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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Group of islands in the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea}}
{{Distinguish|Torres Islands}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox islands
|name = Torres Strait Islands
|image = Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg
|image_caption = Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders
|image_map = TorresStraitIslandsMap.png
|map_caption = Location of the Torres Strait Islands, between [[Cape York Peninsula]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].
|coordinates={{coord|-10.579|142.220|region:AU_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|languages = [[English language|English]]; important local languages: [[Kalau Lagau Ya]], [[Meriam Mir]], [[Torres Strait Creole]]
|country=Australia
|country_capital_and_largest_city = [[Thursday Island]]
|demonym = {{nowrap|[[Torres Strait Islander]]}}
|country_admin_divisions = [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]]
|country_leader_title = Chairman<sup>a</sup><br/>{{nowrap|Chief Executive Officer<sup>a</sup>}}
|country_leader_name = Napau Pedro Stephen<br/>Leilani Bin-Juda
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = 566
|area_sq_mi =
|percent_water =
|population = 4,514<ref name=Census2016Y />
|population_as_of = 2016
|population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Torres Strait Islands''' are an [[archipelago]] of at least 274 small islands in the [[Torres Strait]], a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's [[Cape York Peninsula]] and the island of [[New Guinea]]. They span an area of {{Convert|48000|km2|abbr=on}}, but their total land area is {{Convert|566|km2|abbr=on}}.
The Islands are inhabited by the indigenous [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Lieutenant [[James Cook]] tried to claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at [[Possession Island, Queensland|Possession Island]] in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part of [[Queensland]], a constituent State of the [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]], but are administered by the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]], a [[statutory authority]] of the [[Australian federal government]]. A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to the [[Western Province (Papua New Guinea)|Western Province]] of [[Papua New Guinea]], most importantly [[Daru Island]] with the provincial capital, [[Daru]].
Only 17 of the islands are inhabited.<ref name="cca">{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Nina L. |last2=Barnes |first2=Samuel |last3=Canuto |first3=Condy |last4=Nona |first4=Francis |last5=Redmond |first5=Andrew M. |date=April 2021 |title=Climate change and infectious diseases in Australia's Torres Strait Islands |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1326020023004570#azph13073-bib-0014 |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=122–128 |doi=10.1111/1753-6405.13073 |access-date=6 October 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Torres Strait Islands' population was recorded at 4,514 in the [[2016 Australian census]], with 91.8% of these identifying as [[Torres Strait Islanders|Indigenous Torres Strait Island peoples]]. Although counted as [[Indigenous Australians]], Torres Strait Islander peoples, being predominantly [[Melanesians|Melanesian]], are ethnically and culturally different from [[Aboriginal Australians]].
== History ==
The Spanish [[Kingdom of Galicia|Explorer]] [[Luís Vaz de Torres|Luís Vaez de Torres]] sailed the [[Torres Strait]] in 1606.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estensen |first=Miriam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hPC74hbvrQC&q=Terra+Australis+Incognita%3A+The+Spanish+Quest+for+the+mysterious+Great+South+Land%2C |title=Terra Australis Incognita: The Spanish Quest for the mysterious Great South Land |date=2006-10-01 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-74176-086-6 |language=en}}</ref> Torres had joined the expedition of [[Pedro Fernandes de Queirós]], which sailed west from [[Peru]] across the Pacific Ocean, in search of [[Terra Australis]].
[[File:Canoe of Darnley Island.jpg|thumb|Trading canoe at [[Darnley Island (Queensland)|Erub (Darnley Island)]], c. 1849]]
Lieutenant [[James Cook]] first claimed British sovereignty in 1770 over the eastern part of Australia at [[Possession Island, Queensland|Possession Island]], calling it [https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cook-claims-australia New South Wales] in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third.
British administrative control did not begin until 1862 in the Torres Strait Islands, marked by the appointment of John Jardine, police magistrate at [[Rockhampton]], as Government Resident in the Torres Straits. He originally established a small settlement on [[Albany Island]], but on 1 August 1864 he settled at Somerset Island.<ref name="The story of Cape York Peninsula">{{cite journal |last=Lack |first=Clem |title=The story of Cape York Peninsula : Part II : Torres Strait saga |journal=Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland |year=1963 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=132–153 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15094896.pdf }}</ref> Although the Torres Strait Islanders had long dived for [[pearl shell]]s themselves, the international industry of pearl and [[Tectus niloticus|trochus]] shells, for using the [[mother of pearl]] as decoration, started in earnest in the 1860s. By the 1890s, the islands were supplying more than 50 per cent of the world's pearl shells.<ref name=monuments>{{cite web | title=Torres Strait Pearl Divers | website=Monument Australia | url=https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/100188-torres-strait-pearl-divers- | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Beckett | first=Jeremy | title=The Torres Strait Islanders and the pearling industry: A case of internal colonialism | journal=[[Aboriginal History]] | publisher=ANU Press | volume=1 | issue=1/2 | year=1977 | issn=0314-8769 | jstor=24045532 | pages=77–104 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24045532 | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
The [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS) mission, led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane, arrived on [[Darnley Island, Torres Strait|Erub (Darnley Island)]] on 1 July 1871. After the [[Anglican Church]] took over their mission in the 20th century, they referred to the events as "[[The Coming of the Light]]", and established an annual celebration on 1 July.<ref name="hots">{{cite web |url= http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2009 |title= History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view |author= John Burton |publisher= Torres Strait Regional Authority |access-date= 3 July 2011 }}</ref>
In 1872, the boundary of Queensland was extended to include [[Thursday Island]] and other islands in Torres Strait within 60 miles of the Queensland coast.<ref name="The story of Cape York Peninsula" />
In June 1875, a [[measles]] epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80%, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.<ref>{{cite web | last=Korff | first=Jens | title=Aboriginal timeline: Health | website=Creative Spirits | date=4 August 2021 | url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
In 1879, Queensland [[Annexation|annexed]] the other Torres Strait Islands. They were classified as part of the British [[colony of Queensland]] and, after 1901, of the Australian state of Queensland. But some of them lie just off the coast of New Guinea.
In 1885, John Douglas was appointed as Government Resident Magistrate residing on Thursday Island. He made periodic tours of all the islands and was known to all the natives. He established the system under which the hereditary native chief of each island was installed as chief magistrate, supporting the local traditional system. He also established Native Police, but the only island on which the Native Police were armed was [[Saibai Island|Saibai]]. There they were provided with [[Snider–Enfield|Snider carbines]] to repel the attacks of the [[Marind-anim]] (formerly known as Tugeri), the headhunters who raided the islands from their territory on the New Guinea coast.<ref name="The story of Cape York Peninsula" />
In 1898–1899, the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition led by [[Alfred Cort Haddon]] visited the Torres Strait Islands. Among its members was [[W. H. R. Rivers]], who later gained notability for his work in psychology and treating officers in the Great War.<ref>''The Recordings of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits'', National Film and Sound Archive: at [http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/sound/sounds-australia/ Sounds of Australia registry]</ref> They collected and took about 2000 cultural artefacts, ostensibly to save them from destruction by missionaries. But all of the artefacts collected by Samuel Macfarlane were sold in London, mostly to European museums.<ref name=artnetwork/>
===20th century to present===
In 1904, the peoples of the Torres Strait Islands were made subject to the ''[[Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897]]'',<ref>[http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=54 Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209110717/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=54 |date=9 December 2007 }}. Documenting Democracy. 24 May 2011. Retrieved on 3 July 2011.</ref> which gave [[wikt:draconian#Adjective|draconian]] powers to the Queensland government in placing legal restrictions on natives and on their land use.<ref name=artnetwork/>
In 1899, John Douglas had initiated a process of electing island councils, intended to loosen the power of missionaries in the islands. They had become powerful by default because the government did not have resources to administer the territory. In the Western islands, where the traditional lifestyle was semi-[[nomad]]ic, the council system continued to thrive.<ref name=artnetwork/>
During [[World War II]], many Torres Strait Islander people served in the [[Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion]] of the [[Australian Army]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
From 1960 to 1973, [[Margaret Lawrie]] captured some of the Torres Strait Islander people's culture by recording their recounting of local myths and legends. Her anthropological work, stored at the [[State Library of Queensland]], has recently been recognised and registered with the Australian UNESCO [[Memory of the World Programme]].<ref name=artnetwork/>
The proximity of the islands to [[Papua New Guinea]] became an issue when the territory started moving to gain [[independence]] from Australia, which it gained in 1975. The Papua New Guinea government objected to the position of the border close to the New Guinean mainland, and the subsequent complete control that Australia exercised over the waters of the strait. The Torres Strait Islanders opposed being separated from Australia and insisted on no change to the border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfsa.gov.au/digitallearning/mabo/info/border.htm |title=The Border Problem |publisher=National Film and Sound Archive |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> The Australian Federal government wished to cede the northern islands to appease Papua New Guinea, but were opposed by the Queensland government and [[Premier of Queensland|Queensland Premier]] Sir [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-15/wordsworth-patrolling-the-short-hop-from-png-to-australia/4886290 |title=Patrolling the short hop from PNG to Australia |author=Matt Wordsworth |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>
An agreement was struck in 1978 whereby the islands and their inhabitants remained Australian, but the [[maritime boundary]] between Australia and Papua New Guinea was defined as running through the centre of the strait. In practice the two countries co-operate closely in the management of the strait's resources.<ref>For a detailed map see {{cite web|url= http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3747.pdf|title= Australia's Maritime Zones in the Torres Strait|publisher= Australian Government – Geoscience Australia|access-date= 2008-04-13|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080627114831/http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3747.pdf|archive-date= 27 June 2008}},<br /> for the agreement see {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/AUS-PNG1978TS.PDF|title= Treaty between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning sovereignty and maritime boundaries in the area between the two countries, including the area known as Torres Strait, and related matters, 18 December 1978|publisher= [[United Nations]]|access-date= 2008-04-13}}</ref>
In 1982, [[Eddie Mabo]] and four other Torres Strait Islander people from Mer (Murray Island) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land ownership. Because Mabo was the first-named plaintiff, it became known as the [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo Case]]. In 1992, after ten years of hearings before the [[Queensland Supreme Court]] and the [[High Court of Australia]], the latter court found that the Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by Queensland.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200706/s1941005.htm|title= Indigenous people still battle for land rights: activist|access-date= 3 July 2011|date= 3 June 2007|work= ABC News Online|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> This ruling overturned the long-established [[legal doctrine]] of ''[[terra nullius]]'' ("no-one's land"), which held that [[Native title in Australia|native title]] over Crown land in Australia had been extinguished at the time of annexation. The ruling thus has had far-reaching significance for the land claims of both Torres Strait Islanders and [[Australian Aboriginal]] people. Its effects are still being felt in the 21st century, as indigenous communities establish claims to their traditional lands under the [https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00054 Native Title Act of 1993].
On 1 July 1994, the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]] (TSRA) was created.<!-- Describe its authority and make-up --> In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, or [[Torres Strait Island Region]], created by the [[Queensland Government]] in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local governments throughout the State.<ref name=artnetwork>{{cite web|url=https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ |website=Australian Art Network|title= Torres Strait Islands|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> It is administered from [[Thursday Island]], but Thursday, [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]], [[Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)|Prince of Wales Island]] and many others are under the [[Shire of Torres]] council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/Nov/Senate%20Inquiry%20into%20Torres%20Strait/Attachments/Queensland%20Government%20submission.pdf|date=16 November 2009|title=Submission by the Queensland Government to the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Torres Strait Region|access-date=8 January 2020 }}</ref>
In the {{CensusAU|2016}}, the population of the Torres Strait Islands was 4,514, of whom 4,144 (91.8%) were [[Torres Strait Islanders]].<ref name="Census2016Y">{{Census 2016 AUS|id=315011402|name=Torres Strait Islands|accessdate=3 April 2018|quick=on}}</ref> These inhabitants live on only 14 of the 274 islands.<ref name="mts">{{Cite news |author=Suellen Hinde |date=31 January 2011 |title=Monster tides smother Torres Strait islands |newspaper=The Sunday Mail |publisher=News Queensland |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/monster-tides-smother-torres-strait-islands/story-e6freoof-1225825028712 |access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref> For comparison, people identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent living in the whole of Australia numbered 32,345, while those of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal descent numbered a further 26,767.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12 |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistices}}</ref>
== Geography ==
[[File:Torres Strait Islands map.svg|thumb|300px|Torres Strait Islands]]
The islands span an area of some {{Convert|48000|km2|abbr=on}}. The strait from Cape York to New Guinea has a width of approximately {{convert|150|km|mi}} at its narrowest point; the islands lie scattered in between, extending some {{Convert|200|to|300|km}} from furthest east to furthest west. The total land area of the islands comprises {{Convert|566|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="soilsanra">{{cite web |url= http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/erosion/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands-ln.html |title= Soils – Torres Strait Islands |date= 6 May 2009 |work= Australian Natural Resources Atlas |publisher= Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities |access-date= 4 July 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110602145521/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/erosion/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands-ln.html |archive-date= 2 June 2011}}</ref> {{Convert|21784|ha}} of land are used for agricultural purposes.<ref name="econanra">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/economics/costs-returns/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands.html
|title = Economics – Torres Strait Islands
|date = 6 November 2007
|work = Australian Natural Resources Atlas
|publisher = Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
|access-date = 4 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110602125032/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/economics/costs-returns/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands.html
|archive-date = 2 June 2011}}
</ref>
The [[Torres Strait]] itself was previously part of a [[land bridge]] known as the Arafura Plain which connected the present-day Australian continent with New Guinea (in a single landmass called [[Sahul continent|Sahul]], [[Meganesia]], [[Australia-New Guinea]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=J. |editor1=J. Golson |editor2=R. Jones |title=Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia |year=1977 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=0-12-051250-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sundasahulprehis0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first=W. |last=Filewood |title=The Torres connection: Zoogeography of New Guinea |book-title=Vertebrate zoogeography in Australasia |pages=1124–1125 |publisher=Hesperian Press | location=Carlisle, W.A. |year=1984 |isbn=0-85905-036-X }}</ref> This land bridge was most recently submerged by [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] at the end of the [[last glacial period|last ice-age glaciation]] approximately 12,000 years ago, forming the Strait which now connects the [[Arafura Sea|Arafura]] and [[Coral Sea|Coral]] seas. Many of the western Torres Strait Islands are the remaining peaks of this land bridge which were not completely submerged when the ocean levels rose.
The islands and their surrounding waters and reefs provide a highly diverse set of land and marine [[ecosystem]]s, with niches for many rare or unique species. [[Saltwater crocodile]]s inhabit the islands along with neighbouring areas of [[Queensland]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. Marine animals of the islands include [[dugong]]s (an [[endangered species]] of [[Sirenia|sea mammal]] widely found throughout the Indian Ocean and tropical Western Pacific, including Papua-New Guinean and Australian waters), as well as [[green sea turtle|green]], [[Olive ridley sea turtle|ridley]], [[hawksbill turtle|hawksbill]] and [[flatback turtle|flatback]] sea turtles.
The Torres Strait Islands may be grouped{{by whom|date=June 2016}} into five distinct clusters, which exhibit differences of [[geology]] and formation as well as location. The Torres Strait provides a habitat for [[Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)|numerous birds]], including the [[Torresian imperial-pigeon]], which is seen{{by whom|date=June 2016}} as the iconic national emblem to the islanders.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}
These islands are also a distinct physiographic section of the larger [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York Platform]] [[physiographic province|province]], which in turn is part of the larger [[Great Dividing Range|East Australian Cordillera]] [[physiographic division]].
=== Top Western islands (Gudaw Maluligal Nation) ===
The islands in this cluster lie very close to the southwestern coastline of New Guinea (the closest is less than {{convert|4|km|mi}} offshore). [[Saibai Island|Saibai]] (one of the largest of the Torres Strait Islands) and [[Boigu Island|Boigu]] (one of the [[Talbot Islands]]) are low-lying islands which were formed by deposition of [[alluvium|sediments]] and mud from New Guinean rivers into the Strait accumulating on decayed coral platforms. Vegetation on these islands mainly consists of [[mangrove]] swamps, and they are prone to flooding.
The other main island in this group, [[Dauan Island, Queensland|Dauan]] (Mt Cornwallis), is a smaller island with steep hills, composed largely of [[granite]]. This island actually represents the northernmost extent of the [[Great Dividing Range]], the extensive series of [[mountain range]]s which runs along almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia. This peak became an island as the ocean levels rose at the end of the last ice age.
The isolated and uninhabited [[Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area|Deliverance Island]] is {{convert|67|km|mi}} west of Boigu, the nearest of the Top Western islands.
{{See also|Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)}}
=== Near Western islands (Maluligal Nation) ===
The islands in this cluster lie south of the Strait's midway point, and are also largely high granite hills with mounds of [[basalt]]ic outcrops, formed from old peaks of the now submerged land bridge. [[Moa Island, Torres Strait|Moa]] (Banks Island) is the second-largest in the Torres Strait, and [[Badu Island, Torres Strait|Badu]] (Mulgrave Island) is slightly smaller and fringed with extensive mangrove swamps. Other smaller islands include [[Mabuiag Island|Mabuiag]], Pulu and further to the east Naghir (correct form '''Nagi''', aka Mount Ernest Island). Culturally this was the most complex part of Torres Strait, containing three of the four groupings/dialects of the Western-central Islanders, Nagi being culturally/linguistically a Central Island (Kulkalaig territory, specifically part of Waraber tribal waters), Moa is part of the Muwalaig-Italaig-Kaiwalaig [Kauraraig/Kaurareg] tribal areas, with two groups, the Italaig of the south, and the Muwalaig of the north. Many Kauraraig also live there, having been forcibly moved there in 1922–1923. Badu and Mabuiag are the '''Maluigal''' ''Deep Sea People''.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
=== Inner islands (Kaiwalagal Kawrareg Aboriginal Nation) ===
[[File:Thursday Island, Torres Strait.jpg|thumb|250px|The township of Thursday Island]]
These islands, also known as the Thursday Island group, lie closest to Cape York Peninsula, and their [[topography]] and geological history is very similar. [[Prince of Wales Island, Torres Strait|Muralag (Prince of Wales Island)]] is the largest of the Strait's islands, and forms the centre of this closely grouped cluster. The much smaller Waiben [[Thursday Island]] is the region's administrative centre and most heavily populated. Several of these islands have permanent freshwater springs, and some were also mined for [[gold]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Because of their proximity to the Australian mainland, they have also been centres of [[pearl hunting|pearling]] and [[fishing]] industries. Nurupai [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]] holds the region's airport, and as a result is something of an [[entrepôt]] with inhabitants drawn from many other communities. [[Hammond Island, Queensland|Kiriri]] (Hammond Island) is the other permanently settled island of this group; Tuined (Possession Island) is noted for [[James Cook|Lt. James Cook's]] landing there in 1770. Moa in the Near Western group is culturally and linguistically speaking part of this group.
