgyvygvyggug |url=http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.civilwar.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="GHPreble1872" /><ref name="GHPreble1880" /><ref name=StainlessBannerBirth /><ref name=SMNApril23 /><ref name=StainlessBannerNeo /><ref name=whatyoushouldknow /><ref name=MSWWood1957p44 /><ref name=FAllenp67 /> In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to the flag which was eventually created was proposed by General [[P. G. T. Beauregard]], "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'... The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."<ref>Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." ''Journal of Southern History'', Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 20025 ), 318–319.</ref><ref>"Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the ''Charleston Mercury'', May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2013}}. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863 |work=Daily Dispatch |location=Richmond, VA |date=May 13, 1863 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Coski|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Edward D. |last=Townsend |title=Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated) |date=August 25, 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149 }}</ref><ref>William Parker Snow, ''Lee and His Generals'' (1867), [https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtsL3C6zI0C&dq=%22lee+and+his+generals%22+%22why+change+our+battle-flag%22&pg=PA260] <!-- quote="This idea was adopted by the Congress, on the 1st of May". -->.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=J. Michael |last1=Martinez |first2=William D. |last2=Richardson |first3=Ron |last3=McNinch-Su |title=Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2000 |page=98 |isbn=978-0-8130-1758-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98 }}</ref><ref>Raphael Prosper Thian, ''Documentary history of the flag and seal of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865'', p.79 [https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/78/mode/2up?q=beauregard]</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the contemporary usage, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">modern display of the Confederate battle flag</a>.</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236091366">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Confederate States of America</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(March_%E2%80%93_May_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/383px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/510px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First national flag of the Confederate States of America, with seven stars.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">"The Stars and Bars"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data">National flag <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">5:9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1861 (first 7-star version)<br />December 10, 1861 (final 13-star version)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">Three horizontal stripes of equal height, alternating red and white, with a blue square two-thirds the height of the flag as the canton. Inside the canton are seven, eleven, or thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size, arranged in a circle and pointing outward.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicola_Marschall" title="Nicola Marschall">Nicola Marschall</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background: #DEDEE2; color:inherit;"><b>"The Stainless Banner"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1863%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Second flag of the Confederate States of America" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/315px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/420px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The second national flag of the Confederate States of America</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data">National flag <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">1:2<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1, 1863</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A white rectangle two times as wide as it is tall, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background: #DEDEE2; color:inherit;"><b>"The Blood-Stained Banner"</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Third flag of the Confederate States of America" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/158px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/237px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/315px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The third national flag of the Confederate States of America.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data">National flag <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">2:3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A white rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it is tall, a red vertical stripe on the far right of the rectangle, a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton is a blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen white five-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Maj. Arthur L. Rogers<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>flags of the Confederate States of America</b> have a history of three successive designs during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The flags were known as the "Stars and Bars", used from 1861 to 1863; the "Stainless Banner", used from 1863 to 1865; and the "Blood-Stained Banner", used in 1865 shortly before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>'s dissolution. A rejected national flag design was also used as a battle flag by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a> and featured in the "Stainless Banner" and "Blood-Stained Banner" designs. Although this design was never a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a>, it is the most commonly recognized symbol of the Confederacy.
</p><p>Since the end of the Civil War, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">private and official use of the Confederate flags</a>, particularly the battle flag, has continued amid philosophical, political, cultural, and racial controversy in the United States. These include flags displayed in states; cities, towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities; private organizations and associations; and individuals. The battle flag was also featured in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states_and_territories" title="Flags of the U.S. states and territories">state flags</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi" title="Flag of Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, although it was removed by Georgia in 2003 and Mississippi in 2020. However, the new design of the Georgia flag still references the original "Stars and Bars" iteration of the Georgia flag. After the Georgia flag was changed in 2001, the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trenton,_Georgia" title="Trenton, Georgia">Trenton, Georgia</a>, has used a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Trenton,_Georgia" title="Flag of Trenton, Georgia">flag design</a> nearly identical to the previous version with the battle flag.
</p><p>It is estimated that 500–544 flags were captured during the civil war by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. The flags were sent to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#First_flag:_the_"Stars_and_Bars"_(1861–1863)"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Second_flag:_the_"Stainless_Banner"_(1863–1865)"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Third_flag:_the_"Blood-Stained_Banner"_(1865)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Third flag: the "Blood-Stained Banner" (1865)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#State_flags"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">State flags</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Indian_Territory"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Indian Territory</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Battle_flag"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Battle flag</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Naval_flags"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Naval flags</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#National_flag_proposals"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">National flag proposals</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#First_National_flag_proposals"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">First National flag proposals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Flag_variants"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Flag variants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Controversy"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_flag:_the_"Stars_and_Bars"_(1861–1863)"><span id="First_flag:_the_.22Stars_and_Bars.22_.281861.E2.80.931863.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="First_flag"></span> First flag: the "Stars and Bars" (1861–1863)</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="gallerytext">First flag with 7 stars<br />(March 4 – May 18, 1861)</div>
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<div class="gallerytext">Flag with 9 stars<br />(May 18 – July 2, 1861)</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(July_%E2%80%93_November_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag with 11 stars (July 2 – November 28, 1861)"><img alt="Flag with 11 stars (July 2 – November 28, 1861)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28July_%E2%80%93_November_1861%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28July_%E2%80%93_November_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28July_%E2%80%93_November_1861%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28July_%E2%80%93_November_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28July_%E2%80%93_November_1861%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28July_%E2%80%93_November_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag with 11 stars<br />(July 2 – November 28, 1861)</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861%E2%80%931863).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Last flag with 13 stars (December 10, 1861 – May 1, 1863)"><img alt="Last flag with 13 stars (December 10, 1861 – May 1, 1863)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Last flag with 13 stars<br />(December 10, 1861 – May 1, 1863)</div>
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<p>The Confederacy's first official national flag, often called the <i>Stars and Bars</i>, flew from March 4, 1861, to May 1, 1863. It was designed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a>-American artist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicola_Marschall" title="Nicola Marschall">Nicola Marschall</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marion,_Alabama" title="Marion, Alabama">Marion, Alabama</a>, and is said to resemble the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Austria" title="Flag of Austria">Flag of Austria</a>, with which Marschall would have been familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original version of the flag featured a circle of seven white stars in the navy-blue <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a>, representing the seven states of the South that originally composed the Confederacy: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a>. The "Stars and Bars" flag was adopted on March 4, 1861, in the first temporary national capital of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, and raised over the dome of that first Confederate capitol. Marschall also designed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Confederate_States_military_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces">Confederate army uniform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hume_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A monument that was in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisburg,_North_Carolina" title="Louisburg, North Carolina">Louisburg, North Carolina</a>, claims the "Stars and Bars" "was designed by a son of North Carolina / Orren Randolph Smith / and made under his direction by / Catherine Rebecca (Murphy) Winborne. / Forwarded to Montgomery, Ala. Feb 12, 1861, / Adopted by the Provisional Congress March 4, 1861".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>One of the first acts of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate Congress">Provisional Confederate Congress</a> was to create the <i>Committee of the Flag and Seal</i>, chaired by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Porcher_Miles" title="William Porcher Miles">William Porcher Miles</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> congressman, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eater</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. The committee asked the public to submit thoughts and ideas on the topic and was, as historian John M. Coski puts it, "overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'old flag' of the United States." Miles had already designed a flag that later became known as the Confederate <i><a href="#Battle_flag">Battle Flag</a></i>, and he favored his flag over the "Stars and Bars" proposal. But given the popular support for a flag similar to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">U.S. flag</a> ("the Stars and Stripes" – originally established and designed in June 1777 during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>), the "Stars and Bars" design was approved by the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of stars: two were added for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a> in May 1861, followed by two more representing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a> in July, and finally two more for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a>.
</p><p>When the American Civil War broke out, the "Stars and Bars" confused the battlefield at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> because of its similarity to the U.S. (or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>) flag, especially when it was hanging limply on its flagstaff.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Stars and Bars" was also criticized on ideological grounds for its resemblance to the U.S. flag. Many Confederates disliked the Stars and Bars, seeing it as symbolic of a centralized federal power against which the Confederate states claimed to be seceding.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Declarations_of_Causes_of_Seceding_States_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Declarations_of_Causes_of_Seceding_States-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as April 1861, a month after the flag's adoption, some were already criticizing the flag, calling it a "servile imitation" and a "detested parody" of the U.S. flag.<sup id="cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StainlessBannerBirth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1862, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_William_Bagby" title="George William Bagby">George William Bagby</a>, writing for the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Literary_Messenger" title="Southern Literary Messenger">Southern Literary Messenger</a></i>, wrote that many Confederates disliked the flag. "Everybody wants a new Confederate flag," Bagby wrote. "The present one is universally hated. It resembles the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> flag, and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable." The editor of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charleston_Mercury" title="Charleston Mercury">Charleston Mercury</a></i> expressed a similar view: "It seems to be generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars' will never do for us. They resemble too closely the dishonored 'Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>' ... we imagine that the '<a href="#Battle_flag">Battle Flag</a>' will become the Southern Flag by popular acclaim." <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Tappan_Thompson" title="William Tappan Thompson">William T. Thompson</a>, the editor of the Savannah-based <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savannah_Morning_News" title="Savannah Morning News">Daily Morning News</a></i> also objected to the flag, due to its aesthetic similarity to the U.S. flag, which for some Confederates had negative associations with emancipation and abolitionism. Thompson stated in April 1863 that he disliked the adopted flag "on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting."<sup id="cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHPreble1872-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GHPreble1880_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHPreble1880-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StainlessBannerBirth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNApril23_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNApril23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNApril28_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNApril28-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNMay4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNMay4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StainlessBannerNeo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StainlessBannerNeo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Over the course of the flag's use by the CSA, additional stars were added to the canton, eventually bringing the total number to thirteen-a reflection of the Confederacy's claims of having admitted the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, where slavery was still widely practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first showing of the 13-star flag was outside the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_Johnson_House_(Bardstown,_Kentucky)" title="Ben Johnson House (Bardstown, Kentucky)">Ben Johnson House</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bardstown,_Kentucky" title="Bardstown, Kentucky">Bardstown, Kentucky</a>; the 13-star design was also in use as the Confederate navy's battle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_flag:_the_"Stainless_Banner"_(1863–1865)"><span id="Second_flag:_the_.22Stainless_Banner.22_.281863.E2.80.931865.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Second_flag"></span>Second flag: the "Stainless Banner" (1863–1865)</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1863%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_(1863%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/150px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/225px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/300px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stainless_Banner_(Mobile,_Alabama_variant).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stainless_Banner_%28Mobile%2C_Alabama_variant%29.png/160px-Stainless_Banner_%28Mobile%2C_Alabama_variant%29.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stainless_Banner_%28Mobile%2C_Alabama_variant%29.png/240px-Stainless_Banner_%28Mobile%2C_Alabama_variant%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Stainless_Banner_%28Mobile%2C_Alabama_variant%29.png/320px-Stainless_Banner_%28Mobile%2C_Alabama_variant%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span>
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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Stainlessbannerpainesville.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stainlessbannerpainesville.png/160px-Stainlessbannerpainesville.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stainlessbannerpainesville.png/240px-Stainlessbannerpainesville.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stainlessbannerpainesville.png/320px-Stainlessbannerpainesville.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a></span>
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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fortfisherrecreation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fortfisherrecreation.png/187px-Fortfisherrecreation.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fortfisherrecreation.png/281px-Fortfisherrecreation.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fortfisherrecreation.png/374px-Fortfisherrecreation.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="401" /></a></span>
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<td width="200px" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;">Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865), 2:1 ratio
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<td width="150px" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;">Second national flag (May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865) as commonly manufactured, with a 3:2 ratio
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<td width="150px" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;">A 12-star variant of the Stainless Banner produced in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>
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<td width="150px" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;">Variant captured following the Battle of Painesville, 1865
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<td width="150px" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;">Garrison Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Fisher" title="Fort Fisher">Fort Fisher</a>, the "<i>Southern Gibraltar</i>"
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<p>Many different designs were proposed during the solicitation for a second Confederate national flag, nearly all based on the <a href="#Battle_flag">Battle Flag</a>. By 1863, it had become well-known and popular among those living in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress specified that the new design be a white field "...with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width of the flag, having the groundtyvghgvhgdrgyvjhgf red; thereupon a broad <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> of blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_(heraldry)" title="Star (heraldry)">mullets</a> or five-pointed stars, corresponding in numbering hoc jhb Kv fe to that hgvhb gcvbh drserfgcfgof the Confederate States."<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The <code><ref></code> tag has too many names (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_ref_too_many_keys" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error ref too many keys">help page</a>).</span> In eyuicrsxplaining vggghthe white backgroundhjbbhug of his design, Thompson wrote, "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the Heaven-ordained <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">supremacy of the white man</a> over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Most contemporary interpretations of the white area on the flag hold that it represented the purity of the secessionist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHPreble1872-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GHPreble1880_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHPreble1880-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StainlessBannerBirth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNApril23_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNApril23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StainlessBannerNeo_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StainlessBannerNeo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatyoushouldknow_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatyoushouldknow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSWWood1957p44_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSWWood1957p44-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAllenp67_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAllenp67-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Confederate Congressman C. J. Villeré, dated April 24, 1863, a design similar to the flag which was eventually created was proposed by General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>, "whose earlier penchant for practicality had established the precedent for visual distinctiveness on the battlefield, proposed that 'a good design for the national flag would be the present battle-flag as Union Jack, and the rest all white or all blue'... The final version of the second national flag, adopted May 1, 1863, did just this: it set the St. Andrew's Cross of stars in the Union Jack with the rest of the civilian banner entirely white."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Confederate Congress debated whether the white field should have a blue stripe and whether it should be bordered in red. William Miles delivered a speech supporting the simple white design that was eventually approved. He argued that the battle flag must be used, but it was necessary to emblazon it for a national flag, but as simply as possible, with a plain white field.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Thompson received word the Congress had adopted the design with a blue stripe, he published an editorial on April 28 in opposition, writing that "the blue bar running up the center of the white field and joining with the right lower arm of the blue cross, is in bad taste, and utterly destructive of the symmetry and harmony of the design."<sup id="cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHPreble1872-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNApril28_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNApril28-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate Congressman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_W._Gray" title="Peter W. Gray">Peter W. Gray</a> proposed the amendment that gave the flag its white field.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gray stated that the white field represented "purity, truth, and freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Regardless of who truly originated the Stainless Banner's design, whether by heeding Thompson's editorials or Beauregard's letter, the Confederate Congress officially adopted the Stainless Banner on May 1, 1863. The flags that were actually produced by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richmond_Clothing_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Clothing Depot">Richmond Clothing Depot</a> used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Confederate navy's battle ensign, rather than the official 2:1 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-fotc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Initial reaction to the second national flag was favorable, but over time it became criticized for being "too white." Military officers also voiced complaints about the flag being too white, for various reasons, such as the danger of being mistaken for a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">flag of truce</a>, especially on naval ships where it was too easily soiled.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Columbia-based <i>Daily South Carolinian</i> observed that it was essentially a battle flag upon a flag of truce and might send a mixed message. Due to the flag's resemblance to one of truce, some Confederate soldiers cut off the flag's white portion, leaving only the canton.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The first official use of the "Stainless Banner" was to drape the coffin of General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_J._%22Stonewall%22_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson">Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson</a> as it <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lay_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay in state">lay in state</a> in the Virginia capitol, May 12, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this first usage, the flag received the alternate nickname of the "Jackson Flag".
