Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | 4787 |
Name of the user account (user_name) | 'Cal1407' |
Type of the user account (user_type) | 'named' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 327349183 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => 'extendedconfirmed',
1 => 'rollbacker',
2 => '*',
3 => 'user',
4 => 'autoconfirmed'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'extendedconfirmed',
1 => 'rollback',
2 => 'createaccount',
3 => 'read',
4 => 'edit',
5 => 'createtalk',
6 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
7 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
8 => 'editmyoptions',
9 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
10 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
11 => 'centralauth-merge',
12 => 'abusefilter-view',
13 => 'abusefilter-log',
14 => 'vipsscaler-test',
15 => 'collectionsaveasuserpage',
16 => 'reupload-own',
17 => 'move-rootuserpages',
18 => 'createpage',
19 => 'minoredit',
20 => 'editmyusercss',
21 => 'editmyuserjson',
22 => 'editmyuserjs',
23 => 'sendemail',
24 => 'applychangetags',
25 => 'viewmywatchlist',
26 => 'editmywatchlist',
27 => 'spamblacklistlog',
28 => 'mwoauthmanagemygrants',
29 => 'reupload',
30 => 'upload',
31 => 'move',
32 => 'autoconfirmed',
33 => 'editsemiprotected',
34 => 'skipcaptcha',
35 => 'ipinfo',
36 => 'ipinfo-view-basic',
37 => 'transcode-reset',
38 => 'transcode-status',
39 => 'createpagemainns',
40 => 'movestable',
41 => 'autoreview',
42 => 'enrollasmentor'
] |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 62122663 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Pesisir Minangkabau' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Pesisir Minangkabau' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 160585831 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age) | 933 |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Under construction}}
{{distinguish|Southern Pesisir}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Pesisir
| nativename = {{lang|min|Bahaso Pasisi}}
| states = [[Indonesia]] ([[North Sumatra]])
| region = [[Sibolga]], [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]] and the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]] and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]]
| ethnicity = [[Minangkabau people|Pesisir]]
| speakers = 84,444
| date = 2010
| ref = <ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Marbun |first=Arfiyah |title=Perbandingan Bahasa Daerah Sibolga dengan Bahasa Indonesia di dalam Tataran Fonologi |date=2018 |degree= |publisher=Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/225827743.pdf |place=Medan |language=id |page=1}}</ref>
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3 = disputed:<br>[[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] or [[Greater North Borneo languages|Greater North Borneo]]
| fam4 = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
| fam5 = [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| dia1 = Barus
| dia2 = Sibolga
| dia3 = Singkuang
| dia4 = Sorkam
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Indonesian alphabet]])
| iso3 =
| iso3comment =
| linglist =
| glotto = none
| glottorefname =
| map = Pesisir.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#0080ff|Areas where Pesisir is spoken by the majority of the population}}
{{legend|#88c4ff|Areas where Pesisir is spoken by a significant minority of the population}}
}}
The '''Pesisir language''' (Pesisir: ''Bahaso Pasisi,'' [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{Lang|id|Bahasa Pesisir}}, {{Lit|coastal language}}), is a dialect of the [[Minangkabau language]] spoken by the Pesisir people, descendants of the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] who migrated to Tapanuli in the [[14th century]] and intermingled with other ethnic groups, including the [[Batak|Bataknese]] and [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatmawaty |first=Rindu |date=24 Sep 2024 |title=Asal Usul Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga |url=https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/996004/asal-usul-bahasa-pesisir-sibolga |website=[[Radio Republik Indonesia]] |language=id}}</ref> The Pesisir people reside in [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]], [[Sibolga]], the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]], and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]], along the western coastline of [[North Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The history of this language began with the arrival of Minangkabau migrants from [[Pariaman]] in [[West Sumatra]], who came