=== Central islands (Kulkalgal Nation) ===
This cluster is more widely distributed in the middle of Torres Strait, consisting of many small sandy [[cay]]s surrounded by [[coral reef]]s, similar to those found in the nearby [[Great Barrier Reef]]. The more northerly islands in this group however, such as [[Gabba Island|Gerbar]] (Two Brothers) and [[Iama Island|Iama (Yam Island)]], are high basaltic outcrops, not cays. Nagi is a culturo-linguistic part of this group, and also has high basaltic outcropping. The low-lying inhabited coral cays, such as [[Poruma Island|Poruma (Coconut Island)]], [[Warraber Island]] and [[Masig Island|Masig (Yorke Island)]] are mostly less than {{convert|2|to(-)|3|km|mi|abbr=off}} long, and no wider than {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Several have had problems with [[saltwater intrusion]].
=== Eastern islands (Kemer Kemer Meriam Nation) ===
The islands of this group (principally [[Murray Island, Queensland|Mer (Murray Island)]], Dauar and Waier, with [[Darnley Island (Queensland)|Erub Island]] and [[Stephens Island (Torres Strait)|Stephen Island (Ugar)]] further north) are formed differently from the rest. They are [[volcano|volcanic]] in origin, the peaks of volcanoes which were active in [[Pleistocene]] times. Consequently, their hillsides have rich and fertile red volcanic soils, and are thickly vegetated. The easternmost of these are less than {{convert|20|km|mi}} from the northern extension of the Great Barrier Reef.
==Symbolism of the flag design==
{{Main|Torres Strait Islander flag}}
The national flag features a white Dhari (headdress) and, underneath, a white five-pointed star, symbolising "peace, the five major island groups and the navigational importance of stars to the seafaring people of the Torres Strait". The five points of the star on the flag represent the following regions (which do not match administrative regions):<ref name=flag>{{cite web|url =http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/torres-strait-flag |website=Torres Strait Regional Authority|title=Torres Strait Flag|date=10 March 2017|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
* Northern Division (Boigu, Dauan, Saibai)
* Eastern Islands (Erub, Mer, Ugar)
* Western Division (St. Pauls, Kubin, Badu, Mabuiag)
* Central Division (Masig, Poruma, Warraber, Iama)
* Southern Division (Thursday, Horn, Prince of Wales and Hammond Islands, NPA and Mainland Australia)
A celebration known as Flag Day takes place on 29 May each year, the anniversary of the day the flag was officially presented to the people of the Torres Strait.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mounter | first=Brendan | website=ABC News | title=Torres Strait Islanders fly the flag for cultural identity on banner day for community | date=29 May 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-29/torres-strait-islands-flag-day-thursday-island-2021/100176336| access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
== Administration ==
[[File:Hammond-island-torres-strait.JPG|thumb|250px|Hammond Island, Torres Strait]]
===Regional Authority===
{{Main|Torres Strait Regional Authority}}
The [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]] (TSRA), an Australian Commonwealth statutory authority created in 1994, exercises governance over the islands. The TSRA has an elected board comprising 20 representatives from the [[Torres Strait Islander]] and [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] communities resident in the Torres Strait region.
One representative per established local community wins election to the board under the ''Queensland Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984'' and Division 5 of the ''ATSIC Act 1989''. The TSRA itself falls under the portfolio responsibilities of the [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] (previously under the [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]). [[Thursday Island]] functions as the administrative centre of the islands.
The TSRA now represents the local communities at both Commonwealth and [[States of Australia|State]] levels; previously, State representation operated via a Queensland statutory authority called the Island Coordinating Council (ICC). The [[Torres Strait Island Region]] local government area superseded the ICC in March 2008.
In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, or [[Torres Strait Island Region]], created by the [[Queensland Government]] in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local Governments throughout the State.<ref name=artnetwork/> It is administered from [[Thursday Island]], but Thursday, [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]], [[Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)|Prince of Wales Island]] and many others are under the [[Shire of Torres]] council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/Nov/Senate%20Inquiry%20into%20Torres%20Strait/Attachments/Queensland%20Government%20submission.pdf|date=16 November 2009|title=Submission by the Queensland Government to the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Torres Strait Region|access-date=8 January 2020 }}</ref>
===Local (shire) level government===
At the local level, there are two authorities. One is the [[Shire of Torres]], which governs several islands and portions of Cape York Peninsula and operates as a Queensland [[Local government in Australia|local government area]].
The other is the [[Torres Strait Island Region]], created in 2008, which embodies 15 former island councils. These former councils had been previously relinquished by the [[Government of Queensland]] to specific Islander and Aboriginal Councils under the provisions of the ''Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984'' and the ''Community Services (Aboriginal) Act 1984''), consisting of:
{{div col}}
* Badu Island Council
* Bamaga Island Council
* Boigu Island Council
* Dauan Island Council
* Erub Island Council
* Hammond Island Council
* Iama Island Council
* Kubin Island Council
* Mabuiag Island Council
* Mer Island Council
* Poruma Island Council
* Saibai Island Council
* Seisia Island Council
* St Pauls Island Council
* St Patrick Island council
* Ugar Island Council
* Warraber Island Council
* Yorke Island Council
{{div col end}}
== Localities ==
This shows the localities of the Torres Strait Islands in alphabetical order.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Locality
!Type
!Population
(2016 Census)
!Population Density
km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Badu Island]]
|Locality
|813
|8.50/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Boigu Island (Queensland)|Boigu Island]]
|Town
|271
|3.0/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Coconut Island (Queensland)|Coconut Island]]
|Town
|167
| -
|-
|[[Darnley Island (Queensland)|Darnley Island]]
|Town
|328
|57.5/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Dauan Island]]
|Town
|191
|56.2/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[List of Torres Strait Islands|Friday Island]]
|Locality
|20
| -
|-
|[[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]]
|Town
|531
| 10/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Keriri Island, Queensland|Keriri Island]]
|Locality
|268
|16.96/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Mabuiag Island]]
|Town
|210
|33.3/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Masig Island, Queensland|Masig Island]]
|Locality
|270
|180/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Moa Island (Queensland)|Moa Island]]
|Locality
|448
|2.632/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Murray Island, Queensland|Murray Island]]
|Town
|453
| -
|-
|[[List of Torres Strait Islands|Packe Island]]
|Locality
|10
| -
|-
|[[Prince Of Wales, Queensland|Prince of Wales]]
|Locality
|109
|0.2128/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Saibai Island]]
|Town
|465
|4.3/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Stephen Island (Torres Strait)|Stephen Island]]
|Locality
|72
| -
|-
|[[Thursday Island]]
|Town
|2,938
|839/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Warraber Islet, Queensland|Warraber Islet]]
|Locality
|245
|350/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Yam Island]]
|Locality
|319
|168/km<sup>2</sup>
|}
==Independence movement==
Politicians who have declared support for independence, include [[Bob Katter]] and former Queensland Premier [[Anna Bligh]], who in August 2011 wrote to [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[Julia Gillard]] in support of Torres Strait Islands independence from [[Australia]]; Prime Minister Gillard said in October 2011 "her government will respectfully consider the Torres Strait's request for self-government". Other figures who have supported independence include Australian Indigenous rights campaigner [[Eddie Mabo]].<ref>Sarah Elks (15 October 2011). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/for-mabos-sake-let-my-island-home-go-torres-strait-elder-george-mye/story-fn9hm1pm-1226167158932 For Mabo's sake, let my island home go: Torres Strait elder George Mye]. ''The Australian''. News Limited. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</ref><ref>Larine Statham (17 October 2011). [http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/progress-for-torres-strait-independence/story-fn6ck2c6-1226168521353 Progress for Torres Strait independence]. ''Courier Mail''. Queensland Newspapers. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</ref><ref>(5 August 2009). [http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/mp-supports-torres-strait-independence/story-e6frfku0-1225758260046 MP supports Torres Strait independence]. news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</ref>
==Languages==
[[File:Torres Strait Islander Languages used at home.jpg|thumb|Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset “2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Torres Strait Islanders|Torres Strait Island languages}}
Torres Strait Islander peoples, the indigenous peoples of the islands, are predominantly Melanesians, culturally most akin to the coastal peoples of [[Papua New Guinea]]. Thus, they are regarded as being distinct from Aboriginal peoples of Australia and are generally referred to separately, despite ongoing historical trade and inter-marriage with mainland Aboriginal people. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland, [[Bamaga, Queensland|Bamaga]] and [[Seisia, Queensland|Seisia]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
According to the Torres Strait Treaty, residents of Papua New Guinea are permitted to visit the Torres Strait Islands for traditional purposes.<ref name="atoswr">{{Cite news |url=http://www.torresnews.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1764:access-to-outer-islands-water-restricted&catid=3:news |title=Access to Outer Islands' water restricted |access-date=3 July 2011 |date=17 June 2011 |work=Torres News Online }}</ref>
There are three languages spoken on the islands. The two indigenous languages are the [[Western-Central Torres Strait Language]] (called by various names, including Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Kalaw Kawaw Ya, Kulkalgau Ya and Kaiwaligau Ya), and the Eastern Torres Language [[Meriam Mir]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
[[Yumplatok]] (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporary [[Torres Strait Island languages|Torres Strait Island language]] spoken in the [[Torres Strait]]. The contact with missionaries, traders and other English speakers since the 19th century led to the development of a [[pidgin language]]. It developed more fully as a [[creole language]], with its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of [[Standard Australian English]] and traditional indigenous languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the [[Australian mainland]], including in the [[Northern Peninsula Area Region]] and coastal communities such as [[Cairns]], [[Townsville]], [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], [[Rockhampton]] and [[Brisbane]].<ref>{{Cite SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/173?embed=true|title=Yupanguthi|website=Queensland’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages map|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
==Climate change==
<!---Torres Strait 8 redirects here--->
The Torres Strait Islands are threatened by rising sea levels, especially those islands which do not rise more than {{convert|1|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].<ref name="rst">{{Cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/features/rising-seas-threaten-isles/story-e6freowx-1111114089466 |title=Rising seas threat to Torres Strait islands |author=Peter Michael |access-date=3 July 2011 |date=2 August 2007 |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |publisher=News Queensland }}</ref> [[Storm surge]]s and high tides pose the greatest danger. Other developing problems include erosion, property damage, drinking water contamination and the unearthing of the dead. As of June 2010, there were no relocation strategies in place for Torres Strait Islanders.<ref name="ccbw">{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2010/06/28//2939097.htm |title=Climate change: not all black and white |author=Sofia Levin |access-date=3 July 2011 |date=28 June 2010 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> By 2021, at least one freshwater well had turned to salt water.<ref name=park2021/>
In early 2020, it was reported that [[Sue Islet|Warraber]] is particularly threatened by rising sea levels, and coastal defences have been built on many of the beaches on the island. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) has predicted that by 2100, tides will rise {{cvt|30.|–|110.|cm}}, depending on the timing and level of cuts to [[carbon emissions]]. Several of the smaller islands in the group are also under threat.<ref>{{cite web|website =[[The Guardian]] |title ='It's our right to be here': the Torres Strait Islanders fighting to save their homes from a rising sea|url =https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/mar/01/its-our-right-to-be-here-the-torres-strait-islanders-fighting-to-save-their-homes-from-a-rising-sea|date =1 March 2020 |access-date =1 March 2020|first=Jack |last =Banister }}</ref> Construction of [[sea wall]]s has begun on [[Boigu Island]], and [[Masig Island]] is next in line.<ref name=park2021>{{cite web | last=Park | first=Andy | title=For these Torres Strait Islanders, climate change is already here - and they're urging the government to do more | website=ABC News| publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=18 April 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-19/torres-strait-islanders-climate-change-impacts-uninhabitable/100069596 | access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
===Torres Strait 8===
A group of eight people from the small, low-lying islands of Boigu, Poruma, Warraber and Masig,<ref name="Faa 2022"/> who became known as the '''Torres Strait 8''', lodged a complaint against the [[Australian Government]] with the [[UN Human Rights Committee]] in May 2019, based on the claim that their [[human rights]] were being violated by the government's lack of efforts to protect the people of the Strait from the effects of climate change. Their complaint has been supported by the current and previous [[United Nations special rapporteur|UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment]], David Boyd and [[John H. Knox|John Knox]] respectively. The group is also seeking an opinion from the [[International Court of Justice]] as to whether they would be eligible to seek compensation from countries or large companies for losses brought about by climate change.<ref>{{cite web | last=Faa | first=Marian | title=Torres Strait Islander complaint against climate change inaction wins backing of UN legal experts | website=ABC News ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]) | date=10 December 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-11/torres-strait-islander-complaint-against-climate-change-inaction/12972926 | access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=park2021/>
In 2020 the Torres Strait 8 were recognised as one of ten "Human Rights Heroes" in the [[Human Rights Awards (Australia)|Human Rights Awards]], in a special category replacing the usual awards.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/celebrating-2020-human-rights-heroes| website= Australian Human Rights Commission |title=Celebrating the 2020 Human Rights Heroes |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Australian Human Rights Commission | title=Human Rights Heroes Campaign Finalists | date=7 December 2020 | url=https://humanrights.gov.au/human-rights-heroes/human-rights-hreroes-campaign-finalists | access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
In September 2022, the UN Human Rights Committee gave its response to the Torres Strait 8. It concluded that Australia had violated two of three human rights described in the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], a treaty signed in 1966 by 173 member states of the UN, including Australia. The violated rights are "the right to enjoy their culture" and "[to] be free from arbitrary interferences with their private life, family and home". The committee did not find that their right to life had been violated. There is no means by which to enforce the finding, but states generally comply. While the [[Morrison government]] had called for dismissal of the complaint, the [[Albanese government]] (since early 2022) was committed to working with Torres Strait Islanders on climate change.<ref name="Faa 2022">{{cite web | last=Faa | first=Marian | title=UN Human Rights Committee finds Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' rights by failing to protect them from climate change | website=ABC News| date=23 September 2022 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-23/un-finds-australia-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights/101470524 | access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> The committee called on the government to compensate the islanders for the harm already inflicted, "consult the community on their needs and take action to secure their safety".<ref>{{cite web | title=Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' rights by failing to protect them from climate change, UN says | website=[[SBS News]] | date=23 September 2022 | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australias-climate-change-inaction-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights-un-finds/dwi5vyzcc | access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
==Disease control==
The [[banana]] plant leaf disease [[black sigatoka]], the major banana disease worldwide, is endemic to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands. Occasional infections have been discovered on [[Cape York Peninsula]] but they have been successfully halted with [[Eradication of infectious diseases|eradication]] programs. The disease most likely appeared on the mainland via plant material from the Torres Strait Islands.<ref name="eblst">{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=R. |author2=K. Grice |author3=R. Goebel |date=December 2005 |title=Eradication of black leaf streak disease from Banana-growing regions in Australia |journal=InfoMusa |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=7–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRtZ3aEvlgQC |access-date=3 July 2011 }}</ref>
== Music ==
The music of the Torres Strait is principally vocal accompanied by instruments. The introduction of Christianity through the London Missionary Society, beginning in 1871, had a profound influence, but before that time the musical culture reflected the cultural and geographic diversity of the Strait.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Music|last=Bebbington|first=Warren|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=0195534328|location=Melbourne|pages=556}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Islands}}
* [[List of Torres Strait Islands]]
* {{format link|Pearl hunting#Australia}}
* [[Torres Strait Islanders]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tsirc.qld.gov.au/changing-region/governance-history|website=Torres Strait Island Regional Council|title=Governance History}} (Timeline)
* {{cite web|url=https://www.naidoc.org.au/about/indigenous-australian-flags|website=NAIDOC|title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags|date=2019}}
* {{cite web | last= Hegarty | first=Siobhan | title=To everybody else this place is sinking. It will never sink | website=ABC News (Radio National) | publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-06/faith-on-a-sinking-ship-torres-strait-climate-change/11837360|date=6 February 2020 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060504064529/http://www.lgp.qld.gov.au/?id=2696 Torres Strait community government review] – 2006 "consultation with the people of Torres Strait is reviewing how local government in the 17 Torres Strait Island Councils should operate.
* [http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/torres_strait_islands.htm Charting the Pacific: Torres Strait Islands] (ABC, 2005)
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3201344 Untitled photo] from: Photograph album of Papua and Torres Strait (1921) taken by [[Frank Hurley]] at the National Library of Australia.
* [https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=atsia/tsi/tsi.pdf Torres Strait Islanders: A New Deal], A Report on Greater Autonomy for Torres Strait Islanders, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Affairs August 1997
* {{cite book |last1=Babbage |first1=Ross |title=The strategic significance of the Torres Strait |date=1990 |publisher=Australian National University |isbn=0731508416 |issn=0069-0104 |url=https://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2016-03/061_the_strategic_significance_of_torres_strait_canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence_ross_babbage_445p_0731508416.pdf}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
* [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99198843402061 Torres Strait Islands Photograph Album 1935], [[State Library of Queensland]]. Photograph album showcasing [[Attorney-General of Queensland|Queensland Attorney-General]] [[John Mullan (Australian politician)|Hon. John Mullan's]] 1935 official visit to the Torres Strait Islands and the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]].