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_flag:_the_"Blood-Stained_Banner"_(1865)"><span id="Third_flag:_the_.22Blood-Stained_Banner.22_.281865.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Third_flag"></span> Third flag: the "Blood-Stained Banner" (1865)</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(1865,_variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%2C_variant%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%2C_variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%2C_variant%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%2C_variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%2C_variant%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281865%2C_variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span>
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<td width="150px" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;">Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)
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<td width="150px" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: top;">Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a square canton
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<p>Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration introduced in the Confederate Senate. Rogers defended his redesign as symbolizing the primary origins of the people of the Confederacy, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Scottish</a> flag and the red bar from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">flag of France</a>, and having "as little as possible of the Yankee blue" — the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Union_Army" title="Uniforms of the Union Army">Union Army wore blue</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Confederate_States_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces">Confederates gray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Flag Act of 1865, passed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate congress</a> near the very end of the War, describes the flag in the following language:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the flag of the Confederate States shall be as follows: The width two-thirds of its length, with the union (now used as the battle flag) to be in width three-fifths of the width of the flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of the field on the side of the union twice the width of the field below it; to have the ground red and a broad blue <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> thereon, bordered with white and emblazoned with mullets or five pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the Confederate States; the field to be white, except the outer half from the union to be a red bar extending the width of the flag.<sup id="cite_ref-fotc3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotc3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Due to the timing, very few of these third national flags were actually manufactured and put into use in the field, with many Confederates never seeing the flag. Moreover, the ones made by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richmond_Clothing_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Clothing Depot">Richmond Clothing Depot</a> used the square canton of the second national flag rather than the slightly rectangular one that was specified by the law.<sup id="cite_ref-fotc3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotc3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_flags">State flags</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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</ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines gallery-items"><li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama_(1861,_obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a></i>)<br />(January 11, 1861)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama_(1861,_reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Alabama_%281861%2C_reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of Alabama (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a></i>)<br />(January 11, 1861)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:No_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/No_flag.svg/150px-No_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/No_flag.svg/225px-No_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/No_flag.svg/300px-No_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a><br /> No flag<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Florida_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/167px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/334px-Flag_of_Florida_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a><br /> (September 13, 1861)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_(1861,_red).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281861%2C_red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a><br /> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Louisiana_(February_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/157px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/235px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/313px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a><br /> (February 11, 1861)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi_(1861-1865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/241px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg/321px-Flag_of_Mississippi_%281861-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a><br /> (March 30, 1861)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Carolina_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/133px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/267px-Flag_of_North_Carolina_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a><br /> (June 22, 1861)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Carolina_(1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/152px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/228px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg/304px-Flag_of_South_Carolina_%281861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a><br /> (January 26, 1861)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_(1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/180px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/270px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg/360px-Proposed_flag_of_Tennessee_%281861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a><br /> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas_(1839%E2%80%931879).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Texas_%281839%E2%80%931879%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a><br /> (January 25, 1839)</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:185px"><div style="width:185px"><div class="thumb" style="width:180px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Virginia_(1861%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/167px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/251px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg/334px-Flag_of_Virginia_%281861%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a><br /> (April 30, 1861)</p></div></div></li> </ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_Territory">Indian Territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory in the American Civil War</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Choctaw Nation (c. 1860)[42]"><img alt="Flag of the Choctaw Nation (c. 1860)[42]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg/167px-Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg/334px-Flag_of_the_Choctaw_Brigade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw Nation</a><br /> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_for_the_Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Creek Nation (c. 1861)[citation needed]"><img alt="Flag of the Creek Nation (c. 1861)[citation needed]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_for_the_Muscogee_%28Creek%29_Nation.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_for_the_Muscogee_%28Creek%29_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_for_the_Muscogee_%28Creek%29_Nation.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_for_the_Muscogee_%28Creek%29_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_for_the_Muscogee_%28Creek%29_Nation.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_for_the_Muscogee_%28Creek%29_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Creek Nation</a><br /> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seminola_confederats.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Seminole Nation (c. 1861)[43]"><img alt="Flag of the Seminole Nation (c. 1861)[43]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seminola_confederats.svg/180px-Seminola_confederats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seminola_confederats.svg/270px-Seminola_confederats.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Seminola_confederats.svg/360px-Seminola_confederats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation</a><br /> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Braves.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Color of the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles[44]"><img alt="National Color of the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles[44]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Braves.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Braves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Braves.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Braves.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Braves.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Braves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">National Color of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1st_Cherokee_Mounted_Rifles" title="1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles">1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon200564_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon200564-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_flag">Battle flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg/220px-Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg/330px-Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg/440px-Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5405" data-file-height="6880" /></a><figcaption>Three versions of the flag of the Confederate States of America and the Confederate Battle Flag are shown on this printed poster from 1896. The "Stars and Bars" can be seen in the upper left. Standing at the center are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, surrounded by bust portraits of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander Stephens</a>, and various Confederate army officers, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A. P. Hill</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif/220px-Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif/330px-Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif/440px-Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee Confederates</a> reunion in New Orleans, 1903</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(With_White_Border).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28With_White_Border%29.svg/200px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28With_White_Border%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28With_White_Border%29.svg/300px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28With_White_Border%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28With_White_Border%29.svg/400px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28With_White_Border%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Battle Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps_Flag.svg/200px-Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps_Flag.svg/300px-Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps_Flag.svg/400px-Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Battle flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forrest%27s_Cavalry_Corps" title="Forrest's Cavalry Corps">Forrest's Cavalry Corps</a>, 1863–65.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi_Flag.svg/200px-Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi_Flag.svg/300px-Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi_Flag.svg/400px-Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The battle flag used by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_the_Trans-Mississippi" title="Army of the Trans-Mississippi">Army of the Trans-Mississippi</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Army_of_kentucky_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Army_of_kentucky_banner.svg/200px-Army_of_kentucky_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Army_of_kentucky_banner.svg/300px-Army_of_kentucky_banner.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Army_of_kentucky_banner.svg/400px-Army_of_kentucky_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Battle flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Central_Kentucky" title="Army of Central Kentucky">Army of Central Kentucky</a></div></div></div></div></div>
<p>At the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Manassas</a>, near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas, Virginia</a>, the similarity between the <a href="#First_flag">"Stars and Bars"</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">"Stars and Stripes"</a> caused confusion and military problems. Regiments carried flags to help commanders observe and assess battles in the warfare of the era. At a distance, the two national flags were hard to tell apart.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Confederate regiments carried many other flags, which added to the possibility of confusion.
</p><p>After the battle, General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a> wrote that he was "resolved then to have [our flag] changed if possible, or to adopt for my command a 'Battle flag', which would be Entirely different from any State or Federal flag".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He turned to his aide, who happened to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Porcher_Miles" title="William Porcher Miles">William Porcher Miles</a>, the former chairman of the Confederate Congress's <i>Committee on the Flag and Seal</i>. Miles described his rejected national flag design to Beauregard. Miles also told the Committee on the Flag and Seal about the general's complaints and request that the national flag be changed. The committee rejected the idea by a four-to-one vote, after which Beauregard proposed the idea of having two flags. He described the idea in a letter to his commanding General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I wrote to [Miles] that we should have 'two' flags – a 'peace' or parade flag, and a 'war' flag to be used only on the field of battle – but congress having adjourned no action will be taken on the matter – How would it do us to address the War Dept. on the subject of Regimental or badge flags made of red with two blue bars crossing each other diagonally on which shall be introduced the stars, ... We would then on the field of battle know our friends from our Enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>The flag that Miles had favored when he was chairman of the "Committee on the Flag and Seal" eventually became the battle flag and, ultimately, the Confederacy's most popular flag.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg/220px-South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg/330px-South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg/440px-South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>The South Carolina sovereignty/secession flag is said to have inspired the battle flag.</figcaption></figure>
<p>According to Museum of the Confederacy Director John Coski, Miles' design was inspired by one of the many "secessionist flags" flown at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Carolina_secession_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina secession convention">South Carolina secession convention</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> of December 1860. That flag was a blue <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a> (an upright or Latin cross) on a red field, with 15 white stars on the cross, representing the slave-holding states,<sup id="cite_ref-COSKI2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COSKI2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, on the red field, palmetto and crescent symbols. Miles received various feedback on this design, including a critique from Charles Moise, a self-described "Southerner of Jewish persuasion." Moise liked the design but asked that "... the symbol of a particular religion not be made the symbol of the nation." Taking this into account, Miles changed his flag, removing the palmetto and crescent, and substituting a heraldic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> ("X") for the upright cross. The number of stars was changed several times as well. He described these changes and his reasons for making them in early 1861. The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, because "it avoided the religious objection about the cross (from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it did not stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been placed upright thus." He also argued that the diagonal cross was "more Heraldric  [<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] than Ecclesiastical, it being the 'saltire' of Heraldry, and significant of strength and progress."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to Coski, the Saint Andrew's Cross (also used on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">flag of Scotland</a> as a white saltire on a blue field) had no special place in Southern iconography at the time. If Miles had not been eager to conciliate the Southern Jews, his flag would have used the traditional upright "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">Saint George's Cross</a>" (as used on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">flag of England</a>, a red cross on a white field). James B. Walton submitted a battle flag design essentially identical to Miles' except with an upright Saint George's cross, but Beauregard chose the diagonal cross design.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Miles' flag and all the flag designs up to that point were rectangular ("oblong") in shape. General Johnston suggested making it square to conserve material. Johnston also specified the various sizes to be used by different types of military units. Generals Beauregard and Johnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag's design at the Ratcliffe home, which served briefly as Beauregard's headquarters, near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax Court House</a> in September 1861. The 12th star represented Missouri. President Jefferson Davis arrived by train at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairfax_Station,_Virginia" title="Fairfax Station, Virginia">Fairfax Station</a> soon after and was shown the design for the new battle flag at the Ratcliffe House. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hetty_Cary" title="Hetty Cary">Hetty Cary</a> and her sister and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constance_Cary_Harrison" title="Constance Cary Harrison">cousin</a> made prototypes. One such 12-star flag resides in the collection of Richmond's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War_Museum" title="American Civil War Museum">Museum of the Confederacy</a> and the other is in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall_Museum" title="Confederate Memorial Hall Museum">Confederate Memorial Hall Museum</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.
</p><p>On November 28, 1861, Confederate soldiers in General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s newly reorganized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> received the new battle flags in ceremonies at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centreville,_Virginia" title="Centreville, Virginia">Centreville</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas, Virginia</a>, and carried them throughout the Civil War. Beauregard gave a speech encouraging the soldiers to treat the new flag with honor and that it must never be surrendered. Many soldiers wrote home about the ceremony and the impression the flag had upon them, the "fighting colors" boosting morale after the confusion at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Battle of First Manassas</a>. From then on, the battle flag grew in its identification with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> and the South in general.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag's stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Missouri</a> joined in late 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Army of Northern Virginia battle flag assumed a prominent place post-war when it was adopted as the copyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans. Its continued use by the Southern Army's post-war veteran's groups, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a> (U.C.V.) and the later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a>, (S.C.V.), and elements of the design by related similar female descendants organizations of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a>, (U.D.C.), led to the assumption that it was, as it has been termed, "the soldier's flag" or "the Confederate battle flag."