to trade along the northern west coast of Sumatra. These migrants then made contact with other ethnic groups, resulting in a linguistic acculturation with both languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Aisyah |first1=Siti |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |date=2022-09-01 |title=Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa Pesisir Pasar, Kampung, dan Sorkam (Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif) |url=http://ejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id/index.php/Aksara/article/view/1494 |journal=Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=2367 |doi=10.37905/aksara.8.3.2367-2376.2022 |issn=2721-7310}}</ref> As a result, the Pesisir language shares similarities with the Pariaman dialect of Minangkabau and has also been influenced by the [[Batak languages|Batak language]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Simatupang |first=Irfan |date=2022-10-30 |title=Eksistensi Masyarakat Pesisir di Sibolga: Studi Etnografi Tentang Keberadaan Etnis Pesisir di Sibolga |url=https://ojs.unimal.ac.id/index.php/AAJ/article/view/6866 |journal=Aceh Anthropological Journal |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=96 |doi=10.29103/aaj.v6i2.6866 |issn=2746-0436}}</ref>
The Pesisir language of Sibolga serves as a [[lingua franca]] for the people of Sibolga and Central Tapanuli. The Pesisir language is used as a means of communication. In daily interactions, the Pesisir language plays an important role. This role can be seen in many aspects of their lives, such as activities in the market, greetings, working on the beach and at sea, visiting, joking, and playing. The use of the language in these aspects is not limited to certain groups but encompasses all members of society, from children to the elderly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syafitri |first=Febriyanti |date=2021-02-13 |title=Interferensi Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah pada Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Darur Rachmad Sibolga Sibolga Kajian Fonologi |url=https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/23 |journal=Jurnal Basasasindo |language=id |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |issn=2775-4693}}</ref>
== Classification ==
The Pesisir language is a [[Malayic languages|Malayic language]]. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from [[Brunei]], Indonesia, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], to the southernmost part of the [[Philippines]]. Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Taiwan]], [[Southeast Asia]], and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]]. There are many [[Cognate|cognates]] found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adelaar |first1=K. Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71 |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |last2=Himmelmann |first2=Nikolaus |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136755095 |language=en}}</ref>
The Pesisir language closely resembles the [[Minangkabau language]], particularly the Pariaman dialect.<ref name=":0" /> Lexically, it shares about 70% to 80% of its vocabulary with standard Minangkabau, while only about 20% with [[Batak Toba language|Batak Toba]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Tarihoran |first1=Rezky Khoirina |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |date=2022-07-20 |title=Lexicostatistics of Toba Language, Sibolga Language, and Minangkabau Language |url=https://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/5815/pdf |journal=Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=18318–18328 |issn=2615-3076}}</ref> Research suggests that Pesisir and Minangkabau were once the same language but began to diverge around the [[14th century|14th century.]]<ref name=":1" /> Over time, the Pesisir language has developed its own distinct features, influenced by interactions with other local languages such as Batak and [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]. While most of the vocabularies in the Pesisir language are derived from standard Minangkabau, the intonation, rhythm, and stress of the language are more closely aligned with the Batak languages.{{Sfn|Nasution|2021|p=iii}} Nevertheless, due to these linguistic similarities, most studies still classify the Pesisir language as a dialect of Minangkabau, though some also consider it a dialect of Batak or [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hutagalung |first1=Rut Hotmaida |last2=Siboro |first2=Hensani Br |last3=Hutagaol |first3=Merina |date=2023-06-22 |title=Valensi Verba Bahasa Batak Pesisir Dialek Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah |url=https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/1919 |journal=Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13848–13855 |issn=2807-4238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pramuniati |first1=Isda |last2=Mahriyuni |first2=Mahriyuni |last3=Syarfina |first3=Tengku |date=2024-01-09 |title=The vitality of Malay Language in North Sumatera, Indonesia |url=https://royalliteglobal.com/advanced-humanities/article/view/1390 |journal=Research Journal in Advanced Humanities |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.58256/h2vqkg98 |issn=2708-5953}}</ref>