* [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/1dejkfd/alma99260973402061 Torres Strait Islands Photographs 1908-1920], State Library of Queensland
{{Torres Strait |state=autocollapse}}
{{Far North Queensland}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islands| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Far North Queensland]]
[[Category:Geography of Melanesia]]
[[Category:Aboriginal communities in Queensland]]
[[Category:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands]]
[[Category:Physiographic sections]]
[[Category:Separatism in Australia]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Australia]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Group of islands in the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea}}
{{Distinguish|Torres Islands}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox islands
|name = Torres Strait Islands
|image = Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders.svg
|image_caption = Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders
|image_map = TorresStraitIslandsMap.png
|map_caption = Location of the Torres Strait Islands, between [[Cape York Peninsula]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]].
|coordinates={{coord|-10.579|142.220|region:AU_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|languages = [[English language|English]]; important local languages: [[Kalau Lagau Ya]], [[Meriam Mir]], [[Torres Strait Creole]]
|country=Australia
|country_capital_and_largest_city = [[Thursday Island]]
|demonym = {{nowrap|[[Torres Strait Islander]]}}
|country_admin_divisions = [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]]
|country_leader_title = Chairman<sup>a</sup><br/>{{nowrap|Chief Executive Officer<sup>a</sup>}}
|country_leader_name = Napau Pedro Stephen<br/>Leilani Bin-Juda
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = 566
|area_sq_mi =
|percent_water =
|population = 4,514<ref name=Census2016Y />
|population_as_of = 2016
|population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi =
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Torres Strait Islands''' are an [[archipelago]] of at least 274 small islands in the [[Torres Strait]], a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's [[Cape York Peninsula]] and the island of [[New Guinea]]. They span an area of {{Convert|48000|km2|abbr=on}}, but their total land area is {{Convert|566|km2|abbr=on}}.
The Islands are inhabited by the indigenous [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Lieutenant [[James Cook]] tried to claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at [[Possession Island, Queensland|Possession Island]] in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part of [[Queensland]], a constituent State of the [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]], but are administered by the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]], a [[statutory authority]] of the [[Australian federal government]]. A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to the [[Western Province (Papua New Guinea)|Western Province]] of [[Papua New Guinea]], most importantly [[Daru Island]] with the provincial capital, [[Daru]].
Only 17 of the islands are inhabited.<ref name="cca">{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Nina L. |last2=Barnes |first2=Samuel |last3=Canuto |first3=Condy |last4=Nona |first4=Francis |last5=Redmond |first5=Andrew M. |date=April 2021 |title=Climate change and infectious diseases in Australia's Torres Strait Islands |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1326020023004570#azph13073-bib-0014 |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=122–128 |doi=10.1111/1753-6405.13073 |access-date=6 October 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Torres Strait Islands' population was recorded at 4,514 in the [[2016 Australian census]], with 91.8% of these identifying as [[Torres Strait Islanders|Indigenous Torres Strait Island peoples]]. Although counted as [[Indigenous Australians]], Torres Strait Islander peoples, being predominantly [[Melanesians|Melanesian]], are ethnically and culturally different from [[Aboriginal Australians]].
== History ==
British administrative control did not begin until 1862 in the Torres Strait Islands, marked by the appointment of John Jardine, police magistrate at [[Rockhampton]], as Government Resident in the Torres Straits. He originally established a small settlement on [[Albany Island]], but on 1 August 1864 he settled at Somerset Island.<ref name="The story of Cape York Peninsula">{{cite journal |last=Lack |first=Clem |title=The story of Cape York Peninsula : Part II : Torres Strait saga |journal=Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland |year=1963 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=132–153 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15094896.pdf }}</ref> Although the Torres Strait Islanders had long dived for [[pearl shell]]s themselves, the international industry of pearl and [[Tectus niloticus|trochus]] shells, for using the [[mother of pearl]] as decoration, started in earnest in the 1860s. By the 1890s, the islands were supplying more than 50 per cent of the world's pearl shells.<ref name=monuments>{{cite web | title=Torres Strait Pearl Divers | website=Monument Australia | url=https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/100188-torres-strait-pearl-divers- | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Beckett | first=Jeremy | title=The Torres Strait Islanders and the pearling industry: A case of internal colonialism | journal=[[Aboriginal History]] | publisher=ANU Press | volume=1 | issue=1/2 | year=1977 | issn=0314-8769 | jstor=24045532 | pages=77–104 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24045532 | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
The [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS) mission, led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane, arrived on [[Darnley Island, Torres Strait|Erub (Darnley Island)]] on 1 July 1871. After the [[Anglican Church]] took over their mission in the 20th century, they referred to the events as "[[The Coming of the Light]]", and established an annual celebration on 1 July.<ref name="hots">{{cite web |url= http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |archive-url= http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx |url-status= dead |archive-date= 15 May 2009 |title= History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view |author= John Burton |publisher= Torres Strait Regional Authority |access-date= 3 July 2011 }}</ref>
In 1872, the boundary of Queensland was extended to include [[Thursday Island]] and other islands in Torres Strait within 60 miles of the Queensland coast.<ref name="The story of Cape York Peninsula" />
In June 1875, a [[measles]] epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80%, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.<ref>{{cite web | last=Korff | first=Jens | title=Aboriginal timeline: Health | website=Creative Spirits | date=4 August 2021 | url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
In 1879, Queensland [[Annexation|annexed]] the other Torres Strait Islands. They were classified as part of the British [[colony of Queensland]] and, after 1901, of the Australian state of Queensland. But some of them lie just off the coast of New Guinea.
In 1885, John Douglas was appointed as Government Resident Magistrate residing on Thursday Island. He made periodic tours of all the islands and was known to all the natives. He established the system under which the hereditary native chief of each island was installed as chief magistrate, supporting the local traditional system. He also established Native Police, but the only island on which the Native Police were armed was [[Saibai Island|Saibai]]. There they were provided with [[Snider–Enfield|Snider carbines]] to repel the attacks of the [[Marind-anim]] (formerly known as Tugeri), the headhunters who raided the islands from their territory on the New Guinea coast.<ref name="The story of Cape York Peninsula" />
In 1898–1899, the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition led by [[Alfred Cort Haddon]] visited the Torres Strait Islands. Among its members was [[W. H. R. Rivers]], who later gained notability for his work in psychology and treating officers in the Great War.<ref>''The Recordings of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits'', National Film and Sound Archive: at [http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/sound/sounds-australia/ Sounds of Australia registry]</ref> They collected and took about 2000 cultural artefacts, ostensibly to save them from destruction by missionaries. But all of the artefacts collected by Samuel Macfarlane were sold in London, mostly to European museums.<ref name=artnetwork/>
===20th century to present===
In 1904, the peoples of the Torres Strait Islands were made subject to the ''[[Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897]]'',<ref>[http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=54 Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209110717/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=54 |date=9 December 2007 }}. Documenting Democracy. 24 May 2011. Retrieved on 3 July 2011.</ref> which gave [[wikt:draconian#Adjective|draconian]] powers to the Queensland government in placing legal restrictions on natives and on their land use.<ref name=artnetwork/>
In 1899, John Douglas had initiated a process of electing island councils, intended to loosen the power of missionaries in the islands. They had become powerful by default because the government did not have resources to administer the territory. In the Western islands, where the traditional lifestyle was semi-[[nomad]]ic, the council system continued to thrive.<ref name=artnetwork/>
During [[World War II]], many Torres Strait Islander people served in the [[Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion]] of the [[Australian Army]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
From 1960 to 1973, [[Margaret Lawrie]] captured some of the Torres Strait Islander people's culture by recording their recounting of local myths and legends. Her anthropological work, stored at the [[State Library of Queensland]], has recently been recognised and registered with the Australian UNESCO [[Memory of the World Programme]].<ref name=artnetwork/>
The proximity of the islands to [[Papua New Guinea]] became an issue when the territory started moving to gain [[independence]] from Australia, which it gained in 1975. The Papua New Guinea government objected to the position of the border close to the New Guinean mainland, and the subsequent complete control that Australia exercised over the waters of the strait. The Torres Strait Islanders opposed being separated from Australia and insisted on no change to the border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfsa.gov.au/digitallearning/mabo/info/border.htm |title=The Border Problem |publisher=National Film and Sound Archive |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> The Australian Federal government wished to cede the northern islands to appease Papua New Guinea, but were opposed by the Queensland government and [[Premier of Queensland|Queensland Premier]] Sir [[Joh Bjelke-Petersen]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-15/wordsworth-patrolling-the-short-hop-from-png-to-australia/4886290 |title=Patrolling the short hop from PNG to Australia |author=Matt Wordsworth |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>
An agreement was struck in 1978 whereby the islands and their inhabitants remained Australian, but the [[maritime boundary]] between Australia and Papua New Guinea was defined as running through the centre of the strait. In practice the two countries co-operate closely in the management of the strait's resources.<ref>For a detailed map see {{cite web|url= http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3747.pdf|title= Australia's Maritime Zones in the Torres Strait|publisher= Australian Government – Geoscience Australia|access-date= 2008-04-13|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080627114831/http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3747.pdf|archive-date= 27 June 2008}},<br /> for the agreement see {{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/AUS-PNG1978TS.PDF|title= Treaty between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning sovereignty and maritime boundaries in the area between the two countries, including the area known as Torres Strait, and related matters, 18 December 1978|publisher= [[United Nations]]|access-date= 2008-04-13}}</ref>
In 1982, [[Eddie Mabo]] and four other Torres Strait Islander people from Mer (Murray Island) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land ownership. Because Mabo was the first-named plaintiff, it became known as the [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo Case]]. In 1992, after ten years of hearings before the [[Queensland Supreme Court]] and the [[High Court of Australia]], the latter court found that the Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by Queensland.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200706/s1941005.htm|title= Indigenous people still battle for land rights: activist|access-date= 3 July 2011|date= 3 June 2007|work= ABC News Online|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> This ruling overturned the long-established [[legal doctrine]] of ''[[terra nullius]]'' ("no-one's land"), which held that [[Native title in Australia|native title]] over Crown land in Australia had been extinguished at the time of annexation. The ruling thus has had far-reaching significance for the land claims of both Torres Strait Islanders and [[Australian Aboriginal]] people. Its effects are still being felt in the 21st century, as indigenous communities establish claims to their traditional lands under the [https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00054 Native Title Act of 1993].
On 1 July 1994, the [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]] (TSRA) was created.<!-- Describe its authority and make-up --> In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, or [[Torres Strait Island Region]], created by the [[Queensland Government]] in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local governments throughout the State.<ref name=artnetwork>{{cite web|url=https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/ |website=Australian Art Network|title= Torres Strait Islands|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> It is administered from [[Thursday Island]], but Thursday, [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]], [[Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)|Prince of Wales Island]] and many others are under the [[Shire of Torres]] council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/Nov/Senate%20Inquiry%20into%20Torres%20Strait/Attachments/Queensland%20Government%20submission.pdf|date=16 November 2009|title=Submission by the Queensland Government to the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Torres Strait Region|access-date=8 January 2020 }}</ref>
In the {{CensusAU|2016}}, the population of the Torres Strait Islands was 4,514, of whom 4,144 (91.8%) were [[Torres Strait Islanders]].<ref name="Census2016Y">{{Census 2016 AUS|id=315011402|name=Torres Strait Islands|accessdate=3 April 2018|quick=on}}</ref> These inhabitants live on only 14 of the 274 islands.<ref name="mts">{{Cite news |author=Suellen Hinde |date=31 January 2011 |title=Monster tides smother Torres Strait islands |newspaper=The Sunday Mail |publisher=News Queensland |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/monster-tides-smother-torres-strait-islands/story-e6freoof-1225825028712 |access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref> For comparison, people identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent living in the whole of Australia numbered 32,345, while those of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal descent numbered a further 26,767.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12 |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistices}}</ref>
== Geography ==
[[File:Torres Strait Islands map.svg|thumb|300px|Torres Strait Islands]]
The islands span an area of some {{Convert|48000|km2|abbr=on}}. The strait from Cape York to New Guinea has a width of approximately {{convert|150|km|mi}} at its narrowest point; the islands lie scattered in between, extending some {{Convert|200|to|300|km}} from furthest east to furthest west. The total land area of the islands comprises {{Convert|566|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="soilsanra">{{cite web |url= http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/erosion/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands-ln.html |title= Soils – Torres Strait Islands |date= 6 May 2009 |work= Australian Natural Resources Atlas |publisher= Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities |access-date= 4 July 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110602145521/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/erosion/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands-ln.html |archive-date= 2 June 2011}}</ref> {{Convert|21784|ha}} of land are used for agricultural purposes.<ref name="econanra">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/economics/costs-returns/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands.html
|title = Economics – Torres Strait Islands
|date = 6 November 2007
|work = Australian Natural Resources Atlas
|publisher = Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities
|access-date = 4 July 2011
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110602125032/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/economics/costs-returns/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands.html
|archive-date = 2 June 2011}}
</ref>
The [[Torres Strait]] itself was previously part of a [[land bridge]] known as the Arafura Plain which connected the present-day Australian continent with New Guinea (in a single landmass called [[Sahul continent|Sahul]], [[Meganesia]], [[Australia-New Guinea]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Allen |first=J. |editor1=J. Golson |editor2=R. Jones |title=Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia |year=1977 |publisher=Academic Press |location=London |isbn=0-12-051250-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sundasahulprehis0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first=W. |last=Filewood |title=The Torres connection: Zoogeography of New Guinea |book-title=Vertebrate zoogeography in Australasia |pages=1124–1125 |publisher=Hesperian Press | location=Carlisle, W.A. |year=1984 |isbn=0-85905-036-X }}</ref> This land bridge was most recently submerged by [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] at the end of the [[last glacial period|last ice-age glaciation]] approximately 12,000 years ago, forming the Strait which now connects the [[Arafura Sea|Arafura]] and [[Coral Sea|Coral]] seas. Many of the western Torres Strait Islands are the remaining peaks of this land bridge which were not completely submerged when the ocean levels rose.
The islands and their surrounding waters and reefs provide a highly diverse set of land and marine [[ecosystem]]s, with niches for many rare or unique species. [[Saltwater crocodile]]s inhabit the islands along with neighbouring areas of [[Queensland]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. Marine animals of the islands include [[dugong]]s (an [[endangered species]] of [[Sirenia|sea mammal]] widely found throughout the Indian Ocean and tropical Western Pacific, including Papua-New Guinean and Australian waters), as well as [[green sea turtle|green]], [[Olive ridley sea turtle|ridley]], [[hawksbill turtle|hawksbill]] and [[flatback turtle|flatback]] sea turtles.
The Torres Strait Islands may be grouped{{by whom|date=June 2016}} into five distinct clusters, which exhibit differences of [[geology]] and formation as well as location. The Torres Strait provides a habitat for [[Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)|numerous birds]], including the [[Torresian imperial-pigeon]], which is seen{{by whom|date=June 2016}} as the iconic national emblem to the islanders.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}
These islands are also a distinct physiographic section of the larger [[Cape York Peninsula|Cape York Platform]] [[physiographic province|province]], which in turn is part of the larger [[Great Dividing Range|East Australian Cordillera]] [[physiographic division]].
=== Top Western islands (Gudaw Maluligal Nation) ===
The islands in this cluster lie very close to the southwestern coastline of New Guinea (the closest is less than {{convert|4|km|mi}} offshore). [[Saibai Island|Saibai]] (one of the largest of the Torres Strait Islands) and [[Boigu Island|Boigu]] (one of the [[Talbot Islands]]) are low-lying islands which were formed by deposition of [[alluvium|sediments]] and mud from New Guinean rivers into the Strait accumulating on decayed coral platforms. Vegetation on these islands mainly consists of [[mangrove]] swamps, and they are prone to flooding.
The other main island in this group, [[Dauan Island, Queensland|Dauan]] (Mt Cornwallis), is a smaller island with steep hills, composed largely of [[granite]]. This island actually represents the northernmost extent of the [[Great Dividing Range]], the extensive series of [[mountain range]]s which runs along almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia. This peak became an island as the ocean levels rose at the end of the last ice age.
The isolated and uninhabited [[Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area|Deliverance Island]] is {{convert|67|km|mi}} west of Boigu, the nearest of the Top Western islands.
{{See also|Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)}}
=== Near Western islands (Maluligal Nation) ===
The islands in this cluster lie south of the Strait's midway point, and are also largely high granite hills with mounds of [[basalt]]ic outcrops, formed from old peaks of the now submerged land bridge. [[Moa Island, Torres Strait|Moa]] (Banks Island) is the second-largest in the Torres Strait, and [[Badu Island, Torres Strait|Badu]] (Mulgrave Island) is slightly smaller and fringed with extensive mangrove swamps. Other smaller islands include [[Mabuiag Island|Mabuiag]], Pulu and further to the east Naghir (correct form '''Nagi''', aka Mount Ernest Island). Culturally this was the most complex part of Torres Strait, containing three of the four groupings/dialects of the Western-central Islanders, Nagi being culturally/linguistically a Central Island (Kulkalaig territory, specifically part of Waraber tribal waters), Moa is part of the Muwalaig-Italaig-Kaiwalaig [Kauraraig/Kaurareg] tribal areas, with two groups, the Italaig of the south, and the Muwalaig of the north. Many Kauraraig also live there, having been forcibly moved there in 1922–1923. Badu and Mabuiag are the '''Maluigal''' ''Deep Sea People''.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
=== Inner islands (Kaiwalagal Kawrareg Aboriginal Nation) ===
[[File:Thursday Island, Torres Strait.jpg|thumb|250px|The township of Thursday Island]]
These islands, also known as the Thursday Island group, lie closest to Cape York Peninsula, and their [[topography]] and geological history is very similar. [[Prince of Wales Island, Torres Strait|Muralag (Prince of Wales Island)]] is the largest of the Strait's islands, and forms the centre of this closely grouped cluster. The much smaller Waiben [[Thursday Island]] is the region's administrative centre and most heavily populated. Several of these islands have permanent freshwater springs, and some were also mined for [[gold]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Because of their proximity to the Australian mainland, they have also been centres of [[pearl hunting|pearling]] and [[fishing]] industries. Nurupai [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]] holds the region's airport, and as a result is something of an [[entrepôt]] with inhabitants drawn from many other communities. [[Hammond Island, Queensland|Kiriri]] (Hammond Island) is the other permanently settled island of this group; Tuined (Possession Island) is noted for [[James Cook|Lt. James Cook's]] landing there in 1770. Moa in the Near Western group is culturally and linguistically speaking part of this group.
