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{{for|other people named Yisroel Friedman|Yisroel Friedman (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox rebbe
| title = Ruzhiner Rebbe
| image =
| caption =
| began = 1813
| ended = 1850
| birth_name = Yisroel Friedman
| signature =Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn, signature.svg
| main_work =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Sarah, Malka
| children = Sholom Yosef<br/>Chaya Malka<br/>[[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov]]<br/>Gittel Tova<br/>Menachem Nochum<br/>Miriam<br/>Dov Ber<br/>Dovid Moshe<br/>Leah<br/>Mordechai Shraga<ref>{{cite book|title=The House of Rizhin: Chassidus and the Rizhiner dynasty |page=114|last=Brayer |first=Rabbi Menachem |publisher=[[Mesorah Publications]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-57819-794-5}}</ref>
| dynasty = [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhin]]
| father = Rabbi Sholom Shachne
| mother = Chava
| birth_date = October 5, 1796
| birth_place = [[Pohrebyshche]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1850|10|9|1796|10|5}}
| death_place = [[Sadhora|Sadigura]], then [[Austria]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial = Sadigura
|
}}
'''Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn''' ({{langx|he|ישראל פרידמן מרוז'ין}}) (5 October 1796<ref name="assaf31">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ARUu1mbtwdIC&pg=PA21 |last=Assaf |first=David |page=31|title=The Regal Way: The life and times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin |publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8047-4468-8}}</ref> – 9 October 1850<ref name="assaf170">Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 170.</ref>), also called '''Israel Ruzhin''', was a [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] ''[[Admor|rebbe]]'' in 19th-century [[Ukraine]] and [[Austria]]. Known as ''Der Heiliger Ruzhiner'' ({{langx|yi| דער הייליגער רוזשינער}}, "The holy one from [[Ruzhyn (urban-type settlement)|Ruzhyn]]"), he conducted his court with regal pomp and splendor. [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas I of Russia]], who was said to be jealous of the Rebbe's wealth and influence,<ref name="golden12">{{cite book |title=The Golden Dynasty: Ruzhin, the royal house of Chassidus |last=Friedman |first=Yisroel |publisher=Kest-Lebovits Jewish Heritage & Roots Library |year=1997 |page=12}}</ref> had the Rebbe imprisoned for nearly two years on an unsubstantiated murder charge. After his release, the Rebbe fled to Austria, where he re-established his court in [[Sadhora|Sadigura]], [[Bukovina]] ([[Carpathian Mountains]]), attracted thousands of Hasidim, provided for the Hasidic community in Israel, and inaugurated the construction of the [[Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]].
Friedman was the first and only Ruzhiner Rebbe. However, his sons and grandsons founded their own dynasties, collectively known as the "House of [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhin]]". These dynasties, which follow many of the traditions of the Ruzhiner Rebbe, are [[Bohush (Hasidic dynasty)|Bohush]], [[Boyan (Hasidic dynasty)|Boyan]], [[Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)|Chortkov]], [[Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)|Husiatyn]], [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]], and [[Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)|Shtefanesht]]. The founders of the [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]], [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)|Skver]], and [[Vasloi (Hasidic dynasty)|Vasloi]] Hasidic dynasties were related to the Ruzhiner Rebbe through his daughters.<ref name="je"/>
==Early life==
Friedman was a direct descendant through the male line of Rabbi [[Dov Ber of Mezeritch]] (the [[Maggid]] of Mezritch) (1704–1772), the main disciple of the [[Baal Shem Tov]]. He was the great-grandson of the Maggid of Mezritch, the grandson of Rabbi [[Avraham HaMalach|Avrohom HaMalach Friedman]] (1739–1776), and the son of Rabbi [[Sholom Shachne of Prohobisht]] (1769–1802). His maternal grandfather was Rabbi [[Menachem Nachum Twersky|Nochum]] of [[Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)|Chernobyl]], a close associate of the Baal Shem Tov.<ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 32.</ref><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 95.</ref> He was given the name Yisroel (Israel) after the Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi Israel ''ben'' Eliezer.<ref name="assaf31"/> He had two older brothers, Avrohom (1787–1812) and Dov Ber (the latter died in childhood),<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 106.</ref> and a younger sister, Chaya Ita.<ref name="assaf35">Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 35.</ref>
Claiming descent from the [[Davidic line#History|Royal line of King David]], his father, the rebbe of [[Pohrebyshche|Porebishtsh]], comported himself differently from other Hasidic leaders of the time. While most Hasidic leaders dressed in white clothes, he wore fashionable woolen clothes sewn with buttons. He also lived in an impressive house with a large garden. These elements would later be incorporated into Friedman's conduct as ''rebbe''.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', pp. 95–96.</ref>
Friedman was six years old when his father died and his brother Avrohom, aged 15, took over the leadership of their father's Hasidim in Porebishtsh.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 117.</ref><ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 33.</ref> At age 7, Friedman was engaged to Sarah, daughter of Rabbi Moses Efrati of [[Berdychiv|Berdichev]].<ref name="assaf35"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 121.</ref> At age 13,<ref name="je">{{cite web |url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17198.html |title=Ruzhin, Israel |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |first= Itzhak |last=Alfassi|year=2008 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 4.</ref> he married and moved to [[Botoșani]], [[Romania]].<ref name="je"/> Three years later, his brother Avrohom died without offspring and he performed [[Halizah]] and succeeded his brother as leader of the Porebishtsh [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidim]]. After living first in Porebishtsh and then in [[Skvyra]],<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 246.</ref> Friedman settled in Ruzhin, where he achieved the reputation of a great holy man and attracted thousands of followers, making the Ruzhin dynasty "the largest and most influential Hasidic community in the southwestern districts of the [[Pale of Settlement]]".<ref name="yivo"/> His leadership also promoted widespread acceptance of the Hasidic movement, allowing Hasidism to flourish in Ukraine and [[Volhynia]] without opposition for the next hundred years.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 126.</ref>
==Regal court==
The Ruzhiner Rebbe was a charismatic leader known for his aristocratic demeanor.<ref name="je"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 160.</ref><ref name="golden1">Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 1.</ref> He set a regal tone for his court, living in a palatial home with splendid furnishings; riding in a silver-handled carriage drawn by four white horses; being accompanied by an entourage of attendants; and wearing a golden [[yarmulke]] and stylish clothing with solid-gold buttons.<ref name="je"/><ref name="golden1"/><ref name="neil">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKQWAQAAIAAJ&q=ruzhin |title=The Unbroken Chain: Biographical sketches and the genealogy of illustrious Jewish families from the 15th–20th century |last=Rosenstein |first=Neil |page=513 |publisher=Shengold Publishers|year=1976|isbn=9780884000433 }}</ref> His children, too, dressed like nobility and were attended by servants in livery.<ref name="je"/><ref name="Brayer, p. 247">Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 247.</ref>
Although this type of grandeur and opulence was highly unusual for Hasidic leaders, the Rebbe was accepted by many leading rabbis and ''rebbes'' of his time, who accepted that he was comporting himself in a way that would elevate God's glory through His representative, the ''[[tzadik]]''.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 124.</ref> The Ruzhiner Rebbe was thought by his followers to constantly humble himself before God and afflicted his body with fasts and other afflictions. Allegedly, one winter night, after standing outdoors to [[Kiddush levana|sanctify the New Moon]] wearing his solid-gold boots studded with diamonds, his Hasidim noticed blood on the snow where he had been standing. They discovered that the extravagant boots had no sole, and thus, when the Rebbe walked outside, he was essentially walking barefoot. After that, people understood that the Rebbe's style of living was meant solely for the sake of Heaven.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 7.</ref>
A contemporary tourist Dr. Mayer who visited the town of Ruzhin described Yisrael as an illiterate man that could not write and only able to sign his name with great difficulty. Hasidic sources confirm that the Rebbe was semiliterate at best and lacked a rabbinical education as well. This explains why the Rebbe didn't deliver Torah sermons like the other Hasidic masters of his time, but preferred simpler fables and parables.<ref>Hasidism: A New History by [[David Biale]], David Assaf et al., 2018, p. 304, 306</ref> According to a hasidic source Yisrael once told his followers: "One learns to write when one is a boy, but I was never a boy".<ref>The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin, David Assaf, p. 38</ref> The Rebbe, in a self deprecating way, even referred to himself as a coarse boor, often telling his hasidim "Ich bin a grobyan" ("I am a boor").<ref>ibid, p. 42</ref>
The tourist also described the Rebbe's face as beardless and smooth except for a mustache.<ref>ibid, p. 305</ref> While this has been taken by some as a sign of Yisrael's modernity, others have speculated that his unorthodox appearance is more likely the result of a bad skin disease from which Yisrael suffered when he was a young boy, which covered his face with lesions and boils.<ref>The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin, David Assaf, p. 32</ref>
