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{{About|the Yayoi period in Japanese history|other uses|Yayoi (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Yaoi}}
{{History of Japan |periods |image=YayoiJar.JPG |caption= Yayoi jar, 1st-3rd century, excavated in Kugahara, [[Ōta, Tokyo]]}}
The {{nihongo|'''Yayoi period'''|{{linktext|弥生|時代}}|Yayoi jidai}} started in the late [[Neolithic]] period in [[Japan]], continued through the [[Bronze Age]], and towards its end crossed into the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Shinya"/>
Since the 1980s, scholars have argued that a period previously classified as a transition from the [[Jōmon period]] should be reclassified as Early Yayoi.{{sfn|Habu|2004|p=258}} The date of the beginning of this transition is controversial, with estimates ranging from the 10th to the 3rd centuries BC.<ref name="Shinya">{{cite journal |url=http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm |title=A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy |journal=Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology |surname=Shōda |given=Shinya |year=2007 |volume=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State |given=Koji |surname=Mizoguchi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-88490-7 |pages=35–36 }}</ref>
The period is named after the [[Yayoi, Tokyo|neighbourhood]] of [[Tokyo]] where [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] first uncovered artifacts and features from that era in the late 19th century. Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new [[Yayoi pottery]] styles, improved carpentry and architecture, and the start of an intensive rice agriculture in [[paddy field]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seike |first=Kiyoshi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3071841 |title=The art of Japanese joinery |date=1977 |others=Yuriko Yobuko, Rebecca M. Davis |isbn=0-8348-1516-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=J. Weatherhill |pages=8 |oclc=3071841}}</ref> A hierarchical [[social class]] structure dates from this period and has its origin in China. Techniques in [[metallurgy]] based on the use of [[bronze]] and [[iron]] were also introduced from China via Korea to Japan in this period.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719600|jstor = 23719600|title = Ancient Japan's Korean Connection|last1 = Farris|first1 = William Wayne|journal = Korean Studies|year = 1996|volume = 20| issue=1 |pages = 1–22|doi = 10.1353/ks.1996.0015|s2cid = 162644598}}</ref>
The Yayoi followed the Jōmon period and Yayoi culture flourished in a geographic area from southern [[Kyūshū]] to northern [[Honshū]]. Archaeological evidence supports the idea that during this time, an influx of farmers (Yayoi people) from the Korean Peninsula to Japan overwhelmed and mixed with the native predominantly [[hunter-gatherer]] population ([[Jōmon people|Jōmon]]).
== Features ==
[[File:YoshinogariIseki.jpg|thumb|[[Yoshinogari site]] reconstruction]]
[[File:Yoshinogari Ancient Ruins 20170222.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed Yayoi-style dwellings at [[Yoshinogari site|Yoshinogari]]]]
The Yayoi period is, generally, accepted to date from circa 300 BC to 300 AD.<ref>Hays, J. (n.d.). Yayoi people, life, and culture (400 B.C.-A.D. 300). Facts and Details. https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub105/entry-5285.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = Pitt | url= https://www.japanpitt.pitt.edu/timeline/yayoi-period-300-bce-250-ce | title=Yayoi Period (300 BCE – 250 CE) | work = Japan Module}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/japan_timeline.htm | title=Timelines: Japan | work = Asia for Educators | publisher = Columbia University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = Oxford | url= http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/temporary-body-arts/mirrors/61-bronze-mirror-japan-c-5001600.html | work = Pitt Rivers Museum Body Arts | title = Bronze mirror}}</ref><ref name="keally-yayoi">{{cite web |url= http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/yayoi.html |title=Yayoi Culture |first=Charles T. |last=Keally |date=2006-06-03 |work= Japanese Archaeology |publisher=Charles T. Keally |access-date=2010-03-19}}</ref> However, although highly controversial, [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon]] evidence, from organic samples attached to pottery shards, may suggest a date up to 500 years earlier, between ca. 1000 BC and 800 BC.<ref name="Shinya"/><ref name="e125">{{cite journal | last=Shoda | first=Shin'ya | title=Radiocarbon and Archaeology in Japan and Korea: What has Changed Because of the Yayoi Dating Controversy? | journal=Radiocarbon | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=52 | issue=2 | year=2010 | issn=0033-8222 | doi=10.1017/s0033822200045471 | pages=421–427| bibcode=2010Radcb..52..421S }}</ref> During this period, Japan largely transitioned to a more settled, agricultural society, adopting methods of farming and crop production that were introduced to the country (initially in the [[Kyūshū]] region) from Korea.<ref>{{cite web | work = Japan Times | url= https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2012/08/16/arts/openings-outside-tokyo/the-yayoi-period-analyzing-its-culture-through-agricultural-tools/ | title= The Yayoi Period: Analyzing its Culture Through Agricultural Tools | date=16 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | given = Stuart D. B. | surname = Picken | pages = 13 | title = Historical Dictionary of Japanese Business| publisher = Scarecrow Press}}</ref><ref name="University of Hawaii Press">{{cite book | given = Keiji | surname = Imamura | pages = 13 | title = Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>
The earliest archaeological evidence of the Yayoi Period is found on northern Kyūshū,<ref>{{cite web | place = [[Japan|JP]] |url= http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/e_kenkyuu/report2004.html|title=Annual Report on Research Activity 2004| publisher = Rekihaku}}</ref> though that is still debated. Yayoi culture quickly spread to the main island of [[Honshū]], mixing with native [[Jōmon]] culture.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/255/245 |title= Eastern Japanese Pottery During the Jomon-Yayoi Transition: A Study in Forager-Farmer Interaction |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090923052256/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/255/245 |archive-date= 2009-09-23 |url-status=dead |author=Seiji Kobayashi |publisher=[[Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College]]}}</ref>
The name Yayoi is borrowed from a location in [[Tokyo]], where pottery of the Yayoi period was first found.<ref name= "University of Hawaii Press"/> Yayoi [[pottery]] was simply decorated and produced, using the same [[coiling|coiling technique]] previously used in Jōmon pottery.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm | publisher = Met museum | title = Yayo}}</ref> Yayoi craft specialists made [[bronze]] ceremonial bells (''[[dōtaku]]''), mirrors, and weapons. By the 1st century AD, Yayoi people began using [[iron]] agricultural tools and weapons.
As the Yayoi population increased, the society became more stratified and complex. They wove [[textiles]], lived in permanent farming villages, and constructed buildings with wood and stone. They also accumulated wealth through [[land ownership]] and the storage of grain. Such factors promoted the development of distinct social classes. Contemporary Chinese sources described the people as having [[tattoos]] and other bodily markings which indicated differences in social status.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lock |first=Margaret |title=Japanese |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World Cultures CD-ROM |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/japan.htm |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121213005634/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/japan.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= December 13, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2015 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]}}</ref> Yayoi chiefs, in some parts of Kyūshū, appear to have sponsored, and politically manipulated, trade in bronze and other prestige objects.<ref>[[Richard J. Pearson|Pearson, Richard J.]] Chiefly Exchange Between Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, in the Yayoi Period. ''Antiquity'' 64(245) 912–22, 1990.</ref> That was made possible by the introduction of an irrigated, wet-rice agriculture from the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] estuary in southern [[China]] via the [[Ryukyu Islands]] or [[Korean Peninsula]].<ref name="keally-yayoi"/><ref>[https://www.science.org/content/article/earlier-start-japanese-rice-cultivation Earlier Start for Japanese Rice Cultivation], Dennis Normile, Science, 2003 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160707223555/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2003/05/earlier-start-japanese-rice-cultivation archive])</ref>
Direct comparisons between Jōmon and Yayoi skeletons show that the two peoples are noticeably distinguishable.<ref>[http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/k-kda1/k-kca1/k-ksa1/IPA-joe100.htm 縄文人の顔と骨格-骨格の比較] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071223125145/http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/k-kda1/k-kca1/k-ksa1/IPA-joe100.htm |date= 2007-12-23}}, Information technology Promotion Agency</ref> The Jōmon tended to be shorter, with relatively longer forearms and lower legs, more deep-set eyes, shorter and wider faces, and much more pronounced facial topography. They also have strikingly raised brow ridges, noses, and nose bridges. Yayoi people, on the other hand, averaged {{convert|2.5–5|cm|abbr=on}} taller, with shallow-set eyes, high and narrow faces, and flat brow ridges and noses. By the [[Kofun period]], almost all skeletons excavated in Japan except those of the [[Ainu people|Ainu]] are of the Yayoi type with some having small Jōmon admixture,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/123456789/146/2/04_doi.pdf|publisher=University of the Ryukyus|title=Repository|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-05-30|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925135212/http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/123456789/146/2/04_doi.pdf}}</ref> resembling those of modern-day Japanese.<ref name="JapaneseRoots">{{cite journal | given = Jared | surname = Diamond |author-link=Jared Diamond |date=June 1, 1998 |title=Japanese Roots |url= http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/ |journal=Discover Magazine |volume=19 |issue=6 June 1998 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071124052900/http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/ |access-date= 14 December 2013|archive-date=2007-11-24 }}</ref>
== History ==
===Origin of the Yayoi people===
{{Main|Yayoi people}}
{{See also|Genetic history of East Asians}}
[[File:Korea Strait.png|thumb|left|Northern Kyushu is the part of Japan closest to the Asian mainland.]]
The origin of Yayoi culture and the [[Yayoi people]] has long been debated. The earliest archaeological sites are Itazuke or Nabata in the northern part of Kyūshū. Contacts between fishing communities on this coast and the southern coast of Korea date from the [[Jōmon]] period, as witnessed by the exchange of trade items such as fishhooks and obsidian.<ref>Mizoguchi (2013), p. 54.</ref> During the Yayoi period, [[Korean influence on Japanese culture|cultural features from Korea]] and China arrived in this area at various times over several centuries, and later spread to the south and east.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = The earliest societies in Japan | given = J. Edward Jr. | surname = Kidder | pages = 48–107 | title = Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 1: Ancient Japan | editor-given = Delmer | editor-surname = Brown | editor-link = Delmer Brown | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-521-22352-2}} p. 81.</ref> This was a period of mixture between immigrants and the indigenous population, and between new cultural influences and existing practices.<ref>Mizoguchi (2013), p. 53.</ref>
Chinese influence was obvious in the bronze and copper weapons, [[Bronze mirror|dōkyō]], [[dōtaku]], as well as irrigated paddy rice cultivation. Three major symbols of Yayoi culture are the bronze mirror, the bronze sword, and the royal seal stone.