=== Central islands (Kulkalgal Nation) ===
This cluster is more widely distributed in the middle of Torres Strait, consisting of many small sandy [[cay]]s surrounded by [[coral reef]]s, similar to those found in the nearby [[Great Barrier Reef]]. The more northerly islands in this group however, such as [[Gabba Island|Gerbar]] (Two Brothers) and [[Iama Island|Iama (Yam Island)]], are high basaltic outcrops, not cays. Nagi is a culturo-linguistic part of this group, and also has high basaltic outcropping. The low-lying inhabited coral cays, such as [[Poruma Island|Poruma (Coconut Island)]], [[Warraber Island]] and [[Masig Island|Masig (Yorke Island)]] are mostly less than {{convert|2|to(-)|3|km|mi|abbr=off}} long, and no wider than {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Several have had problems with [[saltwater intrusion]].
=== Eastern islands (Kemer Kemer Meriam Nation) ===
The islands of this group (principally [[Murray Island, Queensland|Mer (Murray Island)]], Dauar and Waier, with [[Darnley Island (Queensland)|Erub Island]] and [[Stephens Island (Torres Strait)|Stephen Island (Ugar)]] further north) are formed differently from the rest. They are [[volcano|volcanic]] in origin, the peaks of volcanoes which were active in [[Pleistocene]] times. Consequently, their hillsides have rich and fertile red volcanic soils, and are thickly vegetated. The easternmost of these are less than {{convert|20|km|mi}} from the northern extension of the Great Barrier Reef.
==Symbolism of the flag design==
{{Main|Torres Strait Islander flag}}
The national flag features a white Dhari (headdress) and, underneath, a white five-pointed star, symbolising "peace, the five major island groups and the navigational importance of stars to the seafaring people of the Torres Strait". The five points of the star on the flag represent the following regions (which do not match administrative regions):<ref name=flag>{{cite web|url =http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/torres-strait-flag |website=Torres Strait Regional Authority|title=Torres Strait Flag|date=10 March 2017|access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
* Northern Division (Boigu, Dauan, Saibai)
* Eastern Islands (Erub, Mer, Ugar)
* Western Division (St. Pauls, Kubin, Badu, Mabuiag)
* Central Division (Masig, Poruma, Warraber, Iama)
* Southern Division (Thursday, Horn, Prince of Wales and Hammond Islands, NPA and Mainland Australia)
A celebration known as Flag Day takes place on 29 May each year, the anniversary of the day the flag was officially presented to the people of the Torres Strait.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mounter | first=Brendan | website=ABC News | title=Torres Strait Islanders fly the flag for cultural identity on banner day for community | date=29 May 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-29/torres-strait-islands-flag-day-thursday-island-2021/100176336| access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
== Administration ==
[[File:Hammond-island-torres-strait.JPG|thumb|250px|Hammond Island, Torres Strait]]
===Regional Authority===
{{Main|Torres Strait Regional Authority}}
The [[Torres Strait Regional Authority]] (TSRA), an Australian Commonwealth statutory authority created in 1994, exercises governance over the islands. The TSRA has an elected board comprising 20 representatives from the [[Torres Strait Islander]] and [[Australian Aborigines|Aboriginal]] communities resident in the Torres Strait region.
One representative per established local community wins election to the board under the ''Queensland Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984'' and Division 5 of the ''ATSIC Act 1989''. The TSRA itself falls under the portfolio responsibilities of the [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] (previously under the [[Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)|Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]]). [[Thursday Island]] functions as the administrative centre of the islands.
The TSRA now represents the local communities at both Commonwealth and [[States of Australia|State]] levels; previously, State representation operated via a Queensland statutory authority called the Island Coordinating Council (ICC). The [[Torres Strait Island Region]] local government area superseded the ICC in March 2008.
In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, or [[Torres Strait Island Region]], created by the [[Queensland Government]] in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local Governments throughout the State.<ref name=artnetwork/> It is administered from [[Thursday Island]], but Thursday, [[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]], [[Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)|Prince of Wales Island]] and many others are under the [[Shire of Torres]] council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/Nov/Senate%20Inquiry%20into%20Torres%20Strait/Attachments/Queensland%20Government%20submission.pdf|date=16 November 2009|title=Submission by the Queensland Government to the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Torres Strait Region|access-date=8 January 2020 }}</ref>
===Local (shire) level government===
At the local level, there are two authorities. One is the [[Shire of Torres]], which governs several islands and portions of Cape York Peninsula and operates as a Queensland [[Local government in Australia|local government area]].
The other is the [[Torres Strait Island Region]], created in 2008, which embodies 15 former island councils. These former councils had been previously relinquished by the [[Government of Queensland]] to specific Islander and Aboriginal Councils under the provisions of the ''Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984'' and the ''Community Services (Aboriginal) Act 1984''), consisting of:
{{div col}}
* Badu Island Council
* Bamaga Island Council
* Boigu Island Council
* Dauan Island Council
* Erub Island Council
* Hammond Island Council
* Iama Island Council
* Kubin Island Council
* Mabuiag Island Council
* Mer Island Council
* Poruma Island Council
* Saibai Island Council
* Seisia Island Council
* St Pauls Island Council
* St Patrick Island council
* Ugar Island Council
* Warraber Island Council
* Yorke Island Council
{{div col end}}
== Localities ==
This shows the localities of the Torres Strait Islands in alphabetical order.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Locality
!Type
!Population
(2016 Census)
!Population Density
km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Badu Island]]
|Locality
|813
|8.50/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Boigu Island (Queensland)|Boigu Island]]
|Town
|271
|3.0/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Coconut Island (Queensland)|Coconut Island]]
|Town
|167
| -
|-
|[[Darnley Island (Queensland)|Darnley Island]]
|Town
|328
|57.5/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Dauan Island]]
|Town
|191
|56.2/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[List of Torres Strait Islands|Friday Island]]
|Locality
|20
| -
|-
|[[Horn Island, Queensland|Horn Island]]
|Town
|531
| 10/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Keriri Island, Queensland|Keriri Island]]
|Locality
|268
|16.96/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Mabuiag Island]]
|Town
|210
|33.3/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Masig Island, Queensland|Masig Island]]
|Locality
|270
|180/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Moa Island (Queensland)|Moa Island]]
|Locality
|448
|2.632/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Murray Island, Queensland|Murray Island]]
|Town
|453
| -
|-
|[[List of Torres Strait Islands|Packe Island]]
|Locality
|10
| -
|-
|[[Prince Of Wales, Queensland|Prince of Wales]]
|Locality
|109
|0.2128/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Saibai Island]]
|Town
|465
|4.3/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Stephen Island (Torres Strait)|Stephen Island]]
|Locality
|72
| -
|-
|[[Thursday Island]]
|Town
|2,938
|839/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Warraber Islet, Queensland|Warraber Islet]]
|Locality
|245
|350/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
|[[Yam Island]]
|Locality
|319
|168/km<sup>2</sup>
|}
==Independence movement==
Politicians who have declared support for independence, include [[Bob Katter]] and former Queensland Premier [[Anna Bligh]], who in August 2011 wrote to [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[Julia Gillard]] in support of Torres Strait Islands independence from [[Australia]]; Prime Minister Gillard said in October 2011 "her government will respectfully consider the Torres Strait's request for self-government". Other figures who have supported independence include Australian Indigenous rights campaigner [[Eddie Mabo]].<ref>Sarah Elks (15 October 2011). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/for-mabos-sake-let-my-island-home-go-torres-strait-elder-george-mye/story-fn9hm1pm-1226167158932 For Mabo's sake, let my island home go: Torres Strait elder George Mye]. ''The Australian''. News Limited. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</ref><ref>Larine Statham (17 October 2011). [http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/progress-for-torres-strait-independence/story-fn6ck2c6-1226168521353 Progress for Torres Strait independence]. ''Courier Mail''. Queensland Newspapers. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</ref><ref>(5 August 2009). [http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/mp-supports-torres-strait-independence/story-e6frfku0-1225758260046 MP supports Torres Strait independence]. news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</ref>
==Languages==
[[File:Torres Strait Islander Languages used at home.jpg|thumb|Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.<ref name="Australian 2021 Census dataset “2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021">{{cite web|url= https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/|title="2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Torres Strait Islanders|Torres Strait Island languages}}
Torres Strait Islander peoples, the indigenous peoples of the islands, are predominantly Melanesians, culturally most akin to the coastal peoples of [[Papua New Guinea]]. Thus, they are regarded as being distinct from Aboriginal peoples of Australia and are generally referred to separately, despite ongoing historical trade and inter-marriage with mainland Aboriginal people. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland, [[Bamaga, Queensland|Bamaga]] and [[Seisia, Queensland|Seisia]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
According to the Torres Strait Treaty, residents of Papua New Guinea are permitted to visit the Torres Strait Islands for traditional purposes.<ref name="atoswr">{{Cite news |url=http://www.torresnews.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1764:access-to-outer-islands-water-restricted&catid=3:news |title=Access to Outer Islands' water restricted |access-date=3 July 2011 |date=17 June 2011 |work=Torres News Online }}</ref>
There are three languages spoken on the islands. The two indigenous languages are the [[Western-Central Torres Strait Language]] (called by various names, including Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Kalaw Kawaw Ya, Kulkalgau Ya and Kaiwaligau Ya), and the Eastern Torres Language [[Meriam Mir]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
[[Yumplatok]] (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporary [[Torres Strait Island languages|Torres Strait Island language]] spoken in the [[Torres Strait]]. The contact with missionaries, traders and other English speakers since the 19th century led to the development of a [[pidgin language]]. It developed more fully as a [[creole language]], with its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of [[Standard Australian English]] and traditional indigenous languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the [[Australian mainland]], including in the [[Northern Peninsula Area Region]] and coastal communities such as [[Cairns]], [[Townsville]], [[Mackay, Queensland|Mackay]], [[Rockhampton]] and [[Brisbane]].<ref>{{Cite SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/173?embed=true|title=Yupanguthi|website=Queensland’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages map|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
==Climate change==
<!---Torres Strait 8 redirects here--->
The Torres Strait Islands are threatened by rising sea levels, especially those islands which do not rise more than {{convert|1|m|ft|spell=in|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]].<ref name="rst">{{Cite news |url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/features/rising-seas-threaten-isles/story-e6freowx-1111114089466 |title=Rising seas threat to Torres Strait islands |author=Peter Michael |access-date=3 July 2011 |date=2 August 2007 |newspaper=The Courier-Mail |publisher=News Queensland }}</ref> [[Storm surge]]s and high tides pose the greatest danger. Other developing problems include erosion, property damage, drinking water contamination and the unearthing of the dead. As of June 2010, there were no relocation strategies in place for Torres Strait Islanders.<ref name="ccbw">{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2010/06/28//2939097.htm |title=Climate change: not all black and white |author=Sofia Levin |access-date=3 July 2011 |date=28 June 2010 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> By 2021, at least one freshwater well had turned to salt water.<ref name=park2021/>
In early 2020, it was reported that [[Sue Islet|Warraber]] is particularly threatened by rising sea levels, and coastal defences have been built on many of the beaches on the island. The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) has predicted that by 2100, tides will rise {{cvt|30.|–|110.|cm}}, depending on the timing and level of cuts to [[carbon emissions]]. Several of the smaller islands in the group are also under threat.<ref>{{cite web|website =[[The Guardian]] |title ='It's our right to be here': the Torres Strait Islanders fighting to save their homes from a rising sea|url =https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/mar/01/its-our-right-to-be-here-the-torres-strait-islanders-fighting-to-save-their-homes-from-a-rising-sea|date =1 March 2020 |access-date =1 March 2020|first=Jack |last =Banister }}</ref> Construction of [[sea wall]]s has begun on [[Boigu Island]], and [[Masig Island]] is next in line.<ref name=park2021>{{cite web | last=Park | first=Andy | title=For these Torres Strait Islanders, climate change is already here - and they're urging the government to do more | website=ABC News| publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=18 April 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-19/torres-strait-islanders-climate-change-impacts-uninhabitable/100069596 | access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>
===Torres Strait 8===
A group of eight people from the small, low-lying islands of Boigu, Poruma, Warraber and Masig,<ref name="Faa 2022"/> who became known as the '''Torres Strait 8''', lodged a complaint against the [[Australian Government]] with the [[UN Human Rights Committee]] in May 2019, based on the claim that their [[human rights]] were being violated by the government's lack of efforts to protect the people of the Strait from the effects of climate change. Their complaint has been supported by the current and previous [[United Nations special rapporteur|UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment]], David Boyd and [[John H. Knox|John Knox]] respectively. The group is also seeking an opinion from the [[International Court of Justice]] as to whether they would be eligible to seek compensation from countries or large companies for losses brought about by climate change.<ref>{{cite web | last=Faa | first=Marian | title=Torres Strait Islander complaint against climate change inaction wins backing of UN legal experts | website=ABC News ([[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]) | date=10 December 2020 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-11/torres-strait-islander-complaint-against-climate-change-inaction/12972926 | access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=park2021/>
In 2020 the Torres Strait 8 were recognised as one of ten "Human Rights Heroes" in the [[Human Rights Awards (Australia)|Human Rights Awards]], in a special category replacing the usual awards.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/celebrating-2020-human-rights-heroes| website= Australian Human Rights Commission |title=Celebrating the 2020 Human Rights Heroes |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | website=Australian Human Rights Commission | title=Human Rights Heroes Campaign Finalists | date=7 December 2020 | url=https://humanrights.gov.au/human-rights-heroes/human-rights-hreroes-campaign-finalists | access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
In September 2022, the UN Human Rights Committee gave its response to the Torres Strait 8. It concluded that Australia had violated two of three human rights described in the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]], a treaty signed in 1966 by 173 member states of the UN, including Australia. The violated rights are "the right to enjoy their culture" and "[to] be free from arbitrary interferences with their private life, family and home". The committee did not find that their right to life had been violated. There is no means by which to enforce the finding, but states generally comply. While the [[Morrison government]] had called for dismissal of the complaint, the [[Albanese government]] (since early 2022) was committed to working with Torres Strait Islanders on climate change.<ref name="Faa 2022">{{cite web | last=Faa | first=Marian | title=UN Human Rights Committee finds Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' rights by failing to protect them from climate change | website=ABC News| date=23 September 2022 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-23/un-finds-australia-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights/101470524 | access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> The committee called on the government to compensate the islanders for the harm already inflicted, "consult the community on their needs and take action to secure their safety".<ref>{{cite web | title=Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' rights by failing to protect them from climate change, UN says | website=[[SBS News]] | date=23 September 2022 | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australias-climate-change-inaction-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights-un-finds/dwi5vyzcc | access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
==Disease control==
The [[banana]] plant leaf disease [[black sigatoka]], the major banana disease worldwide, is endemic to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands. Occasional infections have been discovered on [[Cape York Peninsula]] but they have been successfully halted with [[Eradication of infectious diseases|eradication]] programs. The disease most likely appeared on the mainland via plant material from the Torres Strait Islands.<ref name="eblst">{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=R. |author2=K. Grice |author3=R. Goebel |date=December 2005 |title=Eradication of black leaf streak disease from Banana-growing regions in Australia |journal=InfoMusa |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=7–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRtZ3aEvlgQC |access-date=3 July 2011 }}</ref>
== Music ==
The music of the Torres Strait is principally vocal accompanied by instruments. The introduction of Christianity through the London Missionary Society, beginning in 1871, had a profound influence, but before that time the musical culture reflected the cultural and geographic diversity of the Strait.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Music|last=Bebbington|first=Warren|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=0195534328|location=Melbourne|pages=556}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Queensland|Islands}}
* [[List of Torres Strait Islands]]
* {{format link|Pearl hunting#Australia}}
* [[Torres Strait Islanders]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.tsirc.qld.gov.au/changing-region/governance-history|website=Torres Strait Island Regional Council|title=Governance History}} (Timeline)
* {{cite web|url=https://www.naidoc.org.au/about/indigenous-australian-flags|website=NAIDOC|title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags|date=2019}}
* {{cite web | last= Hegarty | first=Siobhan | title=To everybody else this place is sinking. It will never sink | website=ABC News (Radio National) | publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-06/faith-on-a-sinking-ship-torres-strait-climate-change/11837360|date=6 February 2020 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060504064529/http://www.lgp.qld.gov.au/?id=2696 Torres Strait community government review] – 2006 "consultation with the people of Torres Strait is reviewing how local government in the 17 Torres Strait Island Councils should operate.
* [http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/torres_strait_islands.htm Charting the Pacific: Torres Strait Islands] (ABC, 2005)
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3201344 Untitled photo] from: Photograph album of Papua and Torres Strait (1921) taken by [[Frank Hurley]] at the National Library of Australia.
* [https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=atsia/tsi/tsi.pdf Torres Strait Islanders: A New Deal], A Report on Greater Autonomy for Torres Strait Islanders, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Affairs August 1997
* {{cite book |last1=Babbage |first1=Ross |title=The strategic significance of the Torres Strait |date=1990 |publisher=Australian National University |isbn=0731508416 |issn=0069-0104 |url=https://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2016-03/061_the_strategic_significance_of_torres_strait_canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence_ross_babbage_445p_0731508416.pdf}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.tsra.gov.au/ Torres Strait Regional Authority]
* [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99198843402061 Torres Strait Islands Photograph Album 1935], [[State Library of Queensland]]. Photograph album showcasing [[Attorney-General of Queensland|Queensland Attorney-General]] [[John Mullan (Australian politician)|Hon. John Mullan's]] 1935 official visit to the Torres Strait Islands and the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]].
* [https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/1dejkfd/alma99260973402061 Torres Strait Islands Photographs 1908-1920], State Library of Queensland
{{Torres Strait |state=autocollapse}}
{{Far North Queensland}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Torres Strait Islands| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Far North Queensland]]
[[Category:Geography of Melanesia]]
[[Category:Aboriginal communities in Queensland]]
[[Category:Culture of the Torres Strait Islands]]
[[Category:Physiographic sections]]
[[Category:Separatism in Australia]]
[[Category:Fishing communities in Australia]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -34,8 +34,4 @@
== History ==
-The Spanish [[Kingdom of Galicia|Explorer]] [[Luís Vaz de Torres|Luís Vaez de Torres]] sailed the [[Torres Strait]] in 1606.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estensen |first=Miriam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hPC74hbvrQC&q=Terra+Australis+Incognita%3A+The+Spanish+Quest+for+the+mysterious+Great+South+Land%2C |title=Terra Australis Incognita: The Spanish Quest for the mysterious Great South Land |date=2006-10-01 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-74176-086-6 |language=en}}</ref> Torres had joined the expedition of [[Pedro Fernandes de Queirós]], which sailed west from [[Peru]] across the Pacific Ocean, in search of [[Terra Australis]].