The Rebbe related to the poor and downtrodden as to the famous rebbes and Hasidim who flocked to his court. He also gained the respect of the Russian upper class.<ref name="Brayer, p. 247"/>
==Imprisonment and escape==
The Rebbe's extravagant lifestyle and prestige aroused the envy of Tsar Nicholas I and the ire of the Jewish ''[[Haskalah|maskilim]]'' (members of the Jewish Enlightenment movement); the latter continually plotted to bring about the Rebbe's downfall.<ref name="golden12"/> In 1838, at the height of a two-year investigation of the murder of two [[Mesirah|Jewish informers]], the Rebbe was arrested by the governor-general of [[Berdichev]] on the accusation of complicity in the murders. He was brought before the [[Tsar]], whose own agents told him that the Rebbe was trying to establish his own kingdom and was fomenting opposition to the government. The Tsar had the Rebbe jailed in [[Donevitz]] for seven months, and then placed in solitary confinement in prison in [[Kiev]] for fifteen months, pending a decision on exiling him to the [[Caucasus]] or [[Siberia]]. No formal charges were ever filed against him, and no trial was ever held. On 19 February 1840 ([[Purim#Shushan Purim|Shushan Purim]] 5600), the Rebbe was suddenly released. But he was still subject to the allegation of opposing the government and was placed under police surveillance at his home, which made it increasingly difficult for his Hasidim to visit him. The Rebbe decided to move to [[Chişinău|Kishinev]], where the district authority was more lenient, and his family joined him. When his Hasidim found out through inside sources that the Tsar was going ahead with his plan to exile the Rebbe for his attempts to create a "Jewish kingdom", they bribed the governor of Kishinev to provide the Rebbe with an exit visa to [[Moldavia]]. Just as the Rebbe was leaving Kishinev, the government orders for his arrest and deportation arrived. When the Rebbe reached [[Iaşi]], the capital of Moldavia, his Hasidim obtained for him a travel pass to cross the border into [[Austria]]. His plight became an international [[cause célèbre]], with Hasidim and non-Hasidim throughout Eastern Europe petitioning government officials and even priests to save the Rebbe from extradition and exile.<ref name="je"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', 128–136.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 13.</ref>
[[File:Sadigura rebbe's palace.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Partial view of the palace of the Grand Rabbi in Sadigura]]
Moving from town to town — including [[Shatsk, Volyn Oblast|Shatsk]] in [[Bukovina]] (which belonged to Austria), Kompling, and [[Skole]]<ref name="je"/> — the Rebbe ended up in [[Sadigura|Sadhora]], [[Bukovina]], home to the second-largest Jewish community in Austria (after [[Chernivtsi|Chernowitz]]). In that town, 40 years before, a 10-year-old boy named Yisroel Donenfeld had disappeared without a trace. The Rebbe presented himself as the long-lost Yisroel, and with the testimony of eight men who affirmed that he was born in Sadigura, he received citizenship papers. His Hasidim helped him purchase property in the town and show proof that he had 20,000 [[crown]]s for his support, whereupon he received honorary citizenship and the protection of the Austrian government. In the summer of 1842, the Rebbe's family was finally allowed to join him, on condition that they relinquish all rights to visit or return to Russia.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', pp. 137–142.</ref>
The Rebbe built another palatial home in Sadigura that was even more beautiful than the one he had left in Ruzhyn. His ''[[Beth midrash|beis medrash]]'' (synagogue) accommodated 3,000 worshippers. Thousands of Hasidim crossed the border from throughout [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], Russia and [[Romania]] to be with him,<ref name="je"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 142.</ref> and all the Jews in Sadigura became Ruzhiner Hasidim.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 15.</ref>
==Activities in Eretz Israel==
[[File:Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Tiferes Yisrael Synagogue]] in [[Jerusalem]] was named after the Ruzhiner Rebbe,{{dubious|Eplain! His name was not Tiferet.|date=July 2019}} who instigated its construction.]]
The [[Avraham Yehoshua Heshel|Apter Rav]] named the Ruzhiner Rebbe as president of [[Kollel#Original sense|Kollel]] [[Volhynia]], with responsibility for raising and distributing the money to support the Hasidic community in the [[Land of Israel]].<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 253.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 10.</ref> The Rebbe encouraged Hasidim to emigrate and provided for their support through the ''kollel''. Although he wished to make ''[[aliyah]]'' himself, he said that he could not leave his Hasidim.<ref name="golden12"/>
In 1843, Rabbi [[Nisan Bak|Nissan Beck]], a Ruzhiner Hasid, traveled from Jerusalem to Sadigura to visit the Rebbe. He informed him that Tsar Nicholas I intended to buy a plot of land next to the [[Western Wall]] with the intention of building a [[Church (building)|church]] and [[monastery]] there. The Rebbe gave Beck the task of thwarting the Tsar's attempt. Beck managed to buy the land from its Arab owners for an exorbitant sum, mere days before the Tsar ordered the Russian consul in Jerusalem to make the purchase for him. The Tsar was forced to buy a different plot of land for a church, which is known today as the [[Russian Compound]].<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', pp. 260–261.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', pp. 11–12.</ref> The Rebbe's son, Rabbi [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]] of Sadigura, completed the task of raising funds and inaugurated the building in the summer of 1872. The synagogue was named Tiferet Yisroel after the Ruzhiner Rebbe, Tiferet meaning "glory", though it was also known as the Nissan Beck Synagogue after its architect and builder.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 263.</ref>
The Rebbe died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850 (3 [[Cheshvan]] 5610), probably due to [[heart failure]],<ref name="assaf170"/><ref name="golden17">Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 17.</ref> and was buried in Sadigura. On his deathbed he testified to his disciple, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Fastan: "The holy master, Rabbi [[Judah the Prince|Yehudah HaNasi]], Rabbeinu Hakadosh, testified about himself that he did not take pleasure from this world, even as much as a small finger. I bear self-witness, Heaven and Earth, that I did not take enjoyment from this world even as much as a slender thread. As for my behaving with overt leadership and pomp, this was all done to honor the Holy One, Blessed is He".<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 276.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 16.</ref>
His gravesite, which eventually became the burial place of two of his sons, Avraham Yaakov of Sadigura and Dov Ber of Leova, as well as other family members, became a shrine for Ruzhiner Hasidim.<ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', pp. 323–324.</ref> His gravestone was destroyed during World War I and afterwards replaced by a large white concrete slab.<ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 266.</ref>
==Family==
Friedman and his first wife, Sarah, had six sons and four daughters. These were:<ref name="yivo"/>
*Sholom Yosef (Sadigura); he led his father's Hasidim, together with his brothers, for only a year until his death in 1851; his son, Rabbi Yitzchok, became the first Bohusher Rebbe<ref name="golden17"/>
*Avrohom Yaakov (Sadigura)
*Menachem Nochum (Shtefenesht)
*Dov Ber (Leova)
*Dovid Moshe (Chortkov)
*Mordechai Shraga (Husyatin)
*Chaya Malka, whose second marriage was to Rabbi [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)#Reb Itzikl, founder of the dynasty|Yitzchak Twersky]], first Rebbe of Skver
*Gittel Tova, wife of Yosef Monazon of Berdichev, scion of a wealthy banking family
*Miriam, wife of Rabbi [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)#Menachem Mendel Hager|Menachem Mendel Hager]], first Rebbe of Vizhnitz
*Leah, wife of Dovid Halpern of Berdichev, scion of another wealthy banking family; their son Shalom Yosef (1856–1940) became the first Vasloi Rebbe in 1896<ref name="yivo">{{cite web |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ruzhin_Hasidic_Dynasty |last=Assaf |first=David |title=Ruzhin Hasidic Dynasty |publisher=[[YIVO]] Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |year=2010 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>
Shortly after the death of his wife Sarah in 1847, the Rebbe remarried to Malka, the widow of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch of [[Rymanów|Rimanov]]. She had a seven-year-old girl and three-year-old boy from her first marriage; this second marriage did not produce children.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 269.</ref>
==Legacy==
[[File:Ruzhiner yeshiva, Jerusalem.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Ruzhiner yeshiva (left) and synagogue (right) in Jerusalem, both named Tiferet Yisroel after the Ruzhiner Rebbe.]]{{dubious|Eplain! His name was not Tiferet.|date=July 2019}}
The Rebbe did not write any ''[[Sefer (Hebrew)|sefarim]]'' (books); however, his sayings and teachings have been recorded by Ruzhiner Hasidim and biographers.<ref name="je"/>
To this day, Ruzhiner institutions are named "Tiferet Yisroel" ({{langx|he|תפארת ישראל}}, lit. "Splendor of Israel") after the Ruzhiner Rebbe.<ref>Eliyahu Wager (1988). Tiferet Israel Synagogue. Illustrated guide to Jerusalem. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House. p. 68.</ref> These include the [[Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue#Mesivta Tiferet Yisroel|Mesivta Tiferet Yisroel]], the Ruzhiner Yeshiva in Jerusalem, established in 1957 by the Rebbe's great-grandson, the [[Mordechai Shlomo Friedman|Boyaner Rebbe of New York]].