== Geographical distribution and usage ==
The Pesisir language is predominantly spoken along the western coast of [[North Sumatra]], particularly in [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]], [[Sibolga]], and the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]] and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]]. Its geographical range overlaps with that of the [[Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]] and [[Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing]] languages, which are also widely spoken in these regions. In [[Sibolga]], the Pesisir language is more commonly used by the residents of South Sibolga and Sibolga Sambas. In these areas, the majority of the population consists of fishermen who use the Pesisir language in their daily lives. Meanwhile, in North Sibolga, [[Batak languages|Batak]] is more predominantly spoken. In Sibolga Kota District, both languages are generally used, although [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is more commonly spoken. However, in general, the people of Sibolga are usually able to speak both the Pesisir language and Batak, in addition to Indonesian.<ref name=":2" /> Meanwhile, in [[Barus]], Central Tapanuli, it is common for locals to [[Code-switching|code-switch]] between the Pesisir language, Toba Batak, and Indonesian in the marketplace, adjusting to the language spoken by their customers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simanjuntak |first=Revonita |date=2022 |title=Penggunaan Campur Kode pada Proses Jual Beli di Pasar Barus Kecamatan Barus Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah |url=https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/1367 |journal=Jurnal Basasindo |language=id |volume=4 |issue=1 |issn=2775-4693}}</ref>
In [[Sibolga]] and the surrounding regions, the Pesisir language holds a vital role in everyday social interactions, evident across numerous aspects of community life. This widespread use reflects the language's importance in maintaining social cohesion and cultural identity within the Pesisir community.{{Sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=5}} Most Pesisir people are bilingual, fluent in both the Pesisir language and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panggabean |first=Juli Indah |date=2021-12-30 |title=Maintaining Marine Lexicon in Coastal Language Sibolga, Pondok Batu Village, Sarudik District, Ecolinguistic Studies |url=https://iocscience.org/ejournal/index.php/geneus/article/view/2163 |journal=L'Geneus : The Journal Language Generations of Intellectual Society |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=87–93 |doi=10.35335/geneus.v10i3.2163 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-17 |issn=2746-4024}}</ref> In some areas, young students—typically up to grade three—are also taught in the local language. However, Indonesian remains the primary medium of instruction in education and is widely used for official matters. In Sibolga, no schools currently use the Pesisir language as a medium of instruction, whether in spoken or written form. The lack of educational materials, such as books and other learning resources in the Pesisir language, is a significant barrier. This situation is closely linked to the limited number of teachers and students proficient in the Pesisir language.{{Sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=5}}