-
-[[File:Canoe of Darnley Island.jpg|thumb|Trading canoe at [[Darnley Island (Queensland)|Erub (Darnley Island)]], c. 1849]]
-Lieutenant [[James Cook]] first claimed British sovereignty in 1770 over the eastern part of Australia at [[Possession Island, Queensland|Possession Island]], calling it [https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cook-claims-australia New South Wales] in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third.
British administrative control did not begin until 1862 in the Torres Strait Islands, marked by the appointment of John Jardine, police magistrate at [[Rockhampton]], as Government Resident in the Torres Straits. He originally established a small settlement on [[Albany Island]], but on 1 August 1864 he settled at Somerset Island.<ref name="The story of Cape York Peninsula">{{cite journal |last=Lack |first=Clem |title=The story of Cape York Peninsula : Part II : Torres Strait saga |journal=Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland |year=1963 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=132–153 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15094896.pdf }}</ref> Although the Torres Strait Islanders had long dived for [[pearl shell]]s themselves, the international industry of pearl and [[Tectus niloticus|trochus]] shells, for using the [[mother of pearl]] as decoration, started in earnest in the 1860s. By the 1890s, the islands were supplying more than 50 per cent of the world's pearl shells.<ref name=monuments>{{cite web | title=Torres Strait Pearl Divers | website=Monument Australia | url=https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/100188-torres-strait-pearl-divers- | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Beckett | first=Jeremy | title=The Torres Strait Islanders and the pearling industry: A case of internal colonialism | journal=[[Aboriginal History]] | publisher=ANU Press | volume=1 | issue=1/2 | year=1977 | issn=0314-8769 | jstor=24045532 | pages=77–104 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24045532 | access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref>
' |
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0 => 'The Spanish [[Kingdom of Galicia|Explorer]] [[Luís Vaz de Torres|Luís Vaez de Torres]] sailed the [[Torres Strait]] in 1606.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estensen |first=Miriam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hPC74hbvrQC&q=Terra+Australis+Incognita%3A+The+Spanish+Quest+for+the+mysterious+Great+South+Land%2C |title=Terra Australis Incognita: The Spanish Quest for the mysterious Great South Land |date=2006-10-01 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=978-1-74176-086-6 |language=en}}</ref> Torres had joined the expedition of [[Pedro Fernandes de Queirós]], which sailed west from [[Peru]] across the Pacific Ocean, in search of [[Terra Australis]].',
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27 => 'http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx',
28 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059258#P4093',
29 => 'https://archive.org/details/sundasahulprehis0000unse',
30 => 'https://www.naidoc.org.au/about/indigenous-australian-flags',
31 => 'http://www.tsirc.qld.gov.au/changing-region/governance-history',
32 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12',
33 => 'https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/',
34 => 'http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/home/copyright',
35 => 'https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/173?embed=true',
36 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-06/faith-on-a-sinking-ship-torres-strait-climate-change/11837360',
37 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/mar/01/its-our-right-to-be-here-the-torres-strait-islanders-fighting-to-save-their-homes-from-a-rising-sea',
38 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-11/torres-strait-islander-complaint-against-climate-change-inaction/12972926',
39 => 'https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00054',
40 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059258#identifiers',
41 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4320634-7',
42 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/247337998',
43 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-19/torres-strait-islanders-climate-change-impacts-uninhabitable/100069596',
44 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-29/torres-strait-islands-flag-day-thursday-island-2021/100176336',
45 => 'https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/100188-torres-strait-pearl-divers-',
46 => 'http://www.jstor.org/stable/24045532',
47 => 'https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health',
48 => 'https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/celebrating-2020-human-rights-heroes',
49 => 'https://humanrights.gov.au/human-rights-heroes/human-rights-hreroes-campaign-finalists',
50 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-23/un-finds-australia-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights/101470524',
51 => 'https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australias-climate-change-inaction-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights-un-finds/dwi5vyzcc',
52 => 'https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/',
53 => 'https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=atsia/tsi/tsi.pdf',
54 => 'https://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2016-03/061_the_strategic_significance_of_torres_strait_canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence_ross_babbage_445p_0731508416.pdf',
55 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/24045532',
56 => 'https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99198843402061',
57 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136144',
58 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=3hPC74hbvrQC&q=Terra+Australis+Incognita:+The+Spanish+Quest+for+the+mysterious+Great+South+Land,',
59 => 'https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/315011402',
60 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torres_Strait_Islands¶ms=10.579_S_142.22_E_region:AU_type:isle',
61 => 'https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cook-claims-australia',
62 => 'https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15094896.pdf',
63 => 'https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/Nov/Senate%20Inquiry%20into%20Torres%20Strait/Attachments/Queensland%20Government%20submission.pdf',
64 => 'https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/1dejkfd/alma99260973402061',
65 => 'https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1326020023004570#azph13073-bib-0014',
66 => 'https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1753-6405.13073',
67 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541318305171',
68 => 'https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqCxVfkRHkFQMRTWKDbd',
69 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0314-8769',
70 => 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0069-0104'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of islands in the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Islands" title="Torres Islands">Torres Islands</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Torres Strait Islands</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islanders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islanders.svg/260px-Flag_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islanders.svg/390px-Flag_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islanders.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islanders.svg/520px-Flag_of_the_Torres_Strait_Islanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the Torres Strait Islanders</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/260px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/390px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TorresStraitIslandsMap.png/520px-TorresStraitIslandsMap.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="922" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of the Torres Strait Islands, between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Torres_Strait_Islands&params=10.579_S_142.22_E_region:AU_type:isle"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°34′44″S</span> <span class="longitude">142°13′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.579°S 142.220°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-10.579; 142.220</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">566 km<sup>2</sup> (219 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>Australia</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chairman<sup>a</sup><br /><span class="nowrap">Chief Executive Officer<sup>a</sup></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Napau Pedro Stephen<br />Leilani Bin-Juda</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">4,514<sup id="cite_ref-Census2016Y_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2016Y-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>; important local languages: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalau_Lagau_Ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalau Lagau Ya">Kalau Lagau Ya</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir">Meriam Mir</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Torres Strait Islands</b> are an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of at least 274 small islands in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>, a waterway separating far northern continental Australia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a> and the island of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. They span an area of 48,000 km<sup>2</sup> (19,000 sq mi), but their total land area is 566 km<sup>2</sup> (219 sq mi).
</p><p>The Islands are inhabited by the indigenous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Lieutenant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> tried to claimed British sovereignty over the eastern part of Australia at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Possession_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Possession Island, Queensland">Possession Island</a> in 1770, but British administrative control only began in the Torres Strait Islands in 1862. The islands are now mostly part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, a constituent State of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>, but are administered by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statutory_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory authority">statutory authority</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian federal government">Australian federal government</a>. A few islands very close to the coast of mainland New Guinea belong to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Western Province (Papua New Guinea)">Western Province</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, most importantly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daru_Island" title="Daru Island">Daru Island</a> with the provincial capital, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daru" title="Daru">Daru</a>.
</p><p>Only 17 of the islands are inhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-cca_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cca-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torres Strait Islands' population was recorded at 4,514 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 Australian census</a>, with 91.8% of these identifying as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Indigenous Torres Strait Island peoples</a>. Although counted as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, Torres Strait Islander peoples, being predominantly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a>, are ethnically and culturally different from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#20th_century_to_present"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">20th century to present</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Top_Western_islands_(Gudaw_Maluligal_Nation)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Top Western islands (Gudaw Maluligal Nation)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Near_Western_islands_(Maluligal_Nation)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Near Western islands (Maluligal Nation)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Inner_islands_(Kaiwalagal_Kawrareg_Aboriginal_Nation)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Inner islands (Kaiwalagal Kawrareg Aboriginal Nation)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Central_islands_(Kulkalgal_Nation)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Central islands (Kulkalgal Nation)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Eastern_islands_(Kemer_Kemer_Meriam_Nation)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern islands (Kemer Kemer Meriam Nation)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Symbolism_of_the_flag_design"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Symbolism of the flag design</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Regional_Authority"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Regional Authority</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Local_(shire)_level_government"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Local (shire) level government</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Localities"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Localities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Independence_movement"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Independence movement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Climate_change"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Climate change</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Torres_Strait_8"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Torres Strait 8</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Disease_control"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Disease control</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>British administrative control did not begin until 1862 in the Torres Strait Islands, marked by the appointment of John Jardine, police magistrate at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a>, as Government Resident in the Torres Straits. He originally established a small settlement on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany_Island" title="Albany Island">Albany Island</a>, but on 1 August 1864 he settled at Somerset Island.<sup id="cite_ref-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Torres Strait Islanders had long dived for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl shell">pearl shells</a> themselves, the international industry of pearl and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tectus_niloticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectus niloticus">trochus</a> shells, for using the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a> as decoration, started in earnest in the 1860s. By the 1890s, the islands were supplying more than 50 per cent of the world's pearl shells.<sup id="cite_ref-monuments_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monuments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> (LMS) mission, led by Rev. Samuel Macfarlane, arrived on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darnley_Island,_Torres_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Darnley Island, Torres Strait">Erub (Darnley Island)</a> on 1 July 1871. After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> took over their mission in the 20th century, they referred to the events as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Light">The Coming of the Light</a>", and established an annual celebration on 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-hots_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hots-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1872, the boundary of Queensland was extended to include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a> and other islands in Torres Strait within 60 miles of the Queensland coast.<sup id="cite_ref-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In June 1875, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80%, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1879, Queensland <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> the other Torres Strait Islands. They were classified as part of the British <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">colony of Queensland</a> and, after 1901, of the Australian state of Queensland. But some of them lie just off the coast of New Guinea.
</p><p>In 1885, John Douglas was appointed as Government Resident Magistrate residing on Thursday Island. He made periodic tours of all the islands and was known to all the natives. He established the system under which the hereditary native chief of each island was installed as chief magistrate, supporting the local traditional system. He also established Native Police, but the only island on which the Native Police were armed was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai</a>. There they were provided with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snider%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Snider–Enfield">Snider carbines</a> to repel the attacks of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marind-anim" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind-anim">Marind-anim</a> (formerly known as Tugeri), the headhunters who raided the islands from their territory on the New Guinea coast.<sup id="cite_ref-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1898–1899, the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a> visited the Torres Strait Islands. Among its members was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._H._R._Rivers" title="W. H. R. Rivers">W. H. R. Rivers</a>, who later gained notability for his work in psychology and treating officers in the Great War.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They collected and took about 2000 cultural artefacts, ostensibly to save them from destruction by missionaries. But all of the artefacts collected by Samuel Macfarlane were sold in London, mostly to European museums.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_present">20th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In 1904, the peoples of the Torres Strait Islands were made subject to the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginals_Protection_and_Restriction_of_the_Sale_of_Opium_Act_1897" title="Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897">Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gave <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draconian#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:draconian">draconian</a> powers to the Queensland government in placing legal restrictions on natives and on their land use.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1899, John Douglas had initiated a process of electing island councils, intended to loosen the power of missionaries in the islands. They had become powerful by default because the government did not have resources to administer the territory. In the Western islands, where the traditional lifestyle was semi-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a>, the council system continued to thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many Torres Strait Islander people served in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Light_Infantry_Battalion" title="Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion">Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>From 1960 to 1973, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Lawrie" title="Margaret Lawrie">Margaret Lawrie</a> captured some of the Torres Strait Islander people's culture by recording their recounting of local myths and legends. Her anthropological work, stored at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a>, has recently been recognised and registered with the Australian UNESCO <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The proximity of the islands to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> became an issue when the territory started moving to gain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> from Australia, which it gained in 1975. The Papua New Guinea government objected to the position of the border close to the New Guinean mainland, and the subsequent complete control that Australia exercised over the waters of the strait. The Torres Strait Islanders opposed being separated from Australia and insisted on no change to the border.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian Federal government wished to cede the northern islands to appease Papua New Guinea, but were opposed by the Queensland government and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Queensland Premier</a> Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joh_Bjelke-Petersen" title="Joh Bjelke-Petersen">Joh Bjelke-Petersen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>An agreement was struck in 1978 whereby the islands and their inhabitants remained Australian, but the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundary</a> between Australia and Papua New Guinea was defined as running through the centre of the strait. In practice the two countries co-operate closely in the management of the strait's resources.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1982, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a> and four other Torres Strait Islander people from Mer (Murray Island) started legal proceedings to establish their traditional land ownership. Because Mabo was the first-named plaintiff, it became known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">Mabo Case</a>. In 1992, after ten years of hearings before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Supreme Court">Queensland Supreme Court</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, the latter court found that the Mer people had owned their land prior to annexation by Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruling overturned the long-established <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">legal doctrine</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a></i> ("no-one's land"), which held that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">native title</a> over Crown land in Australia had been extinguished at the time of annexation. The ruling thus has had far-reaching significance for the land claims of both Torres Strait Islanders and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal">Australian Aboriginal</a> people. Its effects are still being felt in the 21st century, as indigenous communities establish claims to their traditional lands under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00054">Native Title Act of 1993</a>.
</p><p>On 1 July 1994, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a> (TSRA) was created. In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a>, created by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a> in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local governments throughout the State.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is administered from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, but Thursday, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Prince of Wales Island</a> and many others are under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Shire of Torres</a> council.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 census</a>, the population of the Torres Strait Islands was 4,514, of whom 4,144 (91.8%) were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2016Y_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2016Y-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inhabitants live on only 14 of the 274 islands.<sup id="cite_ref-mts_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, people identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent living in the whole of Australia numbered 32,345, while those of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal descent numbered a further 26,767.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islands_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Torres_Strait_Islands_map.svg/300px-Torres_Strait_Islands_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Torres_Strait_Islands_map.svg/450px-Torres_Strait_Islands_map.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Torres_Strait_Islands_map.svg/600px-Torres_Strait_Islands_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Torres Strait Islands</figcaption></figure>
<p>The islands span an area of some 48,000 km<sup>2</sup> (19,000 sq mi). The strait from Cape York to New Guinea has a width of approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) at its narrowest point; the islands lie scattered in between, extending some 200 to 300 kilometres (120 to 190 mi) from furthest east to furthest west. The total land area of the islands comprises 566 km<sup>2</sup> (219 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-soilsanra_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soilsanra-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21,784 hectares (53,830 acres) of land are used for agricultural purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-econanra_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econanra-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> itself was previously part of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> known as the Arafura Plain which connected the present-day Australian continent with New Guinea (in a single landmass called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahul_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahul continent">Sahul</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meganesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meganesia">Meganesia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia-New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia-New Guinea">Australia-New Guinea</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This land bridge was most recently submerged by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> at the end of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice-age glaciation</a> approximately 12,000 years ago, forming the Strait which now connects the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral</a> seas. Many of the western Torres Strait Islands are the remaining peaks of this land bridge which were not completely submerged when the ocean levels rose.
</p><p>The islands and their surrounding waters and reefs provide a highly diverse set of land and marine <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, with niches for many rare or unique species. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">Saltwater crocodiles</a> inhabit the islands along with neighbouring areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. Marine animals of the islands include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a> (an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">sea mammal</a> widely found throughout the Indian Ocean and tropical Western Pacific, including Papua-New Guinean and Australian waters), as well as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">ridley</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flatback_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatback turtle">flatback</a> sea turtles.
</p><p>The Torres Strait Islands may be grouped<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2016)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> into five distinct clusters, which exhibit differences of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and formation as well as location. The Torres Strait provides a habitat for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birds_of_Boigu,_Saibai_and_Dauan_Islands_(Torres_Strait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)">numerous birds</a>, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torresian_imperial-pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Torresian imperial-pigeon">Torresian imperial-pigeon</a>, which is seen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2016)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the iconic national emblem to the islanders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>These islands are also a distinct physiographic section of the larger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Platform</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physiographic_province" title="Physiographic province">province</a>, which in turn is part of the larger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">East Australian Cordillera</a> <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Physiographic_division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physiographic division (page does not exist)">physiographic division</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top_Western_islands_(Gudaw_Maluligal_Nation)"><span id="Top_Western_islands_.28Gudaw_Maluligal_Nation.29"></span>Top Western islands (Gudaw Maluligal Nation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Top Western islands (Gudaw Maluligal Nation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The islands in this cluster lie very close to the southwestern coastline of New Guinea (the closest is less than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) offshore). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai</a> (one of the largest of the Torres Strait Islands) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boigu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Boigu Island">Boigu</a> (one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talbot_Islands" title="Talbot Islands">Talbot Islands</a>) are low-lying islands which were formed by deposition of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">sediments</a> and mud from New Guinean rivers into the Strait accumulating on decayed coral platforms. Vegetation on these islands mainly consists of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamps, and they are prone to flooding.
</p><p>The other main island in this group, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dauan_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauan Island, Queensland">Dauan</a> (Mt Cornwallis), is a smaller island with steep hills, composed largely of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. This island actually represents the northernmost extent of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>, the extensive series of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> which runs along almost the entire eastern coastline of Australia. This peak became an island as the ocean levels rose at the end of the last ice age.