==His progeny==
{{Tree chart/start|style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |,|-|SYS| | | | | | | | |SYS= Shalom Yosef Friedman of [[Sadhora|Sadigura]]<br/>(1813–1851)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|YS | | | | | | | | |YS= [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)#Reb Itzikl, founder of the dynasty|Yitzchak Twersky]]<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)|Skver]]'''<br/>(married to Chaya Malka [b. 1814])}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|AYS| | | | | | | | |AYS= [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]]<br/>[[File:Abraham Jacob Friedman I - Sadigura.jpg|70px]]<br/>(1819–1883)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]]'''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|DBL| | | | | | | | |DBL= Dov Ber Friedman of [[Leova]]<br/>(1822–1876)<br/>[[File:Dov Ber Friedman of Leova.jpg|70px]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|MNS| | | | | | | | |MNS= Menachem Nochum Friedman<br/>(1823–1868)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)|Ștefănești]]'''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart |YFR|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | |YFR=Yisroel Friedman<br/>(1796–1850)<br/>'''Rebbe of [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhin]]'''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|YMBV| | | | | | | | |YMBV= Yosef Monazon of [[Berdychiv]]/Vandohan<br/>(married to Gittel Tova [b. 1822])}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|MMV| | | | | | | | |MMV= [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)#Menachem Mendel Hager|Menachem Mendel Hager]]<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]]'''<br/>(married to Miriam [1826–1882])<br/>[[File:Tzemachtzaddik.JPG|70px]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|DMC| | | | | | | | |DMC=Dovid Moshe Friedman<br/>(1828–1903)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)|Chortkov]]'''<br/>[[File:Czortkow rabbi friedman small.jpg|70px]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|DHB| | | | | | | | |DHB=Dovid Halpern of [[Berdychiv]]<br/>(married to Leah [b. 1830])}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |`|-|MSFH| | | | | | | |MSFH= Mordechai Shraga Feivish Friedman<br/>(1834–1894)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)|Husiatyn]]'''}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
== See also ==
* [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)]]
==References==
{{reflist|3}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17198.html "Ruzhin, Israel" in the Encyclopaedia Judaica]
* [http://www.nishmas.org/gdynasty/intro.htm ''The Golden Dynasty'' by Yisroel Friedman]
* [http://hebrewbooks.org/3650 Biography of Rabbi Yisroel Friedman of Ruzhyn (in Hebrew)]
* [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O158129/torah-crown/ Torah crown of the Rebbe]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman Of Ruzhyn, Israel}}
[[Category:1796 births]]
[[Category:1850 deaths]]
[[Category:Rebbes of Ruzhin]]
[[Category:Hasidic rabbis in Europe]]
[[Category:Austrian Ashkenazi Jews]]
[[Category:Austrian Haredi rabbis]]
[[Category:Romanian Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Bukovina Jews]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Austrian Empire]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People from Pohrebyshche]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian rabbis]]
[[Category:19th-century Ukrainian rabbis]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Ukrainian rabbi}}
{{for|other people named Yisroel Friedman|Yisroel Friedman (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox rebbe
| title = Ruzhiner Rebbe
| image =
| caption =
| began = 1813
| ended = 1850
| birth_name = Yisroel Friedman
| signature =Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn, signature.svg
| main_work =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Sarah, Malka
| children = Sholom Yosef<br/>Chaya Malka<br/>[[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov]]<br/>Gittel Tova<br/>Menachem Nochum<br/>Miriam<br/>Dov Ber<br/>Dovid Moshe<br/>Leah<br/>Mordechai Shraga<ref>{{cite book|title=The House of Rizhin: Chassidus and the Rizhiner dynasty |page=114|last=Brayer |first=Rabbi Menachem |publisher=[[Mesorah Publications]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-57819-794-5}}</ref>
| dynasty = [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhin]]
| father = Rabbi Sholom Shachne
| mother = Chava
| birth_date = October 5, 1796
| birth_place = [[Pohrebyshche]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1850|10|9|1796|10|5}}
| death_place = [[Sadhora|Sadigura]], then [[Austria]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial = Sadigura
|
}}
'''Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn''' ({{langx|he|ישראל פרידמן מרוז'ין}}) (5 October 1796<ref name="assaf31">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ARUu1mbtwdIC&pg=PA21 |last=Assaf |first=David |page=31|title=The Regal Way: The life and times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin |publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-8047-4468-8}}</ref> – 9 October 1850<ref name="assaf170">Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 170.</ref>), also called '''Israel Ruzhin''', was a [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] ''[[Admor|rebbe]]'' in 19th-century [[Ukraine]] and [[Austria]]. Known as ''Der Heiliger Ruzhiner'' ({{langx|yi| דער הייליגער רוזשינער}}, "The holy one from [[Ruzhyn (urban-type settlement)|Ruzhyn]]"), he conducted his court with regal pomp and splendor. [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas I of Russia]], who was said to be jealous of the Rebbe's wealth and influence,<ref name="golden12">{{cite book |title=The Golden Dynasty: Ruzhin, the royal house of Chassidus |last=Friedman |first=Yisroel |publisher=Kest-Lebovits Jewish Heritage & Roots Library |year=1997 |page=12}}</ref> had the Rebbe imprisoned for nearly two years on an unsubstantiated murder charge. After his release, the Rebbe fled to Austria, where he re-established his court in [[Sadhora|Sadigura]], [[Bukovina]] ([[Carpathian Mountains]]), attracted thousands of Hasidim, provided for the Hasidic community in Israel, and inaugurated the construction of the [[Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]].
Friedman was the first and only Ruzhiner Rebbe. However, his sons and grandsons founded their own dynasties, collectively known as the "House of [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhin]]". These dynasties, which follow many of the traditions of the Ruzhiner Rebbe, are [[Bohush (Hasidic dynasty)|Bohush]], [[Boyan (Hasidic dynasty)|Boyan]], [[Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)|Chortkov]], [[Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)|Husiatyn]], [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]], and [[Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)|Shtefanesht]]. The founders of the [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]], [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)|Skver]], and [[Vasloi (Hasidic dynasty)|Vasloi]] Hasidic dynasties were related to the Ruzhiner Rebbe through his daughters.<ref name="je"/>
==Early life==
Friedman was a direct descendant through the male line of Rabbi [[Dov Ber of Mezeritch]] (the [[Maggid]] of Mezritch) (1704–1772), the main disciple of the [[Baal Shem Tov]]. He was the great-grandson of the Maggid of Mezritch, the grandson of Rabbi [[Avraham HaMalach|Avrohom HaMalach Friedman]] (1739–1776), and the son of Rabbi [[Sholom Shachne of Prohobisht]] (1769–1802). His maternal grandfather was Rabbi [[Menachem Nachum Twersky|Nochum]] of [[Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)|Chernobyl]], a close associate of the Baal Shem Tov.<ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 32.</ref><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 95.</ref> He was given the name Yisroel (Israel) after the Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi Israel ''ben'' Eliezer.<ref name="assaf31"/> He had two older brothers, Avrohom (1787–1812) and Dov Ber (the latter died in childhood),<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 106.</ref> and a younger sister, Chaya Ita.<ref name="assaf35">Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 35.</ref>
Claiming descent from the [[Davidic line#History|Royal line of King David]], his father, the rebbe of [[Pohrebyshche|Porebishtsh]], comported himself differently from other Hasidic leaders of the time. While most Hasidic leaders dressed in white clothes, he wore fashionable woolen clothes sewn with buttons. He also lived in an impressive house with a large garden. These elements would later be incorporated into Friedman's conduct as ''rebbe''.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', pp. 95–96.</ref>