Between 1996 and 1999, a team led by Satoshi Yamaguchi, a researcher at Japan's [[National Museum of Nature and Science]], compared Yayoi remains found in Japan's [[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi]] and [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]] prefectures with those from China's coastal [[Jiangsu]] province and found many similarities between the Yayoi and the Jiangsu remains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html|title=Long Journey to Prehistorical Japan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421054014/http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html|archive-date=21 April 2015|publisher=National Science Museum of Japan|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news111.htm |title=Yayoi linked to Yangtze area: DNA tests reveal similarities to early wet-rice farmers|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|date=March 19, 1999}}</ref>
[[File:DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|left|A Yayoi period [[dōtaku]] bell, 3rd century AD]]
Further links to the Korean Peninsula have been discovered, and several researchers have reported discoveries/evidence that strongly link the Yayoi culture to the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. [[Mark J. Hudson]] has cited archaeological evidence that included "bounded paddy fields, new types of polished stone tools, wooden farming implements, iron tools, weaving technology, ceramic storage jars, exterior bonding of clay coils in pottery fabrication, [[Moated settlements|ditched settlements]], domesticated pigs, and jawbone rituals".<ref>{{cite book | author=Mark J. Hudson | title=Ruins of Identity Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands | publisher =University Hawai'i Press | year=1999 | isbn=0-8248-2156-4}}</ref> The migrant transfusion from the Korean peninsula gains strength because Yayoi culture began on the north coast of Kyūshū, where Japan is closest to Korea. Yayoi pottery, burial mounds, and [[food preservation]] were discovered to be very similar to the pottery of southern Korea.<ref name="Diamond">{{cite journal |author= Jared Diamond|date=June 1, 1998 |title=Japanese Roots |journal=Discover Magazine |volume=19|issue=6, June 1998 |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/ |access-date=2008-05-12 | quote = Unlike Jomon pottery, Yayoi pottery was very similar to contemporary South Korean pottery in shape. Many other elements of the new Yayoi culture were unmistakably Korean and previously foreign to Japan, including bronze objects, weaving, glass beads, and styles of tools and houses.|author-link=Jared Diamond }}</ref>
[[File:Bronze Mirror in Ancient Japan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shinju-kyo]] [[bronze mirror]] excavated in Tsubai-otsukayama kofun, [[Yamashiro, Kyoto]]]]
However, some scholars argue that the rapid increase of roughly four million people in Japan between the Jōmon and Yayoi periods cannot be explained by migration alone. They attribute the increase primarily to a shift from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural diet on the islands, with the introduction of rice. It is quite likely that rice cultivation and its subsequent deification allowed for a slow and gradual population increase.<ref>Mizoguchi (2013), p. 119.</ref> Regardless, there is archaeological evidence that supports the idea that there was an influx of farmers from the continent to Japan that absorbed or overwhelmed the native hunter-gatherer population.<ref name="Diamond"/>
Some pieces of Yayoi pottery clearly show the influence of Jōmon ceramics. In addition, the Yayoi lived in the same type of pit or circular dwelling as that of the Jōmon. Other examples of commonality are chipped stone tools for hunting, bone tools for fishing, shells in bracelet construction, and lacquer decoration for vessels and accessories.
According to several linguists, Japonic or proto-Japonic was present on large parts of the southern Korean peninsula.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Janhunen |first=Juha |date=2010 |title=Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia |journal=Studia Orientalia |number=108|quote=... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.}}</ref><ref name=":1">Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". ''Korean Linguistics''. '''15''' (2): 222–240.</ref> These [[Peninsular Japonic]] languages, now extinct, were eventually replaced by [[Koreanic languages]].{{sfnp|Beckwith|2004|pp=27–28}} Similarly Whitman suggests that the Yayoi are not related to the proto-Koreans but that they (the Yayoi) were present on the Korean peninsula during the [[Mumun pottery period]]. According to him and several other researchers, Japonic/proto-Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC{{sfnp|Whitman|2011|p=157}}{{sfnp|Miyamoto|2016|pp=69–70}} and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by Yayoi [[wet-rice]] farmers at some time between 700 and 300 BC.{{sfnp|Serafim|2008|p=98}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2017}} Whitman and Miyamoto associate Japonic as the language family of both Mumun and Yayoi cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitman|first=John|date=2011-12-01|title=Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan|journal=Rice|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=149–158|doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0|issn=1939-8433|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011Rice....4..149W }}</ref>{{sfnp|Miyamoto|2016|pp=69–70}} Several linguists believe that speakers of Koreanic/proto-Koreanic arrived in the Korean Peninsula at some time after the Japonic/proto-Japonic speakers and coexisted with these peoples (i.e. the descendants of both the Mumun and Yayoi cultures) and possibly assimilated them. Both Koreanic and Japonic had prolonged influence on each other and a later [[founder effect]] diminished the internal variety of both language families.{{sfnp|Janhunen|2010|p=294}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2013|pp=222, 237}}{{sfnp|Unger|2009|p=87}}
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Classification of the Japonic languages}}
Most linguists and archaeologists agree that the [[Japonic languages|Japonic language family]] was introduced to and spread through the archipelago during the Yayoi period.
===Emergence of ''Wo'' in Chinese history texts ===
[[File:King of Na gold seal faces.jpg|thumb|The [[King of Na gold seal|golden seal]] said to have been granted to the "King of [[Nakoku|Na]] in [[Wo (Japan)|Wo]]" by [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]] in 57 AD. It is inscribed ''King of Na of Wo in Han Dynasty'' (漢委奴國王)]]
The earliest written records about people in Japan are from [[China|Chinese]] sources from this period. [[Wo (Japan)|Wo]], the pronunciation of an early Chinese name for Japan, was mentioned in 57 AD; the [[Nakoku|Na state]] of Wo received a golden seal from the [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Emperor Guangwu]] of the Later [[Han dynasty]]. This event was recorded in the ''[[Book of the Later Han]]'' compiled by [[Fan Ye (historian)|Fan Ye]] in the 5th century. The seal itself was discovered in northern Kyūshū in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/exhibition.html|title=Gold Seal (Kin-in)|publisher=Fukuoka City Museum|access-date=2007-11-10}}</ref> Wo was also mentioned in 257 in the ''Wei zhi'', a section of the ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' compiled by the 3rd-century scholar [[Chen Shou]].<ref>[http://www.geocities.jp/mb1527/wajinden.htm 魏志倭人伝] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016074410/http://www.geocities.jp/mb1527/wajinden.htm |date=2010-10-16 }}, Chinese texts and its Japanese translation</ref>
Early Chinese historians described Wo as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities rather than the unified land with a 700-year tradition as laid out in the 8th-century work ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', a partly mythical, partly historical account of Japan which dates the foundation of the country at 660 BC. Archaeological evidence also suggests that frequent conflicts between settlements or statelets broke out in the period. Many excavated settlements were moated or built at the tops of hills. Headless human skeletons<ref>{{Cite book|last=Huffman|first=James L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNzQCwAAQBAJ&q=yoshinogari+headless+skeletons&pg=PA10|title=Japan in World History|date=2010-02-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970974-8|language=en}}</ref> discovered in [[Yoshinogari site]] are regarded as typical examples of finds from the period. In the coastal area of the [[Seto Inland Sea|Inland Sea]], stone arrowheads are often found among funerary objects.
Third-century Chinese sources reported that the [[Wajin (ancient people)|Wa people]] lived on raw fish, vegetables, and rice served on bamboo and wooden trays, [[Hakushu (Shinto)|clapped their hands in worship]] (something still done in [[Shinto shrine]]s today),<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D Wikisource]</ref> and built earthen-grave mounds. They also maintained vassal-master relations, collected taxes, had provincial granaries and markets, and observed mourning. Society was characterised by violent struggles.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
===Yamataikoku===
[[File:Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hashihaka kofun]], [[Sakurai, Nara]]]]
The ''Wei Zhi'' ({{zh|魏志}}), which is part of the Records of the three Kingdoms, first mentions [[Yamataikoku]] and Queen [[Himiko]] in the 3rd century. According to the record, Himiko assumed the throne of Wa, as a spiritual leader, after a [[Civil war of Wa|major civil war]]. Her younger brother was in charge of the affairs of state, including diplomatic relations with the Chinese court of the [[Cao Wei|Kingdom of Wei]].<ref>[http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D 魏志倭人伝], Chinese texts of the ''Wei Zhi'', [[Wikisource]]</ref> When asked about their origins by the Wei embassy, the people of Wa claimed to be descendants of the [[Taibo]] of [[Wu (region)|Wu]], a historic figure of the [[Wu (state)|Wu Kingdom]] around the [[Yangtze River Delta|Yangtze Delta]] of China.