</p><p>The square "battle flag" is also properly known as "the flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>". It was sometimes called "Beauregard's flag" or "the Virginia battle flag". A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Historic_Resources" title="Virginia Department of Historic Resources">Virginia Department of Historic Resources</a> marker declaring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>, as the birthplace of the Confederate battle flag was dedicated on April 12, 2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, in Fairfax, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Army_of_Tennessee_Battle_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Tennessee_Battle_Flag.svg/220px-Army_of_Tennessee_Battle_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Tennessee_Battle_Flag.svg/330px-Army_of_Tennessee_Battle_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Army_of_Tennessee_Battle_Flag.svg/440px-Army_of_Tennessee_Battle_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Battle Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a>, Late 1863 To 1865</figcaption></figure>
<p>To boost the morale of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">General Johnston</a> introduced a new battle flag for the entire army. This flag bore a basic design similar to the one he had contributed to creating in Virginia in 1861 and had been commissioned in Mobile while he was in command in Mississippi in 1863. These flags for infantry and cavalry were to measure 37 by 54 inches. The white edging cross was about 2 inches wide and was often filled with battle honors. The stars were from 3 ½ inches to 4, and a 6 inch wide cross. Flags for artillery 30 by 41 inches overall.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://confederateflags.org/army/fotcaot/#aot">[3]</a>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_flags">Naval flags</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The fledgling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate States Navy</a> adopted and used several types of flags, banners, and pennants aboard all CSN ships: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_(flag)" title="Jack (flag)">jacks</a>, battle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensigns</a>, and small boat ensigns, as well as commissioning pennants, designating flags, and signal flags.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The first Confederate Navy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_(flag)" title="Jack (flag)">jacks</a>, in use from 1861 to 1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fifteen five-pointed white stars against a field of "medium blue." It was flown forward aboard all Confederate warships while they were anchored in port. One seven-star jack still exists today (found aboard the captured ironclad <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1861)" title="USS Atlanta (1861)">CSS <i>Atlanta</i></a>) that is actually "dark blue" in color (see illustration below, left).<sup id="cite_ref-ancestors_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestors-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangular cousin of the Confederate Army's battle flag and was in use from 1863 until 1865. It existed in a variety of dimensions and sizes, despite the CSN's detailed naval regulations. The blue color of the diagonal saltire's "Southern Cross" was much lighter than the battle flag's dark blue.<sup id="cite_ref-ancestors_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ancestors-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1057280987"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines">
</ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines gallery-items"><li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(1861%E2%80%931863).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/151px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/227px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/303px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The first Confederate Navy Jack, 1861–1863</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(March_%E2%80%93_May_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The first Confederate Navy ensign, 1861–1863</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(2-3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%282-3%29.svg/150px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%282-3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%282-3%29.svg/225px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%282-3%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%282-3%29.svg/300px-Naval_jack_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%282-3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The second Confederate Navy Jack, 1863–1865</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_(1863%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/150px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/225px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/300px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The second Confederate Navy ensign, 1863–1865</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png/214px-StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png/320px-StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png/427px-StainlessbannerCSSAtlanta.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The second Navy Ensign of the ironclad <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS Atlanta">CSS <i>Atlanta</i></a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_(9_stars).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%289_stars%29.svg/181px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%289_stars%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%289_stars%29.svg/271px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%289_stars%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%289_stars%29.svg/361px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%289_stars%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The 9-star first Naval ensign of the paddle steamer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_Curlew" title="CSS Curlew">CSS <i>Curlew</i></a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_(11_stars).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2811_stars%29.svg/181px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2811_stars%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2811_stars%29.svg/271px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2811_stars%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2811_stars%29.svg/361px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2811_stars%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The 11-star ensign of the Confederate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_(privateer)" title="Jefferson Davis (privateer)"><i>Jefferson Davis</i></a></p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_(12_stars).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2812_stars%29.svg/181px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2812_stars%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2812_stars%29.svg/271px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2812_stars%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2812_stars%29.svg/361px-Ensign_of_the_Confederate_States_%2812_stars%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>A 12-star first Confederate Navy ensign of the gunboat <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_Ellis" title="CSS Ellis">CSS <i>Ellis</i></a>, 1861–1862</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png/150px-ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png/225px-ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png/300px-ConfederateRevenueServiceEnsign11stars.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Command_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Command flag">Command flag</a> of Captain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_F._Lynch" title="William F. Lynch">William F. Lynch</a>, flown as ensign of his flagship, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_Sea_Bird" title="CSS Sea Bird">CSS <i>Seabird</i></a>, 1862</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2011-10-1_Pennant,_Personal,_CSN,_Admiral_Buchanan_(5375014875).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2011-10-1_Pennant%2C_Personal%2C_CSN%2C_Admiral_Buchanan_%285375014875%29.jpg/133px-2011-10-1_Pennant%2C_Personal%2C_CSN%2C_Admiral_Buchanan_%285375014875%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2011-10-1_Pennant%2C_Personal%2C_CSN%2C_Admiral_Buchanan_%285375014875%29.jpg/200px-2011-10-1_Pennant%2C_Personal%2C_CSN%2C_Admiral_Buchanan_%285375014875%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2011-10-1_Pennant%2C_Personal%2C_CSN%2C_Admiral_Buchanan_%285375014875%29.jpg/267px-2011-10-1_Pennant%2C_Personal%2C_CSN%2C_Admiral_Buchanan_%285375014875%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Pennant of Admiral <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Franklin Buchanan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_Tennessee_(1863)" title="CSS Tennessee (1863)">CSS <i>Tennessee</i></a>, at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Battle of Mobile Bay</a>, August 5, 1864</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Admiral_Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Admiral_Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg/150px-Admiral_Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Admiral_Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg/225px-Admiral_Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Admiral_Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg/301px-Admiral_Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Digital recreation of Admiral Buchanan's pennant</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Admiral%27s_Rank_flag_of_Franklin_Buchanan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Admiral%27s_Rank_flag_of_Franklin_Buchanan.svg/150px-Admiral%27s_Rank_flag_of_Franklin_Buchanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Admiral%27s_Rank_flag_of_Franklin_Buchanan.svg/225px-Admiral%27s_Rank_flag_of_Franklin_Buchanan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Admiral%27s_Rank_flag_of_Franklin_Buchanan.svg/301px-Admiral%27s_Rank_flag_of_Franklin_Buchanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Admiral's Rank flag of Franklin Buchanan, flown from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS <i>Virginia</i></a> during the first day of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a> and also flown from the CSS <i>Tennessee</i> during the Battle of Mobile Bay</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_Naval_Flag,_captured_when_Sherman_took_Savannah_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02988.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Confederate_Naval_Flag%2C_captured_when_Sherman_took_Savannah_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02988.JPG/199px-Confederate_Naval_Flag%2C_captured_when_Sherman_took_Savannah_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02988.JPG" decoding="async" width="199" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Confederate_Naval_Flag%2C_captured_when_Sherman_took_Savannah_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02988.JPG/299px-Confederate_Naval_Flag%2C_captured_when_Sherman_took_Savannah_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02988.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Confederate_Naval_Flag%2C_captured_when_Sherman_took_Savannah_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02988.JPG/398px-Confederate_Naval_Flag%2C_captured_when_Sherman_took_Savannah_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02988.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5193" data-file-height="2611" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Confederate naval flag, captured when General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Sherman</a> took <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Savannah</a>, Georgia, 1864</p></div></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width:215px"><div style="width:215px"><div class="thumb" style="width:210px"><div style="margin:0px auto"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Louisiana_(February_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/157px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/235px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg/313px-Flag_of_Louisiana_%28February_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2161" data-file-height="1382" /></a></span></div></div><div class="gallerytext"><p>Ensign of the Louisiana State Navy</p></div></div></li> </ul>
<p>The first national flag, also known as the <i>Stars and Bars</i> (see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the Confederate Navy's first battle ensign. It was generally made with a 2:3 aspect ratio, but a few very wide 1:2 ratio ensigns still survive today in museums and private collections. As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of white stars on the ensign's dark blue canton: seven-, nine-, eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical. Even a few fourteen- and fifteen-starred ensigns were made to include states expected to secede but never completely joined the Confederacy. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The second national flag was later adapted as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_flag#Ensigns" title="Maritime flag">naval ensign</a>, using a shorter 2:3 aspect ratio than the 1:2 ratio adopted by the Confederate Congress for the national flag. This particular battle ensign was the only example taken around the world, finally becoming the last Confederate flag lowered in the Civil War; this happened aboard the commerce raider <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CSS_Shenandoah" title="CSS Shenandoah">CSS <i>Shenandoah</i></a> in Liverpool, England, on November 7, 1865.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_flag_proposals">National flag proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236091366"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Flags of the Confederate States of America">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Hundreds of proposed national flag designs were submitted to the Confederate Congress during competitions to find a First National flag (February–May 1861) and Second National flag (April 1862; April 1863).
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_National_flag_proposals">First National flag proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>When the Confederate States of America was founded during the Montgomery <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (political meeting)">Convention</a> that took place on February 4, 1861, a national flag was not selected by the Convention due to not having any proposals. President Jefferson Davis' inauguration took place under the 1861 state flag of Alabama, and the celebratory parade was led by a unit carrying the 1861 state flag of Georgia.
</p><p>Realizing that they quickly needed a national banner to represent their sovereignty, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Provisional_Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Provisional Congress of the Confederate States">Provisional Congress of the Confederate States</a> set up the Committee on Flag and Seal. The chairman was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Porcher_Miles" title="William Porcher Miles">William Porcher Miles</a>, who was also the Representative of South Carolina in the Confederate House of Representatives.
</p><p>The Committee began a competition to find a new national flag, with an unwritten deadline being that a national flag had to be adopted by March 4, 1861, the date of President Lincoln's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">inauguration</a>. This would serve to show the world the South was truly sovereign. Hundreds of examples were submitted from across the Confederate States and from states that were not yet part of Confederacy (e.g. Kentucky), and even from Union states (such as New York). Many of the proposed designs paid homage to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Stars and Stripes</a>, due to a nostalgia in early 1861 that many of the new Confederate citizens felt towards the Union. Some of the homages were outright mimicry, while others were less obviously inspired by the Stars and Stripes, yet were still intended to pay homage to that flag.
</p><p>Those inspired by the Stars and Stripes were discounted almost immediately by the Committee due to mirroring the Union's flag too closely. While others were wildly different, many of which were very complex and extravagant, these were largely discounted due to the being too complicated and expensive to produce.
</p><p>The winner of the competition was Nicola Marschall's <a href="#First_flag:_the_"Stars_and_Bars"_(1861–1863)">"Stars and Bars" flag</a>. The "Stars and Bars" flag was only selected by the Congress of March 4, 1861, the day of the deadline. The first flag was produced in rush, due to the date having already been selected to host an official flag-raising ceremony, W. P. Miles credited the speedy completion of the first "Stars and Bars" flag to "Fair and nimble fingers". This flag, made of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merino" title="Merino">Merino</a>, was raised by Letitia Tyler over the Alabama state capitol. The Congress inspected two other finalist designs on March 4: One was a "Blue ring or circle on a field of red", while the other consisted of alternating red and blue stripes with a blue canton containing stars. These two designs were lost, and we only know of them thanks to an 1872 letter sent by William Porcher Miles to P. G. T. Beauregard.
</p><p>William Porcher Miles, however, was not really happy with any of the proposals. He did not share in the nostalgia for the Union that many of his fellows Southerners felt, believing that the South's flag should be completely different from that of the North. To this end, he proposed his own flag design featuring a blue saltire on white <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a> with a field of red. (Miles had originally planned to use a blue St. George's Cross like that of the South Carolina Sovereignty Flag, but was dissuaded from doing so.) Within the blue saltire were seven white stars, representing the current seven states of the Confederacy, two on each of the left arms, one of each of the right arms, and one in the middle.
</p><p>However, Miles' flag was not well received by the rest of the Congress. One Congressman even mocked it as looking "like a pair of Suspenders". Miles' flag lost out to the "Stars and Bars".
