Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|none}} {{Languages of | country = the Democratic Republic of the Congo | image = Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg | caption = Map showing the distribution of the four national languages in the Congo | official = [[French language|French]] | national = [[Kikongo ya Leta|Kituba]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]] | foreign = | indigenous = More than [[:Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|200]] | extralabel = [[Lingua franca]] | extra = [[French language|French]], [[Kituba language|Kikongo ya leta]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]] | sign = [[American Sign Language]] ([[Francophone African Sign Language]]) |keyboard =French [[AZERTY]] |keyboard image = [[File:KB France.svg|200px]] }} {{Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] country where an estimated total of 242 languages are spoken. [[Ethnologue]] lists 215 living languages.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CD Languages of Democratic Republic of the Congo], ethnologue.com</ref> The [[official language]], since the [[Belgian Congo|colonial period]], is [[French language|French]], one of the [[languages of Belgium]]. Four other languages, all of them Bantu based, have the status of [[national language]]: [[Kituba language|Kikongo-Kituba]], [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]. 51% of the total population is francophone<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf La langue française dans le monde], [[Éditions Gallimard]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]</ref> and 74% report using French as a [[lingua franca]].<ref>[https://www.target-sarl.cd/up/en/?readstu&enc=utf-8&t=159 Target study: French the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala]</ref> In 2024 there were over 12 million native French speakers, or around 12% of the population. <ref name=":0" /> When the country was a Belgian colony, it had already instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. == French == {{see also|African French}} [[File:DRC French Language with native speaker regions.png|thumb|358x358px|French Language in the DRC - Native and Official reports]] [[File:UN Day 2011 Banner (6311961650).jpg|thumb|Banner in French in [[Kinshasa]]]] [[French language|French]] is the official language of the country since its colonial period under [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] rule. Therefore, the variety of French used in the DRC has many similarities with [[Belgian French]]. French has been maintained as the official language since the time of independence because it is widely spoken in the capital of the country-Kinshasa, it belongs to none of the indigenous ethnic groups and eases communication between them as well as with the rest of the [[Francophonie]], which includes many African countries. According to a 2018 [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]] report, 42.5 million Congolese people (50.6% of the population) can read and write in French.<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf Langue française dans le monde 2015-2018], [[Éditions Gallimard]].</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |title=La langue française dans le monde 2014 |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Nathan |page=17 |date=2014 |isbn=978-2-09-882654-0 |access-date=2015-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |archive-date=2015-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the capital city [[Kinshasa]], 67% of the population can read and write French, and 68.5% can speak and understand it.<ref>{{cite book |author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |title=La langue française dans le monde 2014 |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Nathan |page=30 |date=2014 |isbn=978-2-09-882654-0 |access-date=2015-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |archive-date=2015-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently has the largest population of any country with French as its official language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-15 |title=The Countries That Speak the Most French (Besides France) |url=https://frenchly.us/the-countries-outside-of-france-that-speak-the-most-french/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Frenchly |language=en-US}}</ref> According to a 2021 survey, French was the most spoken language in the country: a total of 74% of Congolese (79% of men, and 68% of women) reported using French as a language of communication.<ref name="lingala">{{cite web | url=https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | title=Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala | date=10 July 2021 }}</ref> Additionally, French has become a native language among the middle and upper class in cities like Kinshasa and Lubumbashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=“French and the school are one” – the role of French in postcolonial Congolese education: memories of pupils |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326888188_French_and_the_school_are_one_-_the_role_of_French_in_postcolonial_Congolese_education_memories_of_pupils}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SPECIAL FEATURE: DR Congo, home to a tenth of the world’s languages |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/special-feature-dr-congo-home-tenth-worlds-languages/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo's 'lost' languages |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=ItfUK_Z7f0M&pp=ygUaRnJlbmNoIGxhbmd1YWJlIGluIHJoZSBkcmM%3D&ab_channel=africanews}}</ref> French has been reported to be spoken natively by around 12% of the DRC, with just under 12 million speakers in large cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lu |first=Marcus |date=August 31, 2024 |title=Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/mapped-top-15-countries-by-native-french-speakers/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2024 |title=French speaking countries |url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/french.