For many years, the location of Yamataikoku and the identity of Queen Himiko have been subject of research. Two possible sites, [[Yoshinogari, Saga|Yoshinogari]] in [[Saga Prefecture]] and [[Makimuku ruins|Makimuku]] in [[Nara Prefecture]] have been suggested.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/1446|title=ヤマト王権はいかにして始まったか|last=Karako-kagi Archaeological Museum|date=2007|website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> Recent archaeological research in Makimuku suggests that Yamataikoku was located in the area.<ref>[http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/shakai/20080306AT5C0501C05032008.html 古墳２タイプ、同時に出現か・奈良の古墳群で判明] {{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nikkei Net, March 6, 2008</ref><ref>[http://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/academic/080306/acd0803060039001-n1.htm 最古級の奈良・桜井“３兄弟古墳”、形状ほぼ判明 卑弥呼の時代に相次いで築造] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308193428/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/academic/080306/acd0803060039001-n1.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}, Sankei Shimbun, March 6, 2008</ref> Some scholars assume that the [[Hashihaka Kofun|Hashihaka kofun]] in Makimuku was the tomb of Himiko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Walter |date=1996 |title=In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385316 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=74 |doi=10.2307/2385316 |jstor=2385316 |issn=0027-0741}}</ref> Its relation to the origin of the [[Yamato Kingship|Yamato polity]] in the following [[Kofun period]] is also under debate.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Ancient Japan}}
* [[Ainu people]]
* [[Emishi people]]
* [[Japanese era name#Unofficial era name system|Japanese era name]]
* [[Yayoi people]]
* [[Wa (Japan)]]
* [[Zenpokoenfun]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Books cited==
* {{citation
| surname = Beckwith | given = Christopher I. | author-link = Christopher I. Beckwith
| title = Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives
| publisher = Brill | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-90-04-13949-7
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation |last=Habu |first=Junko |year=2004 |title=Ancient Jomon of Japan |publisher=Cambridge Press |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGnAbTyTynsC |isbn=978-0-521-77670-7
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Miyamoto | given = Kazuo
| title = Archaeological Explanation for the Diffusion Theory of the Japonic and Koreanic Language
| journal = Japanese Journal of Archeology | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–75 | year = 2016
| url = https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/1812319/JJA4-1.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Serafim | given = Leon A.
| chapter = The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history
| pages = 79–99
| editor1-given = Bjarke | editor1-surname = Frellesvig
| editor2-given = John | editor2-surname = Whitman
| title = Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects
| publisher = John Benjamins | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-90-272-4809-1
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Unger | given = J. Marshall | author-link = James Marshall Unger
| title = The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages
| location = Honolulu | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | year = 2009
| isbn = 978-0-8248-3279-7
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Vovin | given = Alexander
| title = From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean
| journal = Korean Linguistics | year = 2013 | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 222–240
| doi = 10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Vovin | given = Alexander
| chapter = Origins of the Japanese Language
| doi = 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277 | doi-access = free
| title = Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2017
| isbn = 978-0-19-938465-5 | postscript = .
}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Schirokauer |first=Conrad |year=2013 |title=A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |location=Boston }}
* {{cite book |last=Silberman |first=Neil Asher |year=2012 |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York}}
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm Yayoi Culture], Department of Asian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
*[http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/yayoi_jidai.html Yayoi period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203818/http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/yayoi_jidai.html |date=2016-03-03 }} at [http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/index.html Japanese History Online (under construction)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923071955/https://www.yamasa.org/history/english/index.html |date=2020-09-23 }}
*[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ANCJAPAN/YAYOI.HTM An article] by Richard Hooker on the Yayoi and the Jōmon.
*[http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/en Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan], Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
*[http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news146.htm Article "Japanese Roots Surprisingly Shallow" from Japan Times]
{{Japan topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yayoi Period}}
[[Category:Yayoi period| ]]
[[Category:Japanese eras]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Japan]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia]]
[[Category:4th-century BC establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:4th-century disestablishments in Japan]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Japanese historical period from 200 BCE to 300 CE}}
{{About|the Yayoi period in Japanese history|other uses|Yayoi (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Yaoi}}
{{History of Japan |periods |image=YayoiJar.JPG |caption= Yayoi jar, 1st-3rd century, excavated in Kugahara, [[Ōta, Tokyo]]}}
The {{nihongo|'''Yayoi period'''|{{linktext|弥生|時代}}|Yayoi jidai}} started in the late [[Neolithic]] period in [[Japan]], continued through the [[Bronze Age]], and towards its end crossed into the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Shinya"/>
Since the 1980s, stupid scholars have argued that a period previously classified as a transition from the [[Jōmon period]] should be reclassified as Early Yayoi.{{sfn|Habu|2004|p=258}} The date of the beginning of this transition is controversial, with estimates ranging from the 10th to the 3rd centuries BC.<ref name="Shinya">{{cite journal |url=http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm |title=A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy |journal=Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology |surname=Shōda |given=Shinya |year=2007 |volume=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State |given=Koji |surname=Mizoguchi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-88490-7 |pages=35–36 }}</ref>
The period is named after the [[Yayoi, Tokyo|neighbourhood]] of [[Tokyo]] where [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] first uncovered artifacts and features from that era in the late 19th century. Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new [[Yayoi pottery]] styles, improved carpentry and architecture, and the start of an intensive rice agriculture in [[paddy field]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seike |first=Kiyoshi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3071841 |title=The art of Japanese joinery |date=1977 |others=Yuriko Yobuko, Rebecca M. Davis |isbn=0-8348-1516-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=J. Weatherhill |pages=8 |oclc=3071841}}</ref> A hierarchical [[social class]] structure dates from this period and has its origin in China. Techniques in [[metallurgy]] based on the use of [[bronze]] and [[iron]] were also introduced from China via Korea to Japan in this period.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719600|jstor = 23719600|title = Ancient Japan's Korean Connection|last1 = Farris|first1 = William Wayne|journal = Korean Studies|year = 1996|volume = 20| issue=1 |pages = 1–22|doi = 10.1353/ks.1996.0015|s2cid = 162644598}}</ref>
The Yayoi followed the Jōmon period and Yayoi culture flourished in a geographic area from southern [[Kyūshū]] to northern [[Honshū]]. Archaeological evidence supports the idea that during this time, an influx of farmers (Yayoi people) from the Korean Peninsula to Japan overwhelmed and mixed with the native predominantly [[hunter-gatherer]] population ([[Jōmon people|Jōmon]]).
== Features ==
[[File:YoshinogariIseki.jpg|thumb|[[Yoshinogari site]] reconstruction]]
[[File:Yoshinogari Ancient Ruins 20170222.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed Yayoi-style dwellings at [[Yoshinogari site|Yoshinogari]]]]
The Yayoi period is, generally, accepted to date from circa 300 BC to 300 AD.<ref>Hays, J. (n.d.). Yayoi people, life, and culture (400 B.C.-A.D. 300). Facts and Details. https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub105/entry-5285.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = Pitt | url= https://www.japanpitt.pitt.edu/timeline/yayoi-period-300-bce-250-ce | title=Yayoi Period (300 BCE – 250 CE) | work = Japan Module}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/japan_timeline.htm | title=Timelines: Japan | work = Asia for Educators | publisher = Columbia University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = Oxford | url= http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/temporary-body-arts/mirrors/61-bronze-mirror-japan-c-5001600.html | work = Pitt Rivers Museum Body Arts | title = Bronze mirror}}</ref><ref name="keally-yayoi">{{cite web |url= http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/yayoi.html |title=Yayoi Culture |first=Charles T. |last=Keally |date=2006-06-03 |work= Japanese Archaeology |publisher=Charles T. Keally |access-date=2010-03-19}}</ref> However, although highly controversial, [[radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon]] evidence, from organic samples attached to pottery shards, may suggest a date up to 500 years earlier, between ca. 1000 BC and 800 BC.<ref name="Shinya"/><ref name="e125">{{cite journal | last=Shoda | first=Shin'ya | title=Radiocarbon and Archaeology in Japan and Korea: What has Changed Because of the Yayoi Dating Controversy? | journal=Radiocarbon | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=52 | issue=2 | year=2010 | issn=0033-8222 | doi=10.1017/s0033822200045471 | pages=421–427| bibcode=2010Radcb..52..421S }}</ref> During this period, Japan largely transitioned to a more settled, agricultural society, adopting methods of farming and crop production that were introduced to the country (initially in the [[Kyūshū]] region) from Korea.<ref>{{cite web | work = Japan Times | url= https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2012/08/16/arts/openings-outside-tokyo/the-yayoi-period-analyzing-its-culture-through-agricultural-tools/ | title= The Yayoi Period: Analyzing its Culture Through Agricultural Tools | date=16 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | given = Stuart D. B. | surname = Picken | pages = 13 | title = Historical Dictionary of Japanese Business| publisher = Scarecrow Press}}</ref><ref name="University of Hawaii Press">{{cite book | given = Keiji | surname = Imamura | pages = 13 | title = Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>
The earliest archaeological evidence of the Yayoi Period is found on northern Kyūshū,<ref>{{cite web | place = [[Japan|JP]] |url= http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/e_kenkyuu/report2004.html|title=Annual Report on Research Activity 2004| publisher = Rekihaku}}</ref> though that is still debated. Yayoi culture quickly spread to the main island of [[Honshū]], mixing with native [[Jōmon]] culture.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/255/245 |title= Eastern Japanese Pottery During the Jomon-Yayoi Transition: A Study in Forager-Farmer Interaction |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090923052256/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/255/245 |archive-date= 2009-09-23 |url-status=dead |author=Seiji Kobayashi |publisher=[[Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College]]}}</ref>
The name Yayoi is borrowed from a location in [[Tokyo]], where pottery of the Yayoi period was first found.<ref name= "University of Hawaii Press"/> Yayoi [[pottery]] was simply decorated and produced, using the same [[coiling|coiling technique]] previously used in Jōmon pottery.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm | publisher = Met museum | title = Yayo}}</ref> Yayoi craft specialists made [[bronze]] ceremonial bells (''[[dōtaku]]''), mirrors, and weapons. By the 1st century AD, Yayoi people began using [[iron]] agricultural tools and weapons.