</p><p>The isolated and uninhabited <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warul_Kawa_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area">Deliverance Island</a> is 67 kilometres (42 mi) west of Boigu, the nearest of the Top Western islands.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birds_of_Boigu,_Saibai_and_Dauan_Islands_(Torres_Strait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)">Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_Western_islands_(Maluligal_Nation)"><span id="Near_Western_islands_.28Maluligal_Nation.29"></span>Near Western islands (Maluligal Nation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Near Western islands (Maluligal Nation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The islands in this cluster lie south of the Strait's midway point, and are also largely high granite hills with mounds of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> outcrops, formed from old peaks of the now submerged land bridge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moa_Island,_Torres_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Moa Island, Torres Strait">Moa</a> (Banks Island) is the second-largest in the Torres Strait, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_Island,_Torres_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Badu Island, Torres Strait">Badu</a> (Mulgrave Island) is slightly smaller and fringed with extensive mangrove swamps. Other smaller islands include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag_Island" title="Mabuiag Island">Mabuiag</a>, Pulu and further to the east Naghir (correct form <b>Nagi</b>, aka Mount Ernest Island). Culturally this was the most complex part of Torres Strait, containing three of the four groupings/dialects of the Western-central Islanders, Nagi being culturally/linguistically a Central Island (Kulkalaig territory, specifically part of Waraber tribal waters), Moa is part of the Muwalaig-Italaig-Kaiwalaig [Kauraraig/Kaurareg] tribal areas, with two groups, the Italaig of the south, and the Muwalaig of the north. Many Kauraraig also live there, having been forcibly moved there in 1922–1923. Badu and Mabuiag are the <b>Maluigal</b> <i>Deep Sea People</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_islands_(Kaiwalagal_Kawrareg_Aboriginal_Nation)"><span id="Inner_islands_.28Kaiwalagal_Kawrareg_Aboriginal_Nation.29"></span>Inner islands (Kaiwalagal Kawrareg Aboriginal Nation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inner islands (Kaiwalagal Kawrareg Aboriginal Nation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Thursday_Island,_Torres_Strait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thursday_Island%2C_Torres_Strait.jpg/250px-Thursday_Island%2C_Torres_Strait.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thursday_Island%2C_Torres_Strait.jpg/375px-Thursday_Island%2C_Torres_Strait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thursday_Island%2C_Torres_Strait.jpg/500px-Thursday_Island%2C_Torres_Strait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The township of Thursday Island</figcaption></figure>
<p>These islands, also known as the Thursday Island group, lie closest to Cape York Peninsula, and their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and geological history is very similar. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island,_Torres_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales Island, Torres Strait">Muralag (Prince of Wales Island)</a> is the largest of the Strait's islands, and forms the centre of this closely grouped cluster. The much smaller Waiben <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a> is the region's administrative centre and most heavily populated. Several of these islands have permanent freshwater springs, and some were also mined for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Because of their proximity to the Australian mainland, they have also been centres of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearling</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> industries. Nurupai <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn Island</a> holds the region's airport, and as a result is something of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> with inhabitants drawn from many other communities. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammond_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond Island, Queensland">Kiriri</a> (Hammond Island) is the other permanently settled island of this group; Tuined (Possession Island) is noted for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Lt. James Cook's</a> landing there in 1770. Moa in the Near Western group is culturally and linguistically speaking part of this group.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_islands_(Kulkalgal_Nation)"><span id="Central_islands_.28Kulkalgal_Nation.29"></span>Central islands (Kulkalgal Nation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central islands (Kulkalgal Nation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>This cluster is more widely distributed in the middle of Torres Strait, consisting of many small sandy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">cays</a> surrounded by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, similar to those found in the nearby <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>. The more northerly islands in this group however, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabba_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabba Island">Gerbar</a> (Two Brothers) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iama_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Iama Island">Iama (Yam Island)</a>, are high basaltic outcrops, not cays. Nagi is a culturo-linguistic part of this group, and also has high basaltic outcropping. The low-lying inhabited coral cays, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poruma_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Poruma Island">Poruma (Coconut Island)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warraber_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Warraber Island">Warraber Island</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masig_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Masig Island">Masig (Yorke Island)</a> are mostly less than 2 to 3 kilometres (1.2–1.9 miles) long, and no wider than 800 metres (2,600 feet). Several have had problems with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_islands_(Kemer_Kemer_Meriam_Nation)"><span id="Eastern_islands_.28Kemer_Kemer_Meriam_Nation.29"></span>Eastern islands (Kemer Kemer Meriam Nation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern islands (Kemer Kemer Meriam Nation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The islands of this group (principally <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Mer (Murray Island)</a>, Dauar and Waier, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darnley_Island_(Queensland)" title="Darnley Island (Queensland)">Erub Island</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephens_Island_(Torres_Strait)" title="Stephens Island (Torres Strait)">Stephen Island (Ugar)</a> further north) are formed differently from the rest. They are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> in origin, the peaks of volcanoes which were active in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> times. Consequently, their hillsides have rich and fertile red volcanic soils, and are thickly vegetated. The easternmost of these are less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the northern extension of the Great Barrier Reef.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism_of_the_flag_design">Symbolism of the flag design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symbolism of the flag design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag" title="Torres Strait Islander flag">Torres Strait Islander flag</a></div>
<p>The national flag features a white Dhari (headdress) and, underneath, a white five-pointed star, symbolising "peace, the five major island groups and the navigational importance of stars to the seafaring people of the Torres Strait". The five points of the star on the flag represent the following regions (which do not match administrative regions):<sup id="cite_ref-flag_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Northern Division (Boigu, Dauan, Saibai)</li>
<li>Eastern Islands (Erub, Mer, Ugar)</li>
<li>Western Division (St. Pauls, Kubin, Badu, Mabuiag)</li>
<li>Central Division (Masig, Poruma, Warraber, Iama)</li>
<li>Southern Division (Thursday, Horn, Prince of Wales and Hammond Islands, NPA and Mainland Australia)</li></ul>
<p>A celebration known as Flag Day takes place on 29 May each year, the anniversary of the day the flag was officially presented to the people of the Torres Strait.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hammond-island-torres-strait.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hammond-island-torres-strait.JPG/250px-Hammond-island-torres-strait.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Hammond-island-torres-strait.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption>Hammond Island, Torres Strait</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_Authority">Regional Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a> (TSRA), an Australian Commonwealth statutory authority created in 1994, exercises governance over the islands. The TSRA has an elected board comprising 20 representatives from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Aboriginal</a> communities resident in the Torres Strait region.
</p><p>One representative per established local community wins election to the board under the <i>Queensland Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984</i> and Division 5 of the <i>ATSIC Act 1989</i>. The TSRA itself falls under the portfolio responsibilities of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_the_Prime_Minister_and_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)">Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet</a> (previously under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Families,_Community_Services_and_Indigenous_Affairs_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (Australia)">Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs</a>). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a> functions as the administrative centre of the islands.
</p><p>The TSRA now represents the local communities at both Commonwealth and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Australia">State</a> levels; previously, State representation operated via a Queensland statutory authority called the Island Coordinating Council (ICC). The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a> local government area superseded the ICC in March 2008.
</p><p>In March 2008, fifteen Torres Strait Islander Councils were amalgamated into a single body to form a Torres Strait Island Regional Council, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a>, created by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a> in the interest of financial viability, and accountability and transparency of local Governments throughout the State.<sup id="cite_ref-artnetwork_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnetwork-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is administered from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>, but Thursday, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn Island</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Prince of Wales Island</a> and many others are under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Shire of Torres</a> council.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_(shire)_level_government"><span id="Local_.28shire.29_level_government"></span>Local (shire) level government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local (shire) level government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>At the local level, there are two authorities. One is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Shire of Torres</a>, which governs several islands and portions of Cape York Peninsula and operates as a Queensland <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government area</a>.
</p><p>The other is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a>, created in 2008, which embodies 15 former island councils. These former councils had been previously relinquished by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Queensland">Government of Queensland</a> to specific Islander and Aboriginal Councils under the provisions of the <i>Community Services (Torres Strait) Act 1984</i> and the <i>Community Services (Aboriginal) Act 1984</i>), consisting of:
</p>
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<ul><li>Badu Island Council</li>
<li>Bamaga Island Council</li>
<li>Boigu Island Council</li>
<li>Dauan Island Council</li>
<li>Erub Island Council</li>
<li>Hammond Island Council</li>
<li>Iama Island Council</li>
<li>Kubin Island Council</li>
<li>Mabuiag Island Council</li>
<li>Mer Island Council</li>
<li>Poruma Island Council</li>
<li>Saibai Island Council</li>
<li>Seisia Island Council</li>
<li>St Pauls Island Council</li>
<li>St Patrick Island council</li>
<li>Ugar Island Council</li>
<li>Warraber Island Council</li>
<li>Yorke Island Council</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Localities">Localities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Localities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>This shows the localities of the Torres Strait Islands in alphabetical order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Locality
</th>
<th>Type
</th>
<th>Population
<p>(2016 Census)
</p>
</th>
<th>Population Density
<p>km<sup>2</sup>
</p>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_Island" title="Badu Island">Badu Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>813
</td>
<td>8.50/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boigu_Island_(Queensland)" title="Boigu Island (Queensland)">Boigu Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>271
</td>
<td>3.0/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Queensland)" title="Coconut Island (Queensland)">Coconut Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>167
</td>
<td>-
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darnley_Island_(Queensland)" title="Darnley Island (Queensland)">Darnley Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>328
</td>
<td>57.5/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dauan_Island" title="Dauan Island">Dauan Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>191
</td>
<td>56.2/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Torres_Strait_Islands" title="List of Torres Strait Islands">Friday Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>20
</td>
<td>-
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>531
</td>
<td>10/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keriri_Island,_Queensland" title="Keriri Island, Queensland">Keriri Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>268
</td>
<td>16.96/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag_Island" title="Mabuiag Island">Mabuiag Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>210
</td>
<td>33.3/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masig_Island,_Queensland" title="Masig Island, Queensland">Masig Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>270
</td>
<td>180/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moa_Island_(Queensland)" title="Moa Island (Queensland)">Moa Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>448
</td>
<td>2.632/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>453
</td>
<td>-
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Torres_Strait_Islands" title="List of Torres Strait Islands">Packe Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>10
</td>
<td>-
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Of_Wales,_Queensland" title="Prince Of Wales, Queensland">Prince of Wales</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>109
</td>
<td>0.2128/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>465
</td>
<td>4.3/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Island_(Torres_Strait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Island (Torres Strait)">Stephen Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>72
</td>
<td>-
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a>
</td>
<td>Town
</td>
<td>2,938
</td>
<td>839/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warraber_Islet,_Queensland" title="Warraber Islet, Queensland">Warraber Islet</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>245
</td>
<td>350/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_Island" title="Yam Island">Yam Island</a>
</td>
<td>Locality
</td>
<td>319
</td>
<td>168/km<sup>2</sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_movement">Independence movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Independence movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Politicians who have declared support for independence, include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Katter" title="Bob Katter">Bob Katter</a> and former Queensland Premier <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anna_Bligh" title="Anna Bligh">Anna Bligh</a>, who in August 2011 wrote to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> in support of Torres Strait Islands independence from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>; Prime Minister Gillard said in October 2011 "her government will respectfully consider the Torres Strait's request for self-government". Other figures who have supported independence include Australian Indigenous rights campaigner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/220px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/330px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg/440px-Torres_Strait_Islander_Languages_used_at_home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="5682" /></a><figcaption>Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island languages</a></div>
<p>Torres Strait Islander peoples, the indigenous peoples of the islands, are predominantly Melanesians, culturally most akin to the coastal peoples of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. Thus, they are regarded as being distinct from Aboriginal peoples of Australia and are generally referred to separately, despite ongoing historical trade and inter-marriage with mainland Aboriginal people. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamaga,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamaga, Queensland">Bamaga</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seisia,_Queensland" title="Seisia, Queensland">Seisia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>According to the Torres Strait Treaty, residents of Papua New Guinea are permitted to visit the Torres Strait Islands for traditional purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-atoswr_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atoswr-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There are three languages spoken on the islands. The two indigenous languages are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western-Central_Torres_Strait_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western-Central Torres Strait Language">Western-Central Torres Strait Language</a> (called by various names, including Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Kalaw Kawaw Ya, Kulkalgau Ya and Kaiwaligau Ya), and the Eastern Torres Language <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_Mir" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriam Mir">Meriam Mir</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yumplatok" class="mw-redirect" title="Yumplatok">Yumplatok</a> (also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Torres Strait Island language</a> spoken in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>. The contact with missionaries, traders and other English speakers since the 19th century led to the development of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">pidgin language</a>. It developed more fully as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>, with its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_Australian_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Australian English">Standard Australian English</a> and traditional indigenous languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian mainland">Australian mainland</a>, including in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Peninsula_Area_Region" title="Northern Peninsula Area Region">Northern Peninsula Area Region</a> and coastal communities such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mackay,_Queensland" title="Mackay, Queensland">Mackay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Torres Strait Islands are threatened by rising sea levels, especially those islands which do not rise more than one metre (3.3 feet) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rst_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rst-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surges</a> and high tides pose the greatest danger. Other developing problems include erosion, property damage, drinking water contamination and the unearthing of the dead. As of June 2010, there were no relocation strategies in place for Torres Strait Islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-ccbw_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccbw-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2021, at least one freshwater well had turned to salt water.<sup id="cite_ref-park2021_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park2021-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2020, it was reported that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sue_Islet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue Islet">Warraber</a> is particularly threatened by rising sea levels, and coastal defences have been built on many of the beaches on the island. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) has predicted that by 2100, tides will rise 30–110 cm (12–43 in), depending on the timing and level of cuts to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a>. Several of the smaller islands in the group are also under threat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea wall">sea walls</a> has begun on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boigu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Boigu Island">Boigu Island</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masig_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Masig Island">Masig Island</a> is next in line.<sup id="cite_ref-park2021_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park2021-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torres_Strait_8">Torres Strait 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Torres Strait 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>A group of eight people from the small, low-lying islands of Boigu, Poruma, Warraber and Masig,<sup id="cite_ref-Faa_2022_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faa_2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who became known as the <b>Torres Strait 8</b>, lodged a complaint against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a> in May 2019, based on the claim that their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> were being violated by the government's lack of efforts to protect the people of the Strait from the effects of climate change. Their complaint has been supported by the current and previous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">UN Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment</a>, David Boyd and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_H._Knox" title="John H. Knox">John Knox</a> respectively. The group is also seeking an opinion from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> as to whether they would be eligible to seek compensation from countries or large companies for losses brought about by climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-park2021_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park2021-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020 the Torres Strait 8 were recognised as one of ten "Human Rights Heroes" in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_Rights_Awards_(Australia)" title="Human Rights Awards (Australia)">Human Rights Awards</a>, in a special category replacing the usual awards.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2022, the UN Human Rights Committee gave its response to the Torres Strait 8. It concluded that Australia had violated two of three human rights described in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, a treaty signed in 1966 by 173 member states of the UN, including Australia. The violated rights are "the right to enjoy their culture" and "[to] be free from arbitrary interferences with their private life, family and home". The committee did not find that their right to life had been violated. There is no means by which to enforce the finding, but states generally comply. While the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison government</a> had called for dismissal of the complaint, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albanese_government" title="Albanese government">Albanese government</a> (since early 2022) was committed to working with Torres Strait Islanders on climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Faa_2022_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faa_2022-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee called on the government to compensate the islanders for the harm already inflicted, "consult the community on their needs and take action to secure their safety".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_control">Disease control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disease control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> plant leaf disease <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_sigatoka" title="Black sigatoka">black sigatoka</a>, the major banana disease worldwide, is endemic to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands. Occasional infections have been discovered on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a> but they have been successfully halted with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">eradication</a> programs. The disease most likely appeared on the mainland via plant material from the Torres Strait Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-eblst_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eblst-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The music of the Torres Strait is principally vocal accompanied by instruments. The introduction of Christianity through the London Missionary Society, beginning in 1871, had a profound influence, but before that time the musical culture reflected the cultural and geographic diversity of the Strait.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li id="cite_note-Census2016Y-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2016Y_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2016Y_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/315011402">"Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>2016 Census QuickStats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2016+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islands&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fquickstats%2F2016%2F315011402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059258#P4093" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cca-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cca_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallBarnesCanutoNona2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Nina L.; Barnes, Samuel; Canuto, Condy; Nona, Francis; Redmond, Andrew M. (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1326020023004570#azph13073-bib-0014">"Climate change and infectious diseases in Australia's Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 122–128. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1753-6405.13073">10.1111/1753-6405.13073</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Climate+change+and+infectious+diseases+in+Australia%27s+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-128&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1753-6405.13073&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Nina+L.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Canuto%2C+Condy&rft.au=Nona%2C+Francis&rft.au=Redmond%2C+Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1326020023004570%23azph13073-bib-0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_story_of_Cape_York_Peninsula_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLack1963" class="citation journal cs1">Lack, Clem (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15094896.pdf">"The story of Cape York Peninsula : Part II : Torres Strait saga"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 132–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society+of+Queensland&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Cape+York+Peninsula+%3A+Part+II+%3A+Torres+Strait+saga&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=132-153&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Lack&rft.aufirst=Clem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F15094896.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-monuments-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monuments_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/technology/industry/display/100188-torres-strait-pearl-divers-">"Torres Strait Pearl Divers"</a>. <i>Monument Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monument+Australia&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Pearl+Divers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentaustralia.org.au%2Fthemes%2Ftechnology%2Findustry%2Fdisplay%2F100188-torres-strait-pearl-divers-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett1977" class="citation journal cs1">Beckett, Jeremy (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24045532">"The Torres Strait Islanders and the pearling industry: A case of internal colonialism"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_History" title="Aboriginal History">Aboriginal History</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1/2). ANU Press: 77–104. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0314-8769">0314-8769</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24045532">24045532</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aboriginal+History&rft.atitle=The+Torres+Strait+Islanders+and+the+pearling+industry%3A+A+case+of+internal+colonialism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=77-104&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24045532%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0314-8769&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24045532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hots-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hots_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Burton" class="citation web cs1">John Burton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090515015550/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx">"History of Torres Strait to 1879 – a regional view"</a>. Torres Strait Regional Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/general-history.aspx">the original</a> on 15 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Torres+Strait+to+1879+%E2%80%93+a+regional+view&rft.pub=Torres+Strait+Regional+Authority&rft.au=John+Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsra.gov.au%2Fthe-torres-strait%2Fgeneral-history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorff2021" class="citation web cs1">Korff, Jens (4 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-aboriginal-history-timeline/health">"Aboriginal timeline: Health"</a>. <i>Creative Spirits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creative+Spirits&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+timeline%3A+Health&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Korff&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Fhistory%2Faustralian-aboriginal-history-timeline%2Fhealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Recordings of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, National Film and Sound Archive: at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nfsa.gov.au/collection/sound/sounds-australia/">Sounds of Australia registry</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-artnetwork-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artnetwork_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianartnetwork.com.au/regions/torres-strait-islands/">"Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Australian Art Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Art+Network&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralianartnetwork.com.au%2Fregions%2Ftorres-strait-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=54">Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209110717/http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?sdID=54">Archived</a> 9 December 2007 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Documenting Democracy. 24 May 2011. Retrieved on 3 July 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfsa.gov.au/digitallearning/mabo/info/border.htm">"The Border Problem"</a>. National Film and Sound Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Border+Problem&rft.pub=National+Film+and+Sound+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfsa.gov.au%2Fdigitallearning%2Fmabo%2Finfo%2Fborder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Wordsworth2013" class="citation news cs1">Matt Wordsworth (14 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-15/wordsworth-patrolling-the-short-hop-from-png-to-australia/4886290">"Patrolling the short hop from PNG to Australia"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Patrolling+the+short+hop+from+PNG+to+Australia&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.au=Matt+Wordsworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-08-15%2Fwordsworth-patrolling-the-short-hop-from-png-to-australia%2F4886290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed map see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627114831/http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3747.pdf">"Australia's Maritime Zones in the Torres Strait"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Government – Geoscience Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA3747.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Maritime+Zones+in+the+Torres+Strait&rft.pub=Australian+Government+%E2%80%93+Geoscience+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fimage_cache%2FGA3747.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span>,<br /> for the agreement see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/AUS-PNG1978TS.PDF">"Treaty between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning sovereignty and maritime boundaries in the area between the two countries, including the area known as Torres Strait, and related matters, 18 December 1978"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+between+Australia+and+the+Independent+State+of+Papua+New+Guinea+concerning+sovereignty+and+maritime+boundaries+in+the+area+between+the+two+countries%2C+including+the+area+known+as+Torres+Strait%2C+and+related+matters%2C+18+December+1978&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FPDFFILES%2FTREATIES%2FAUS-PNG1978TS.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200706/s1941005.htm">"Indigenous people still battle for land rights: activist"</a>. <i>ABC News Online</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Indigenous+people+still+battle+for+land+rights%3A+activist&rft.date=2007-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200706%2Fs1941005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/Nov/Senate%20Inquiry%20into%20Torres%20Strait/Attachments/Queensland%20Government%20submission.pdf">"Submission by the Queensland Government to the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Torres Strait Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 16 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+by+the+Queensland+Government+to+the+Senate+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Defence+and+Trade+Committee+Inquiry+into+Matters+Relating+to+the+Torres+Strait+Region&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabinet.qld.gov.au%2Fdocuments%2F2009%2FNov%2FSenate%2520Inquiry%2520into%2520Torres%2520Strait%2FAttachments%2FQueensland%2520Government%2520submission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mts-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mts_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuellen_Hinde2011" class="citation news cs1">Suellen Hinde (31 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/monster-tides-smother-torres-strait-islands/story-e6freoof-1225825028712">"Monster tides smother Torres Strait islands"</a>. <i>The Sunday Mail</i>. News Queensland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Mail&rft.atitle=Monster+tides+smother+Torres+Strait+islands&rft.date=2011-01-31&rft.au=Suellen+Hinde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fnews%2Fqueensland%2Fmonster-tides-smother-torres-strait-islands%2Fstory-e6freoof-1225825028712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Aboriginal%20and%20Torres%20Strait%20islander%20Population%20Article~12">"2071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, 2016"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistices</i>. 31 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistices&rft.atitle=2071.0+-+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+-+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016%3A+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Population%2C+2016&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Aboriginal%2520and%2520Torres%2520Strait%2520islander%2520Population%2520Article~12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-soilsanra-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soilsanra_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602145521/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/erosion/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands-ln.html">"Soils – Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Australian Natural Resources Atlas</i>. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 6 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/erosion/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands-ln.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Natural+Resources+Atlas&rft.atitle=Soils+%E2%80%93+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft.date=2009-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anra.gov.au%2Ftopics%2Fsoils%2Ferosion%2Fqld%2Fbasin-torres-strait-islands-ln.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-econanra-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-econanra_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602125032/http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/economics/costs-returns/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands.html">"Economics – Torres Strait Islands"</a>. <i>Australian Natural Resources Atlas</i>. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 6 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/economics/costs-returns/qld/basin-torres-strait-islands.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Natural+Resources+Atlas&rft.atitle=Economics+%E2%80%93+Torres+Strait+Islands&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anra.gov.au%2Ftopics%2Feconomics%2Fcosts-returns%2Fqld%2Fbasin-torres-strait-islands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1977" class="citation book cs1">Allen, J. (1977). J. Golson; R. Jones (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sundasahulprehis0000unse"><i>Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia</i></a></span>. London: Academic Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-051250-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-051250-5"><bdi>0-12-051250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunda+and+Sahul%3A+Prehistorical+studies+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+Melanesia+and+Australia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-12-051250-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsundasahulprehis0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilewood1984" class="citation conference cs1">Filewood, W. (1984). "The Torres connection: Zoogeography of New Guinea". <i>Vertebrate zoogeography in Australasia</i>. Carlisle, W.A.: Hesperian Press. pp. 1124–1125. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85905-036-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85905-036-X"><bdi>0-85905-036-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Torres+connection%3A+Zoogeography+of+New+Guinea&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+zoogeography+in+Australasia&rft.place=Carlisle%2C+W.A.&rft.pages=1124-1125&rft.pub=Hesperian+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85905-036-X&rft.aulast=Filewood&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-flag-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flag_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/torres-strait-flag">"Torres Strait Flag"</a>. <i>Torres Strait Regional Authority</i>. 10 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torres+Strait+Regional+Authority&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Flag&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsra.gov.au%2Fthe-torres-strait%2Ftorres-strait-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounter2021" class="citation web cs1">Mounter, Brendan (29 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-29/torres-strait-islands-flag-day-thursday-island-2021/100176336">"Torres Strait Islanders fly the flag for cultural identity on banner day for community"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islanders+fly+the+flag+for+cultural+identity+on+banner+day+for+community&rft.date=2021-05-29&rft.aulast=Mounter&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-05-29%2Ftorres-strait-islands-flag-day-thursday-island-2021%2F100176336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/Nov/Senate%20Inquiry%20into%20Torres%20Strait/Attachments/Queensland%20Government%20submission.pdf">"Submission by the Queensland Government to the Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Torres Strait Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 16 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+by+the+Queensland+Government+to+the+Senate+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Defence+and+Trade+Committee+Inquiry+into+Matters+Relating+to+the+Torres+Strait+Region&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcabinet.qld.gov.au%2Fdocuments%2F2009%2FNov%2FSenate%2520Inquiry%2520into%2520Torres%2520Strait%2FAttachments%2FQueensland%2520Government%2520submission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Elks (15 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/for-mabos-sake-let-my-island-home-go-torres-strait-elder-george-mye/story-fn9hm1pm-1226167158932">For Mabo's sake, let my island home go: Torres Strait elder George Mye</a>. <i>The Australian</i>. News Limited. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larine Statham (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/progress-for-torres-strait-independence/story-fn6ck2c6-1226168521353">Progress for Torres Strait independence</a>. <i>Courier Mail</i>. Queensland Newspapers. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(5 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/mp-supports-torres-strait-independence/story-e6frfku0-1225758260046">MP supports Torres Strait independence</a>. news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved on 25 April 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Australian_2021_Census_dataset_“2021_Census_-_Cultural_Diversity,_2021_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%222021+Census+-+Cultural+Diversity%2C+2021%2C+TableBuilder%22&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28ABS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftablebuilder.abs.gov.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-atoswr-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atoswr_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torresnews.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1764:access-to-outer-islands-water-restricted&catid=3:news">"Access to Outer Islands' water restricted"</a>. <i>Torres News Online</i>. 17 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Torres+News+Online&rft.atitle=Access+to+Outer+Islands%27+water+restricted&rft.date=2011-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torresnews.com.au%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1764%3Aaccess-to-outer-islands-water-restricted%26catid%3D3%3Anews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon-80x15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/79/CC_BY_icon-80x15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This Wikipedia article incorporates <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CC-BY-4.0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC-BY-4.0">CC-BY-4.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/home/copyright">licensed</a> text from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/173?embed=true">"Yupanguthi"</a>. <i>Queensland’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages map</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland%E2%80%99s+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Languages+map&rft.atitle=Yupanguthi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.slq.qld.gov.au%2Fiyil%2Fview%2F173%3Fembed%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rst-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rst_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Michael2007" class="citation news cs1">Peter Michael (2 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/features/rising-seas-threaten-isles/story-e6freowx-1111114089466">"Rising seas threat to Torres Strait islands"</a>. <i>The Courier-Mail</i>. News Queensland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=Rising+seas+threat+to+Torres+Strait+islands&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.au=Peter+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Frising-seas-threaten-isles%2Fstory-e6freowx-1111114089466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ccbw-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ccbw_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofia_Levin2010" class="citation news cs1">Sofia Levin (28 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2010/06/28//2939097.htm">"Climate change: not all black and white"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Climate+change%3A+not+all+black+and+white&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft.au=Sofia+Levin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fenvironment%2Farticles%2F2010%2F06%2F28%2F%2F2939097.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-park2021-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park2021_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park2021_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park2021_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2021" class="citation web cs1">Park, Andy (18 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-19/torres-strait-islanders-climate-change-impacts-uninhabitable/100069596">"For these Torres Strait Islanders, climate change is already here - and they're urging the government to do more"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=For+these+Torres+Strait+Islanders%2C+climate+change+is+already+here+-+and+they%27re+urging+the+government+to+do+more&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-04-19%2Ftorres-strait-islanders-climate-change-impacts-uninhabitable%2F100069596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanister2020" class="citation web cs1">Banister, Jack (1 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/mar/01/its-our-right-to-be-here-the-torres-strait-islanders-fighting-to-save-their-homes-from-a-rising-sea">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's our right to be here': the Torres Strait Islanders fighting to save their homes from a rising sea"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+our+right+to+be+here%27%3A+the+Torres+Strait+Islanders+fighting+to+save+their+homes+from+a+rising+sea&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft.aulast=Banister&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2020%2Fmar%2F01%2Fits-our-right-to-be-here-the-torres-strait-islanders-fighting-to-save-their-homes-from-a-rising-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Faa_2022-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faa_2022_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faa_2022_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaa2022" class="citation web cs1">Faa, Marian (23 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-23/un-finds-australia-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights/101470524">"UN Human Rights Committee finds Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' rights by failing to protect them from climate change"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=UN+Human+Rights+Committee+finds+Australia+violated+Torres+Strait+Islanders%27+rights+by+failing+to+protect+them+from+climate+change&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft.aulast=Faa&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-09-23%2Fun-finds-australia-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights%2F101470524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaa2020" class="citation web cs1">Faa, Marian (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-11/torres-strait-islander-complaint-against-climate-change-inaction/12972926">"Torres Strait Islander complaint against climate change inaction wins backing of UN legal experts"</a>. <i>ABC News (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.atitle=Torres+Strait+Islander+complaint+against+climate+change+inaction+wins+backing+of+UN+legal+experts&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Faa&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-12-11%2Ftorres-strait-islander-complaint-against-climate-change-inaction%2F12972926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/celebrating-2020-human-rights-heroes">"Celebrating the 2020 Human Rights Heroes"</a>. <i>Australian Human Rights Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.atitle=Celebrating+the+2020+Human+Rights+Heroes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrights.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcelebrating-2020-human-rights-heroes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrights.gov.au/human-rights-heroes/human-rights-hreroes-campaign-finalists">"Human Rights Heroes Campaign Finalists"</a>. <i>Australian Human Rights Commission</i>. 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Heroes+Campaign+Finalists&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrights.gov.au%2Fhuman-rights-heroes%2Fhuman-rights-hreroes-campaign-finalists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/australias-climate-change-inaction-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights-un-finds/dwi5vyzcc">"Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' rights by failing to protect them from climate change, UN says"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS_News" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS News">SBS News</a></i>. 23 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Australia+violated+Torres+Strait+Islanders%27+rights+by+failing+to+protect+them+from+climate+change%2C+UN+says&rft.date=2022-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Faustralias-climate-change-inaction-violated-torres-strait-islanders-rights-un-finds%2Fdwi5vyzcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-eblst-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eblst_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonK._GriceR._Goebel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, R.; K. Grice; R. Goebel (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRtZ3aEvlgQC">"Eradication of black leaf streak disease from Banana-growing regions in Australia"</a>. <i>InfoMusa</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 7–10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoMusa&rft.atitle=Eradication+of+black+leaf+streak+disease+from+Banana-growing+regions+in+Australia&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-10&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=K.+Grice&rft.au=R.+Goebel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRtZ3aEvlgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBebbington1997" class="citation book cs1">Bebbington, Warren (1997). <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Music</i>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 556. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195534328" title="Special:BookSources/0195534328"><bdi>0195534328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Music&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0195534328&rft.aulast=Bebbington&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsirc.qld.gov.au/changing-region/governance-history">"Governance History"</a>. <i>Torres Strait Island Regional Council</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torres+Strait+Island+Regional+Council&rft.atitle=Governance+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsirc.qld.gov.au%2Fchanging-region%2Fgovernance-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> (Timeline)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naidoc.org.au/about/indigenous-australian-flags">"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander flags"</a>. <i>NAIDOC</i>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAIDOC&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+flags&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naidoc.org.au%2Fabout%2Findigenous-australian-flags&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegarty2020" class="citation web cs1">Hegarty, Siobhan (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-06/faith-on-a-sinking-ship-torres-strait-climate-change/11837360">"To everybody else this place is sinking. It will never sink"</a>. <i>ABC News (Radio National)</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Radio+National%29&rft.atitle=To+everybody+else+this+place+is+sinking.+It+will+never+sink&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Hegarty&rft.aufirst=Siobhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-02-06%2Ffaith-on-a-sinking-ship-torres-strait-climate-change%2F11837360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060504064529/http://www.lgp.qld.gov.au/?id=2696">Torres Strait community government review</a> – 2006 "consultation with the people of Torres Strait is reviewing how local government in the 17 Torres Strait Island Councils should operate.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/ra/pacific/places/country/torres_strait_islands.htm">Charting the Pacific: Torres Strait Islands</a> (ABC, 2005)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3201344">Untitled photo</a> from: Photograph album of Papua and Torres Strait (1921) taken by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a> at the National Library of Australia.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=atsia/tsi/tsi.pdf">Torres Strait Islanders: A New Deal</a>, A Report on Greater Autonomy for Torres Strait Islanders, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Affairs August 1997</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabbage1990" class="citation book cs1">Babbage, Ross (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2016-03/061_the_strategic_significance_of_torres_strait_canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence_ross_babbage_445p_0731508416.pdf"><i>The strategic significance of the Torres Strait</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian National University. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0731508416" title="Special:BookSources/0731508416"><bdi>0731508416</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0069-0104">0069-0104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+strategic+significance+of+the+Torres+Strait&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0069-0104&rft.isbn=0731508416&rft.aulast=Babbage&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fattachments%2F2016-03%2F061_the_strategic_significance_of_torres_strait_canberra_papers_on_strategy_and_defence_ross_babbage_445p_0731508416.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorres+Strait+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Torres_Strait_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands#Q1059258" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a></b></i>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99198843402061">Torres Strait Islands Photograph Album 1935</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a>. Photograph album showcasing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Queensland" title="Attorney-General of Queensland">Queensland Attorney-General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Mullan_(Australian_politician)" title="John Mullan (Australian politician)">Hon. John Mullan's</a> 1935 official visit to the Torres Strait Islands and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/1dejkfd/alma99260973402061">Torres Strait Islands Photographs 1908-1920</a>, State Library of Queensland</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Torres_Strait" title="Template:Torres Strait"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Torres_Strait" title="Template talk:Torres Strait"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Torres_Strait" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Torres Strait"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Torres_Strait_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islands</a>,<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islets</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">cays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bellevue_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellevue Islands">Bellevue</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Aipus</li>
<li>Cap</li>
<li>Kamutnab</li>
<li>Keatinge</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag_Island" title="Mabuiag Island">Mabuiag</a></li>
<li>Pulu</li>
<li>Subur</li>
<li>Warakuikul Talab</li>
<li>Widul</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bourke_Isles" title="Bourke Isles">Bourke</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Aukane</li>
<li>Aureed</li>
<li>Kabbikane</li>
<li>Layoak</li>
<li>Mimi</li>
<li>Roberts</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_Island" title="Yam Island">Yam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duncan_Islands" title="Duncan Islands">Duncan</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Kanig</li>
<li>Maitak</li>
<li>Meth</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeta_(Port_Lihou_Island),_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeta (Port Lihou Island), Queensland">Port Lihou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeta_(Port_Lihou_Island),_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeta (Port Lihou Island), Queensland">Yeta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adolphus Channel group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany_Island" title="Albany Island">Albany</a></li>
<li>Bush</li>
<li>Eborac</li>
<li>Ida</li>
<li>Middle Brother</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talbot_Islands" title="Talbot Islands">Talbot</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Aubussi</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boigu_Island,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Boigu Island, Queensland">Boigu</a></li>
<li>Moimi</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Sisters_(Queensland)" title="The Three Sisters (Queensland)">The Three Sisters</a> group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Bet</li>
<li>Poll</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sue_Islet_(Queensland)" title="Sue Islet (Queensland)">Sue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yorke group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Keats</li>
<li>Marsden</li>
<li>Rennel</li>
<li>Smith</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Allison</li>
<li>Anchor</li>
<li>Arden</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_Island" title="Badu Island">Badu</a></li>
<li>Barn</li>
<li>Barney</li>