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2024 |title=French speaking countries |url=https://www.worlddata.info/africa/congo-kinshasa/index.php}}</ref> == Kikongo ya leta == The [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|constitution]] says [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] is one of the national languages, but in fact it is a Kikongo-based creole, [[Kituba language|Kituba]] (''Kikongo ya Leta'' "Kikongo of the government", ''Leta'' being derived from French ''l'État'' "the State") that is used in the constitution and by the administration in the provinces of [[Bas-Congo]] (which is inhabited by the [[Bakongo]]), [[Kwango]], and [[Kwilu Province|Kwilu]]. Kituba has become a [[Lingua franca|vehicular language]] in many urban centres including [[Kikwit]], [[Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bandundu]], [[Matadi]], [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]] and [[Muanda]].<ref>Salikoko S. Mufwene, ''Kituba, Kileta, or Kikongo? What's in a name?'', University of Chicago, Dans: ''Le nom des langues III. Le nom des langues en Afrique sub-saharienne : pratiques dénominations, catégorisations. Naming Languages in Sub-Saharan Africa: Practices, Names, Categorisations (sous la direction de C. de Féral)'', Louvain-la-Neuve, Peeters, BCILL 124, 2009, {{p.|211-222}}</ref><ref>Foreign Service Institute (U.S.) and Lloyd Balderston Swift, ''Kituba; Basic Course'', Department of State, 1963, {{p.|10}}</ref><ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kikongo-Kituba |language=en|title=Kikongo-Kituba |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/1296|title=Les nouvelles provinces de la République Démocratique du Congo : construction territoriale et ethnicités|language=fr|date=2011|journal=L'Espace Politique |author=Jean-Claude Bruneau|issue=7 |doi=10.4000/espacepolitique.1296 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Lingala == {{unreferenced section|date=June 2024}} [[Lingala language|Lingala]] is a language which gained its modern form in the colonial period, with the push of missionaries to standardize and teach a local ''[[lingua franca]]''. It was originally spoken in the [[Lualaba River|upper Congo]] river area but rapidly spread to the middle Congo area and eventually became the major [[Bantu language]] in Kinshasa. Lingala was made the official language of the army under [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu]], but since the rebellions, the army has also used Swahili in the east. With the transition period and the consolidation of different armed groups into the Congolese Army, the linguistic policy has returned to its previous form and Lingala is again the official language of the Army. A 2021 survey found that Lingala was the second-most spoken language in the country, used by 59% of the population. == Swahili == [[File:Menu 02.jpg|thumb|Menu in DR Congo in Swahili and French]] [[Swahili language|Swahili]] is the most widespread ''lingua franca'' in [[East Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Development and Promotion of Extractive Industries and Mineral Value Addition|url=http://www.eac.int/treaty/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=206&Itemid=331|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021151552/http://www.eac.int/treaty/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=206&Itemid=331|archive-date=21 October 2016|access-date=20 July 2016|publisher=[[East African Community]]}}</ref> In Congo, the local dialect of [[Swahili language|Swahili]] is known as [[Congo Swahili]] and differs considerably from [[Swahili language|Standard Swahili]].<ref>{{Cite book |url= |last1=Okamura |first1=Toru |last2= Kai |first2= Masumi |title=Indigenous Language Acquisition, Maintenance, and Loss and Current Language Policies |year=2020 |publisher=IGI Global |page=58 |isbn=9781799829614}}</ref> Many variations of [[Congo Swahili]] are spoken in the country but the major one is Kingwana, sometimes called ''Copperbelt Swahili'', especially in the Katanga area. == Tshiluba == {{unreferenced section|date=June 2024}} The constitution does not specify which of the two major variations of [[Tshiluba]] is the national language. [[Luba-Kasai]] is spoken in the [[East Kasai Region]] ([[Luba people]]) and [[Luba-Lulua]] is used in the [[West Kasai Region]] among the [[Bena Lulua people]]. Luba-Kasai seems to be the language used by the administration. A related language, known as [[Luba-Katanga language|Luba-Katanga]], is spoken in [[Katanga Province]]. == Other languages == The most notable other languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are [[Mashi language|Mashi]], [[Mongo language|Mongo]], [[Lunda language|Lunda]], [[Lega language|Kilega]], [[Tetela language|Tetela]], [[Chokwe language|Chokwe]], [[Budza language|Budza]], [[Ngbandi language|Ngbandi]], [[Lendu language|Lendu]], [[Mangbetu language|Mangbetu]], [[Yombe language|Yombe]], [[Nande language|Nande]], [[Ngbaka language|Ngbaka]], [[Zande language|Zande]], [[Lugbara language|Lugbara]], [[Fuliiru language|Kifuliiru]] and [[Komo language (Bantu)|Komo]]. Considerable numbers of people in eastern Congo speak [[Kinyarwanda]]. As of 2010 the government decided to include [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as an optional language at schools as a response to Brazil's increasing influence on the continent, and of the growing and considerable Angolan and Mozambican immigrant communities.