As the Yayoi population increased, the society became more stratified and complex. They wove [[textiles]], lived in permanent farming villages, and constructed buildings with wood and stone. They also accumulated wealth through [[land ownership]] and the storage of grain. Such factors promoted the development of distinct social classes. Contemporary Chinese sources described the people as having [[tattoos]] and other bodily markings which indicated differences in social status.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lock |first=Margaret |title=Japanese |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of World Cultures CD-ROM |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/japan.htm |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121213005634/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/japan.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= December 13, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2015 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]}}</ref> Yayoi chiefs, in some parts of Kyūshū, appear to have sponsored, and politically manipulated, trade in bronze and other prestige objects.<ref>[[Richard J. Pearson|Pearson, Richard J.]] Chiefly Exchange Between Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, in the Yayoi Period. ''Antiquity'' 64(245) 912–22, 1990.</ref> That was made possible by the introduction of an irrigated, wet-rice agriculture from the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] estuary in southern [[China]] via the [[Ryukyu Islands]] or [[Korean Peninsula]].<ref name="keally-yayoi"/><ref>[https://www.science.org/content/article/earlier-start-japanese-rice-cultivation Earlier Start for Japanese Rice Cultivation], Dennis Normile, Science, 2003 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160707223555/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2003/05/earlier-start-japanese-rice-cultivation archive])</ref>
Direct comparisons between Jōmon and Yayoi skeletons show that the two peoples are noticeably distinguishable.<ref>[http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/k-kda1/k-kca1/k-ksa1/IPA-joe100.htm 縄文人の顔と骨格-骨格の比較] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071223125145/http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/k-kda1/k-kca1/k-ksa1/IPA-joe100.htm |date= 2007-12-23}}, Information technology Promotion Agency</ref> The Jōmon tended to be shorter, with relatively longer forearms and lower legs, more deep-set eyes, shorter and wider faces, and much more pronounced facial topography. They also have strikingly raised brow ridges, noses, and nose bridges. Yayoi people, on the other hand, averaged {{convert|2.5–5|cm|abbr=on}} taller, with shallow-set eyes, high and narrow faces, and flat brow ridges and noses. By the [[Kofun period]], almost all skeletons excavated in Japan except those of the [[Ainu people|Ainu]] are of the Yayoi type with some having small Jōmon admixture,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/123456789/146/2/04_doi.pdf|publisher=University of the Ryukyus|title=Repository|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-05-30|archive-date=2020-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925135212/http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/123456789/146/2/04_doi.pdf}}</ref> resembling those of modern-day Japanese.<ref name="JapaneseRoots">{{cite journal | given = Jared | surname = Diamond |author-link=Jared Diamond |date=June 1, 1998 |title=Japanese Roots |url= http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/ |journal=Discover Magazine |volume=19 |issue=6 June 1998 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071124052900/http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/ |access-date= 14 December 2013|archive-date=2007-11-24 }}</ref>
== History ==
===Origin of the Yayoi people===
{{Main|Yayoi people}}
{{See also|Genetic history of East Asians}}
[[File:Korea Strait.png|thumb|left|Northern Kyushu is the part of Japan closest to the Asian mainland.]]
The origin of Yayoi culture and the [[Yayoi people]] has long been debated. The earliest archaeological sites are Itazuke or Nabata in the northern part of Kyūshū. Contacts between fishing communities on this coast and the southern coast of Korea date from the [[Jōmon]] period, as witnessed by the exchange of trade items such as fishhooks and obsidian.<ref>Mizoguchi (2013), p. 54.</ref> During the Yayoi period, [[Korean influence on Japanese culture|cultural features from Korea]] and China arrived in this area at various times over several centuries, and later spread to the south and east.<ref>{{cite book | chapter = The earliest societies in Japan | given = J. Edward Jr. | surname = Kidder | pages = 48–107 | title = Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 1: Ancient Japan | editor-given = Delmer | editor-surname = Brown | editor-link = Delmer Brown | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-521-22352-2}} p. 81.</ref> This was a period of mixture between immigrants and the indigenous population, and between new cultural influences and existing practices.<ref>Mizoguchi (2013), p. 53.</ref>
Chinese influence was obvious in the bronze and copper weapons, [[Bronze mirror|dōkyō]], [[dōtaku]], as well as irrigated paddy rice cultivation. Three major symbols of Yayoi culture are the bronze mirror, the bronze sword, and the royal seal stone.
Between 1996 and 1999, a team led by Satoshi Yamaguchi, a researcher at Japan's [[National Museum of Nature and Science]], compared Yayoi remains found in Japan's [[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi]] and [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]] prefectures with those from China's coastal [[Jiangsu]] province and found many similarities between the Yayoi and the Jiangsu remains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html|title=Long Journey to Prehistorical Japan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421054014/http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html|archive-date=21 April 2015|publisher=National Science Museum of Japan|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news111.htm |title=Yayoi linked to Yangtze area: DNA tests reveal similarities to early wet-rice farmers|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|date=March 19, 1999}}</ref>
[[File:DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg|thumb|left|A Yayoi period [[dōtaku]] bell, 3rd century AD]]
Further links to the Korean Peninsula have been discovered, and several researchers have reported discoveries/evidence that strongly link the Yayoi culture to the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. [[Mark J. Hudson]] has cited archaeological evidence that included "bounded paddy fields, new types of polished stone tools, wooden farming implements, iron tools, weaving technology, ceramic storage jars, exterior bonding of clay coils in pottery fabrication, [[Moated settlements|ditched settlements]], domesticated pigs, and jawbone rituals".<ref>{{cite book | author=Mark J. Hudson | title=Ruins of Identity Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands | publisher =University Hawai'i Press | year=1999 | isbn=0-8248-2156-4}}</ref> The migrant transfusion from the Korean peninsula gains strength because Yayoi culture began on the north coast of Kyūshū, where Japan is closest to Korea. Yayoi pottery, burial mounds, and [[food preservation]] were discovered to be very similar to the pottery of southern Korea.<ref name="Diamond">{{cite journal |author= Jared Diamond|date=June 1, 1998 |title=Japanese Roots |journal=Discover Magazine |volume=19|issue=6, June 1998 |url=http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/ |access-date=2008-05-12 | quote = Unlike Jomon pottery, Yayoi pottery was very similar to contemporary South Korean pottery in shape. Many other elements of the new Yayoi culture were unmistakably Korean and previously foreign to Japan, including bronze objects, weaving, glass beads, and styles of tools and houses.|author-link=Jared Diamond }}</ref>
[[File:Bronze Mirror in Ancient Japan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shinju-kyo]] [[bronze mirror]] excavated in Tsubai-otsukayama kofun, [[Yamashiro, Kyoto]]]]
However, some scholars argue that the rapid increase of roughly four million people in Japan between the Jōmon and Yayoi periods cannot be explained by migration alone. They attribute the increase primarily to a shift from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural diet on the islands, with the introduction of rice. It is quite likely that rice cultivation and its subsequent deification allowed for a slow and gradual population increase.<ref>Mizoguchi (2013), p. 119.</ref> Regardless, there is archaeological evidence that supports the idea that there was an influx of farmers from the continent to Japan that absorbed or overwhelmed the native hunter-gatherer population.<ref name="Diamond"/>
Some pieces of Yayoi pottery clearly show the influence of Jōmon ceramics. In addition, the Yayoi lived in the same type of pit or circular dwelling as that of the Jōmon. Other examples of commonality are chipped stone tools for hunting, bone tools for fishing, shells in bracelet construction, and lacquer decoration for vessels and accessories.
According to several linguists, Japonic or proto-Japonic was present on large parts of the southern Korean peninsula.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Janhunen |first=Juha |date=2010 |title=Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia |journal=Studia Orientalia |number=108|quote=... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.}}</ref><ref name=":1">Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". ''Korean Linguistics''. '''15''' (2): 222–240.</ref> These [[Peninsular Japonic]] languages, now extinct, were eventually replaced by [[Koreanic languages]].{{sfnp|Beckwith|2004|pp=27–28}} Similarly Whitman suggests that the Yayoi are not related to the proto-Koreans but that they (the Yayoi) were present on the Korean peninsula during the [[Mumun pottery period]]. According to him and several other researchers, Japonic/proto-Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC{{sfnp|Whitman|2011|p=157}}{{sfnp|Miyamoto|2016|pp=69–70}} and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by Yayoi [[wet-rice]] farmers at some time between 700 and 300 BC.{{sfnp|Serafim|2008|p=98}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2017}} Whitman and Miyamoto associate Japonic as the language family of both Mumun and Yayoi cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitman|first=John|date=2011-12-01|title=Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan|journal=Rice|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=149–158|doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0|issn=1939-8433|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011Rice....4..149W }}</ref>{{sfnp|Miyamoto|2016|pp=69–70}} Several linguists believe that speakers of Koreanic/proto-Koreanic arrived in the Korean Peninsula at some time after the Japonic/proto-Japonic speakers and coexisted with these peoples (i.e. the descendants of both the Mumun and Yayoi cultures) and possibly assimilated them. Both Koreanic and Japonic had prolonged influence on each other and a later [[founder effect]] diminished the internal variety of both language families.{{sfnp|Janhunen|2010|p=294}}{{sfnp|Vovin|2013|pp=222, 237}}{{sfnp|Unger|2009|p=87}}
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Classification of the Japonic languages}}
Most linguists and archaeologists agree that the [[Japonic languages|Japonic language family]] was introduced to and spread through the archipelago during the Yayoi period.
===Emergence of ''Wo'' in Chinese history texts ===
[[File:King of Na gold seal faces.jpg|thumb|The [[King of Na gold seal|golden seal]] said to have been granted to the "King of [[Nakoku|Na]] in [[Wo (Japan)|Wo]]" by [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]] in 57 AD. It is inscribed ''King of Na of Wo in Han Dynasty'' (漢委奴國王)]]
The earliest written records about people in Japan are from [[China|Chinese]] sources from this period. [[Wo (Japan)|Wo]], the pronunciation of an early Chinese name for Japan, was mentioned in 57 AD; the [[Nakoku|Na state]] of Wo received a golden seal from the [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Emperor Guangwu]] of the Later [[Han dynasty]]. This event was recorded in the ''[[Book of the Later Han]]'' compiled by [[Fan Ye (historian)|Fan Ye]] in the 5th century. The seal itself was discovered in northern Kyūshū in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/exhibition.html|title=Gold Seal (Kin-in)|publisher=Fukuoka City Museum|access-date=2007-11-10}}</ref> Wo was also mentioned in 257 in the ''Wei zhi'', a section of the ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' compiled by the 3rd-century scholar [[Chen Shou]].<ref>[http://www.geocities.jp/mb1527/wajinden.htm 魏志倭人伝] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016074410/http://www.geocities.jp/mb1527/wajinden.htm |date=2010-10-16 }}, Chinese texts and its Japanese translation</ref>
Early Chinese historians described Wo as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities rather than the unified land with a 700-year tradition as laid out in the 8th-century work ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', a partly mythical, partly historical account of Japan which dates the foundation of the country at 660 BC. Archaeological evidence also suggests that frequent conflicts between settlements or statelets broke out in the period. Many excavated settlements were moated or built at the tops of hills. Headless human skeletons<ref>{{Cite book|last=Huffman|first=James L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNzQCwAAQBAJ&q=yoshinogari+headless+skeletons&pg=PA10|title=Japan in World History|date=2010-02-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970974-8|language=en}}</ref> discovered in [[Yoshinogari site]] are regarded as typical examples of finds from the period. In the coastal area of the [[Seto Inland Sea|Inland Sea]], stone arrowheads are often found among funerary objects.