Friedman was six years old when his father died and his brother Avrohom, aged 15, took over the leadership of their father's Hasidim in Porebishtsh.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 117.</ref><ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 33.</ref> At age 7, Friedman was engaged to Sarah, daughter of Rabbi Moses Efrati of [[Berdychiv|Berdichev]].<ref name="assaf35"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 121.</ref> At age 13,<ref name="je">{{cite web |url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17198.html |title=Ruzhin, Israel |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |first= Itzhak |last=Alfassi|year=2008 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 4.</ref> he married and moved to [[Botoșani]], [[Romania]].<ref name="je"/> Three years later, his brother Avrohom died without offspring and he performed [[Halizah]] and succeeded his brother as leader of the Porebishtsh [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidim]]. After living first in Porebishtsh and then in [[Skvyra]],<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 246.</ref> Friedman settled in Ruzhin, where he achieved the reputation of a great holy man and attracted thousands of followers, making the Ruzhin dynasty "the largest and most influential Hasidic community in the southwestern districts of the [[Pale of Settlement]]".<ref name="yivo"/> His leadership also promoted widespread acceptance of the Hasidic movement, allowing Hasidism to flourish in Ukraine and [[Volhynia]] without opposition for the next hundred years.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 126.</ref>
==Regal court==
The Ruzhiner Rebbe was a charismatic leader known for his aristocratic demeanor.<ref name="je"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 160.</ref><ref name="golden1">Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 1.</ref> He set a regal tone for his court, living in a palatial home with splendid furnishings; riding in a silver-handled carriage drawn by four white horses; being accompanied by an entourage of attendants; and wearing a golden [[yarmulke]] and stylish clothing with solid-gold buttons.<ref name="je"/><ref name="golden1"/><ref name="neil">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKQWAQAAIAAJ&q=ruzhin |title=The Unbroken Chain: Biographical sketches and the genealogy of illustrious Jewish families from the 15th–20th century |last=Rosenstein |first=Neil |page=513 |publisher=Shengold Publishers|year=1976|isbn=9780884000433 }}</ref> His children, too, dressed like nobility and were attended by servants in livery.<ref name="je"/><ref name="Brayer, p. 247">Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 247.</ref>
Although this type of grandeur and opulence was highly unusual for Hasidic leaders, the Rebbe was accepted by many leading rabbis and ''rebbes'' of his time, who accepted that he was comporting himself in a way that would elevate God's glory through His representative, the ''[[tzadik]]''.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 124.</ref> The Ruzhiner Rebbe was thought by his followers to constantly humble himself before God and afflicted his body with fasts and other afflictions. Allegedly, one winter night, after standing outdoors to [[Kiddush levana|sanctify the New Moon]] wearing his solid-gold boots studded with diamonds, his Hasidim noticed blood on the snow where he had been standing. They discovered that the extravagant boots had no sole, and thus, when the Rebbe walked outside, he was essentially walking barefoot. After that, people understood that the Rebbe's style of living was meant solely for the sake of Heaven.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 7.</ref>
Two descriptions of Rabbi Israel by two doktor
Dr. S. Rubin describes him as
follows "He spoke little, confining his remarks to the absolute essential. All his movements were deliberate… He sat upon his throne dressed in immaculate and expensive garments, like one of the Russian nobles, and on his head a hat embroidered in gold. From the tips of his toes to his head, there was an elegance about his expensive clothes." Dr. Mayer, who visited him in 1826, was filled with enthusiasm for Israel's personality: "When I visited him in his home, I found there Field-Marshal Witgenstein who honored him in every possible manner and wanted to present him with one of the most beautiful of his palaces, in a neighboring town, so that he should take up residence there… in truth he deserves all this honor. Although not particularly educated, he has a preeminently naturally keen mind. With his sharp eye and keen intellect he immediately penetrates to the heart of any difficulty brought to him, however obscure and complicated, and arrives at a decision. His imposing presence and his stature make a pleasing impression upon the onlooker. He is noble and refined: He has no beard, only a moustache. His eyes exercise a hypnotic charm so that even his greatest opponent is compelled to submit to him."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ruzhin-israel }}</ref>
The tourist also described the Rebbe's face as beardless and smooth except for a mustache.<ref>ibid, p. 305</ref> While this has been taken by some as a sign of Yisrael's modernity, others have speculated that his unorthodox appearance is more likely the result of a bad skin disease from which Yisrael suffered when he was a young boy, which covered his face with lesions and boils.<ref>The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin, David Assaf, p. 32</ref>
The Rebbe related to the poor and downtrodden as to the famous rebbes and Hasidim who flocked to his court. He also gained the respect of the Russian upper class.<ref name="Brayer, p. 247"/>
==Imprisonment and escape==
The Rebbe's extravagant lifestyle and prestige aroused the envy of Tsar Nicholas I and the ire of the Jewish ''[[Haskalah|maskilim]]'' (members of the Jewish Enlightenment movement); the latter continually plotted to bring about the Rebbe's downfall.<ref name="golden12"/> In 1838, at the height of a two-year investigation of the murder of two [[Mesirah|Jewish informers]], the Rebbe was arrested by the governor-general of [[Berdichev]] on the accusation of complicity in the murders. He was brought before the [[Tsar]], whose own agents told him that the Rebbe was trying to establish his own kingdom and was fomenting opposition to the government. The Tsar had the Rebbe jailed in [[Donevitz]] for seven months, and then placed in solitary confinement in prison in [[Kiev]] for fifteen months, pending a decision on exiling him to the [[Caucasus]] or [[Siberia]]. No formal charges were ever filed against him, and no trial was ever held. On 19 February 1840 ([[Purim#Shushan Purim|Shushan Purim]] 5600), the Rebbe was suddenly released. But he was still subject to the allegation of opposing the government and was placed under police surveillance at his home, which made it increasingly difficult for his Hasidim to visit him. The Rebbe decided to move to [[Chişinău|Kishinev]], where the district authority was more lenient, and his family joined him. When his Hasidim found out through inside sources that the Tsar was going ahead with his plan to exile the Rebbe for his attempts to create a "Jewish kingdom", they bribed the governor of Kishinev to provide the Rebbe with an exit visa to [[Moldavia]]. Just as the Rebbe was leaving Kishinev, the government orders for his arrest and deportation arrived. When the Rebbe reached [[Iaşi]], the capital of Moldavia, his Hasidim obtained for him a travel pass to cross the border into [[Austria]]. His plight became an international [[cause célèbre]], with Hasidim and non-Hasidim throughout Eastern Europe petitioning government officials and even priests to save the Rebbe from extradition and exile.<ref name="je"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', 128–136.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 13.</ref>
[[File:Sadigura rebbe's palace.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Partial view of the palace of the Grand Rabbi in Sadigura]]
Moving from town to town — including [[Shatsk, Volyn Oblast|Shatsk]] in [[Bukovina]] (which belonged to Austria), Kompling, and [[Skole]]<ref name="je"/> — the Rebbe ended up in [[Sadigura|Sadhora]], [[Bukovina]], home to the second-largest Jewish community in Austria (after [[Chernivtsi|Chernowitz]]). In that town, 40 years before, a 10-year-old boy named Yisroel Donenfeld had disappeared without a trace. The Rebbe presented himself as the long-lost Yisroel, and with the testimony of eight men who affirmed that he was born in Sadigura, he received citizenship papers. His Hasidim helped him purchase property in the town and show proof that he had 20,000 [[crown]]s for his support, whereupon he received honorary citizenship and the protection of the Austrian government. In the summer of 1842, the Rebbe's family was finally allowed to join him, on condition that they relinquish all rights to visit or return to Russia.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', pp. 137–142.</ref>
The Rebbe built another palatial home in Sadigura that was even more beautiful than the one he had left in Ruzhyn. His ''[[Beth midrash|beis medrash]]'' (synagogue) accommodated 3,000 worshippers. Thousands of Hasidim crossed the border from throughout [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], Russia and [[Romania]] to be with him,<ref name="je"/><ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 142.</ref> and all the Jews in Sadigura became Ruzhiner Hasidim.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 15.</ref>
==Activities in Eretz Israel==
[[File:Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Tiferes Yisrael Synagogue]] in [[Jerusalem]] was named after the Ruzhiner Rebbe,{{dubious|Eplain! His name was not Tiferet.|date=July 2019}} who instigated its construction.]]