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand of Savannah, Georgia"><img alt="First variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand of Savannah, Georgia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_1.jpg/153px-A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_1.jpg/229px-A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_1.jpg/305px-A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">First variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand of Savannah, Georgia</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand"><img alt="Second variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_2.svg/167px-A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_2.svg/250px-A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_2.svg/334px-A._Bonand%27s_flag_proposal_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Second variant of flag proposal by A. Bonand</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposal submitted by the "Ladies of Charleston""><img alt="Flag proposal submitted by the "Ladies of Charleston"" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png/158px-Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png/237px-Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png/316px-Confederateproposalladiesofcharleston.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposal submitted by the "Ladies of Charleston"</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First variant of flag proposal by L. P. Honour of Charleston, South Carolina"><img alt="First variant of flag proposal by L. P. Honour of Charleston, South Carolina" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg/157px-ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg/236px-ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg/314px-ConfederateproposalLPHonour1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">First variant of flag proposal by L. P. Honour of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="L. P. Honour's second variant of First national flag proposal"><img alt="L. P. Honour's second variant of First national flag proposal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png/158px-ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png/237px-ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png/316px-ConfederateproposalLPHonour2.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">L. P. Honour's second variant of First national flag proposal</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Confederate First national flag proposal by John Sansom of Alabama"><img alt="Confederate First national flag proposal by John Sansom of Alabama" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg/191px-ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg/286px-ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg/381px-ConfederateproposalJohnSansom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Confederate First national flag proposal by John Sansom of Alabama</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Porcher Miles' flag proposal, ancestor flag of the Confederate Battle Flag"><img alt="William Porcher Miles' flag proposal, ancestor flag of the Confederate Battle Flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg/150px-Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg/225px-Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg/300px-Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">William Porcher Miles' flag proposal, ancestor flag of the Confederate Battle Flag</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John G. Gaines' First national flag proposal"><img alt="John G. Gaines' First national flag proposal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png/193px-Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png/290px-Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png/386px-Confederateproposaljohnggaines.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">John G. Gaines' First national flag proposal</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposal by J. M. Jennings of Lowndesboro, Alabama"><img alt="Flag proposal by J. M. Jennings of Lowndesboro, Alabama" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png/188px-ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png/282px-ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png/376px-ConfederateproposalJMJennings.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposal by J. M. Jennings of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lowndesboro,_Alabama" title="Lowndesboro, Alabama">Lowndesboro, Alabama</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Samuel White's flag proposal"><img alt="Samuel White's flag proposal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png/191px-Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png/286px-Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png/381px-Confederateproposalsamuelwhite.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Samuel White's flag proposal</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_flag_proposal_(Louisville).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposal submitted by an unknown person of Louisville, Kentucky"><img alt="Flag proposal submitted by an unknown person of Louisville, Kentucky" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Confederate_flag_proposal_%28Louisville%29.svg/167px-Confederate_flag_proposal_%28Louisville%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Confederate_flag_proposal_%28Louisville%29.svg/251px-Confederate_flag_proposal_%28Louisville%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Confederate_flag_proposal_%28Louisville%29.svg/334px-Confederate_flag_proposal_%28Louisville%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposal submitted by an unknown person of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_States_Proposed3_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of three finalist designs examined by Congress on March 4, 1861, lost out to Stars and Bars"><img alt="One of three finalist designs examined by Congress on March 4, 1861, lost out to Stars and Bars" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confederate_States_Proposed3_1861.svg/176px-Confederate_States_Proposed3_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confederate_States_Proposed3_1861.svg/264px-Confederate_States_Proposed3_1861.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confederate_States_Proposed3_1861.svg/352px-Confederate_States_Proposed3_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">One of three finalist designs examined by Congress on March 4, 1861, lost out to Stars and Bars</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_States_Proposed2_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second of three finalists in the Confederate First national flag competition"><img alt="Second of three finalists in the Confederate First national flag competition" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Confederate_States_Proposed2_1861.svg/136px-Confederate_States_Proposed2_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Confederate_States_Proposed2_1861.svg/204px-Confederate_States_Proposed2_1861.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Confederate_States_Proposed2_1861.svg/272px-Confederate_States_Proposed2_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="992" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Second of three finalists in the Confederate First national flag competition</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Confederate flag proposal by E. G. Carpenter of Cassville, Georgia"><img alt="Confederate flag proposal by E. G. Carpenter of Cassville, Georgia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png/150px-ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png/225px-ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png/300px-ConfederateproposalMrsEGCarpenter.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Confederate flag proposal by E. G. Carpenter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassville,_Georgia" title="Cassville, Georgia">Cassville, Georgia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Confederate flag proposal by Thomas H. Hobbs of Chattanooga, Tennessee"><img alt="Confederate flag proposal by Thomas H. Hobbs of Chattanooga, Tennessee" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png/150px-ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png/225px-ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png/300px-ConfederateproposalThomasHHobbs.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Confederate flag proposal by Thomas H. Hobbs of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposal by Eugene Wythe Baylor of Louisiana"><img alt="Flag proposal by Eugene Wythe Baylor of Louisiana" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png/191px-ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png/286px-ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png/381px-ConfederateproposalEugeneWytheBaylor.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposal by Eugene Wythe Baylor of Louisiana</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ConfederateproposalbyH.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposal submitted by "H" of South Carolina"><img alt="Flag proposal submitted by "H" of South Carolina" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConfederateproposalbyH.png/152px-ConfederateproposalbyH.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConfederateproposalbyH.png/228px-ConfederateproposalbyH.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConfederateproposalbyH.png/303px-ConfederateproposalbyH.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposal submitted by "H" of South Carolina</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Confederate flag proposal by Hamilton Coupes that was submitted on February 1, 1861"><img alt="A Confederate flag proposal by Hamilton Coupes that was submitted on February 1, 1861" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg/150px-Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg/225px-Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg/300px-Confederateproposalhamiltoncoupes1stfeb1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A Confederate flag proposal by Hamilton Coupes that was submitted on February 1, 1861</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederateproposalireneriddle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Confederate national flag proposal of Irene Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama"><img alt="The Confederate national flag proposal of Irene Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Confederateproposalireneriddle.png/180px-Confederateproposalireneriddle.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Confederateproposalireneriddle.png/270px-Confederateproposalireneriddle.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Confederateproposalireneriddle.png/360px-Confederateproposalireneriddle.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The Confederate national flag proposal of Irene Riddle of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eutaw,_Alabama" title="Eutaw, Alabama">Eutaw, Alabama</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="This flag proposal was the first variant submitted by William T. Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama. Riddle submitted his flag proposals to Stephen Foster Hale on February 21, 1861."><img alt="This flag proposal was the first variant submitted by William T. Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama. Riddle submitted his flag proposals to Stephen Foster Hale on February 21, 1861." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png/167px-WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png/251px-WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png/335px-WilliamTRiddleproposed1.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">This flag proposal was the first variant submitted by William T. Riddle of Eutaw, Alabama. Riddle submitted his flag proposals to Stephen Foster Hale on February 21, 1861.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_States_Proposed_1862.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposed in 1862"><img alt="Flag proposed in 1862" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Confederate_States_Proposed_1862.svg/150px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1862.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Confederate_States_Proposed_1862.svg/225px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1862.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Confederate_States_Proposed_1862.svg/300px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1862.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposed in 1862</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_States_Proposed_1863.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposed in 1863"><img alt="Flag proposed in 1863" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Confederate_States_Proposed_1863.svg/200px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1863.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Confederate_States_Proposed_1863.svg/300px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1863.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Confederate_States_Proposed_1863.svg/400px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1863.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposed in 1863</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_States_Proposed_1863_Amendment1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag proposed in 1863"><img alt="Flag proposed in 1863" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Confederate_States_Proposed_1863_Amendment1.svg/156px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1863_Amendment1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Confederate_States_Proposed_1863_Amendment1.svg/234px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1863_Amendment1.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Confederate_States_Proposed_1863_Amendment1.svg/312px-Confederate_States_Proposed_1863_Amendment1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag proposed in 1863</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Congressman Swan's Amendment to Senate Bill №132"><img alt="Congressman Swan's Amendment to Senate Bill №132" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg/167px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg/250px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg/334px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Congressman Swan's Amendment to Senate Bill №132</div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag_variants">Flag variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In addition to the Confederacy's national flags, a wide variety of flags and banners were flown by Southerners during the Civil War. Most famously, the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonnie_Blue_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Blue Flag">Bonnie Blue Flag</a>" was used as an unofficial flag during the early months of 1861. It was flying above the Confederate batteries that first opened fire on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> harbor, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> beginning the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. The "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Van_Dorn_battle_flag" title="Van Dorn battle flag">Van Dorn battle flag</a>" was also carried by Confederate troops fighting in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trans-Mississippi" title="Trans-Mississippi">Trans-Mississippi</a> and Western theaters of war. Besides, many military units had their own regimental flags they would carry into battle.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:KGC_FLAG.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Knights of the Golden Circle"><img alt="Flag of Knights of the Golden Circle" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KGC_FLAG.png/200px-KGC_FLAG.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KGC_FLAG.png/300px-KGC_FLAG.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KGC_FLAG.png/400px-KGC_FLAG.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle" title="Knights of the Golden Circle">Knights of the Golden Circle</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bonnie_Blue_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Bonnie Blue Flag"—an unofficial flag in 1861"><img alt="The "Bonnie Blue Flag"—an unofficial flag in 1861" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bonnie_Blue_flag.svg/150px-Bonnie_Blue_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bonnie_Blue_flag.svg/225px-Bonnie_Blue_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bonnie_Blue_flag.svg/300px-Bonnie_Blue_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonnie_Blue_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Blue Flag">Bonnie Blue Flag</a>"—an unofficial flag in 1861</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:The_Van_Dorn_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Van Dorn battle flag" used in the Western theaters of operation"><img alt="The "Van Dorn battle flag" used in the Western theaters of operation" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_Van_Dorn_Flag.svg/167px-The_Van_Dorn_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_Van_Dorn_Flag.svg/250px-The_Van_Dorn_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/The_Van_Dorn_Flag.svg/333px-The_Van_Dorn_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Van_Dorn_battle_flag" title="Van Dorn battle flag">Van Dorn battle flag</a>" used in the Western theaters of operation</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia or "Robert E. Lee Headquarters Flag""><img alt="Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia or "Robert E. Lee Headquarters Flag"" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> or "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> Headquarters Flag"</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Marine_Corps.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="7-star First national flag of the Confederate States Marine Corps"><img alt="7-star First national flag of the Confederate States Marine Corps" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Marine_Corps.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Marine_Corps.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Marine_Corps.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">7-star First national flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Confederate States Marine Corps</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Polk%E2%80%99s_Corps_Battle_Flag_Second_Issue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of First Corps, Army of Tennessee"><img alt="Flag of First Corps, Army of Tennessee" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Polk%E2%80%99s_Corps_Battle_Flag_Second_Issue.svg/186px-Polk%E2%80%99s_Corps_Battle_Flag_Second_Issue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Polk%E2%80%99s_Corps_Battle_Flag_Second_Issue.svg/279px-Polk%E2%80%99s_Corps_Battle_Flag_Second_Issue.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Polk%E2%80%99s_Corps_Battle_Flag_Second_Issue.svg/372px-Polk%E2%80%99s_Corps_Battle_Flag_Second_Issue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Tennessee" title="First Corps, Army of Tennessee">First Corps, Army of Tennessee</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:10th_Mississippi_flag.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Polk's Corps-style Battle Flag of the 10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment"><img alt="A Polk's Corps-style Battle Flag of the 10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/10th_Mississippi_flag.png/167px-10th_Mississippi_flag.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/10th_Mississippi_flag.png/250px-10th_Mississippi_flag.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/10th_Mississippi_flag.png/334px-10th_Mississippi_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A Polk's Corps-style Battle Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/10th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment" title="10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment">10th Mississippi Infantry Regiment</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Perote_Guards_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first battle flag of the Perote Guards (Company D, 1st Regiment Alabama Infantry). Flag officially used: September 1860 – Summer, 1861"><img alt="The first battle flag of the Perote Guards (Company D, 1st Regiment Alabama Infantry). Flag officially used: September 1860 – Summer, 1861" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Perote_Guards_flag.svg/141px-Perote_Guards_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Perote_Guards_flag.svg/212px-Perote_Guards_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Perote_Guards_flag.svg/282px-Perote_Guards_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The first battle flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perote_Guards" title="Perote Guards">Perote Guards</a> (Company D, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1st_Regiment_Alabama_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Regiment Alabama Infantry">1st Regiment Alabama Infantry</a>). Flag officially used: September 1860 – Summer, 1861</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:JP_Gillis_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George P. Gilliss flag, also known as the Biderman Flag, the only Confederate flag captured in California (Sacramento)"><img alt="George P. Gilliss flag, also known as the Biderman Flag, the only Confederate flag captured in California (Sacramento)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JP_Gillis_Flag.svg/186px-JP_Gillis_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JP_Gillis_Flag.svg/278px-JP_Gillis_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/JP_Gillis_Flag.svg/371px-JP_Gillis_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">George P. Gilliss flag, also known as the Biderman Flag, the only Confederate flag captured in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:SibleyFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Sibley Flag", Battle Flag of the Army of New Mexico, commanded by General Henry Hopkins Sibley."><img alt="The "Sibley Flag", Battle Flag of the Army of New Mexico, commanded by General Henry Hopkins Sibley." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SibleyFlag.svg/150px-SibleyFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SibleyFlag.svg/225px-SibleyFlag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SibleyFlag.svg/300px-SibleyFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The "Sibley Flag", Battle Flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_of_New_Mexico" title="Army of New Mexico">Army of New Mexico</a>, commanded by General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Hopkins_Sibley" title="Henry Hopkins Sibley">Henry Hopkins Sibley</a>.</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Revenue_Service.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ensign of the Confederate States Revenue Service, designed by H. P. Capers of South Carolina on April 10, 1861."><img alt="The ensign of the Confederate States Revenue Service, designed by H. P. Capers of South Carolina on April 10, 1861." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Revenue_Service.svg/163px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Revenue_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Revenue_Service.svg/245px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Revenue_Service.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Revenue_Service.svg/326px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_Revenue_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">The ensign of the Confederate States Revenue Service, designed by H. P. Capers of South Carolina on April 10, 1861.</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Missouri_Regiments_Army_Banner.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag flown by Confederate Missouri regiments during the Vicksburg campaign.[57]"><img alt="Flag flown by Confederate Missouri regiments during the Vicksburg campaign.[57]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Missouri_Regiments_Army_Banner.svg/167px-Missouri_Regiments_Army_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Missouri_Regiments_Army_Banner.svg/251px-Missouri_Regiments_Army_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Missouri_Regiments_Army_Banner.svg/334px-Missouri_Regiments_Army_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag flown by Confederate Missouri regiments during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker1993122_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1993122-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Garrison_flag_of_Vicksburg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag variant with 12 stars that served as the Garrison Flag of Vicksburg, Mississippi during the Vicksburg campaign."><img alt="Flag variant with 12 stars that served as the Garrison Flag of Vicksburg, Mississippi during the Vicksburg campaign." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garrison_flag_of_Vicksburg.svg/180px-Garrison_flag_of_Vicksburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garrison_flag_of_Vicksburg.svg/270px-Garrison_flag_of_Vicksburg.