Third-century Chinese sources reported that the [[Wajin (ancient people)|Wa people]] lived on raw fish, vegetables, and rice served on bamboo and wooden trays, [[Hakushu (Shinto)|clapped their hands in worship]] (something still done in [[Shinto shrine]]s today),<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D Wikisource]</ref> and built earthen-grave mounds. They also maintained vassal-master relations, collected taxes, had provincial granaries and markets, and observed mourning. Society was characterised by violent struggles.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}
===Yamataikoku===
[[File:Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hashihaka kofun]], [[Sakurai, Nara]]]]
The ''Wei Zhi'' ({{zh|魏志}}), which is part of the Records of the three Kingdoms, first mentions [[Yamataikoku]] and Queen [[Himiko]] in the 3rd century. According to the record, Himiko assumed the throne of Wa, as a spiritual leader, after a [[Civil war of Wa|major civil war]]. Her younger brother was in charge of the affairs of state, including diplomatic relations with the Chinese court of the [[Cao Wei|Kingdom of Wei]].<ref>[http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D 魏志倭人伝], Chinese texts of the ''Wei Zhi'', [[Wikisource]]</ref> When asked about their origins by the Wei embassy, the people of Wa claimed to be descendants of the [[Taibo]] of [[Wu (region)|Wu]], a historic figure of the [[Wu (state)|Wu Kingdom]] around the [[Yangtze River Delta|Yangtze Delta]] of China.
For many years, the location of Yamataikoku and the identity of Queen Himiko have been subject of research. Two possible sites, [[Yoshinogari, Saga|Yoshinogari]] in [[Saga Prefecture]] and [[Makimuku ruins|Makimuku]] in [[Nara Prefecture]] have been suggested.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/1446|title=ヤマト王権はいかにして始まったか|last=Karako-kagi Archaeological Museum|date=2007|website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref> Recent archaeological research in Makimuku suggests that Yamataikoku was located in the area.<ref>[http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/shakai/20080306AT5C0501C05032008.html 古墳２タイプ、同時に出現か・奈良の古墳群で判明] {{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nikkei Net, March 6, 2008</ref><ref>[http://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/academic/080306/acd0803060039001-n1.htm 最古級の奈良・桜井“３兄弟古墳”、形状ほぼ判明 卑弥呼の時代に相次いで築造] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308193428/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/academic/080306/acd0803060039001-n1.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}, Sankei Shimbun, March 6, 2008</ref> Some scholars assume that the [[Hashihaka Kofun|Hashihaka kofun]] in Makimuku was the tomb of Himiko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Walter |date=1996 |title=In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385316 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=74 |doi=10.2307/2385316 |jstor=2385316 |issn=0027-0741}}</ref> Its relation to the origin of the [[Yamato Kingship|Yamato polity]] in the following [[Kofun period]] is also under debate.
== See also ==
{{Portal|Ancient Japan}}
* [[Ainu people]]
* [[Emishi people]]
* [[Japanese era name#Unofficial era name system|Japanese era name]]
* [[Yayoi people]]
* [[Wa (Japan)]]
* [[Zenpokoenfun]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Books cited==
* {{citation
| surname = Beckwith | given = Christopher I. | author-link = Christopher I. Beckwith
| title = Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives
| publisher = Brill | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-90-04-13949-7
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation |last=Habu |first=Junko |year=2004 |title=Ancient Jomon of Japan |publisher=Cambridge Press |location=Cambridge, MA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGnAbTyTynsC |isbn=978-0-521-77670-7
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Miyamoto | given = Kazuo
| title = Archaeological Explanation for the Diffusion Theory of the Japonic and Koreanic Language
| journal = Japanese Journal of Archeology | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–75 | year = 2016
| url = https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/1812319/JJA4-1.pdf
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Serafim | given = Leon A.
| chapter = The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history
| pages = 79–99
| editor1-given = Bjarke | editor1-surname = Frellesvig
| editor2-given = John | editor2-surname = Whitman
| title = Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects
| publisher = John Benjamins | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-90-272-4809-1
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Unger | given = J. Marshall | author-link = James Marshall Unger
| title = The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages
| location = Honolulu | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | year = 2009
| isbn = 978-0-8248-3279-7
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Vovin | given = Alexander
| title = From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean
| journal = Korean Linguistics | year = 2013 | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 222–240
| doi = 10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Vovin | given = Alexander
| chapter = Origins of the Japanese Language
| doi = 10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277 | doi-access = free
| title = Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
| publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2017
| isbn = 978-0-19-938465-5 | postscript = .
}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Schirokauer |first=Conrad |year=2013 |title=A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |location=Boston }}
* {{cite book |last=Silberman |first=Neil Asher |year=2012 |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York}}
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm Yayoi Culture], Department of Asian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
*[http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/yayoi_jidai.html Yayoi period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203818/http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/yayoi_jidai.html |date=2016-03-03 }} at [http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/index.html Japanese History Online (under construction)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923071955/https://www.yamasa.org/history/english/index.html |date=2020-09-23 }}
*[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ANCJAPAN/YAYOI.HTM An article] by Richard Hooker on the Yayoi and the Jōmon.
*[http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/en Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan], Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
*[http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news146.htm Article "Japanese Roots Surprisingly Shallow" from Japan Times]
{{Japan topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yayoi Period}}
[[Category:Yayoi period| ]]
[[Category:Japanese eras]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Japan]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia]]
[[Category:4th-century BC establishments in Japan]]
[[Category:4th-century disestablishments in Japan]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@
The {{nihongo|'''Yayoi period'''|{{linktext|弥生|時代}}|Yayoi jidai}} started in the late [[Neolithic]] period in [[Japan]], continued through the [[Bronze Age]], and towards its end crossed into the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="Shinya"/>
-Since the 1980s, scholars have argued that a period previously classified as a transition from the [[Jōmon period]] should be reclassified as Early Yayoi.{{sfn|Habu|2004|p=258}} The date of the beginning of this transition is controversial, with estimates ranging from the 10th to the 3rd centuries BC.<ref name="Shinya">{{cite journal |url=http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm |title=A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy |journal=Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology |surname=Shōda |given=Shinya |year=2007 |volume=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State |given=Koji |surname=Mizoguchi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-88490-7 |pages=35–36 }}</ref>
+Since the 1980s, stupid scholars have argued that a period previously classified as a transition from the [[Jōmon period]] should be reclassified as Early Yayoi.{{sfn|Habu|2004|p=258}} The date of the beginning of this transition is controversial, with estimates ranging from the 10th to the 3rd centuries BC.<ref name="Shinya">{{cite journal |url=http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm |title=A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy |journal=Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology |surname=Shōda |given=Shinya |year=2007 |volume=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State |given=Koji |surname=Mizoguchi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-88490-7 |pages=35–36 }}</ref>
The period is named after the [[Yayoi, Tokyo|neighbourhood]] of [[Tokyo]] where [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] first uncovered artifacts and features from that era in the late 19th century. Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new [[Yayoi pottery]] styles, improved carpentry and architecture, and the start of an intensive rice agriculture in [[paddy field]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seike |first=Kiyoshi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3071841 |title=The art of Japanese joinery |date=1977 |others=Yuriko Yobuko, Rebecca M. Davis |isbn=0-8348-1516-8 |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=J. Weatherhill |pages=8 |oclc=3071841}}</ref> A hierarchical [[social class]] structure dates from this period and has its origin in China. Techniques in [[metallurgy]] based on the use of [[bronze]] and [[iron]] were also introduced from China via Korea to Japan in this period.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719600|jstor = 23719600|title = Ancient Japan's Korean Connection|last1 = Farris|first1 = William Wayne|journal = Korean Studies|year = 1996|volume = 20| issue=1 |pages = 1–22|doi = 10.1353/ks.1996.0015|s2cid = 162644598}}</ref>
' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese historical period from 200 BCE to 300 CE</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Yayoi period in Japanese history. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yayoi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yayoi (disambiguation)">Yayoi (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a>.</div>
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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238254956">.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-caption{padding-bottom:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-list-title{border:none;background:gainsboro}.mw-parser-output .history-of-japan .sidebar-below{padding-top:0.2em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks history-of-japan"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History_of_Japan" title="Category:History of Japan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:YayoiJar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/YayoiJar.JPG/250px-YayoiJar.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/YayoiJar.JPG/375px-YayoiJar.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/YayoiJar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="528" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Yayoi jar, 1st-3rd century, excavated in Kugahara, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ōta, Tokyo</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Periods</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">before 14,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">14,000–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yayoi</a></b>
</div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1000 BC – 300 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun</a></b>
</div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">300–538 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka</a></b>
</div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">538–710</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a></b>
</div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">710–794</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Former_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Former Nine Years' War">Former Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Later_Three-Year_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Three-Year War">Later Three-Year War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">794–1185</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1185–1333</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Courts_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Courts period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1336–1573</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama</a></b>
<div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Imjin War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1573–1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period"><b>Edo</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tokugawa)</span></a>
<div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu" title="Invasion of Ryukyu">Invasion of Ryukyu</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Sakoku</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1868</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji</a></b>
<div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryūkyū Disposition</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Colonization of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Colonization of Korea</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1868–1912</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō</a></b>
<div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Intervention in Siberia</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1912–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a></b>
<div class="plainlist wraplinks" style="padding-left:1.4em;text-align:left;line-height:1.25em;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar Japan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anpo_protests" title="Anpo protests">Anpo protests</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Asset price bubble</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1926–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei</a></b>
<div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cool_Japan" title="Cool Japan">Cool Japan</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">Tōhoku earthquake</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">Imperial transition</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1989–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa</a></b><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1.4em;line-height:1.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassination_of_Shinzo_Abe" title="Assassination of Shinzo Abe">Abe assassination</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake" title="2024 Noto earthquake">Noto earthquake</a></li></ul></div> </div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;">Topics</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan#History" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Currency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Era names</a></li>