The [[Avraham Yehoshua Heshel|Apter Rav]] named the Ruzhiner Rebbe as president of [[Kollel#Original sense|Kollel]] [[Volhynia]], with responsibility for raising and distributing the money to support the Hasidic community in the [[Land of Israel]].<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 253.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 10.</ref> The Rebbe encouraged Hasidim to emigrate and provided for their support through the ''kollel''. Although he wished to make ''[[aliyah]]'' himself, he said that he could not leave his Hasidim.<ref name="golden12"/>
In 1843, Rabbi [[Nisan Bak|Nissan Beck]], a Ruzhiner Hasid, traveled from Jerusalem to Sadigura to visit the Rebbe. He informed him that Tsar Nicholas I intended to buy a plot of land next to the [[Western Wall]] with the intention of building a [[Church (building)|church]] and [[monastery]] there. The Rebbe gave Beck the task of thwarting the Tsar's attempt. Beck managed to buy the land from its Arab owners for an exorbitant sum, mere days before the Tsar ordered the Russian consul in Jerusalem to make the purchase for him. The Tsar was forced to buy a different plot of land for a church, which is known today as the [[Russian Compound]].<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', pp. 260–261.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', pp. 11–12.</ref> The Rebbe's son, Rabbi [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]] of Sadigura, completed the task of raising funds and inaugurated the building in the summer of 1872. The synagogue was named Tiferet Yisroel after the Ruzhiner Rebbe, Tiferet meaning "glory", though it was also known as the Nissan Beck Synagogue after its architect and builder.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 263.</ref>
The Rebbe died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850 (3 [[Cheshvan]] 5610), probably due to [[heart failure]],<ref name="assaf170"/><ref name="golden17">Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 17.</ref> and was buried in Sadigura. On his deathbed he testified to his disciple, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Fastan: "The holy master, Rabbi [[Judah the Prince|Yehudah HaNasi]], Rabbeinu Hakadosh, testified about himself that he did not take pleasure from this world, even as much as a small finger. I bear self-witness, Heaven and Earth, that I did not take enjoyment from this world even as much as a slender thread. As for my behaving with overt leadership and pomp, this was all done to honor the Holy One, Blessed is He".<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 276.</ref><ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 16.</ref>
His gravesite, which eventually became the burial place of two of his sons, Avraham Yaakov of Sadigura and Dov Ber of Leova, as well as other family members, became a shrine for Ruzhiner Hasidim.<ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', pp. 323–324.</ref> His gravestone was destroyed during World War I and afterwards replaced by a large white concrete slab.<ref>Assaf, ''The Regal Way'', p. 266.</ref>
==Family==
Friedman and his first wife, Sarah, had six sons and four daughters. These were:<ref name="yivo"/>
*Sholom Yosef (Sadigura); he led his father's Hasidim, together with his brothers, for only a year until his death in 1851; his son, Rabbi Yitzchok, became the first Bohusher Rebbe<ref name="golden17"/>
*Avrohom Yaakov (Sadigura)
*Menachem Nochum (Shtefenesht)
*Dov Ber (Leova)
*Dovid Moshe (Chortkov)
*Mordechai Shraga (Husyatin)
*Chaya Malka, whose second marriage was to Rabbi [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)#Reb Itzikl, founder of the dynasty|Yitzchak Twersky]], first Rebbe of Skver
*Gittel Tova, wife of Yosef Monazon of Berdichev, scion of a wealthy banking family
*Miriam, wife of Rabbi [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)#Menachem Mendel Hager|Menachem Mendel Hager]], first Rebbe of Vizhnitz
*Leah, wife of Dovid Halpern of Berdichev, scion of another wealthy banking family; their son Shalom Yosef (1856–1940) became the first Vasloi Rebbe in 1896<ref name="yivo">{{cite web |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ruzhin_Hasidic_Dynasty |last=Assaf |first=David |title=Ruzhin Hasidic Dynasty |publisher=[[YIVO]] Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |year=2010 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>
Shortly after the death of his wife Sarah in 1847, the Rebbe remarried to Malka, the widow of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch of [[Rymanów|Rimanov]]. She had a seven-year-old girl and three-year-old boy from her first marriage; this second marriage did not produce children.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 269.</ref>
==Legacy==
[[File:Ruzhiner yeshiva, Jerusalem.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Ruzhiner yeshiva (left) and synagogue (right) in Jerusalem, both named Tiferet Yisroel after the Ruzhiner Rebbe.]]{{dubious|Eplain! His name was not Tiferet.|date=July 2019}}
The Rebbe did not write any ''[[Sefer (Hebrew)|sefarim]]'' (books); however, his sayings and teachings have been recorded by Ruzhiner Hasidim and biographers.<ref name="je"/>
To this day, Ruzhiner institutions are named "Tiferet Yisroel" ({{langx|he|תפארת ישראל}}, lit. "Splendor of Israel") after the Ruzhiner Rebbe.<ref>Eliyahu Wager (1988). Tiferet Israel Synagogue. Illustrated guide to Jerusalem. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House. p. 68.</ref> These include the [[Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue#Mesivta Tiferet Yisroel|Mesivta Tiferet Yisroel]], the Ruzhiner Yeshiva in Jerusalem, established in 1957 by the Rebbe's great-grandson, the [[Mordechai Shlomo Friedman|Boyaner Rebbe of New York]].
==His progeny==
{{Tree chart/start|style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |,|-|SYS| | | | | | | | |SYS= Shalom Yosef Friedman of [[Sadhora|Sadigura]]<br/>(1813–1851)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|YS | | | | | | | | |YS= [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)#Reb Itzikl, founder of the dynasty|Yitzchak Twersky]]<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Skver (Hasidic dynasty)|Skver]]'''<br/>(married to Chaya Malka [b. 1814])}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|AYS| | | | | | | | |AYS= [[Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)|Avrohom Yaakov Friedman]]<br/>[[File:Abraham Jacob Friedman I - Sadigura.jpg|70px]]<br/>(1819–1883)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)|Sadigura]]'''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|DBL| | | | | | | | |DBL= Dov Ber Friedman of [[Leova]]<br/>(1822–1876)<br/>[[File:Dov Ber Friedman of Leova.jpg|70px]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|MNS| | | | | | | | |MNS= Menachem Nochum Friedman<br/>(1823–1868)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)|Ștefănești]]'''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart |YFR|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | | |YFR=Yisroel Friedman<br/>(1796–1850)<br/>'''Rebbe of [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)|Ruzhin]]'''}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|YMBV| | | | | | | | |YMBV= Yosef Monazon of [[Berdychiv]]/Vandohan<br/>(married to Gittel Tova [b. 1822])}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|MMV| | | | | | | | |MMV= [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)#Menachem Mendel Hager|Menachem Mendel Hager]]<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)|Vizhnitz]]'''<br/>(married to Miriam [1826–1882])<br/>[[File:Tzemachtzaddik.JPG|70px]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|-|DMC| | | | | | | | |DMC=Dovid Moshe Friedman<br/>(1828–1903)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)|Chortkov]]'''<br/>[[File:Czortkow rabbi friedman small.jpg|70px]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |)|~|DHB| | | | | | | | |DHB=Dovid Halpern of [[Berdychiv]]<br/>(married to Leah [b. 1830])}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | |`|-|MSFH| | | | | | | |MSFH= Mordechai Shraga Feivish Friedman<br/>(1834–1894)<br/>'''1st Rebbe of [[Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)|Husiatyn]]'''}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
== See also ==
* [[Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)]]
==References==
{{reflist|3}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17198.html "Ruzhin, Israel" in the Encyclopaedia Judaica]
* [http://www.nishmas.org/gdynasty/intro.htm ''The Golden Dynasty'' by Yisroel Friedman]
* [http://hebrewbooks.org/3650 Biography of Rabbi Yisroel Friedman of Ruzhyn (in Hebrew)]
* [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O158129/torah-crown/ Torah crown of the Rebbe]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Friedman Of Ruzhyn, Israel}}
[[Category:1796 births]]
[[Category:1850 deaths]]
[[Category:Rebbes of Ruzhin]]
[[Category:Hasidic rabbis in Europe]]
[[Category:Austrian Ashkenazi Jews]]
[[Category:Austrian Haredi rabbis]]
[[Category:Romanian Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Bukovina Jews]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Austrian Empire]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People from Pohrebyshche]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian rabbis]]
[[Category:19th-century Ukrainian rabbis]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -42,5 +42,7 @@
Although this type of grandeur and opulence was highly unusual for Hasidic leaders, the Rebbe was accepted by many leading rabbis and ''rebbes'' of his time, who accepted that he was comporting himself in a way that would elevate God's glory through His representative, the ''[[tzadik]]''.<ref>Brayer, ''The House of Rizhin'', p. 124.</ref> The Ruzhiner Rebbe was thought by his followers to constantly humble himself before God and afflicted his body with fasts and other afflictions. Allegedly, one winter night, after standing outdoors to [[Kiddush levana|sanctify the New Moon]] wearing his solid-gold boots studded with diamonds, his Hasidim noticed blood on the snow where he had been standing. They discovered that the extravagant boots had no sole, and thus, when the Rebbe walked outside, he was essentially walking barefoot. After that, people understood that the Rebbe's style of living was meant solely for the sake of Heaven.<ref>Friedman, ''The Golden Dynasty'', p. 7.</ref>
-A contemporary tourist Dr. Mayer who visited the town of Ruzhin described Yisrael as an illiterate man that could not write and only able to sign his name with great difficulty. Hasidic sources confirm that the Rebbe was semiliterate at best and lacked a rabbinical education as well. This explains why the Rebbe didn't deliver Torah sermons like the other Hasidic masters of his time, but preferred simpler fables and parables.<ref>Hasidism: A New History by [[David Biale]], David Assaf et al., 2018, p. 304, 306</ref> According to a hasidic source Yisrael once told his followers: "One learns to write when one is a boy, but I was never a boy".<ref>The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin, David Assaf, p. 38</ref> The Rebbe, in a self deprecating way, even referred to himself as a coarse boor, often telling his hasidim "Ich bin a grobyan" ("I am a boor").<ref>ibid, p. 42</ref>
+Two descriptions of Rabbi Israel by two doktor
+Dr. S. Rubin describes him as
+follows "He spoke little, confining his remarks to the absolute essential. All his movements were deliberate… He sat upon his throne dressed in immaculate and expensive garments, like one of the Russian nobles, and on his head a hat embroidered in gold. From the tips of his toes to his head, there was an elegance about his expensive clothes." Dr. Mayer, who visited him in 1826, was filled with enthusiasm for Israel's personality: "When I visited him in his home, I found there Field-Marshal Witgenstein who honored him in every possible manner and wanted to present him with one of the most beautiful of his palaces, in a neighboring town, so that he should take up residence there… in truth he deserves all this honor. Although not particularly educated, he has a preeminently naturally keen mind. With his sharp eye and keen intellect he immediately penetrates to the heart of any difficulty brought to him, however obscure and complicated, and arrives at a decision. His imposing presence and his stature make a pleasing impression upon the onlooker. He is noble and refined: He has no beard, only a moustache. His eyes exercise a hypnotic charm so that even his greatest opponent is compelled to submit to him."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ruzhin-israel }}</ref>
The tourist also described the Rebbe's face as beardless and smooth except for a mustache.<ref>ibid, p. 305</ref> While this has been taken by some as a sign of Yisrael's modernity, others have speculated that his unorthodox appearance is more likely the result of a bad skin disease from which Yisrael suffered when he was a young boy, which covered his face with lesions and boils.<ref>The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin, David Assaf, p. 32</ref>
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0 => 'Two descriptions of Rabbi Israel by two doktor ',
1 => 'Dr. S. Rubin describes him as ',
2 => 'follows "He spoke little, confining his remarks to the absolute essential. All his movements were deliberate… He sat upon his throne dressed in immaculate and expensive garments, like one of the Russian nobles, and on his head a hat embroidered in gold. From the tips of his toes to his head, there was an elegance about his expensive clothes." Dr. Mayer, who visited him in 1826, was filled with enthusiasm for Israel's personality: "When I visited him in his home, I found there Field-Marshal Witgenstein who honored him in every possible manner and wanted to present him with one of the most beautiful of his palaces, in a neighboring town, so that he should take up residence there… in truth he deserves all this honor. Although not particularly educated, he has a preeminently naturally keen mind. With his sharp eye and keen intellect he immediately penetrates to the heart of any difficulty brought to him, however obscure and complicated, and arrives at a decision. His imposing presence and his stature make a pleasing impression upon the onlooker. He is noble and refined: He has no beard, only a moustache. His eyes exercise a hypnotic charm so that even his greatest opponent is compelled to submit to him."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ruzhin-israel }}</ref>'