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garrison_flag_of_Vicksburg.svg/360px-Garrison_flag_of_Vicksburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Flag variant with 12 stars that served as the Garrison Flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a>.</div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For use of Confederate symbols in modern society and popular culture, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate battle flag</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg/220px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg/330px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg/440px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An elongated version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Tennessee, and similar to The Second Confederate Navy Jack, in use from 1863 until 1865, although with the darker blue field of the Army's battle flag, and with a more elongated aspect ratio of 3:5 instead of 2:3</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(1-1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/220px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/330px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg/440px-Battle_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A square version of the Battle Flag of the Army of Tennessee, similar to the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia, but without the white fringe.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Though never having historically represented the Confederate States of America as a country, nor having been officially recognized as one of its national flags, the Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia and its variants are now flag types commonly referred to as <i>the Confederate Flag</i>. This design has become commonly regarded by opponents of its use as a symbol of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a>, while supporters of it maintain that its modern use is as a symbol of regional cultural pride.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman2011_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman2011-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McWhorter_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McWhorter-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>It is also known as the <i>rebel flag</i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a> flag</i>, and <i>Southern cross</i> (not to be confused with another use of the term <i>Southern Cross</i>, referring to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crux" title="Crux">Crux</a>, a constellation of the southern sky used on the coats of arms and flags of various countries and sub-national entities). It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as <i>the Stars and Bars</i>, the name of the first national Confederate flag.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "rebel flag" is considered by some to be a highly divisive and polarizing symbol in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quinnipiac_University_Polling_Institute" title="Quinnipiac University Polling Institute">Quinnipiac</a> poll showed that 55% of Southerners saw the Confederate flag as a symbol of racism, with a similar percentage for Americans as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll in 2020 of more than 34,000 Americans reported that 41% viewed the flag as representing racism, and 34% viewed it as symbolizing southern heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A July 2021 Politico-Morning Consult poll of 1,996 registered voters reported that 47% viewed it as a symbol of Southern pride while 36% viewed it as a symbol of racism.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sponsor_souvenir_album_-_history_and_reunion_(1895)_(1895)_(14576050240).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing in the United Confederate Veterans 1895 Sponsor souvenir album"><img alt="Drawing in the United Confederate Veterans 1895 Sponsor souvenir album" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sponsor_souvenir_album_-_history_and_reunion_%281895%29_%281895%29_%2814576050240%29.jpg/77px-Sponsor_souvenir_album_-_history_and_reunion_%281895%29_%281895%29_%2814576050240%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sponsor_souvenir_album_-_history_and_reunion_%281895%29_%281895%29_%2814576050240%29.jpg/115px-Sponsor_souvenir_album_-_history_and_reunion_%281895%29_%281895%29_%2814576050240%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sponsor_souvenir_album_-_history_and_reunion_%281895%29_%281895%29_%2814576050240%29.jpg/154px-Sponsor_souvenir_album_-_history_and_reunion_%281895%29_%281895%29_%2814576050240%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2612" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Drawing in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a> 1895 <i>Sponsor souvenir album</i></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site_%26_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum. The Bonnie Blue Flag is on the right."><img alt="Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum. The Bonnie Blue Flag is on the right." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site_%26_Museum.JPG/120px-Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site_%26_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site_%26_Museum.JPG/180px-Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site_%26_Museum.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site_%26_Museum.JPG/240px-Jefferson_Davis_State_Historic_Site_%26_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="3351" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Jefferson Davis State Historic Site & Museum. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonnie_Blue_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Blue Flag">Bonnie Blue Flag</a> is on the right.</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Fort_McAllister,_GA,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Confederate National flag of Fort McAllister"><img alt="Confederate National flag of Fort McAllister" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Fort_McAllister%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/120px-Flag_of_Fort_McAllister%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Fort_McAllister%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/180px-Flag_of_Fort_McAllister%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Fort_McAllister%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/240px-Flag_of_Fort_McAllister%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5748" data-file-height="3664" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Confederate National flag of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_McAllister" title="Fort McAllister">Fort McAllister</a></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fort_McAllister_battle_flag,_GA,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle Flag of the Emmett Rifles"><img alt="Battle Flag of the Emmett Rifles" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_McAllister_battle_flag%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/120px-Fort_McAllister_battle_flag%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_McAllister_battle_flag%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/180px-Fort_McAllister_battle_flag%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_McAllister_battle_flag%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/240px-Fort_McAllister_battle_flag%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5569" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">Battle Flag</a> of the Emmett Rifles</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_flag_of_Fort_Jackson,_LA,_US.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Confederate National Flag captured from Fort Jackson"><img alt="Confederate National Flag captured from Fort Jackson" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Confederate_flag_of_Fort_Jackson%2C_LA%2C_US.JPG/120px-Confederate_flag_of_Fort_Jackson%2C_LA%2C_US.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Confederate_flag_of_Fort_Jackson%2C_LA%2C_US.JPG/180px-Confederate_flag_of_Fort_Jackson%2C_LA%2C_US.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Confederate_flag_of_Fort_Jackson%2C_LA%2C_US.JPG/240px-Confederate_flag_of_Fort_Jackson%2C_LA%2C_US.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="1995" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Confederate National Flag captured from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Jackson,_Louisiana" title="Fort Jackson, Louisiana">Fort Jackson</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:11th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment_battle_flag_army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle flag of the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment used at Antietam"><img alt="Battle flag of the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment used at Antietam" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/11th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment_battle_flag_army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg/120px-11th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment_battle_flag_army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/11th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment_battle_flag_army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg/180px-11th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment_battle_flag_army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/11th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment_battle_flag_army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg/240px-11th_Mississippi_Infantry_Regiment_battle_flag_army.mil-2008-09-10-145530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Battle flag of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_Civil_War_Confederate_units" title="List of Mississippi Civil War Confederate units">11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment</a> used at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Confederate_Surrender_Towel_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surrender flag of Army of Northern Virginia"><img alt="Surrender flag of Army of Northern Virginia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Confederate_Surrender_Towel_Flag.jpg/80px-Confederate_Surrender_Towel_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Confederate_Surrender_Towel_Flag.jpg/119px-Confederate_Surrender_Towel_Flag.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Confederate_Surrender_Towel_Flag.jpg/159px-Confederate_Surrender_Towel_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surrender_of_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Lee">Surrender flag of Army of Northern Virginia</a></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Alabama" title="Flag of Alabama">Flag of Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">Flag of Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Seal of the Confederate States">Seal of the Confederate States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_flag_(American_slavery)" title="Red flag (American slavery)">Red flag (American slavery)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Tappan_Thompson" title="William Tappan Thompson">William Tappan Thompson</a>, editor of Savannah's <i>Daily Morning News</i>, used a different nickname for the flag, calling it "The White Man's Flag", saying that the flag's white field symbolized the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">supremacy of the white man</a>". But it was a nickname that never gained traction with the public.<sup id="cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHPreble1872-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GHPreble1880_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHPreble1880-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StainlessBannerBirth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNApril23_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNApril23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNApril28_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNApril28-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMNMay4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMNMay4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StainlessBannerNeo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StainlessBannerNeo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whatyoushouldknow_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatyoushouldknow-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSWWood1957p44_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSWWood1957p44-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAllenp67_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAllenp67-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the officially specified proportions were 1:2, many of the flags that actually ended up being produced used a 1.5:1 aspect ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-fotc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the officially designated design specified a rectangular canton, many of the flags that ended up being produced utilized a square-shaped canton.<sup id="cite_ref-fotc3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotc3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_Stratton_Ladd" title="Catherine Stratton Ladd">Catherine Stratton Ladd</a> is said to have designed the first Confederate flag.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neither state voted to secede or ever came under full Confederate control. Nonetheless both were still represented in the Confederate Congress and had Confederate shadow governments composed of deposed former state politicians.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Neither Arkansas nor Missouri enacted legislation to adopt an official State flag" (Cannon 2005, p. 48).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On February 26, 1913, the (Arkansas) legislature made Miss Hocker's design the state's official flag."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A surviving Georgia flag in the collection of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_War_Museum" title="American Civil War Museum">Museum of the Confederacy</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> . . . places the arms on a red field" (Cannon 2005, p. 39).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Despite . . . inaction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">Tennessee legislature</a>, the flag recommended by Senator [Tazewell B.] Newman did see some limited use" (Cannon 2005, pp. 46-47).</span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-GHPreble1872-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHPreble1872_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreble1872">Preble 1872</a>, pp. 414–417</span>
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<li id="cite_note-GHPreble1880-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHPreble1880_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHPreble1880_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHPreble1880_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreble1880">Preble 1880</a>, pp. 523–525</span>
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<li id="cite_note-StainlessBannerBirth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StainlessBannerBirth_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2013">Coski 2013</a>. "A handful of contemporaries linked the new flag design to the "peculiar institution" that was at the heart of the South's economy, social system and polity: slavery. Bagby characterized the flag motif as the "Southern Cross" – the constellation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing 'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave' southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to the desire among many Southerners to expand Confederate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the Savannah, Ga., Morning News editor focused on the white field on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. "As a people, we are fighting to maintain the heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored races. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of our cause." He dubbed the new flag "the White Man's Flag," a sobriquet that never gained traction."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-SMNApril23-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMNApril23_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMNApril23_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMNApril23_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompson1863" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, William T. (April 23, 1863). "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savannah_Morning_News" title="Savannah Morning News">Daily Morning News</a>". Savannah, Georgia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daily+Morning+News&rft.date=1863-04-23&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SMNApril28-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMNApril28_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMNApril28_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMNApril28_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1863" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, William T. (April 28, 1863). "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savannah_Morning_News" title="Savannah Morning News">Daily Morning News</a>". Savannah, Georgia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daily+Morning+News&rft.date=1863-04-28&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SMNMay4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMNMay4_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMNMay4_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1863" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, William T. (May 4, 1863). "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savannah_Morning_News" title="Savannah Morning News">Daily Morning News</a>". Savannah, Georgia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Daily+Morning+News&rft.date=1863-05-04&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-StainlessBannerNeo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StainlessBannerNeo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StainlessBannerNeo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StainlessBannerNeo_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenSebesta2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">Loewen, James W.</a>; Sebesta, Edward H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213161623/http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1338"><i>The Confederate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truth about the 'Lost Cause'<span></span></i></a>. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 13. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-219-1"><bdi>978-1-60473-219-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/746462600">746462600</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1338">the original</a> on December 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Confederates even showed their preoccupation with race in their flag. Civil War buffs know that 'the Confederate flag' waved today was never the Confederate States of America's official flag. Rather, it was the battle flag of the Army of Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacy adopted three official flags. The first, sometimes called 'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account of its resemblance to that of the abolition despotism against which we are fighting,' in the words of the editor of the <i>Savannah Morning News</i>, quoted herein.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+and+Neo+Confederate+Reader%3A+The+Great+Truth+about+the+%27Lost+Cause%27&rft.place=Jackson%2C+Mississippi&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F746462600&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-219-1&rft.aulast=Loewen&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Sebesta%2C+Edward+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upress.state.ms.us%2Fbooks%2F1338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-whatyoushouldknow-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whatyoushouldknow_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whatyoushouldknow_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimKrishnakumar" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Kyle; Krishnakumar, Priya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712023515/http://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html">"What you should know about the Confederate flag's evolution"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. No. June 23, 2015. California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/visuals/graphics/la-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html">the original</a> on July 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=What+you+should+know+about+the+Confederate+flag%27s+evolution&rft.issue=June+23%2C+2015&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft.au=Krishnakumar%2C+Priya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fvisuals%2Fgraphics%2Fla-na-g-confederate-flag-history-20150623-htmlstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MSWWood1957p44-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSWWood1957p44_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSWWood1957p44_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1957" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Marie Stevens Walker (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkZVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44"><i>Stevens-Davis and allied families: a memorial volume of history, biography, and genealogy</i></a>. p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>. <q>This design was suggested by William T. Thompson, editor of the Savannah (Ga.) Morning News, who, in an editorial published April 23, 1863, stated that through this design could be attained all the...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stevens-Davis+and+allied+families%3A+a+memorial+volume+of+history%2C+biography%2C+and+genealogy&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Marie+Stevens+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkZVAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FAllenp67-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAllenp67_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAllenp67_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1996" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Frederick (May 25, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UgsxY0tm_8C&pg=PA67"><i>Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City 1946–1996</i></a>. Taylor Trade. p. 67. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6167-2"><bdi>978-1-4616-6167-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2015</span>. <q>By modern standards, the greatest flaw of the 'Stainless Banner' was its other popular nickname, bestowed by William T. Thompson, editor of the <i>Savannah Daily Morning News</i>, who called it 'the White Man's Flag' and argued that it represented 'the cause of a superior race and a higher civilization contending against ignorance, infidelity, and barbarism' – a bit of racist rhetoric that is plainly unacceptable in current public discourse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlanta+Rising%3A+The+Invention+of+an+International+City+1946%E2%80%931996&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade&rft.date=1996-05-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6167-2&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UgsxY0tm_8C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fotc-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fotc_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fotc_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209190749/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTCsbr.htm">"The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)"</a>. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+Confederate+National+Flag+%28Flags+of+the+Confederacy%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.confederateflags.org%2Fnational%2FFOTCsbr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-fotc3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fotc3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fotc3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fotc3_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130091945/http://www.confederateflags.org/national/FOTC3dnat.htm">"The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Confederacy)"</a>. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Third+Confederate+National+Flag+%28Flags+of+the+Confederacy%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.confederateflags.org%2Fnational%2FFOTC3dnat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, pp. 17–18</span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2001.05.0290:chapter=1.37">"Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 32., Confederate States' flags"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Southern+Historical+Society+Papers%2C+Volume+32.%2C+Confederate+States%27+flags.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A2001.05.0290%3Achapter%3D1.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ket-history-civilwar58/returned-flags-booklet/">"Returned Flags Booklet, 1905 | A State Divided"</a>. <i>PBS LearningMedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+LearningMedia&rft.atitle=Returned+Flags+Booklet%2C+1905+%7C+A+State+Divided&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbslearningmedia.org%2Fresource%2Fket-history-civilwar58%2Freturned-flags-booklet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/ArticlePrintable.jsp?id=h-1134">"Nicola Marschall"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Alabama. April 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The flag does resemble that of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Germanic</a> European nation of Austria, which as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> artist, Marschall would have known well.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicola+Marschall&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticlePrintable.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-hume-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1940" class="citation journal cs1">Hume, Edgar Erskine (August 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528220738/http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/german.html">"Nicola Marschall: Excerpts from "The German Artist Who Designed the Confederate Flag and Uniform"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The American-German Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/marschall/german.html">the original</a> on May 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American-German+Review&rft.atitle=Nicola+Marschall%3A+Excerpts+from+%22The+German+Artist+Who+Designed+the+Confederate+Flag+and+Uniform%22&rft.date=1940-08&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Edgar+Erskine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.state.al.us%2Fmarschall%2Fgerman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ladd, Catherine". <i>Appletons' Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1600-1889</i>. Vol. 3. Appleton & Company. pp. 584–585.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ladd%2C+Catherine&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclopedia+of+American+Biography%2C+1600-1889&rft.pages=584-585&rft.pub=Appleton+%26+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ladd, Catherine". <i>Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography</i>. Vol. III. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ladd%2C+Catherine&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Virginia+Biography&rft.pages=196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommemorative_Landscapes_of_North_Carolina.2010" class="citation web cs1">Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina. (March 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docsouth.unc.edu/commland/monument/22/">"First Confederate Flag and Its Designer O.R. Smith, Louisburg"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilson_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson Library">Wilson Library</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Confederate+Flag+and+Its+Designer+O.R.+Smith%2C+Louisburg&rft.pub=Wilson+Library%2C+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.au=Commemorative+Landscapes+of+North+Carolina.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fcommland%2Fmonument%2F22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, pp. 4–5</span>