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<p>The <b>Yayoi period</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:弥生">弥生</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:時代">時代</a></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yayoi jidai</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> started in the late <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, continued through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and towards its end crossed into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shinya_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shinya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Since the 1980s, stupid scholars have argued that a period previously classified as a transition from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> should be reclassified as Early Yayoi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabu2004258_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabu2004258-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of the beginning of this transition is controversial, with estimates ranging from the 10th to the 3rd centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shinya_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shinya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The period is named after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yayoi,_Tokyo" title="Yayoi, Tokyo">neighbourhood</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> where <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> first uncovered artifacts and features from that era in the late 19th century. Distinguishing characteristics of the Yayoi period include the appearance of new <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yayoi_pottery" title="Yayoi pottery">Yayoi pottery</a> styles, improved carpentry and architecture, and the start of an intensive rice agriculture in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hierarchical <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> structure dates from this period and has its origin in China. Techniques in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> based on the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> were also introduced from China via Korea to Japan in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Yayoi followed the Jōmon period and Yayoi culture flourished in a geographic area from southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a> to northern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a>. Archaeological evidence supports the idea that during this time, an influx of farmers (Yayoi people) from the Korean Peninsula to Japan overwhelmed and mixed with the native predominantly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> population (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_people" title="Jōmon people">Jōmon</a>).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origin_of_the_Yayoi_people"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the Yayoi people</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Emergence_of_Wo_in_Chinese_history_texts"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Emergence of <i>Wo</i> in Chinese history texts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Yamataikoku"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Yamataikoku</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Books_cited"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Books cited</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:YoshinogariIseki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/YoshinogariIseki.jpg/220px-YoshinogariIseki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/YoshinogariIseki.jpg/330px-YoshinogariIseki.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/YoshinogariIseki.jpg/440px-YoshinogariIseki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoshinogari_site" title="Yoshinogari site">Yoshinogari site</a> reconstruction</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Yoshinogari_Ancient_Ruins_20170222.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yoshinogari_Ancient_Ruins_20170222.jpg/220px-Yoshinogari_Ancient_Ruins_20170222.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yoshinogari_Ancient_Ruins_20170222.jpg/330px-Yoshinogari_Ancient_Ruins_20170222.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yoshinogari_Ancient_Ruins_20170222.jpg/440px-Yoshinogari_Ancient_Ruins_20170222.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed Yayoi-style dwellings at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoshinogari_site" title="Yoshinogari site">Yoshinogari</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Yayoi period is, generally, accepted to date from circa 300 BC to 300 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keally-yayoi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keally-yayoi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although highly controversial, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon</a> evidence, from organic samples attached to pottery shards, may suggest a date up to 500 years earlier, between ca. 1000 BC and 800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shinya_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shinya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e125_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e125-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Japan largely transitioned to a more settled, agricultural society, adopting methods of farming and crop production that were introduced to the country (initially in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a> region) from Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Hawaii_Press_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Hawaii_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest archaeological evidence of the Yayoi Period is found on northern Kyūshū,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though that is still debated. Yayoi culture quickly spread to the main island of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a>, mixing with native <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
The name Yayoi is borrowed from a location in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, where pottery of the Yayoi period was first found.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Hawaii_Press_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Hawaii_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yayoi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> was simply decorated and produced, using the same <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coiling" title="Coiling">coiling technique</a> previously used in Jōmon pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yayoi craft specialists made <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> ceremonial bells (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">dōtaku</a></i>), mirrors, and weapons. By the 1st century AD, Yayoi people began using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> agricultural tools and weapons.
</p><p>As the Yayoi population increased, the society became more stratified and complex. They wove <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, lived in permanent farming villages, and constructed buildings with wood and stone. They also accumulated wealth through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Land ownership">land ownership</a> and the storage of grain. Such factors promoted the development of distinct social classes. Contemporary Chinese sources described the people as having <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tattoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattoos">tattoos</a> and other bodily markings which indicated differences in social status.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yayoi chiefs, in some parts of Kyūshū, appear to have sponsored, and politically manipulated, trade in bronze and other prestige objects.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was made possible by the introduction of an irrigated, wet-rice agriculture from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> estuary in southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> via the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keally-yayoi_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keally-yayoi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Direct comparisons between Jōmon and Yayoi skeletons show that the two peoples are noticeably distinguishable.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jōmon tended to be shorter, with relatively longer forearms and lower legs, more deep-set eyes, shorter and wider faces, and much more pronounced facial topography. They also have strikingly raised brow ridges, noses, and nose bridges. Yayoi people, on the other hand, averaged 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) taller, with shallow-set eyes, high and narrow faces, and flat brow ridges and noses. By the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a>, almost all skeletons excavated in Japan except those of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> are of the Yayoi type with some having small Jōmon admixture,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resembling those of modern-day Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-JapaneseRoots_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapaneseRoots-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_Yayoi_people">Origin of the Yayoi people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of the Yayoi people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">Genetic history of East Asians</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Korea_Strait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Korea_Strait.png/220px-Korea_Strait.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Korea_Strait.png/330px-Korea_Strait.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Korea_Strait.png/440px-Korea_Strait.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Northern Kyushu is the part of Japan closest to the Asian mainland.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The origin of Yayoi culture and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a> has long been debated. The earliest archaeological sites are Itazuke or Nabata in the northern part of Kyūshū. Contacts between fishing communities on this coast and the southern coast of Korea date from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a> period, as witnessed by the exchange of trade items such as fishhooks and obsidian.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Yayoi period, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_influence_on_Japanese_culture" title="Korean influence on Japanese culture">cultural features from Korea</a> and China arrived in this area at various times over several centuries, and later spread to the south and east.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a period of mixture between immigrants and the indigenous population, and between new cultural influences and existing practices.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Chinese influence was obvious in the bronze and copper weapons, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">dōkyō</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">dōtaku</a>, as well as irrigated paddy rice cultivation. Three major symbols of Yayoi culture are the bronze mirror, the bronze sword, and the royal seal stone.
</p><p>Between 1996 and 1999, a team led by Satoshi Yamaguchi, a researcher at Japan's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science" title="National Museum of Nature and Science">National Museum of Nature and Science</a>, compared Yayoi remains found in Japan's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture" title="Yamaguchi Prefecture">Yamaguchi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka</a> prefectures with those from China's coastal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> province and found many similarities between the Yayoi and the Jiangsu remains.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/220px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/330px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg/440px-DotakuBronzeBellLateYayoi3rdCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>A Yayoi period <a href="/enwiki/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">dōtaku</a> bell, 3rd century AD</figcaption></figure>
<p>Further links to the Korean Peninsula have been discovered, and several researchers have reported discoveries/evidence that strongly link the Yayoi culture to the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_J._Hudson" title="Mark J. Hudson">Mark J. Hudson</a> has cited archaeological evidence that included "bounded paddy fields, new types of polished stone tools, wooden farming implements, iron tools, weaving technology, ceramic storage jars, exterior bonding of clay coils in pottery fabrication, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moated_settlements" title="Moated settlements">ditched settlements</a>, domesticated pigs, and jawbone rituals".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migrant transfusion from the Korean peninsula gains strength because Yayoi culture began on the north coast of Kyūshū, where Japan is closest to Korea. Yayoi pottery, burial mounds, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> were discovered to be very similar to the pottery of southern Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bronze_Mirror_in_Ancient_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bronze_Mirror_in_Ancient_Japan.jpg/220px-Bronze_Mirror_in_Ancient_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bronze_Mirror_in_Ancient_Japan.jpg/330px-Bronze_Mirror_in_Ancient_Japan.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bronze_Mirror_in_Ancient_Japan.jpg/440px-Bronze_Mirror_in_Ancient_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinju-kyo" title="Shinju-kyo">Shinju-kyo</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze_mirror" title="Bronze mirror">bronze mirror</a> excavated in Tsubai-otsukayama kofun, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamashiro,_Kyoto" title="Yamashiro, Kyoto">Yamashiro, Kyoto</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>However, some scholars argue that the rapid increase of roughly four million people in Japan between the Jōmon and Yayoi periods cannot be explained by migration alone. They attribute the increase primarily to a shift from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural diet on the islands, with the introduction of rice. It is quite likely that rice cultivation and its subsequent deification allowed for a slow and gradual population increase.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, there is archaeological evidence that supports the idea that there was an influx of farmers from the continent to Japan that absorbed or overwhelmed the native hunter-gatherer population.<sup id="cite_ref-Diamond_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diamond-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Some pieces of Yayoi pottery clearly show the influence of Jōmon ceramics. In addition, the Yayoi lived in the same type of pit or circular dwelling as that of the Jōmon. Other examples of commonality are chipped stone tools for hunting, bone tools for fishing, shells in bracelet construction, and lacquer decoration for vessels and accessories.