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0 => 'A contemporary tourist Dr. Mayer who visited the town of Ruzhin described Yisrael as an illiterate man that could not write and only able to sign his name with great difficulty. Hasidic sources confirm that the Rebbe was semiliterate at best and lacked a rabbinical education as well. This explains why the Rebbe didn't deliver Torah sermons like the other Hasidic masters of his time, but preferred simpler fables and parables.<ref>Hasidism: A New History by [[David Biale]], David Assaf et al., 2018, p. 304, 306</ref> According to a hasidic source Yisrael once told his followers: "One learns to write when one is a boy, but I was never a boy".<ref>The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin, David Assaf, p. 38</ref> The Rebbe, in a self deprecating way, even referred to himself as a coarse boor, often telling his hasidim "Ich bin a grobyan" ("I am a boor").<ref>ibid, p. 42</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ukrainian rabbi</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Yisroel Friedman, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yisroel_Friedman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yisroel Friedman (disambiguation)">Yisroel Friedman (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhin</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruzhiner Rebbe</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ADD8E6; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Yisroel Friedman</div><br />October 5, 1796<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pohrebyshche" title="Pohrebyshche">Pohrebyshche</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 9, 1850<span style="display:none">(1850-10-09)</span> (aged 54)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadhora" title="Sadhora">Sadigura</a>, then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sarah, Malka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Sholom Yosef<br />Chaya Malka<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avrohom_Yaakov_Friedman_(first_Sadigura_rebbe)" title="Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)">Avrohom Yaakov</a><br />Gittel Tova<br />Menachem Nochum<br />Miriam<br />Dov Ber<br />Dovid Moshe<br />Leah<br />Mordechai Shraga<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Rabbi Sholom Shachne (father)</li><li>Chava (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn,_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn%2C_signature.svg/150px-Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn%2C_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn%2C_signature.svg/225px-Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn%2C_signature.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn%2C_signature.svg/300px-Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn%2C_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Began</th><td class="infobox-data">1813</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ended</th><td class="infobox-data">1850</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruzhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Ruzhin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ישראל פרידמן מרוז'ין</span>) (5 October 1796<sup id="cite_ref-assaf31_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assaf31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 9 October 1850<sup id="cite_ref-assaf170_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assaf170-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called <b>Israel Ruzhin</b>, was a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Admor" class="mw-redirect" title="Admor">rebbe</a></i> in 19th-century <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Known as <i>Der Heiliger Ruzhiner</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">דער הייליגער רוזשינער</span>, "The holy one from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruzhyn_(urban-type_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruzhyn (urban-type settlement)">Ruzhyn</a>"), he conducted his court with regal pomp and splendor. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>, who was said to be jealous of the Rebbe's wealth and influence,<sup id="cite_ref-golden12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had the Rebbe imprisoned for nearly two years on an unsubstantiated murder charge. After his release, the Rebbe fled to Austria, where he re-established his court in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadhora" title="Sadhora">Sadigura</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>), attracted thousands of Hasidim, provided for the Hasidic community in Israel, and inaugurated the construction of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City of Jerusalem</a>.
</p><p>Friedman was the first and only Ruzhiner Rebbe. However, his sons and grandsons founded their own dynasties, collectively known as the "House of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruzhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Ruzhin</a>". These dynasties, which follow many of the traditions of the Ruzhiner Rebbe, are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bohush_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bohush (Hasidic dynasty)">Bohush</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boyan_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Boyan (Hasidic dynasty)">Boyan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chortkov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)">Chortkov</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husiatyn_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)">Husiatyn</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadigura_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)">Sadigura</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shtefanesht_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)">Shtefanesht</a>. The founders of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Skver</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vasloi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vasloi (Hasidic dynasty)">Vasloi</a> Hasidic dynasties were related to the Ruzhiner Rebbe through his daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Regal_court"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Regal court</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Imprisonment_and_escape"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Imprisonment and escape</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Activities_in_Eretz_Israel"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Activities in Eretz Israel</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Family"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#His_progeny"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">His progeny</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Friedman was a direct descendant through the male line of Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber of Mezeritch">Dov Ber of Mezeritch</a> (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid">Maggid</a> of Mezritch) (1704–1772), the main disciple of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>. He was the great-grandson of the Maggid of Mezritch, the grandson of Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avraham_HaMalach" title="Avraham HaMalach">Avrohom HaMalach Friedman</a> (1739–1776), and the son of Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sholom_Shachne_of_Prohobisht" title="Sholom Shachne of Prohobisht">Sholom Shachne of Prohobisht</a> (1769–1802). His maternal grandfather was Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menachem_Nachum_Twersky" title="Menachem Nachum Twersky">Nochum</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Chernobyl</a>, a close associate of the Baal Shem Tov.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was given the name Yisroel (Israel) after the Baal Shem Tov, Rabbi Israel <i>ben</i> Eliezer.<sup id="cite_ref-assaf31_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assaf31-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two older brothers, Avrohom (1787–1812) and Dov Ber (the latter died in childhood),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a younger sister, Chaya Ita.<sup id="cite_ref-assaf35_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assaf35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Claiming descent from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davidic_line#History" title="Davidic line">Royal line of King David</a>, his father, the rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pohrebyshche" title="Pohrebyshche">Porebishtsh</a>, comported himself differently from other Hasidic leaders of the time. While most Hasidic leaders dressed in white clothes, he wore fashionable woolen clothes sewn with buttons. He also lived in an impressive house with a large garden. These elements would later be incorporated into Friedman's conduct as <i>rebbe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Friedman was six years old when his father died and his brother Avrohom, aged 15, took over the leadership of their father's Hasidim in Porebishtsh.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 7, Friedman was engaged to Sarah, daughter of Rabbi Moses Efrati of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berdychiv" title="Berdychiv">Berdichev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-assaf35_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assaf35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 13,<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he married and moved to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boto%C8%99ani" title="Botoșani">Botoșani</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, his brother Avrohom died without offspring and he performed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halizah" title="Halizah">Halizah</a> and succeeded his brother as leader of the Porebishtsh <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a>. After living first in Porebishtsh and then in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skvyra" title="Skvyra">Skvyra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman settled in Ruzhin, where he achieved the reputation of a great holy man and attracted thousands of followers, making the Ruzhin dynasty "the largest and most influential Hasidic community in the southwestern districts of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-yivo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yivo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His leadership also promoted widespread acceptance of the Hasidic movement, allowing Hasidism to flourish in Ukraine and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> without opposition for the next hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regal_court">Regal court</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Ruzhiner Rebbe was a charismatic leader known for his aristocratic demeanor.<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-golden1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He set a regal tone for his court, living in a palatial home with splendid furnishings; riding in a silver-handled carriage drawn by four white horses; being accompanied by an entourage of attendants; and wearing a golden <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yarmulke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmulke">yarmulke</a> and stylish clothing with solid-gold buttons.<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-golden1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neil_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neil-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His children, too, dressed like nobility and were attended by servants in livery.<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brayer,_p._247_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayer,_p._247-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Although this type of grandeur and opulence was highly unusual for Hasidic leaders, the Rebbe was accepted by many leading rabbis and <i>rebbes</i> of his time, who accepted that he was comporting himself in a way that would elevate God's glory through His representative, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">tzadik</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ruzhiner Rebbe was thought by his followers to constantly humble himself before God and afflicted his body with fasts and other afflictions. Allegedly, one winter night, after standing outdoors to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiddush_levana" title="Kiddush levana">sanctify the New Moon</a> wearing his solid-gold boots studded with diamonds, his Hasidim noticed blood on the snow where he had been standing. They discovered that the extravagant boots had no sole, and thus, when the Rebbe walked outside, he was essentially walking barefoot. After that, people understood that the Rebbe's style of living was meant solely for the sake of Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Two descriptions of Rabbi Israel by two doktor
Dr. S. Rubin describes him as