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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, p. 8</span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Declarations_of_Causes_of_Seceding_States-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Declarations_of_Causes_of_Seceding_States_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/declarationofcauses.html">"The Declarations of Causes of Seceding States"</a>. <i>Civil War Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product that constitutes the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution and was at the point of reaching its consummation. No choice left us but submission to abolition's mandates, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. That we do not overstate the dangers to our institution, a reference to a few facts will sufficiently prove.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+Trust&rft.atitle=The+Declarations+of+Causes+of+Seceding+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwar.org%2Feducation%2Fhistory%2Fprimarysources%2Fdeclarationofcauses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Brumfield2015" class="citation news cs1">Ben Brumfield (June 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/24/us/confederate-flag-myths-facts/index.html">"Confederate battle flag: Separating the myths from facts"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Confederate+battle+flag%3A+Separating+the+myths+from+facts&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.au=Ben+Brumfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F06%2F24%2Fus%2Fconfederate-flag-myths-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.com/resources/313-flags/150182-confederate-flag-history.html#Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29">"Confederate Flag Historyvgvgyvygvyggug"</a>. <i>www.civilwar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2023-03-04 mi b cca gffcghvhjhbjkjhjhjjibiuhvjbbhfhgnvvbgfrutdghbhgddgbjhkvgjfdyvhjvrtdgfvbjbjhbkhguyfuygouguy*jihoiuguygoiuhhubuhghughugyyuydyfcffxcg gvcghbhjgtbnbkjbvhgbguiiswbchudsbjhfbdgh fdmnbfhjdnfd</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.civilwar.com&rft.atitle=Confederate+Flag+Historyvgvgyvygvyggug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwar.com%2Fresources%2F313-flags%2F150182-confederate-flag-history.html%23Second_national_flag_.28.22the_Stainless_Banner.22.29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonner, Robert E., "Flag Culture and the Consolidation of Confederate Nationalism." <i>Journal of Southern History</i>, Vol. 68, No. 2 (May 20025 ), 318–319.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gen. Beauregard suggested the flag just adopted, or else a field of blue in place of the white." -"Letter from Richmond" by the Richmond correspondent of the <i>Charleston Mercury</i>, May 5, 1863, p.1, c.1.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2013">Coski 2013</a>. "Some congressmen and newspaper editors favored making the Army of Northern Virginia battle flag (in a rectangular shape) itself the new national flag. But Beauregard and others felt the nation needed its own distinctive symbol, and so recommended that the Southern Cross be emblazoned in the corner of a white field."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2006.05.0747%3Aarticle%3D18">"Letter of Beauregard to Villere, April 24, 1863"</a>. <i>Daily Dispatch</i>. Richmond, VA. May 13, 1863.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Letter+of+Beauregard+to+Villere%2C+April+24%2C+1863&rft.date=1863-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2006.05.0747%253Aarticle%253D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2009">Coski 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA16">16</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2017" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Edward D. (August 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT149"><i>Saving the Union: My Days with Lincoln and Stanton (Annotated)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Union%3A+My+Days+with+Lincoln+and+Stanton+%28Annotated%29&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Edward+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToqACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Parker Snow, <i>Lee and His Generals</i> (1867), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtsL3C6zI0C&dq=%22lee+and+his+generals%22+%22why+change+our+battle-flag%22&pg=PA260">[1]</a> .</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinezRichardsonMcNinch-Su2000" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, J. Michael; Richardson, William D.; McNinch-Su, Ron (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERsyiUOYI4kC&pg=PA98"><i>Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South</i></a>. University Press of Florida. p. 98. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1758-7"><bdi>978-0-8130-1758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confederate+Symbols+in+the+Contemporary+South&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1758-7&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft.au=Richardson%2C+William+D.&rft.au=McNinch-Su%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERsyiUOYI4kC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Prosper Thian, <i>Documentary history of the flag and seal of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865</i>, p.79 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto00thia/page/78/mode/2up?q=beauregard">[2]</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, pp. 16–17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal of the Confederate Congress, Volume 6, p.477</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond Whig, May 5, 1863</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, p. 18</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Wright, The Language of the Civil War, p.284</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, p. 17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sos.arkansas.gov/education/arkansas-history/history-of-the-flag/story-of-the-flag">"Arkansas Secretary of State"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.arkansas.gov%2Feducation%2Farkansas-history%2Fhistory-of-the-flag%2Fstory-of-the-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmealf.com/DH/choctaw.html">"Don Healy's Native American Flags: Choctaw Nation."</a> Retrieved January 15, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealyOrenski2003" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Donald T.; Orenski, Peter J. (2003). <i>Native American flags</i>. Norman. p. 211. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-5575-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-5575-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934794160">934794160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+flags&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=211&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934794160&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-5575-3&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft.au=Orenski%2C+Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon200564-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon200564_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannon2005">Cannon 2005</a>, p. 64.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGevinson,_Alan" class="citation web cs1">Gevinson, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/19424">"The Reason Behind the 'Stars and Bars"</a>. <i>Teachinghistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teachinghistory.org&rft.atitle=The+Reason+Behind+the+%27Stars+and+Bars&rft.au=Gevinson%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachinghistory.org%2Fhistory-content%2Fask-a-historian%2F19424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-COSKI2009-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COSKI2009_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2009">Coski 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA5">5</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, p. 5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, p. 5: "describes the 15 stars and the debate on religious symbolism."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, pp. 6–8</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, p. 10</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, p. 11</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=7095">"Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag"</a>. <i>The Historical Marker Database</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Marker+Database&rft.atitle=Birthplace+of+the+Confederate+Battle+Flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fmarker.asp%3Fmarker%3D7095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/pdf_files/Notes_On_Virginia_08.FINAL.Web.pdf">37 New Historical Markers for Virginia's Roadways</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Notes on Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources. 2008. p. 71. <q>B-261: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=37+New+Historical+Markers+for+Virginia%27s+Roadways&rft.series=Notes+on+Virginia&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Virginia+Department+of+Historic+Resources&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhr.virginia.gov%2Fpdf_files%2FNotes_On_Virginia_08.FINAL.Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairfaxrifles.org/Photos-Fx_Mkr_Ded.html">"2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag"</a>. <i>FairfaxRifles.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FairfaxRifles.org&rft.atitle=2008+Virginia+Marker+Dedication%3A+Birthplace+of+the+Confederate+Battle+Flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairfaxrifles.org%2FPhotos-Fx_Mkr_Ded.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ancestors-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ancestors_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ancestors_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeser" class="citation web cs1">Loeser, Pete. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loeser.us/flags/civil.html">"American Civil War Flags"</a>. <i>Historical Flags of Our Ancestors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Flags+of+Our+Ancestors&rft.atitle=American+Civil+War+Flags&rft.aulast=Loeser&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loeser.us%2Fflags%2Fcivil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_%26_South_(US_magazine)" title="North & South (US magazine)">North & South – The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society</a>, Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April 16, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northandsouthmagazine.com/images/volume11/ind11-1.pdf">"The Stars and Bars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195019/http://www.northandsouthmagazine.com/images/volume11/ind11-1.pdf">Archived</a> July 14, 2011, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1993122-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker1993122_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker1993">Tucker 1993</a>, p. 122.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chapman2011-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chapman2011_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2011" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Roger (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&pg=PA114"><i>Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 114. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2250-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2250-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-2250-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Wars%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Issues%2C+Viewpoints%2C+and+Voices&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2250-1&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRY27FkGJAUC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/confederate-flag">"Confederate Flag"</a>. <i>Anti-Defamation League</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=Confederate+Flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Feducation%2Freferences%2Fhate-symbols%2Fconfederate-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McWhorter-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McWhorter_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2005" class="citation news cs1">McWhorter, Diane (April 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/books/review/the-confederate-battle-flag-clashing-symbols.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Confederate Battle Flag': Clashing Symbols"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Confederate+Battle+Flag%27%3A+Clashing+Symbols&rft.date=2005-04-03&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F04%2F03%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-confederate-battle-flag-clashing-symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoski2005">Coski 2005</a>, pp. 58</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2015" class="citation web cs1">Little, Becky (June 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815064537/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history/">"Why the Confederate Flag Made a 20th Century Comeback"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/06/150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history/">the original</a> on August 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Why+the+Confederate+Flag+Made+a+20th+Century+Comeback&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F06%2F150626-confederate-flag-civil-rights-movement-war-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2015" class="citation web cs1">The Associated Press (July 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2015/07/confederate_flag_removed_a_his.html">"Confederate flag removed: A history of the divisive symbol"</a>. Oregon Live.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confederate+flag+removed%3A+A+history+of+the+divisive+symbol&rft.pub=Oregon+Live&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Ftoday%2Findex.ssf%2F2015%2F07%2Fconfederate_flag_removed_a_his.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2020" class="citation news cs1">Nguyen, Tina (July 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/18/trump-confederate-flag-battle-368607">"Trump keeps fighting a Confederate flag battle many supporters have conceded"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Trump+keeps+fighting+a+Confederate+flag+battle+many+supporters+have+conceded&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2F18%2Ftrump-confederate-flag-battle-368607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimann2020" class="citation news cs1">Reimann, Nicholas (July 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicholasreimann/2020/07/15/majority-of-southerners-now-view-the-confederate-flag-as-a-racist-symbol-poll-finds/#78fc431b2c7a">"Majority Of Southerners Now View The Confederate Flag As A Racist Symbol, Poll Finds"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Majority+Of+Southerners+Now+View+The+Confederate+Flag+As+A+Racist+Symbol%2C+Poll+Finds&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.aulast=Reimann&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fnicholasreimann%2F2020%2F07%2F15%2Fmajority-of-southerners-now-view-the-confederate-flag-as-a-racist-symbol-poll-finds%2F%2378fc431b2c7a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2020" class="citation web cs1">Sanders, Linley (January 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/01/13/what-confederate-flag-means-america-today">"What the Confederate flag means in America today"</a>. <i>yougov.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2020</span>. <q>For a plurality of Americans, the Confederate flag represents racism (41%). But for about one-third of Americans (34%) – particularly adults over 65, those living in rural communities, or non-college-educated white Americans – the flag symbolizes heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yougov.com&rft.atitle=What+the+Confederate+flag+means+in+America+today&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Linley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.yougov.com%2Ftopics%2Fpolitics%2Farticles-reports%2F2020%2F01%2F13%2Fwhat-confederate-flag-means-america-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morningconsult.com/2021/07/14/confederate-statues-flag-military-bases-polling/">"American Electorate Continues to Favor Leaving Confederate Relics in Place"</a>. July 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Electorate+Continues+to+Favor+Leaving+Confederate+Relics+in+Place&rft.date=2021-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorningconsult.com%2F2021%2F07%2F14%2Fconfederate-statues-flag-military-bases-polling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorning_ConsultPolitico" class="citation web cs1">Morning Consult; Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.morningconsult.com/wp-uploads/2021/07/14051637/2107045_crosstabs_POLITICO_RVs_v1_LM.pdf">"National Tracking Poll #2107045 / July 09-12, 2021 / Crosstabulation Results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Tracking+Poll+%232107045+%2F+July+09-12%2C+2021+%2F+Crosstabulation+Results&rft.pages=176&rft.au=Morning+Consult&rft.au=Politico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.morningconsult.com%2Fwp-uploads%2F2021%2F07%2F14051637%2F2107045_crosstabs_POLITICO_RVs_v1_LM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2002" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Robert (2002). <i>Colors and Blood: Flag Passions of the Confederate South</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11949-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11949-X"><bdi>0-691-11949-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colors+and+Blood%3A+Flag+Passions+of+the+Confederate+South&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-691-11949-X&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon2005" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, Devereaux D. Jr. (2005) [1st pub. St. Luke's Press:1988]. <i>The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History</i>. Gretna: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company" title="Pelican Publishing Company">Pelican Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-565-54109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-565-54109-2"><bdi>978-1-565-54109-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flags+of+the+Confederacy%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Gretna&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-565-54109-2&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Devereaux+D.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoski2005" class="citation book cs1">Coski, John M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC"><i>The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01722-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Battle+Flag%3A+America%27s+Most+Embattled+Emblem&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01722-1&rft.aulast=Coski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs0VJTbNwfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoski2009" class="citation book cs1">Coski, John M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC"><i>The Confederate Battle Flag</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02986-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02986-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02986-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Battle+Flag&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02986-6&rft.aulast=Coski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzs0VJTbNwfAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoski2013" class="citation web cs1">Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/the-birth-of-the-stainless-banner/">"The Birth of the 'Stainless Banner'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107164729/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/13/the-birth-of-the-stainless-banner/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+%27Stainless+Banner%27&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Coski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F13%2Fthe-birth-of-the-stainless-banner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatcherScollins1993" class="citation book cs1">Katcher, Phillip; Scollins, Rick (1993). <i>Flags of the American Civil War 1: Confederate</i>. Osprey Men-At-War Series. Osprey Publishing Company. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-270-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-270-6"><bdi>1-85532-270-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+American+Civil+War+1%3A+Confederate&rft.series=Osprey+Men-At-War+Series&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85532-270-6&rft.aulast=Katcher&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Scollins%2C+Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Madaus, H. Michael. <i>Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Research Center">Flag Research Center</a>, 1986, Winchester, MA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0015-3370">0015-3370</a>. (Eighty-page, all Confederate naval flags issue of "The Flag Bulletin," magazine #115.)</li>