<li>Bond</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Booby_Island_(Queensland)" title="Booby Island (Queensland)">Booby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bramble_Cay" title="Bramble Cay">Bramble</a></li>
<li>Browne</li>
<li>Campbell</li>
<li>Canoe</li>
<li>Castle</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Queensland)" title="Coconut Island (Queensland)">Coconut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crab_Island_(Queensland)" title="Crab Island (Queensland)">Crab</a></li>
<li>Dalrymple</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darnley_Island_(Queensland)" title="Darnley Island (Queensland)">Darnley</a></li>
<li>Dauan</li>
<li>Dayman</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deliverance_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliverance Island (Queensland)">Deliverance</a></li>
<li>Dove</li>
<li>Dugong</li>
<li>Dumaralug</li>
<li>East</li>
<li>East Strait</li>
<li>Entrance</li>
<li>Farewell</li>
<li>Flat</li>
<li>Friday</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabba_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabba Island (Queensland)">Gabba</a></li>
<li>Getullai</li>
<li>Goods</li>
<li>Great Woody</li>
<li>Green</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halfway_Island_(Queensland)" title="Halfway Island (Queensland)">Halfway</a></li>
<li>Hammond</li>
<li>Hawkesbury</li>
<li>High</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_Island,_Queensland" title="Horn Island, Queensland">Horn</a></li>
<li>Kaumag</li>
<li>Kerr</li>
<li>Lacey</li>
<li>Little Adolphus</li>
<li>Little Woody</li>
<li>Lowry</li>
<li>Mai</li>
<li>Meddler</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moa_Island_(Queensland)" title="Moa Island (Queensland)">Moa</a></li>
<li>Morilug</li>
<li>Mouinndo</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Adolphus_Island" title="Mount Adolphus Island">Mount Adolphus</a></li>
<li>Mount Ernest</li>
<li>Murangi</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island,_Queensland" title="Murray Island, Queensland">Murray</a></li>
<li>Nepean</li>
<li>Nicklin</li>
<li>North</li>
<li>North Possession</li>
<li>North West</li>
<li>Obelisk</li>
<li>Packe</li>
<li>Passage</li>
<li>Pearce</li>
<li>Phipps</li>
<li>Portlock</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Queensland)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Queensland)">Prince of Wales</a></li>
<li>Quoin</li>
<li>Red</li>
<li>Red Wallis</li>
<li>Roko</li>
<li>Saddle</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saibai_Island" title="Saibai Island">Saibai</a></li>
<li>Salter</li>
<li>Sassie</li>
<li>Spencer</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephens_Island_(Torres_Strait)" title="Stephens Island (Torres Strait)">Stephens</a></li>
<li>Suarji</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday</a></li>
<li>Tobin</li>
<li>Travers</li>
<li>Tree</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trochus_Island" title="Trochus Island">Trochus</a></li>
<li>Tudu</li>
<li>Tukupai</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turnagain_Island_(Queensland)" title="Turnagain Island (Queensland)">Turnagain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_Head_Island" title="Turtle Head Island">Turtle Head</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Newcastle_Bay)" title="Turtle Island (Newcastle Bay)">Turtle</a></li>
<li>Turu</li>
<li>Twin</li>
<li>Underdown</li>
<li>Wednesday</li>
<li>West</li>
<li>Whale</li>
<li>Woody Wallis</li>
<li>York</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorke_Island_(Queensland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorke Island (Queensland)">Yorke</a></li>
<li>Zagai</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People, culture,<br />communities and<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_Anu" title="Christine Anu">Christine Anu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seaman_Dan" title="Seaman Dan">Seaman Dan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aaron_Fa%27aoso" title="Aaron Fa'aoso">Aaron Fa'aoso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josh_Hoffman" title="Josh Hoffman">Josh Hoffman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathan_Jawai" title="Nathan Jawai">Nathan Jawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ellen_Jose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen Jose">Ellen Jose</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Lui" title="Robert Lui">Robert Lui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddie_Mabo" title="Eddie Mabo">Eddie Mabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rachael_Maza" title="Rachael Maza">Rachael Maza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rita_Mills" title="Rita Mills">Rita Mills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mills_Sisters" title="Mills Sisters">Mills Sisters</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danny_Morseu" title="Danny Morseu">Danny Morseu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanu_Nona" title="Tanu Nona">Tanu Nona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albert_Proud" title="Albert Proud">Albert Proud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wendell_Sailor" title="Wendell Sailor">Wendell Sailor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Thaiday" title="Sam Thaiday">Sam Thaiday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brent_Webb" title="Brent Webb">Brent Webb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(American_football)" title="Jesse Williams (American football)">Jesse Williams</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Indigenous music of Australia</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabo_(film)" title="Mabo (film)">Mabo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(film)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taba_Naba" title="Taba Naba">Taba Naba</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamaga" title="Bamaga">Bamaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaurareg" title="Kaurareg">Kaurareg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabuiag" title="Mabuiag">Mabuiag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_people" title="Meriam people">Meriam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(people)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seisia,_Queensland" title="Seisia, Queensland">Seisia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages" title="Torres Strait Island languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bine_language" title="Bine language">Bine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gizrra_language" title="Gizrra language">Gizrra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meriam_language" title="Meriam language">Meriam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wipi_language" title="Wipi language">Wipi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance and<br />legal matters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Shire of Torres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander Flag">Torres Strait Islander Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Island Region</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority" title="Torres Strait Regional Authority">Torres Strait Regional Authority</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases and principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akiba_v_Commonwealth" title="Akiba v Commonwealth">Akiba v Commonwealth</a></i></li>
<li><i>Mabo v Queensland</i>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_1)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 1)">No 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">No 2</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terra_nullius#History_in_Australia" title="Terra nullius">Terra nullius</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boigu_Island_Airport" title="Boigu Island Airport">Boigu Island Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Booby_Island_Light" title="Booby Island Light">Booby Island Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coconut_Island_Airport" title="Coconut Island Airport">Coconut Island Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darnley_Island_Airport" title="Darnley Island Airport">Darnley Island Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eborac_Island_Light" title="Eborac Island Light">Eborac Island Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goods_Island_Light" title="Goods Island Light">Goods Island Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kubin_Airport" title="Kubin Airport">Kubin Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murray_Island_Airport" title="Murray Island Airport">Murray Island Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saibai_Island_Airport" title="Saibai Island Airport">Saibai Island Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warraber_Island_Airport" title="Warraber Island Airport">Warraber Island Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wyborn_Reef_Light" title="Wyborn Reef Light">Wyborn Reef Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_Island_Airport" title="Yam Island Airport">Yam Island Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yorke_Island_Airport" title="Yorke Island Airport">Yorke Island Airport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adolphus_Channel" title="Adolphus Channel">Adolphus Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birds_of_Boigu,_Saibai_and_Dauan_Islands_(Torres_Strait)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands (Torres Strait)">Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endeavour_Strait" title="Endeavour Strait">Endeavour Strait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Cort_Haddon" title="Alfred Cort Haddon">Alfred Cort Haddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Lawrie" title="Margaret Lawrie">Margaret Lawrie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_Swift" title="Sea Swift">Sea Swift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warul_Kawa_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area">Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Torres_Strait" title="Category:Torres Strait">Category</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torres_Strait" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Torres Strait">Commons</a></b> See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Torres_Strait_Islands" title="List of Torres Strait Islands">List of Torres Strait Islands</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far_North_Queensland,_Queensland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Far_North_Queensland" title="Template:Far North Queensland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Far_North_Queensland" title="Template talk:Far North Queensland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Far_North_Queensland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Far North Queensland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far_North_Queensland,_Queensland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Townships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atherton,_Queensland" title="Atherton, Queensland">Atherton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aurukun" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurukun">Aurukun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babinda" title="Babinda">Babinda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Badu_Island" title="Badu Island">Badu Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamaga" title="Bamaga">Bamaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burketown" title="Burketown">Burketown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardwell,_Queensland" title="Cardwell, Queensland">Cardwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chillagoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chillagoe">Chillagoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coen,_Queensland" title="Coen, Queensland">Coen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooktown" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooktown">Cooktown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croydon,_Queensland" title="Croydon, Queensland">Croydon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dimbulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimbulah">Dimbulah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doomadgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Doomadgee">Doomadgee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgetown,_Queensland" title="Georgetown, Queensland">Georgetown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordonvale,_Queensland" title="Gordonvale, Queensland">Gordonvale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herberton" class="mw-redirect" title="Herberton">Herberton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hope_Vale" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Vale">Hope Vale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Innisfail,_Queensland" title="Innisfail, Queensland">Innisfail</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Karumba">Karumba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kowanyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kowanyama">Kowanyama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuranda,_Queensland" title="Kuranda, Queensland">Kuranda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laura,_Queensland" title="Laura, Queensland">Laura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lockhart_River,_Queensland" title="Lockhart River, Queensland">Lockhart River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Malanda">Malanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mapoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapoon">Mapoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mareeba" title="Mareeba">Mareeba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millaa_Millaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Millaa Millaa">Millaa Millaa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mission_Beach,_Queensland" title="Mission Beach, Queensland"> Mission Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mornington_Island" title="Mornington Island">Mornington Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mossman,_Queensland" title="Mossman, Queensland">Mossman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napranum" class="mw-redirect" title="Napranum">Napranum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Normanton,_Queensland" title="Normanton, Queensland">Normanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pormpuraaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Pormpuraaw">Pormpuraaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Douglas" title="Port Douglas">Port Douglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thursday_Island" title="Thursday Island">Thursday Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tully,_Queensland" title="Tully, Queensland">Tully</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weipa" title="Weipa">Weipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wujal_Wujal" title="Wujal Wujal">Wujal Wujal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yungaburra" title="Yungaburra">Yungaburra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local Government Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Aurukun" title="Shire of Aurukun">Aurukun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Burke" title="Shire of Burke">Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cairns_Region" title="Cairns Region">Cairns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Carpentaria" title="Shire of Carpentaria">Carpentaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassowary_Coast_Region" title="Cassowary Coast Region">Cassowary Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Cook" title="Shire of Cook">Cook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Croydon" title="Shire of Croydon">Croydon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Doomadgee" title="Aboriginal Shire of Doomadgee">Doomadgee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Douglas" title="Shire of Douglas">Douglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Etheridge" title="Shire of Etheridge">Etheridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Hope_Vale" title="Aboriginal Shire of Hope Vale">Hope Vale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Kowanyama" title="Aboriginal Shire of Kowanyama">Kowanyama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Lockhart_River" title="Aboriginal Shire of Lockhart River">Lockhart River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Mapoon" title="Aboriginal Shire of Mapoon">Mapoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Mareeba" title="Shire of Mareeba">Mareeba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Mornington_(Queensland)" title="Shire of Mornington (Queensland)">Mornington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Napranum" title="Aboriginal Shire of Napranum">Napranum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Peninsula_Area_Region" title="Northern Peninsula Area Region">Northern Peninsula Area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Pormpuraaw" title="Aboriginal Shire of Pormpuraaw">Pormpuraaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tablelands_Region" title="Tablelands Region">Tablelands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Torres" title="Shire of Torres">Torres Strait Islands (not autonomous)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region" title="Torres Strait Island Region">Torres Strait Islands (autonomous)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weipa_Town" title="Weipa Town">Weipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Wujal_Wujal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Shire of Wujal Wujal">Wujal Wujal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Shire_of_Yarrabah" title="Aboriginal Shire of Yarrabah">Yarrabah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alwal_National_Park" title="Alwal National Park">Alwal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annan_River_National_Park" title="Annan River National Park">Annan River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apudthama_National_Park" title="Apudthama National Park">Apudthama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barnard_Island_Group_National_Park" title="Barnard Island Group National Park">Barnard Island Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barron_Gorge_National_Park" title="Barron Gorge National Park">Barron Gorge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackbraes_National_Park" title="Blackbraes National Park">Blackbraes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulleringa_National_Park" title="Bulleringa National Park">Bulleringa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Melville_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Melville National Park">Cape Melville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chillagoe-Mungana_Caves_National_Park" title="Chillagoe-Mungana Caves National Park">Chillagoe-Mungana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claremont_Isles_National_Park" title="Claremont Isles National Park">Claremont Isles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clump_Mountain_National_Park" title="Clump Mountain National Park">Clump Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crater_Lakes_National_Park" title="Crater Lakes National Park">Crater Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daintree_National_Park" title="Daintree National Park">Daintree</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danbulla_National_Park_and_State_Forest" title="Danbulla National Park and State Forest">Danbulla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davies_Creek_National_Park" title="Davies Creek National Park">Davies Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djiru_National_Park" title="Djiru National Park">Djiru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ella_Bay_National_Park" title="Ella Bay National Park">Ella Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endeavour_River_National_Park" title="Endeavour River National Park">Endeavour River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eubenangee_Swamp_National_Park" title="Eubenangee Swamp National Park">Eubenangee Swamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_Islands_National_Park" title="Family Islands National Park">Family Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fitzroy_Island_National_Park" title="Fitzroy Island National Park">Fitzroy Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flinders_Group_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Flinders Group National Park">Flinders Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frankland_Group_National_Park" title="Frankland Group National Park">Frankland Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forty_Mile_Scrub_National_Park" title="Forty Mile Scrub National Park">Forty Mile Scrub</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Basalt_Wall_National_Park" title="Great Basalt Wall National Park">Great Basalt Wall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Island_National_Park" title="Green Island National Park">Green Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grey_Peaks_National_Park" title="Grey Peaks National Park">Grey Peaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Girramay_National_Park" title="Girramay National Park">Girramay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Girringun_National_Park" title="Girringun National Park">Girringun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goold_Island_National_Park" title="Goold Island National Park">Goold Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hann_Tableland_National_Park" title="Hann Tableland National Park">Hann Tableland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasties_Swamp_National_Park" title="Hasties Swamp National Park">Hasties Swamp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinchinbrook_Island_National_Park" title="Hinchinbrook Island National Park">Hinchinbrook Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hope_Islands_National_Park" title="Hope Islands National Park">Hope Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howick_Group_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Howick Group National Park">Howick Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hull_River_National_Park" title="Hull River National Park">Hull River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japoon_National_Park" title="Japoon National Park">Japoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalkajaka_National_Park" title="Kalkajaka National Park">Kalkajaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirrama_National_Park" title="Kirrama National Park"> Kirrama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuranda_National_Park" title="Kuranda National Park">Kuranda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurrimine_Beach_National_Park" title="Kurrimine Beach National Park">Kurrimine Beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutini-Payamu_(Iron_Range)_National_Park" title="Kutini-Payamu (Iron Range) National Park">Kutini-Payamu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lama_Lama_National_Park" title="Lama Lama National Park">Lama Lama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lizard_Island_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizard Island National Park">Lizard Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%E2%80%99alpiku_Island_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma’alpiku Island National Park">Ma’alpiku Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macalister_Range_National_Park" title="Macalister Range National Park">Macalister Range</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaan National Park">Malaan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Creek_National_Park" title="Maria Creek National Park">Maria Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marpa_National_Park" title="Marpa National Park">Marpa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michaelmas_and_Upolu_Cays_National_Park" title="Michaelmas and Upolu Cays National Park">Michaelmas and Upolu Cays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millstream_Falls_National_Park" title="Millstream Falls National Park">Millstream Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitchell-Alice_Rivers_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell-Alice Rivers National Park">Mitchell-Alice Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitirinchi_Island_National_Park" title="Mitirinchi Island National Park">Mitirinchi Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moresby_Range_National_Park" title="Moresby Range National Park">Moresby Range</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Cook_National_Park,_Australia" title="Mount Cook National Park, Australia">Mount Cook</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Hypipamee_National_Park" title="Mount Hypipamee National Park">Mount Hypipamee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Lewis_National_Park" title="Mount Lewis National Park">Mount Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mount_Spurgeon_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Spurgeon National Park (page does not exist)">Mount Spurgeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Webb_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Webb National Park">Mount Webb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mount_Windsor_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Windsor National Park (page does not exist)">Mount Windsor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mowbray_National_Park" title="Mowbray National Park">Mowbray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngalba_Bulal_National_Park" title="Ngalba Bulal National Park">Ngalba Bulal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nymph_Island_National_Park" title="Nymph Island National Park">Nymph Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oyala_Thumotang_National_Park" title="Oyala Thumotang National Park">Oyala Thumotang </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palmerston_Rocks_National_Park" title="Palmerston Rocks National Park">Palmerston Rocks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piper_Islands_National_Park" title="Piper Islands National Park">Piper Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Possession_Island_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Possession Island National Park">Possession Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precipice_National_Park" title="Precipice National Park">Precipice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Raine_Island_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raine Island National Park (page does not exist)">Raine Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rinyirru_(Lakefield)_National_Park" title="Rinyirru (Lakefield) National Park">Rinyirru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocky_Islets_National_Park" title="Rocky Islets National Park">Rocky Islets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_River_National_Park" title="Russell River National Park">Russell River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandbanks_National_Park" title="Sandbanks National Park">Sandbanks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saunders_Islands_National_Park" title="Saunders Islands National Park">Saunders Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Charles_Hardy_Group_National_Park" title="Sir Charles Hardy Group National Park">Sir Charles Hardy Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staaten_River_National_Park" title="Staaten River National Park">Staaten River</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starcke_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Starcke National Park">Starcke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Islands_National_Park" title="Three Islands National Park">Three Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topaz_Road_National_Park" title="Topaz Road National Park">Topaz Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tully_Gorge_National_Park" title="Tully Gorge National Park">Tully Gorge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turtle_Group_National_Park" title="Turtle Group National Park">Turtle Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Two_Islands_National_Park" title="Two Islands National Park">Two Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Undara_Volcanic_National_Park" title="Undara Volcanic National Park">Undara Volcanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wooroonooran_National_Park" title="Wooroonooran National Park">Wooroonooran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuthara_Island_National_Park" title="Wuthara Island National Park">Wuthara Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamarrinh_Wachangan_Islands_(Denham_Group)_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamarrinh Wachangan Islands (Denham Group) National Park">Yamarrinh Wachangan Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yungaburra_National_Park" title="Yungaburra National Park">Yungaburra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of Interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atherton_Tableland" title="Atherton Tableland">Atherton Tableland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barron_Falls" title="Barron Falls">Barron Falls</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Tribulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Tribulation">Cape Tribulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest" title="Daintree Rainforest">Daintree Rainforest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinchinbrook_Island" title="Hinchinbrook Island">Hinchinbrook Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Bartle_Frere" title="Mount Bartle Frere">Mount Bartle Frere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_Bay" title="Princess Charlotte Bay">Princess Charlotte Bay</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torres Strait Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059258#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247337998">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqCxVfkRHkFQMRTWKDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4320634-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136144">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541318305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1729023199' |