follows "He spoke little, confining his remarks to the absolute essential. All his movements were deliberate… He sat upon his throne dressed in immaculate and expensive garments, like one of the Russian nobles, and on his head a hat embroidered in gold. From the tips of his toes to his head, there was an elegance about his expensive clothes." Dr. Mayer, who visited him in 1826, was filled with enthusiasm for Israel's personality: "When I visited him in his home, I found there Field-Marshal Witgenstein who honored him in every possible manner and wanted to present him with one of the most beautiful of his palaces, in a neighboring town, so that he should take up residence there… in truth he deserves all this honor. Although not particularly educated, he has a preeminently naturally keen mind. With his sharp eye and keen intellect he immediately penetrates to the heart of any difficulty brought to him, however obscure and complicated, and arrives at a decision. His imposing presence and his stature make a pleasing impression upon the onlooker. He is noble and refined: He has no beard, only a moustache. His eyes exercise a hypnotic charm so that even his greatest opponent is compelled to submit to him."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The tourist also described the Rebbe's face as beardless and smooth except for a mustache.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this has been taken by some as a sign of Yisrael's modernity, others have speculated that his unorthodox appearance is more likely the result of a bad skin disease from which Yisrael suffered when he was a young boy, which covered his face with lesions and boils.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Rebbe related to the poor and downtrodden as to the famous rebbes and Hasidim who flocked to his court. He also gained the respect of the Russian upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayer,_p._247_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayer,_p._247-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment_and_escape">Imprisonment and escape</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Rebbe's extravagant lifestyle and prestige aroused the envy of Tsar Nicholas I and the ire of the Jewish <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">maskilim</a></i> (members of the Jewish Enlightenment movement); the latter continually plotted to bring about the Rebbe's downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-golden12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, at the height of a two-year investigation of the murder of two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesirah" title="Mesirah">Jewish informers</a>, the Rebbe was arrested by the governor-general of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berdichev" class="mw-redirect" title="Berdichev">Berdichev</a> on the accusation of complicity in the murders. He was brought before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>, whose own agents told him that the Rebbe was trying to establish his own kingdom and was fomenting opposition to the government. The Tsar had the Rebbe jailed in <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Donevitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donevitz (page does not exist)">Donevitz</a> for seven months, and then placed in solitary confinement in prison in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> for fifteen months, pending a decision on exiling him to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. No formal charges were ever filed against him, and no trial was ever held. On 19 February 1840 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purim#Shushan_Purim" title="Purim">Shushan Purim</a> 5600), the Rebbe was suddenly released. But he was still subject to the allegation of opposing the government and was placed under police surveillance at his home, which made it increasingly difficult for his Hasidim to visit him. The Rebbe decided to move to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Kishinev</a>, where the district authority was more lenient, and his family joined him. When his Hasidim found out through inside sources that the Tsar was going ahead with his plan to exile the Rebbe for his attempts to create a "Jewish kingdom", they bribed the governor of Kishinev to provide the Rebbe with an exit visa to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. Just as the Rebbe was leaving Kishinev, the government orders for his arrest and deportation arrived. When the Rebbe reached <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaşi">Iaşi</a>, the capital of Moldavia, his Hasidim obtained for him a travel pass to cross the border into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. His plight became an international <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a>, with Hasidim and non-Hasidim throughout Eastern Europe petitioning government officials and even priests to save the Rebbe from extradition and exile.<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg/300px-Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg/450px-Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Partial view of the palace of the Grand Rabbi in Sadigura</figcaption></figure>
<p>Moving from town to town — including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shatsk,_Volyn_Oblast" title="Shatsk, Volyn Oblast">Shatsk</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> (which belonged to Austria), Kompling, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skole" title="Skole">Skole</a><sup id="cite_ref-je_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — the Rebbe ended up in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadigura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadigura">Sadhora</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, home to the second-largest Jewish community in Austria (after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernowitz</a>). In that town, 40 years before, a 10-year-old boy named Yisroel Donenfeld had disappeared without a trace. The Rebbe presented himself as the long-lost Yisroel, and with the testimony of eight men who affirmed that he was born in Sadigura, he received citizenship papers. His Hasidim helped him purchase property in the town and show proof that he had 20,000 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">crowns</a> for his support, whereupon he received honorary citizenship and the protection of the Austrian government. In the summer of 1842, the Rebbe's family was finally allowed to join him, on condition that they relinquish all rights to visit or return to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Rebbe built another palatial home in Sadigura that was even more beautiful than the one he had left in Ruzhyn. His <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">beis medrash</a></i> (synagogue) accommodated 3,000 worshippers. Thousands of Hasidim crossed the border from throughout <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, Russia and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> to be with him,<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all the Jews in Sadigura became Ruzhiner Hasidim.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_in_Eretz_Israel">Activities in Eretz Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue.jpg/250px-Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue.jpg/375px-Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue.jpg/500px-Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiferes_Yisrael_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiferes Yisrael Synagogue">Tiferes Yisrael Synagogue</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was named after the Ruzhiner Rebbe,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Yisrael_Friedman_of_Ruzhin#Eplain!_His_name_was_not_Tiferet." title="Talk:Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhin">discuss</a></i>]</sup> who instigated its construction.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avraham_Yehoshua_Heshel" title="Avraham Yehoshua Heshel">Apter Rav</a> named the Ruzhiner Rebbe as president of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kollel#Original_sense" title="Kollel">Kollel</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, with responsibility for raising and distributing the money to support the Hasidic community in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rebbe encouraged Hasidim to emigrate and provided for their support through the <i>kollel</i>. Although he wished to make <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a></i> himself, he said that he could not leave his Hasidim.<sup id="cite_ref-golden12_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1843, Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nisan_Bak" title="Nisan Bak">Nissan Beck</a>, a Ruzhiner Hasid, traveled from Jerusalem to Sadigura to visit the Rebbe. He informed him that Tsar Nicholas I intended to buy a plot of land next to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> with the intention of building a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> there. The Rebbe gave Beck the task of thwarting the Tsar's attempt. Beck managed to buy the land from its Arab owners for an exorbitant sum, mere days before the Tsar ordered the Russian consul in Jerusalem to make the purchase for him. The Tsar was forced to buy a different plot of land for a church, which is known today as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rebbe's son, Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avrohom_Yaakov_Friedman_(first_Sadigura_rebbe)" title="Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)">Avrohom Yaakov Friedman</a> of Sadigura, completed the task of raising funds and inaugurated the building in the summer of 1872. The synagogue was named Tiferet Yisroel after the Ruzhiner Rebbe, Tiferet meaning "glory", though it was also known as the Nissan Beck Synagogue after its architect and builder.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Rebbe died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850 (3 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a> 5610), probably due to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-assaf170_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assaf170-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-golden17_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in Sadigura. On his deathbed he testified to his disciple, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Fastan: "The holy master, Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judah_the_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah the Prince">Yehudah HaNasi</a>, Rabbeinu Hakadosh, testified about himself that he did not take pleasure from this world, even as much as a small finger. I bear self-witness, Heaven and Earth, that I did not take enjoyment from this world even as much as a slender thread. As for my behaving with overt leadership and pomp, this was all done to honor the Holy One, Blessed is He".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>His gravesite, which eventually became the burial place of two of his sons, Avraham Yaakov of Sadigura and Dov Ber of Leova, as well as other family members, became a shrine for Ruzhiner Hasidim.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His gravestone was destroyed during World War I and afterwards replaced by a large white concrete slab.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Friedman and his first wife, Sarah, had six sons and four daughters. These were:<sup id="cite_ref-yivo_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yivo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul><li>Sholom Yosef (Sadigura); he led his father's Hasidim, together with his brothers, for only a year until his death in 1851; his son, Rabbi Yitzchok, became the first Bohusher Rebbe<sup id="cite_ref-golden17_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Avrohom Yaakov (Sadigura)</li>
<li>Menachem Nochum (Shtefenesht)</li>
<li>Dov Ber (Leova)</li>
<li>Dovid Moshe (Chortkov)</li>
<li>Mordechai Shraga (Husyatin)</li>
<li>Chaya Malka, whose second marriage was to Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Reb_Itzikl,_founder_of_the_dynasty" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Yitzchak Twersky</a>, first Rebbe of Skver</li>
<li>Gittel Tova, wife of Yosef Monazon of Berdichev, scion of a wealthy banking family</li>
<li>Miriam, wife of Rabbi <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Menachem_Mendel_Hager" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Menachem Mendel Hager</a>, first Rebbe of Vizhnitz</li>