<li>Marcovitz, Hal. <i>The Confederate Flag, American Symbols and Their Meanings</i>. Mason Crest Publishers, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59084-035-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59084-035-6">1-59084-035-6</a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinezRichardsonMcNinch-Su2000" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, James Michael; Richardson, William Donald; McNinch-Su, Ron (2000). <i>Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South</i>. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. pp. 284–285. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1758-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1758-0"><bdi>0-8130-1758-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confederate+Symbols+in+the+Contemporary+South&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft.pages=284-285&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8130-1758-0&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=James+Michael&rft.au=Richardson%2C+William+Donald&rft.au=McNinch-Su%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreble1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Henry_Preble" title="George Henry Preble">Preble, George Henry</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog"><i>Our Flag: Origin and Progress of the Flag of the United States of America, with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Standards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations</i></a>. Albany: Joel Munsell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginan00prebgoog/page/n444">414</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/612597989">612597989</a>. <q>as a people we are fighting to.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Flag%3A+Origin+and+Progress+of+the+Flag+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+with+an+Introductory+Account+of+the+Symbols%2C+Standards%2C+Banners+and+Flags+of+Ancient+and+Modern+Nations&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Joel+Munsell&rft.date=1872&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F612597989&rft.aulast=Preble&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourflagoriginan00prebgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreble1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Henry_Preble" title="George Henry Preble">Preble, George Henry</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog"><i>History of the Flag of the United States of America: And of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals, and Arms, and Principal National Songs of the United States, with a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). Boston: A. Williams and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog/page/n582">523</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/645323981">645323981</a>. <q>William Ross Postell Flag.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Flag+of+the+United+States+of+America%3A+And+of+the+Naval+and+Yacht-Club+Signals%2C+Seals%2C+and+Arms%2C+and+Principal+National+Songs+of+the+United+States%2C+with+a+Chronicle+of+the+Symbols%2C+Standards%2C+Banners%2C+and+Flags+of+Ancient+and+Modern+Nations&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=523&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=A.+Williams+and+Company&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645323981&rft.aulast=Preble&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryflagunit00prebgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Silkenat, David. <i>Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6">978-1-4696-4972-6</a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1993" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Phillip Thomas (1993). <i>The South's Finest: The First Missouri Confederate Brigade From Pea Ridge to Vicksburg</i>. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Publishing Co. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942597-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-942597-31-1"><bdi>0-942597-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South%27s+Finest%3A+The+First+Missouri+Confederate+Brigade+From+Pea+Ridge+to+Vicksburg&rft.place=Shippensburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=White+Mane+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-942597-31-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlags+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<p>"Southern Confederacy" (Atlanta, Georgia), 5 Feb 1865, pg 2. Congressional, Richmond, 4 Feb: A bill to establish the flag of the Confederate States was adopted without opposition, and the flag was displayed in the Capitol today. The only change was a substitution of a red bar for one-half of the white field of the former flag, composing the flag's outer end.
</p>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/Confederate_Flags">Confederate Flags</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJPjWWIkakM"><span class="plainlinks">Battle Colors of Arkansas</span></a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/symbols-of-battle-civil-war-flags">Symbols of Battle: Civil War Flags</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Cultural Institute</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Alabama" title="Flag of Alabama">Alabama</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Arizona" title="Flag of Arizona">Arizona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Arkansas" title="Flag of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_California" title="Flag of California">California</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Colorado" title="Flag of Colorado">Colorado</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">Florida</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_New_Mexico" title="Flag of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_North_Carolina" title="Flag of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_North_Dakota" title="Flag of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Ohio" title="Flag of Ohio">Ohio</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Pennsylvania" title="Flag of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Rhode_Island" title="Flag of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_West_Virginia" title="Flag of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Wisconsin" title="Flag of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Wyoming" title="Flag of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Flag of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_American_Samoa" title="Flag of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Guam" title="Flag of Guam">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Flag of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Associated states
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Flag of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Palau" title="Flag of Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the United States">Tribal nations</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="Flag of the Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Hopi_Tribe" title="Flag of the Hopi Tribe">Hopi Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy" title="Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="Flag of the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states_and_territories#Unofficial_flags_of_atolls,_reefs,_and_other_islands" title="Flags of the U.S. states and territories">Unofficial flags of the USMOI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Historic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederate States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Philippines (Commonwealth)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_California#History" title="Flag of California">California (Republic)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Maine_(1901%E2%80%931909)" title="Flag of Maine (1901–1909)">Maine (1901–1909)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seal_and_flag_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Seal and flag of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Texas (Republic)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands (1950–1972)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Flag of the Green Mountain Boys">Vermont (Republic)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonnie_Blue_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Blue Flag">West Florida (Republic)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:United_States_state_flags" title="Category:United States state flags">Category</a></b></li>
<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Portal</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_flags" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Lists_of_flags" title="Template:Lists of flags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_flags" title="Template talk:Lists of flags"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_flags" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of flags"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_flags" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_flags" title="Lists of flags">Master list</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Heraldry_and_vexillology/World_Flags" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Heraldry and vexillology/World Flags">Reference list</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-African_flag" title="Pan-African flag">African derivative</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Arab_flags" title="List of Arab flags">Arab states</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Christian_symbolism" title="List of flags with Christian symbolism">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_flag" title="Civil flag">Civil flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign_state_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of sovereign state flags">Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_current_flag_adoption" title="List of sovereign states by date of current flag adoption">Date of Adoption</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state_standards" class="extiw" title="commons:Head of state standards">Heads of state</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Historical_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Historical flags">Historical flags</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_former_sovereign_states" title="List of former sovereign states">Former sovereign states</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_extinct_states" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of extinct states">Formerly independent</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags" title="Timeline of national flags">Timeline</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gallery_pages_of_Sovereign-state_flags_by_year" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gallery pages of Sovereign-state flags by year">By year</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Islamic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">State flag</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:State_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:State ensigns">State flags and ensigns</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sovereign-state_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Sovereign-state flags">Sovereign</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Special_or_fictional_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Special or fictional flags">Special and fictional</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_unrecognized_states" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of unrecognized states">Unrecognized</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_armed_forces_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of armed forces flags">Armed Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Army_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Army flags">Army and Ground Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air_force_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Air force ensigns">Air Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_aircraft_insignia" title="Military aircraft insignia">Air Forces Roundels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fin_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin flash">Air Forces Fin Flashes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Border_and_coast_guard_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Border and coast guard ensigns">Border and Coast Guard Forces</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maritime_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Maritime flags">Maritime</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ministry_of_Defense_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ministry of Defense flags">Ministry of Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">Naval ensigns</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Naval_jacks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Naval jacks">Naval Jack</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Police flags">Police Flag</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_air_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Civil air ensigns">Civil air</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_and_merchant_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Civil and merchant ensigns">Civil and Merchant Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">Civil ensign</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pilot_boat_flags_and_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pilot boat flags and ensigns">Pilot boat flags and ensigns</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yacht_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yacht ensigns">Yacht flags and ensigns</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_country_subdivisions" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of country subdivisions">Country subdivisions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/City_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:City flags">Cities</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_and_coat_of_arms_of_national_capitals" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags and coat of arms of national capitals">Capitals</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cultural_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Cultural flags">Cultural</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Dependent territory flags">Dependent territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_International_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of International Organizations">International Organizations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_micronations" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of micronations">Micronations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nations_at_the_Olympics_and_the_Paralympics" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of the Nations at the Olympics and the Paralympics">Olympics and the Paralympics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Political_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Political flags">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_national_flag_proposals" title="List of national flag proposals">Proposals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Religious_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Religious flags">Religious</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_by_design" title="List of flags by design">By design</a><br />
(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_national_flags_by_design" title="List of national flags by design">National</a>, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_by_design" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags by design">Gallery</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flag_elements" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flag elements">By elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_animals" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with animals">Animals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Astronomical flags">Astronomical</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bicolor_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Bicolor flags">Bicolor</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_bordered_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of bordered flags">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_based_on_British_ensigns" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags based on British ensigns">British ensigns</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_buildings" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with buildings">Buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_cantons" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with cantons">Canton</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_circles" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with circles">Circles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_by_color" title="List of flags by color">Color</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_by_number_of_colors" title="List of flags by number of colors">by number</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_by_color_combination" title="List of flags by color combination">by combination</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_crescents" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with crescents">Crescents</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_crosses" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with crosses">Crosses</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_with_the_Cross_of_Trier_in_heraldry" class="extiw" title="commons:List of flags with the Cross of Trier in heraldry">Cross of Trier</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Nordic Cross flags">Nordic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saints_banners" class="extiw" title="commons:Saints banners">Saints banners</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_saints%27_crosses" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with saints' crosses">Saints' crosses</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_devices" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with devices">Devices</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_diamonds" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with diamonds">Diamonds</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with flags">Flags</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Geographical_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Geographical flags">Geographical</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_headgear" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with headgear">Headgear</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_inscribed_flags" title="List of inscribed flags">Inscriptions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Arabic-language_text" title="List of flags with Arabic-language text">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_with_English-language_text" title="List of flags with English-language text">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Latin-language_text" title="List of flags with Latin-language text">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Russian-language_text" title="List of flags with Russian-language text">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_with_Spanish-language_text" title="List of flags with Spanish-language text">Spanish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_keys" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with keys">Keys</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_maps" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with maps">Maps</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_nautical_designs" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with nautical designs">Nautical</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_plants" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with plants">Plants</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with people">People</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_quartered_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of quartered flags">Quartered</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Solid_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Solid flags">Solids</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_stars" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with stars">Stars</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_trees" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with trees">Trees</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_triangles" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with triangles">Triangles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_triband_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of triband flags">Tribands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_whose_reverse_differs_from_the_obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse">Two-sided</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_with_watercraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags with watercraft">Watercraft</a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_with_weapons" class="extiw" title="commons:Gallery of flags with weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_non-quadrilateral_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-quadrilateral flags">Non-quadrilateral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proportions_of_national_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by proportions of national flags">Proportions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Africa" title="Flags of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Algerian_flags" title="List of Algerian flags">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Angolan_flags" title="List of Angolan flags">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Beninese_flags" title="List of Beninese flags">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Botswanan_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Botswanan flags (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Burkinabe_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Burkinabe flags (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Burundian_flags" title="List of Burundian flags">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cameroonian_flags" title="List of Cameroonian flags">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cape_Verdean_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Cape Verdean flags (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Central_African_Republic_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Central African Republic flags (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chadian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Chadian flags (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Comorian_flags" title="List of Comorian flags">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of flags of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_flags_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of flags of the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Djibouti_flags" title="List of Djibouti flags">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">Egypt</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">Governorates</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="List of flags of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Eritrean_flags" title="List of Eritrean flags">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Emaswati_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Emaswati flags (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ethiopian_flags" title="List of Ethiopian flags">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Gabonese_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gabonese flags">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Gambian_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gambian flags">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ghana_flags" title="List of Ghana flags">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Guinean_flags" title="List of Guinean flags">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bissau-Guinean_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Bissau-Guinean flags (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ivorian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Ivorian flags (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Kenya" title="List of flags of Kenya">Kenya</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_counties_of_Kenya" title="Flags of counties of Kenya">counties</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lesotho_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Lesotho flags (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Liberian_flags" title="List of Liberian flags">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Libyan_flags" title="List of Libyan flags">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Malagasy_flags" title="List of Malagasy flags">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Malawian_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Malawian flags">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Malian_flags" title="List of Malian flags">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mauritanian_flags" title="List of Mauritanian flags">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mauritian_flags" title="List of Mauritian flags">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Moroccan_flags" title="List of Moroccan flags">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mozambican_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Mozambican flags (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Namibian_flags" title="List of Namibian flags">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Nigerien_flags" title="List of Nigerien flags">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_flags" title="List of Nigerian flags">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Rwandan_flags" title="List of Rwandan