<ref name="TSF">[[TSF (radio station)|TSF]]. (July 4th). ''[https://tsf.sapo.pt/PaginaInicial/Portugal/Interior.aspx?content_id=1585824 Português adoptado como língua opcional nas escolas da RD Congo]'', accessed on July 4, 2010</ref> Among the various forms of [[slang]] spoken in the Congo, [[Indubil]] has been noted since around the 1960s<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghetto Blaster : Et la rumba congolaise rythma les indépendances|url=http://www.sebtheplayer.com/ghetto-blaster-et-la-rumba-congolaise-rythma-les-independances/|access-date=20 February 2011}}</ref> and continues to evolve today.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The spread of Indubil through DR Congo: context and modalities |author=Georges Mulumbwa Mutambwa |url=http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo |access-date=20 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719111839/http://www.vad-ev.de/2010/index.php/en/programme/zu-den-panels/panels-papers/doc_view/120-mutambwa-the-spread-of-indubil-through-dr-congo |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> == Sign languages == There are 12 deaf institutions in the country, and most teach [[French Sign Language]] or variations.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} [[American Sign Language]] is also practiced in the country. == Foreign languages == === Dutch === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}} [[Dutch language|Dutch]], one of the [[languages of Belgium]], was the historical second language of the Congo State from 1885 to 1908 and of the Belgian Congo from 1908 to 1960, and during this period its archives were bilingual French/Dutch. However, French was largely favored by the Belgian administration. A good knowledge of the French language was necessary to obtain a promotion in the colony and the Dutch-speakers were therefore more dispersed in the provinces while the French-speakers were grouped together in the cities. Yet the vast majority of Catholic missionaries, priests and nuns sent to the Congo were Flemish. Speaking different Dutch dialects, the Flemings however preferred to teach in the indigenous languages of the Congo, unlike the French speakers who did not hesitate to teach their language. In 1954, in response to the demands of the Congolese themselves, the Belgian Minister of Education Auguste Buisseret adopted the principle of providing education in French in the Congo from the following year, a concession intended above all to calm the ardor independentists. The measure is however strongly opposed by the Flemish and Catholic right which advocates the continuation of education in local languages, and supported by the French-speaking and anticlerical left. Dutch was not retained as one of the official languages in 1961, and its teaching was completely stopped in 1970. It was nevertheless still spoken by approximately 200,000 people in 1980. In February 2014, the embassy of the Kingdom of The Netherlands indicated that there were approximately 420,000 Dutch speakers of all ages in the DRC, spread throughout the territory, with very isolated groups. Dutch speakers are very scattered over the vastness of the Congolese territory. It is spoken by older people, but also by younger people, and the number of native speakers is unknown. Dutch speakers are most often perfectly bilingual French/Dutch, Dutch/Lingala, or Dutch/English. Due to its isolation from the Dutch spoken in Europe, it tends to have incorporated many French, English, or Lingala words. === English === Former president Kabila grew up and studied in Tanzania, English is used by ministers, and on certain official occasions. Moreover, English is the language most often used by the UN soldiers present in the DRC, and by a large number of Congolese refugees (often since the 1960s) who return to the country, and who previously lived in the surrounding English-speaking countries (Zambia, Tanzania, Uganda...). == References == {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite journal |last1=Yates |first1=Barbara A. |title=The Origins of Language Policy in Zaire |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=1980 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=257–279 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011332 |issn=0022-278X|jstor=160280|s2cid=153362938 }} == External links == {{Portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Languages}} * Tola Akindipe, Veronica Tshiama & Francisco Yamba, [http://tshiluba.mofeko.com/ Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba (Mofeko)] *[http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesafrique/12.htm Linguistic map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo] from Muturzikin.com * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CD Ethnologue.com: Ethnologue report for the Democratic Republic of the Congo] * [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/RepDemCongo PanAfrican L10n: Democratic Republic of Congo], languages and software localization * {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023859/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/czaire.htm Linguistic situation in RDC] * {{in lang|fr}} [http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/ New Technologies and languages of both Congos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502195949/http://info-langues-congo.1sd.org/ |date=2015-05-02 }} * {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.educ-rdc.org/ ''ONG Éveil du Congo''], NGO working in localization and translations in Congolese national languages {{Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{DRC topics}} {{Africa in topic|Languages of}} [[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo| ]]'