<li>Leah, wife of Dovid Halpern of Berdichev, scion of another wealthy banking family; their son Shalom Yosef (1856–1940) became the first Vasloi Rebbe in 1896<sup id="cite_ref-yivo_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yivo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Shortly after the death of his wife Sarah in 1847, the Rebbe remarried to Malka, the widow of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ryman%C3%B3w" title="Rymanów">Rimanov</a>. She had a seven-year-old girl and three-year-old boy from her first marriage; this second marriage did not produce children.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ruzhiner_yeshiva,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruzhiner_yeshiva%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/200px-Ruzhiner_yeshiva%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruzhiner_yeshiva%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/300px-Ruzhiner_yeshiva%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ruzhiner_yeshiva%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/400px-Ruzhiner_yeshiva%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2493" /></a><figcaption>Ruzhiner yeshiva (left) and synagogue (right) in Jerusalem, both named Tiferet Yisroel after the Ruzhiner Rebbe.</figcaption></figure><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talk:Yisrael_Friedman_of_Ruzhin#Eplain!_His_name_was_not_Tiferet." title="Talk:Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhin">discuss</a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The Rebbe did not write any <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sefer_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer (Hebrew)">sefarim</a></i> (books); however, his sayings and teachings have been recorded by Ruzhiner Hasidim and biographers.<sup id="cite_ref-je_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>To this day, Ruzhiner institutions are named "Tiferet Yisroel" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תפארת ישראל</span>, lit. "Splendor of Israel") after the Ruzhiner Rebbe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue#Mesivta_Tiferet_Yisroel" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Mesivta Tiferet Yisroel</a>, the Ruzhiner Yeshiva in Jerusalem, established in 1957 by the Rebbe's great-grandson, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mordechai_Shlomo_Friedman" title="Mordechai Shlomo Friedman">Boyaner Rebbe of New York</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="His_progeny">His progeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Shalom Yosef Friedman of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadhora" title="Sadhora">Sadigura</a><br />(1813–1851)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Reb_Itzikl,_founder_of_the_dynasty" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Yitzchak Twersky</a><br /><b>1st Rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Skver</a></b><br />(married to Chaya Malka [b. 1814])</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avrohom_Yaakov_Friedman_(first_Sadigura_rebbe)" title="Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)">Avrohom Yaakov Friedman</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Abraham_Jacob_Friedman_I_-_Sadigura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Jacob_Friedman_I_-_Sadigura.jpg/70px-Abraham_Jacob_Friedman_I_-_Sadigura.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Jacob_Friedman_I_-_Sadigura.jpg/105px-Abraham_Jacob_Friedman_I_-_Sadigura.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Jacob_Friedman_I_-_Sadigura.jpg/140px-Abraham_Jacob_Friedman_I_-_Sadigura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="371" /></a></span><br />(1819–1883)<br /><b>1st Rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sadigura_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)">Sadigura</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Dov Ber Friedman of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leova" title="Leova">Leova</a><br />(1822–1876)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dov_Ber_Friedman_of_Leova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dov_Ber_Friedman_of_Leova.jpg/70px-Dov_Ber_Friedman_of_Leova.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dov_Ber_Friedman_of_Leova.jpg/105px-Dov_Ber_Friedman_of_Leova.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dov_Ber_Friedman_of_Leova.jpg/140px-Dov_Ber_Friedman_of_Leova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Menachem Nochum Friedman<br />(1823–1868)<br /><b>1st Rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shtefanesht_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)">Ștefănești</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Yisroel Friedman<br />(1796–1850)<br /><b>Rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruzhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Ruzhin</a></b></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Yosef Monazon of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berdychiv" title="Berdychiv">Berdychiv</a>/Vandohan<br />(married to Gittel Tova [b. 1822])</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Menachem_Mendel_Hager" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Menachem Mendel Hager</a><br /><b>1st Rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a></b><br />(married to Miriam [1826–1882])<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tzemachtzaddik.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tzemachtzaddik.JPG/70px-Tzemachtzaddik.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tzemachtzaddik.JPG/105px-Tzemachtzaddik.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tzemachtzaddik.JPG/140px-Tzemachtzaddik.JPG 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Dovid Moshe Friedman<br />(1828–1903)<br /><b>1st Rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chortkov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)">Chortkov</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Czortkow_rabbi_friedman_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Czortkow_rabbi_friedman_small.jpg/70px-Czortkow_rabbi_friedman_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Czortkow_rabbi_friedman_small.jpg/105px-Czortkow_rabbi_friedman_small.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Czortkow_rabbi_friedman_small.jpg/140px-Czortkow_rabbi_friedman_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Dovid Halpern of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berdychiv" title="Berdychiv">Berdychiv</a><br />(married to Leah [b. 1830])</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr>
<tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Mordechai Shraga Feivish Friedman<br />(1834–1894)<br /><b>1st Rebbe of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Husiatyn_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)">Husiatyn</a></b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruzhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrayer2003" class="citation book cs1">Brayer, Rabbi Menachem (2003). <i>The House of Rizhin: Chassidus and the Rizhiner dynasty</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesorah_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications">Mesorah Publications</a>. p. 114. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57819-794-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57819-794-5"><bdi>1-57819-794-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Rizhin%3A+Chassidus+and+the+Rizhiner+dynasty&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57819-794-5&rft.aulast=Brayer&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Menachem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYisrael+Friedman+of+Ruzhin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-assaf31-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assaf31_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assaf31_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssaf2002" class="citation book cs1">Assaf, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARUu1mbtwdIC&pg=PA21"><i>The Regal Way: The life and times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 31. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4468-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4468-8"><bdi>0-8047-4468-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Regal+Way%3A+The+life+and+times+of+Rabbi+Israel+of+Ruzhin&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8047-4468-8&rft.aulast=Assaf&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARUu1mbtwdIC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYisrael+Friedman+of+Ruzhin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-assaf170-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assaf170_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assaf170_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>The Regal Way</i>, p. 170.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-golden12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden12_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1997" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Yisroel (1997). <i>The Golden Dynasty: Ruzhin, the royal house of Chassidus</i>. Kest-Lebovits Jewish Heritage & Roots Library. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Dynasty%3A+Ruzhin%2C+the+royal+house+of+Chassidus&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Kest-Lebovits+Jewish+Heritage+%26+Roots+Library&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Yisroel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYisrael+Friedman+of+Ruzhin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-je-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfassi2008" class="citation web cs1">Alfassi, Itzhak (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17198.html">"Ruzhin, Israel"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruzhin%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Alfassi&rft.aufirst=Itzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0017_0_17198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYisrael+Friedman+of+Ruzhin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>The Regal Way</i>, p. 32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 106.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-assaf35-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-assaf35_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-assaf35_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>The Regal Way</i>, p. 35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, pp. 95–96.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 117.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>The Regal Way</i>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 121.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 4.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 246.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-yivo-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yivo_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yivo_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yivo_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssaf2010" class="citation web cs1">Assaf, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Ruzhin_Hasidic_Dynasty">"Ruzhin Hasidic Dynasty"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a> Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruzhin+Hasidic+Dynasty&rft.pub=YIVO+Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Assaf&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FRuzhin_Hasidic_Dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYisrael+Friedman+of+Ruzhin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 126.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 160.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-golden1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-neil-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neil_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenstein1976" class="citation book cs1">Rosenstein, Neil (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKQWAQAAIAAJ&q=ruzhin"><i>The Unbroken Chain: Biographical sketches and the genealogy of illustrious Jewish families from the 15th–20th century</i></a>. Shengold Publishers. p. 513. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884000433" title="Special:BookSources/9780884000433"><bdi>9780884000433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbroken+Chain%3A+Biographical+sketches+and+the+genealogy+of+illustrious+Jewish+families+from+the+15th%E2%80%9320th+century&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=Shengold+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780884000433&rft.aulast=Rosenstein&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKQWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Druzhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYisrael+Friedman+of+Ruzhin" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brayer,_p._247-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brayer,_p._247_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayer,_p._247_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 247.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 124.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 7.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ruzhin-israel">https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ruzhin-israel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fruzhin-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYisrael+Friedman+of+Ruzhin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ibid, p. 305</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin, David Assaf, p. 32</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, 128–136.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, pp. 137–142.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 142.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 253.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, pp. 260–261.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, pp. 11–12.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 263.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-golden17-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden17_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden17_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 276.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, <i>The Golden Dynasty</i>, p. 16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>The Regal Way</i>, pp. 323–324.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>The Regal Way</i>, p. 266.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brayer, <i>The House of Rizhin</i>, p. 269.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliyahu Wager (1988). Tiferet Israel Synagogue. Illustrated guide to Jerusalem. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Publishing House. p. 68.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
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</span>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_17198.html">"Ruzhin, Israel" in the Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nishmas.org/gdynasty/intro.htm"><i>The Golden Dynasty</i> by Yisroel Friedman</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/3650">Biography of Rabbi Yisroel Friedman of Ruzhyn (in Hebrew)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O158129/torah-crown/">Torah crown of the Rebbe</a></li></ul>
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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128730307">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86062001">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144286441">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144286441">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p33050942X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqswd0x5v20w76">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810692130405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267449605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1731627210' |