There are no official statistics on the number of dialects in the Pesisir language. However, studies suggest the existence of four distinct dialects: Barus, Sibolga, Singkuang and Sorkam.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sihotang |first1=Suci Audina |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |last3=Dardanila |first3=Dardanila |date=2022-02-19 |title=The Kinship of Pesisir Barus, Pesisir Singkuang and Batak Toba Languages |url=https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/4215 |journal=Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5148–5164 |doi=10.33258/birci.v5i1.4215 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-17 |issn=2615-3076}}</ref> The differences between these dialects primarily lie in their [[phonology]], while their grammar and lexicon remain largely identical.<ref name=":0" /> For example, the word ''head'' is pronounced as ''kapalo'' in the Barus and Sibolga dialects, whereas in the Singkuang dialect, it is pronounced as ''kepalo''. The Sibolga dialect is widely regarded as the [[prestige variety]] of the Pesisir language due to its extensive documentation, frequent use in formal settings, and active promotion in both academic and cultural contexts.
== Phonology ==
Like many other regional languages in Indonesia, the Pesisir language lacks a standardized phonological system. However, some of the phonological system designed for the Pesisir language is loosely inspired by standard [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] phonology used in [[West Sumatra]], which itself is influenced by standard [[Indonesian orthography]].
=== Vowels ===
Like standard [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], the Pesisir language features only five [[Vowel|vowels]]: /a, e, i, o, u/. The key distinction is that the vowel /a/ is an open-central vowel in standard Minangkabau, whereas it is an open-front vowel in the Pesisir language.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ayub |first1=Asni |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28114/2/TATA%20BAHASA%20MINANGKABAU.pdf |title=Tata Bahasa Minangkabau |last2=Husin |first2=Nurzuir |last3=Muhardi |last4=Usman |first4=Amir Hakim |last5=Yasin |first5=Anas |date=1993 |location=Jakarta |pages=23 |publisher=Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture |trans-title=Grammar of the Minangkabau language |language=id}}</ref>{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=8}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e̞|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|a|a}}
|
|
|}
=== Consonants ===
The Pesisir languge has 19 different [[Consonant|consonants]], similar to standard Minangkabau.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=10}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/
[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
'''Notes:'''
In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is {{Grapheme|ng}}
* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is {{Grapheme|ny}}
* {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} is {{Grapheme|c}}
* {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} is {{Grapheme|j}}
* {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is {{Grapheme|k}}
* {{IPAslink|j}} is {{Grapheme|y}}
=== Diphthongs ===
The Pesisir language features twelve [[Diphthong|diphthongs]], typically found at the end of words: /ai̯/, /au̯/, /ae̯/, /iu̯/, /ia̯/, /uo̯/, /ua̯/, /ei̯/, /io̯/, /eo̯/, /ie̯/ and /ui̯/.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=20}} Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below:
* /ai̯/: /lai̯/ 'sail'
* /au̯/: /pau̯/ 'mango'
* /ae̯/: /gae̯k/ 'old'
* /iu̯/: /maliu̯k/ 'to curve'
* /ia̯/: /sia̯po/ 'who'
* /uo̯/: /juo̯/ 'also'
* /ua̯/:/alua̯n/ 'direction'
* /ei̯/: /badarei̯/ 'to laugh out loud'
* /io̯/: /satio̯/ 'every'
* /eo̯/: /maleo̯leo̯/ 'to sweep a woman's long hair'
* /ie̯/: /malie̯k/ 'to see'
* /ui̯/: /putui̯/ 'detach'
== Grammar ==
Like many other [[Languages of Indonesia|languages in Indonesia]], the Pesisir language exhibits agglutinative characteristics, forming words through linear sequences of morphemes. Its sentence structure generally follows a [[Subject–verb–object word order|subject-verb-object]] (SVO) order, a pattern commonly observed in many Indonesian languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rezeki |first1=Tri Indah |last2=Mulyadi |date=2024-10-03 |title=A Typology Linguistic Study: Is the Sibolga Coastal Dialect Ergative? |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/jldl/article/view/9489 |journal=Journal of Language Development and Linguistics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=89–108 |doi=10.55927/jldl.v3i2.9489 |issn=2962-6528}}</ref> While there are some notable exceptions, the grammar structure of the Pesisir language shares many similarities with [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malay]].
=== Affixes ===
There are three types of affixes in the Pesisir language, namely [[Prefix|prefixes]], [[Suffix|suffixes]], and confixes.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=33}} Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word, suffixes to the end, and confixes combine elements at both the beginning and end.