</p><p>According to several linguists, Japonic or proto-Japonic was present on large parts of the southern Korean peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_Japonic" title="Peninsular Japonic">Peninsular Japonic</a> languages, now extinct, were eventually replaced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200427–28_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200427–28-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly Whitman suggests that the Yayoi are not related to the proto-Koreans but that they (the Yayoi) were present on the Korean peninsula during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a>. According to him and several other researchers, Japonic/proto-Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by Yayoi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet-rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet-rice">wet-rice</a> farmers at some time between 700 and 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerafim200898_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerafim200898-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whitman and Miyamoto associate Japonic as the language family of both Mumun and Yayoi cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several linguists believe that speakers of Koreanic/proto-Koreanic arrived in the Korean Peninsula at some time after the Japonic/proto-Japonic speakers and coexisted with these peoples (i.e. the descendants of both the Mumun and Yayoi cultures) and possibly assimilated them. Both Koreanic and Japonic had prolonged influence on each other and a later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a> diminished the internal variety of both language families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger200987_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200987-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages" title="Classification of the Japonic languages">Classification of the Japonic languages</a></div>
<p>Most linguists and archaeologists agree that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic language family</a> was introduced to and spread through the archipelago during the Yayoi period.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_Wo_in_Chinese_history_texts">Emergence of <i>Wo</i> in Chinese history texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emergence of Wo in Chinese history texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:King_of_Na_gold_seal_faces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/King_of_Na_gold_seal_faces.jpg/220px-King_of_Na_gold_seal_faces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/King_of_Na_gold_seal_faces.jpg/330px-King_of_Na_gold_seal_faces.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/King_of_Na_gold_seal_faces.jpg/440px-King_of_Na_gold_seal_faces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4142" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_of_Na_gold_seal" title="King of Na gold seal">golden seal</a> said to have been granted to the "King of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakoku" title="Nakoku">Na</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wo_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wo (Japan)">Wo</a>" by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu of Han</a> in 57 AD. It is inscribed <i>King of Na of Wo in Han Dynasty</i> (漢委奴國王)</figcaption></figure>
<p>The earliest written records about people in Japan are from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> sources from this period. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wo_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wo (Japan)">Wo</a>, the pronunciation of an early Chinese name for Japan, was mentioned in 57 AD; the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakoku" title="Nakoku">Na state</a> of Wo received a golden seal from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu</a> of the Later <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. This event was recorded in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> compiled by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a> in the 5th century. The seal itself was discovered in northern Kyūshū in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wo was also mentioned in 257 in the <i>Wei zhi</i>, a section of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> compiled by the 3rd-century scholar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chen_Shou" title="Chen Shou">Chen Shou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Early Chinese historians described Wo as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities rather than the unified land with a 700-year tradition as laid out in the 8th-century work <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></i>, a partly mythical, partly historical account of Japan which dates the foundation of the country at 660 BC. Archaeological evidence also suggests that frequent conflicts between settlements or statelets broke out in the period. Many excavated settlements were moated or built at the tops of hills. Headless human skeletons<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discovered in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoshinogari_site" title="Yoshinogari site">Yoshinogari site</a> are regarded as typical examples of finds from the period. In the coastal area of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Inland Sea</a>, stone arrowheads are often found among funerary objects.
</p><p>Third-century Chinese sources reported that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wajin_(ancient_people)" title="Wajin (ancient people)">Wa people</a> lived on raw fish, vegetables, and rice served on bamboo and wooden trays, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakushu_(Shinto)" title="Hakushu (Shinto)">clapped their hands in worship</a> (something still done in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a> today),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and built earthen-grave mounds. They also maintained vassal-master relations, collected taxes, had provincial granaries and markets, and observed mourning. Society was characterised by violent struggles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yamataikoku">Yamataikoku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yamataikoku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg/220px-Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg/330px-Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg/440px-Hashihaka-kofun-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hashihaka_kofun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashihaka kofun">Hashihaka kofun</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakurai,_Nara" title="Sakurai, Nara">Sakurai, Nara</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <i>Wei Zhi</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">魏志</span>), which is part of the Records of the three Kingdoms, first mentions <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamataikoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamataikoku">Yamataikoku</a> and Queen <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Himiko" title="Himiko">Himiko</a> in the 3rd century. According to the record, Himiko assumed the throne of Wa, as a spiritual leader, after a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_war_of_Wa" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war of Wa">major civil war</a>. Her younger brother was in charge of the affairs of state, including diplomatic relations with the Chinese court of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Kingdom of Wei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about their origins by the Wei embassy, the people of Wa claimed to be descendants of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taibo" title="Taibo">Taibo</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wu</a>, a historic figure of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wu_(state)" title="Wu (state)">Wu Kingdom</a> around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze Delta</a> of China.
</p><p>For many years, the location of Yamataikoku and the identity of Queen Himiko have been subject of research. Two possible sites, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoshinogari,_Saga" title="Yoshinogari, Saga">Yoshinogari</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saga_Prefecture" title="Saga Prefecture">Saga Prefecture</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makimuku_ruins" title="Makimuku ruins">Makimuku</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a> have been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological research in Makimuku suggests that Yamataikoku was located in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars assume that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hashihaka_Kofun" title="Hashihaka Kofun">Hashihaka kofun</a> in Makimuku was the tomb of Himiko.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its relation to the origin of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamato_Kingship" title="Yamato Kingship">Yamato polity</a> in the following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> is also under debate.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Shinya-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shinya_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinya_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinya_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShōda2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shōda, Shinya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm">"A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology</i>. <b>1</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Society+for+East+Asian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Comment+on+the+Yayoi+Period+Dating+Controversy&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Sh%C5%8Dda&rft.aufirst=Shinya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaa-web.org%2Fbul-essay-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabu2004258-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabu2004258_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabu2004">Habu 2004</a>, p. 258.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizoguchi2013" class="citation book cs1">Mizoguchi, Koji (2013). <i>The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88490-7"><bdi>978-0-521-88490-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Japan%3A+From+the+Earliest+Rice+Farming+Villages+to+the+Rise+of+the+State&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88490-7&rft.aulast=Mizoguchi&rft.aufirst=Koji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeike1977" class="citation book cs1">Seike, Kiyoshi (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3071841"><i>The art of Japanese joinery</i></a>. Yuriko Yobuko, Rebecca M. Davis (1st ed.). New York: J. Weatherhill. p. 8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8348-1516-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8348-1516-8"><bdi>0-8348-1516-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3071841">3071841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+Japanese+joinery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=J.+Weatherhill&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3071841&rft.isbn=0-8348-1516-8&rft.aulast=Seike&rft.aufirst=Kiyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F3071841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarris1996" class="citation journal cs1">Farris, William Wayne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719600">"Ancient Japan's Korean Connection"</a>. <i>Korean Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fks.1996.0015">10.1353/ks.1996.0015</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719600">23719600</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162644598">162644598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Studies&rft.atitle=Ancient+Japan%27s+Korean+Connection&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162644598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fks.1996.0015&rft.aulast=Farris&rft.aufirst=William+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23719600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hays, J. (n.d.). Yayoi people, life, and culture (400 B.C.-A.D. 300). Facts and Details. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub105/entry-5285.html">https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub105/entry-5285.html</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japanpitt.pitt.edu/timeline/yayoi-period-300-bce-250-ce">"Yayoi Period (300 BCE – 250 CE)"</a>. <i>Japan Module</i>. Pitt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Module&rft.atitle=Yayoi+Period+%28300+BCE+%E2%80%93+250+CE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanpitt.pitt.edu%2Ftimeline%2Fyayoi-period-300-bce-250-ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/japan_timeline.htm">"Timelines: Japan"</a>. <i>Asia for Educators</i>. Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+for+Educators&rft.atitle=Timelines%3A+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Ftimelines%2Fjapan_timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/temporary-body-arts/mirrors/61-bronze-mirror-japan-c-5001600.html">"Bronze mirror"</a>. <i>Pitt Rivers Museum Body Arts</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitt+Rivers+Museum+Body+Arts&rft.atitle=Bronze+mirror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.prm.ox.ac.uk%2Fbodyarts%2Findex.php%2Ftemporary-body-arts%2Fmirrors%2F61-bronze-mirror-japan-c-5001600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-keally-yayoi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keally-yayoi_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keally-yayoi_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeally2006" class="citation web cs1">Keally, Charles T. (2006-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/yayoi.html">"Yayoi Culture"</a>. <i>Japanese Archaeology</i>. Charles T. Keally<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Yayoi+Culture&rft.date=2006-06-03&rft.aulast=Keally&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-net.ne.jp%2F~keally%2Fyayoi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-e125-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e125_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoda2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shoda, Shin'ya (2010). "Radiocarbon and Archaeology in Japan and Korea: What has Changed Because of the Yayoi Dating Controversy?". <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>52</b> (2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 421–427. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Radcb..52..421S">2010Radcb..52..421S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0033822200045471">10.1017/s0033822200045471</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+and+Archaeology+in+Japan+and+Korea%3A+What+has+Changed+Because+of+the+Yayoi+Dating+Controversy%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=421-427&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0033822200045471&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Radcb..52..421S&rft.aulast=Shoda&rft.aufirst=Shin%27ya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2012/08/16/arts/openings-outside-tokyo/the-yayoi-period-analyzing-its-culture-through-agricultural-tools/">"The Yayoi Period: Analyzing its Culture Through Agricultural Tools"</a>. <i>Japan Times</i>. 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=The+Yayoi+Period%3A+Analyzing+its+Culture+Through+Agricultural+Tools&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2012%2F08%2F16%2Farts%2Fopenings-outside-tokyo%2Fthe-yayoi-period-analyzing-its-culture-through-agricultural-tools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicken" class="citation book cs1">Picken, Stuart D. B. <i>Historical Dictionary of Japanese Business</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Japanese+Business&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.aulast=Picken&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-University_of_Hawaii_Press-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Hawaii_Press_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Hawaii_Press_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImamura" class="citation book cs1">Imamura, Keiji. <i>Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Japan%3A+New+Perspectives+on+Insular+East+Asia&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.aulast=Imamura&rft.aufirst=Keiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/e_kenkyuu/report2004.html">"Annual Report on Research Activity 2004"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</a>: Rekihaku.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+on+Research+Activity+2004&rft.place=JP&rft.pub=Rekihaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekihaku.ac.jp%2Fe_kenkyuu%2Freport2004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiji_Kobayashi" class="citation web cs1">Seiji Kobayashi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923052256/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/255/245">"Eastern Japanese Pottery During the Jomon-Yayoi Transition: A Study in Forager-Farmer Interaction"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kokugakuin_Tochigi_Junior_College" title="Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College">Kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/255/245">the original</a> on 2009-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Japanese+Pottery+During+the+Jomon-Yayoi+Transition%3A+A+Study+in+Forager-Farmer+Interaction&rft.pub=Kokugakuin+Tochigi+Junior+College&rft.au=Seiji+Kobayashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournal.anu.edu.au%2Findex.php%2Fbippa%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F255%2F245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm"><i>Yayo</i></a>, Met museum</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yayo&rft.pub=Met+museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fyayo%2Fhd_yayo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lock, Margaret (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121213005634/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/japan.htm">"Japanese"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of World Cultures CD-ROM</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/135b/japan.