flags">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_flags" title="List of São Toméan flags">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Senegalese_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Senegalese flags (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Seychellois_flags" title="List of Seychellois flags">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sierra_Leone_flags" title="List of Sierra Leone flags">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Somali_flags" title="List of Somali flags">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_South_African_flags" title="List of South African flags">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_South_Sudanese_flags" title="List of South Sudanese flags">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sudanese_flags" title="List of Sudanese flags">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Tanzanian_flags" title="List of Tanzanian flags">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Togolese_flags" title="List of Togolese flags">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Tunisian_flags" title="List of Tunisian flags">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ugandan_flags" title="List of Ugandan flags">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Zambian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Zambian flags (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Zimbabwean_flags" title="List of Zimbabwean flags">Zimbabwe</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Rhodesian_flags" title="List of Rhodesian flags">Rhodesia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_flags" title="List of Antarctic flags">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands">Adélie Land</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_Tierra_del_Fuego_Province,_Argentina" title="Flag of the Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina">Argentine Antarctica</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory" title="Flag of the British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Magallanes" title="Flag of Magallanes">Chilean Antarctic Territory</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Peter I Island</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Queen Maud Land</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">Ross Dependency</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Asia" title="Flags of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Afghan_flags" title="List of Afghan flags">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Armenian_flags" title="List of Armenian flags">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_flags" title="List of Azerbaijani flags">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bahraini_flags" title="List of Bahraini flags">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_flags" title="List of Bangladeshi flags">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bhutanese_flags" title="List of Bhutanese flags">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bruneian_flags" title="List of Bruneian flags">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cambodian_flags" title="List of Cambodian flags">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Chinese_flags" title="List of Chinese flags">China</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_flags" title="List of Hong Kong flags">Hong Kong</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Macanese_flags" title="List of Macanese flags">Macau</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cypriot_flags" title="List of Cypriot flags">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_East_Timorese_flags" title="List of East Timorese flags">East Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of flags of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indian_flags" title="List of Indian flags">India</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flags" title="List of Indian state flags">states</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_rank_flags" title="Indian Armed Forces rank flags">armed forces</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Iranian_flags" title="List of Iranian flags">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Israel" title="List of flags of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Japanese_flags" title="List of Japanese flags">Japan</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Japanese_prefectures" title="Flags of Japanese prefectures">prefectures</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_Japanese_municipal_flags" title="Lists of Japanese municipal flags">municipalities</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jordanian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Jordanian flags (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_flags" title="List of Kazakh flags">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Korea</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_flags" title="List of North Korean flags">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_South_Korean_flags" title="List of South Korean flags">South Korea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Kuwaiti_flags" title="List of Kuwaiti flags">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Kyrgyz_flags" title="List of Kyrgyz flags">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Laos" title="List of flags of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_flags" title="List of Lebanese flags">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_flags" title="List of Malaysian flags">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mongolian_flags" title="List of Mongolian flags">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Burmese_flags" title="List of Burmese flags">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Nepal" title="List of flags of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Omani_flags" title="List of Omani flags">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_flags" title="List of Pakistani flags">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_flags" title="List of Palestinian flags">Palestine</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of the Philippines">Philippines</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Flags of the provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_coastwise_emblem" title="Philippine coastwise emblem">coastwise emblem</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Qatari_flags" title="List of Qatari flags">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Russian_flags" title="List of Russian flags">Russia</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Flags of the federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sakha_flags" title="List of Sakha flags">Sakha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Russian_navy_flags" title="List of Russian navy flags">Russian Navy</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_flags" title="List of Saudi Arabian flags">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Singaporean_flags" title="List of Singaporean flags">Singapore</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="commons:Флаги Союза Советских Социалистических Республик">Soviet Union</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">republics</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_USSR_navy_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USSR navy flags">Soviet Navy</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_flags" title="List of Sri Lankan flags">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Syrian_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syrian flags">Syria</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_flags" title="List of Taiwanese flags">Taiwan</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tajik_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Tajik flags (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Thai_flags" title="List of Thai flags">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Turkish_flags" title="List of Turkish flags">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Turkmen_flags" title="List of Turkmen flags">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Uzbek_flags" title="List of Uzbek flags">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam" title="List of flags of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yemenite_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Yemenite flags (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Andorran_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Andorran flags">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Armenian_flags" title="List of Armenian flags">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Austrian_flags" title="List of Austrian flags">Austria</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_and_coats_of_arms_of_the_Austrian_states" title="Flags and coats of arms of the Austrian states">states</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Flags of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_flags" title="List of Azerbaijani flags">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Belarusian_flags" title="List of Belarusian flags">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Belgian_flags" title="List of Belgian flags">Belgium</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Brussels" title="List of flags of Brussels">Brussels</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of flags of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_flags" title="List of Bulgarian flags">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Croatian_flags" title="List of Croatian flags">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cypriot_flags" title="List of Cypriot flags">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Czech_flags" title="List of Czech flags">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Danish_flags" title="List of Danish flags">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Estonian_flags" title="List of Estonian flags">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Finland" title="List of flags of Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_French_flags" title="List of French flags">France</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_regions_of_France" title="Flags of the regions of France">regions</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_communal_flags_in_France" title="List of communal flags in France">communes</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Breton_flags" title="List of Breton flags">Brittany</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Corsican_flags" title="List of Corsican flags">Corsica</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="List of flags of Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Occitan_flags" title="List of Occitan flags">Occitanie</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Pays_de_la_Loire" title="List of flags of Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_colonial_flags" title="French colonial flags">French Empire</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of flags of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_German_flags" title="List of German flags">Germany</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_German_states" title="Flags of German states">states</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_district_flags_of_Germany" title="List of district flags of Germany">districts</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_German_municipal_flags" title="Lists of German municipal flags">municipalities</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_flags" title="List of Hungarian flags">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_flags" title="List of Icelandic flags">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Italy</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Italy" title="Flags of regions of Italy">regions</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_flags" title="List of Kazakh flags">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Kosovo" title="List of flags of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Latvia" title="List of flags of Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Liechtensteinian_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Liechtensteinian flags">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Lithuania" title="List of flags of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Luxembourg" title="List of flags of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Malta" title="List of flags of Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mon%C3%A9gasque_flags" title="List of Monégasque flags">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Montenegro" title="List of flags of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of flags of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_Dutch_royal_family" title="Flags of the Dutch royal family">royal standards</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flags of the provinces of the Netherlands">provinces</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of municipal flags of the Netherlands">municipalities</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_flags" title="List of Polish flags">Poland</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Polish_naval_and_maritime_flags" title="List of Polish naval and maritime flags">naval and maritime</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Polish_voivodeships" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Polish voivodeships">voivodeships</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_flags" title="List of Portuguese flags">Portugal</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_personal_standards_of_the_Kings_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of personal standards of the Kings of Portugal">personal standards</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_municipal_flags" title="List of Portuguese municipal flags">municipalities</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Russian_flags" title="List of Russian flags">Russia</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Flags of the federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sakha_flags" title="List of Sakha flags">Sakha</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Russian_navy_flags" title="List of Russian navy flags">Russian Navy</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Sammarinese_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sammarinese flags">San Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Serbian_flags" title="List of Serbian flags">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Slovak_flags" title="List of Slovak flags">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_flags" title="List of Slovenian flags">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="commons:Флаги Союза Советских Социалистических Республик">Soviet Union</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">republics</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_USSR_navy_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of USSR navy flags">Soviet Navy</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Spanish_flags" title="List of Spanish flags">Spain</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Flags of the autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_provincial_flags_of_Spain" title="List of provincial flags of Spain">provinces</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Sweden" title="List of flags of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Swiss_flags" title="List of Swiss flags">Switzerland</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_and_arms_of_cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_and_arms_of_municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Flags and arms of municipalities of Switzerland">municipalities</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Turkish_flags" title="List of Turkish flags">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_flags" title="List of Ukrainian flags">Ukraine</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_regions_of_Ukraine" title="Flags of the regions of Ukraine">oblasts</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_flags" title="List of United Kingdom flags">United Kingdom</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">England</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cornish_flags" title="List of Cornish flags">Cornwall</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_used_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of flags used in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">Scotland</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Wales</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flags of cities, towns and villages in the United Kingdom">cities, towns and villages</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">British Empire</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Papacy" title="List of flags of the Papacy">Vatican City/Holy See</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_flags" title="List of Yugoslav flags">Yugoslavia</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_North_America" title="Flags of North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Antiguan_and_Barbudan_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Antiguan and Barbudan flags">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bahamian_flags" title="List of Bahamian flags">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Barbadian_flags" title="List of Barbadian flags">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Belizean_flags" title="List of Belizean flags">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">Canada</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_lieutenant_governors_of_Canada" title="Flags of the lieutenant governors of Canada">lieutenant governors</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Costa_Rican_flags" title="List of Costa Rican flags">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Cuban_flags" title="List of Cuban flags">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Dominican_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dominican flags">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_flags" title="List of Dominican Republic flags">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Salvadoran_flags" title="List of Salvadoran flags">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grenadian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Grenadian flags (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Guatemalan_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Guatemalan flags">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Haitian_flags" title="List of Haitian flags">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Honduran_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Honduran flags (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_flags" title="List of Jamaican flags">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Mexico</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_flags_of_Mexico" title="State flags of Mexico">states</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Mexican_municipal_flags" title="List of Mexican municipal flags">municipalities</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_flags" title="List of Nicaraguan flags">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Panamanian_flags" title="List of Panamanian flags">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Kittitian_and_Nevisian_flags" title="List of Kittitian and Nevisian flags">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saint_Lucian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Saint Lucian flags (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saint_Vincentian_and_Grenadinian_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Saint Vincentian and Grenadinian flags (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_flags" title="List of Trinidadian and Tobagonian flags">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">United States</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states_and_territories" title="Flags of the U.S. states and territories">states and territories</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">ensigns</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">jacks</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">armed forces</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_flags" title="List of Puerto Rican flags">Puerto Rico</a></i></li>
<li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CSA</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_Oceania" title="Flags of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_flags" title="List of Australian flags">Australia</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_Governors_of_the_Australian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the Governors of the Australian states">state governors</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Christmas_Island" title="List of flags of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="List of flags of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Norfolk_Island" title="List of flags of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Micronesian_flags" title="List of Micronesian flags">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Fijian_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fijian flags">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_I-Kiribati_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of I-Kiribati flags (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Marshallese_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marshallese flags">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Nauruan_Flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nauruan Flags">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_flags" title="List of New Zealand flags">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Palauan_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Palauan flags">Palau</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_the_states_of_Palau" title="Flags of the states of Palau">states</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Papua_New_Guinean_flags" title="List of Papua New Guinean flags">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Samoan_flags" title="List of Samoan flags">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Solomon_Islands_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Solomon Islands flags (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tongan_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Tongan flags (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tuvaluan_flags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Tuvaluan flags (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Vanuatuan_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vanuatuan flags">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flags_of_South_America" title="Flags of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Argentine_flags" title="List of Argentine flags">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Bolivian_flags" title="List of Bolivian flags">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_flags" title="List of Brazilian flags">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Chilean_flags" title="List of Chilean flags">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Colombian_flags" title="List of Colombian flags">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Ecuadorian_flags" title="List of Ecuadorian flags">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Guyana_Flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Guyana Flags">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Paraguayan_flags" title="List of Paraguayan flags">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Peru" title="List of flags of Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Surinamese_flags" title="List of Surinamese flags">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Uruguayan_flags" title="List of Uruguayan flags">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Venezuela" title="List of flags of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Names in <i>italics</i> indicate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">non-sovereign</a> (dependent) territories, disputed states and/or former countries.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Six_flags_over_Texas&quot;" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Template:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Six_flags_over_Texas&quot;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Six_flags_over_Texas" title="Six flags over Texas">Six flags over Texas</a>"</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">French Texas</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spanish Texas</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexican Texas</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confederate States</a></li>
<li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/17px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/26px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/34px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913583#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009124400">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557117205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1728478487' |