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures+CD-ROM&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fanthro%2Ffaculty%2Ffiske%2F135b%2Fjapan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_J._Pearson" title="Richard J. Pearson">Pearson, Richard J.</a> Chiefly Exchange Between Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, in the Yayoi Period. <i>Antiquity</i> 64(245) 912–22, 1990.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/earlier-start-japanese-rice-cultivation">Earlier Start for Japanese Rice Cultivation</a>, Dennis Normile, Science, 2003 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160707223555/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2003/05/earlier-start-japanese-rice-cultivation">archive</a>)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/k-kda1/k-kca1/k-ksa1/IPA-joe100.htm">縄文人の顔と骨格-骨格の比較</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223125145/http://www2.edu.ipa.go.jp/gz/k-kda1/k-kca1/k-ksa1/IPA-joe100.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-23 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Information technology Promotion Agency</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925135212/http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/123456789/146/2/04_doi.pdf">"Repository"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of the Ryukyus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/123456789/146/2/04_doi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Repository&rft.pub=University+of+the+Ryukyus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F146%2F2%2F04_doi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-JapaneseRoots-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JapaneseRoots_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a> (June 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124052900/http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/">"Japanese Roots"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i>. <b>19</b> (6 June 1998). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/">the original</a> on 2007-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=Japanese+Roots&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6+June+1998&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1998%2Fjun%2Fjapaneseroots1455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mizoguchi (2013), p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidder1993" class="citation book cs1">Kidder, J. Edward Jr. (1993). "The earliest societies in Japan". In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delmer_Brown" title="Delmer Brown">Brown, Delmer</a> (ed.). <i>Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 1: Ancient Japan</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–107. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22352-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+earliest+societies+in+Japan&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Japan%2C+vol.+1%3A+Ancient+Japan&rft.pages=48-107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22352-2&rft.aulast=Kidder&rft.aufirst=J.+Edward+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span> p. 81.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mizoguchi (2013), p. 53.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421054014/http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html">"Long Journey to Prehistorical Japan"</a> (in Japanese). National Science Museum of Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+Journey+to+Prehistorical+Japan&rft.pub=National+Science+Museum+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kahaku.go.jp%2Fspecial%2Fpast%2Fjapanese%2Fipix%2F5%2F5-14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news111.htm">"Yayoi linked to Yangtze area: DNA tests reveal similarities to early wet-rice farmers"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. March 19, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Yayoi+linked+to+Yangtze+area%3A+DNA+tests+reveal+similarities+to+early+wet-rice+farmers&rft.date=1999-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel.com%2Fprehist%2Fnews111.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_J._Hudson1999" class="citation book cs1">Mark J. Hudson (1999). <i>Ruins of Identity Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands</i>. University Hawai'i Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2156-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2156-4"><bdi>0-8248-2156-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruins+of+Identity+Ethnogenesis+in+the+Japanese+Islands&rft.pub=University+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8248-2156-4&rft.au=Mark+J.+Hudson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Diamond-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diamond_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJared_Diamond1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> (June 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1998/jun/japaneseroots1455/">"Japanese Roots"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i>. <b>19</b> (6, June 1998)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-12</span></span>. <q>Unlike Jomon pottery, Yayoi pottery was very similar to contemporary South Korean pottery in shape. Many other elements of the new Yayoi culture were unmistakably Korean and previously foreign to Japan, including bronze objects, weaving, glass beads, and styles of tools and houses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=Japanese+Roots&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6%2C+June+1998&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft.au=Jared+Diamond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1998%2Fjun%2Fjapaneseroots1455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mizoguchi (2013), p. 119.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia". <i>Studia Orientalia</i> (108). <q>... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Language+Map+of+Prehistorical+Northeast+Asia&rft.issue=108&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". <i>Korean Linguistics</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 222–240.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200427–28-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200427–28_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2004">Beckwith (2004)</a>, pp. 27–28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman2011157_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitman2011">Whitman (2011)</a>, p. 157.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyamoto201669–70_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyamoto2016">Miyamoto (2016)</a>, pp. 69–70.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESerafim200898-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerafim200898_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSerafim2008">Serafim (2008)</a>, p. 98.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2017-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2017_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2017">Vovin (2017)</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman, John (2011-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0">"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan"</a>. <i>Rice</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 149–158. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4..149W">2011Rice....4..149W</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0">10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-8433">1939-8433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Northeast+Asian+Linguistic+Ecology+and+the+Advent+of+Rice+Agriculture+in+Korea+and+Japan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149-158&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.issn=1939-8433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4..149W&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9080-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanhunen2010294_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanhunen2010">Janhunen (2010)</a>, p. 294.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2013222,_237_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2013">Vovin (2013)</a>, pp. 222, 237.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger200987-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnger200987_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnger2009">Unger (2009)</a>, p. 87.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/exhibition.html">"Gold Seal (Kin-in)"</a>. Fukuoka City Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Seal+%28Kin-in%29&rft.pub=Fukuoka+City+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.city.fukuoka.jp%2Fen%2Fexhibition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.jp/mb1527/wajinden.htm">魏志倭人伝</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101016074410/http://www.geocities.jp/mb1527/wajinden.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-16 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chinese texts and its Japanese translation</span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2010" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, James L. (2010-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNzQCwAAQBAJ&q=yoshinogari+headless+skeletons&pg=PA10"><i>Japan in World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970974-8"><bdi>978-0-19-970974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970974-8&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNzQCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyoshinogari%2Bheadless%2Bskeletons%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D">Wikisource</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%80%AD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%9D">魏志倭人伝</a>, Chinese texts of the <i>Wei Zhi</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarako-kagi_Archaeological_Museum2007" class="citation web cs1">Karako-kagi Archaeological Museum (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/1446">"ヤマト王権はいかにして始まったか"</a>. <i>Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Database+of+Archaeological+Site+Reports+in+Japan&rft.atitle=%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9%E3%81%AF%E3%81%84%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AB%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E5%A7%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8B&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Karako-kagi+Archaeological+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitereports.nabunken.go.jp%2F1446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikkei.co.jp/news/shakai/20080306AT5C0501C05032008.html">古墳２タイプ、同時に出現か・奈良の古墳群で判明</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, Nikkei Net, March 6, 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/academic/080306/acd0803060039001-n1.htm">最古級の奈良・桜井“３兄弟古墳”、形状ほぼ判明 卑弥呼の時代に相次いで築造</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308193428/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/culture/academic/080306/acd0803060039001-n1.htm">Archived</a> 2008-03-08 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sankei Shimbun, March 6, 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1996" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, Walter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385316">"In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai"</a>. <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 74. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2385316">10.2307/2385316</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0741">0027-0741</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385316">2385316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=In+Pursuit+of+Himiko.+Postwar+Archaeology+and+the+Location+of+Yamatai&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0027-0741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2385316%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2385316&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2385316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_cited">Books cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2004), <i>Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives</i>, Brill, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13949-7"><bdi>978-90-04-13949-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koguryo%2C+the+Language+of+Japan%27s+Continental+Relatives&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13949-7&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabu2004" class="citation cs2">Habu, Junko (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vGnAbTyTynsC"><i>Ancient Jomon of Japan</i></a>, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77670-7"><bdi>978-0-521-77670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jomon+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77670-7&rft.aulast=Habu&rft.aufirst=Junko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvGnAbTyTynsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyamoto2016" class="citation cs2">Miyamoto, Kazuo (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/1812319/JJA4-1.pdf">"Archaeological Explanation for the Diffusion Theory of the Japonic and Koreanic Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Japanese Journal of Archeology</i>, <b>4</b> (1): 53–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Archeology&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Explanation+for+the+Diffusion+Theory+of+the+Japonic+and+Koreanic+Language&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-75&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Miyamoto&rft.aufirst=Kazuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp%2Fopac_download_md%2F1812319%2FJJA4-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerafim2008" class="citation cs2">Serafim, Leon A. (2008), "The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history", in Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John (eds.), <i>Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects</i>, John Benjamins, pp. 79–99, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1"><bdi>978-90-272-4809-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+uses+of+Ryukyuan+in+understanding+Japanese+language+history&rft.btitle=Proto-Japanese%3A+Issues+and+Prospects&rft.pages=79-99&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4809-1&rft.aulast=Serafim&rft.aufirst=Leon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Marshall_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="James Marshall Unger">Unger, J. Marshall</a> (2009), <i>The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages</i>, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3279-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3279-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-3279-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+contact+in+the+origins+of+the+Japanese+and+Korean+languages&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3279-7&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=J.+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2013" class="citation cs2">Vovin, Alexander (2013), "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean", <i>Korean Linguistics</i>, <b>15</b> (2): 222–240, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fkl.15.2.03vov">10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Linguistics&rft.atitle=From+Koguryo+to+Tamna%3A+Slowly+riding+to+the+South+with+speakers+of+Proto-Korean&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-240&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fkl.15.2.03vov&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2017" class="citation cs2">Vovin, Alexander (2017), "Origins of the Japanese Language", <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.277">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277</a></span>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Japanese+Language&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.277&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Schirokauer, Conrad (2013). <i>A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations</i>. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+Civilizations&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Schirokauer&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberman2012" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Neil Asher (2012). <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Silberman&rft.aufirst=Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYayoi+period" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yayoi_period&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/yayo/hd_yayo.htm">Yayoi Culture</a>, Department of Asian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/yayoi_jidai.html">Yayoi period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203818/http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/yayoi_jidai.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/index.html">Japanese History Online (under construction)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923071955/https://www.yamasa.org/history/english/index.html">Archived</a> 2020-09-23 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ANCJAPAN/YAYOI.HTM">An article</a> by Richard Hooker on the Yayoi and the Jōmon.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/en">Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan</a>, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news146.htm">Article "Japanese Roots Surprisingly Shallow" from Japan Times</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Lists
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yayoi period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li>
<li>Icons</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207858#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4413508-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Yayoi culture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149050">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574249">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531693505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1729687062' |