==== Prefixes ====
Example of prefixes commonly found in the Pesisir language are ''ma-, pa-, ta-, di-, ba-,'' and ''sa-.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=33}}''
The prefix ''ma-'' has five forms: ''ma-'', ''man-'', ''mang-'', ''mam-'', and ''many-''. The function of the prefix ''ma-'' is to activate verbs in declarative sentences or to transform nouns into verbs. The meaning of the prefix ''ma-'' is "to perform an action" or "to perform an action using a tool." For example:
* ''ma-'' + ''nangi'' 'cry' → ''manangi'' 'to cry'
* ''ma-'' + ''nyimak'' 'observe' → ''manyimak'' 'to observe'
* ''ma-'' + ''sapu'' 'broom' → ''manyapu'' 'to sweep'
* ''ma-'' + ''jaring'' 'net' → ''manjaring'' 'to catch with a net'
The prefix ''ba-'' has two forms: ''ba-'' and ''bar-''. The function of the prefix ''ba-'' is to transform nouns into verbs, make verbs intransitive, or modify numeral types. The meaning of the prefix ''ba-'' includes "to have," "to perform an action," "to use a title or form of address," or "to indicate unity (togetherness)." For example:
* ''ba-'' + ''panyakkik'' 'sickness' → ''bapanyakkik'' 'to have sickness'
* ''ba-'' + ''cakkak'' 'quarrel' → ''bacakkak'' 'to quarrel'
* ''ba-'' + ''judi'' 'gambling' → ''bajudi'' 'to gamble'
* ''ba-'' + ''limo'' 'five' → ''balimo'' 'to be in a group of fives'
The prefix ''pa-'' has the forms ''pa-'', ''pan-'', ''pam-'', ''pang-'', and ''pany-''. The function of the prefix ''pa-'' is to transform verbs into nouns or to modify the type of noun. The meaning of the prefix ''pa-'' is to indicate "having a characteristic," to refer to "a person who (likes to) perform an action," to describe "a person who performs an action using something," or to refer to "a person whose job is related to or involves taking something." For example:
* ''pa-'' + ''cilo'' 'rob' → ''pacilo'' 'robber'
* ''pa-'' + ''minum'' 'drink' → ''paminum'' 'drinker'
* ''pa-'' + ''gigik'' 'bite' → ''pangigik'' 'biter'
* ''pa-'' + ''lawik'' 'sea' → ''palawik'' 'sea man'
The prefix ''ta-'' has two forms: ''ta-'' and ''tar-''. The function of the prefix ''ta-'' is to make verbs passive, modify the meaning of intransitive verbs, or indicate adjectives. The meaning of the prefix ''ta-'' conveys "can" or "inadvertently," performing an action unconsciously or involuntarily, or "the most." For example:
* ''ta-'' + ''makkan'' 'eat' → ''tamakkan'' 'to be eaten by accident'
* ''ta-'' + ''cari'' 'find' → ''tacari'' 'can be found'
* ''ta-'' + ''tenggi'' 'high' → ''tatenggi'' 'highest'
* ''ta-'' + ''lamo'' 'long (time)' → ''talamo'' 'longest (time)'
The prefix ''di-'' has only one form: ''di-''. The function of the prefix ''di-'' is to make verbs passive. Its meaning is "to be subjected to an action." For example:
* ''di-'' + ''tulak'' 'reject' → ''ditulak'' 'to be rejected'
* ''di-'' + ''basu'' 'wash' → ''dibasu'' 'to be washed'
* ''di-'' + ''pujuk'' 'persuade' → ''dipujuk'' 'to be persuaded'
* ''di-'' + ''bai'' 'pay' → ''dibai'' 'to be paid'The prefix ''sa-'' has only one form: ''sa-''. The function of the prefix ''sa-'' is to indicate adjectives or to express quantity. Its meaning conveys "the same as what is stated in the root form" or "one." For example:
* ''sa-'' + ''singkek'' 'brief' → ''sasingkek'' 'as brief as'
* ''sa-'' + ''lungga'' 'loose' → ''salungga'' 'as loose as'
* ''sa-'' + ''debak'' 'part' → ''sadebak'' 'a part'
* ''sa-'' + ''ruma'' 'house' → ''saruma'' 'the whole house'
==== Infixes ====
In the Pesisir language, there are three suffixes: ''-i'', ''-an'', and ''-kan''.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=39}}''
The suffix ''-i'' has only one form: ''-i''. The function of the suffix ''-i'' is to transform nouns into verbs or to form repetitive verbs. Its meaning is "to give or apply" or to indicate repetition. For example:
* ''surat'' 'letter' + ''-i → surati'' 'to send letter'
* ''gula'' 'sugar' + ''-i → gulai'' 'to add sugar'
* ''ampok'' 'hit' + ''-i → ampokki'' 'to hit multiple times'
* ''saikkekk'' 'comb' + ''-i → saikkeki'' 'to comb repeatedly'
The suffix ''-an'' has the forms ''-an'', ''-kan'', and ''-ran''. The function of the suffix ''-an'' is to transform verbs into nouns. Its meaning indicates "the one who is subjected to the action." For example:
* ''bacca'' 'to read' + ''-an → baccaan'' 'reading materials'
* ''baris'' 'to line up' + ''-an → barisan'' 'line'
* ''bali'' 'to buy' + ''-an → balian'' 'bought goods'
* ''masak'' 'to cook' + ''-an → masakan'' 'cooked food'
The suffix ''-kan'' has only one form: ''-kan''. The function of the suffix ''-kan'' is to form benefactive transitive verbs. Its meaning expresses "an order or a request. For example:
* ''juak'' 'to sell' + ''-kan → juakan'' 'sell it'
* ''baok'' 'to bring' + ''-kan → baokan'' 'bring it'
* ''cangkuk'' 'hoe' + ''-kan → cangkukan'' 'dig it (using hoe)'
* ''suok'' 'to feed' + ''-kan → suokkan'' 'feed it'
==== Confixes ====
There are four confixes in the Pesisir language, namely: ''ka-...-an'', ''di-...-an'', ''pa-...-an'', and ''basi-...-an''.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=41}}''
The confix ''ka-...-an'' has the forms ''ka-...-kan'', ''ka-...-an'', and ''ka-...-ran''. Its functions include transforming verbs into passive verbs, turning nouns into passive verbs, changing the type of adjective, or forming abstract nouns. The meaning of ''ka-...-an'' indicates "subjected to an action," "too (very)," or "state/condition." For example:
* ''ka-'' + ''ujan'' 'rain' + ''-an'' ''→ kaujanan'' 'to get caught in the rain'
* ''ka-'' + ''siang'' 'noon' + ''-an'' ''→ kasiangan'' 'too noon (oversleep)'
* ''ka-'' + ''manjo'' 'spoil' + ''-an'' ''→ kamanjoan'' 'too spoiled'
* ''ka-'' + ''barani'' 'brave' + ''-an'' ''→ kabaranian'' 'braveness'
The confix ''pa-...-an'' has the forms ''pa-...-an'', ''pan-...-an'', ''pang-...-an'', ''pany-...-an'', and ''pam-...-an''. Its function is to change the meaning of nouns and transform verbs into nouns. The meaning of ''pa-...-an'' indicates "a place where something is obtained, done, or used." For example:
* ''pa-'' + ''mandi'' 'bath' + ''-an'' ''→ pamandian'' 'bathing place'
* ''pa-'' + ''goreng'' 'fry' + ''-an'' ''→ panggorengan'' 'frying place'
* ''pa-'' + ''suo'' 'meet' + ''-an'' ''→ pansuoan'' 'meeting place'
* ''pa-'' + ''ambik'' 'take' + ''-an'' ''→ pangambikan'' 'pickup place'
The confix ''basi-...-an'' has the forms ''basi-...-an'' and ''basi-...-kan''. Its function is to form reciprocal verbs. The meaning of ''basi-...-an'' is "mutual" or "each other." For example:
* ''basi-'' + ''tenju'' 'punch' + ''-an'' ''→ basitenjuan'' 'to punch each other'
* ''basi-'' + ''kajar'' 'chase' + ''-an'' ''→ basikajaran'' 'to chase one other'
* ''basi-'' + ''tundo'' 'push' + ''-an'' ''→ basitundoan'' 'to push one other'
* ''basi-'' + ''lanting'' 'throw' + ''-an'' ''→ basilantingan'' 'to throw one other'
=== Reduplication ===
[[Reduplication]] in the Pesisir language consists of two parts: base word reduplication and affixed word reduplication.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=43}}''
Base word reduplication does not involve any change in the word form. The purpose of base word reduplication is to modify the meaning of the word. It signifies pluralization when the base word is a noun and conveys "carrying out an action in a relaxed manner" when the base word is a verb. For example:
* ''rajo'' 'king' ''→ rajo-rajo'' 'kings'
* ''ula'' 'snake' ''→ ula-ula'' 'snakes'
* ''golek'' 'lie' ''→ golek-golek'' 'lying relaxingly'
* ''makkan'' 'eat' ''→ makkan-makkan'' 'eating relaxingly'
Affixed word reduplication serves various functions and carries different meanings depending on the affixes applied. For instance, reduplication with the prefix ''ma-'' functions to form verbs from nouns or modify the meaning of verbs. This type of reduplication conveys meanings such as "performing an action in a way that pleases the doer" or "carrying out an action playfully." Similarly, reduplication with the prefix ''ba-'' functions to make verbs intransitive, create repetitive verbs, or alter the meaning of adjectives. The meanings associated with this reduplication include "using as a form of address or utilizing," "performing actions repeatedly," or "very." Examples include:
* ''goreng'' 'to fry' ''→ menggoreng-goreng'' 'frying not in a serious manner'
* ''sapu'' 'broom' ''→ menyapu-nyapu'' 'sweeping not in a serious manner'
* ''camin'' 'mirror' ''→ bacamin-camin'' 'to look at the mirror repetitively'
* ''darei'' 'noisy' ''→ badarei-darei'' 'very noisy'
=== Compounds ===
[[Compound (linguistics)|Compound words]] in the Pesisir language can be analyzed from two perspectives: their constituent elements and the meaning they convey.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=46}}'' The constituent elements of compound words in the Pesisir language are divided into three types: adjective + noun, verb + noun, and verb + verb. The meaning of compound words is often figurative, although in some cases, the meaning can still be derived from the individual elements that compose them. Example of compounds are:
* ''gadang'' 'big' + ''sarawa'' 'pants' ''→ gadang sarawa'' '
* ''tagak'' 'upright' + ''duduk'' 'sit' ''→ tagak duduk'' 'very nervous'
* ''pata'' 'broken' + ''tabu'' 'sugar cane' ''→ pata tabu'' 'completely broken'
* ''makkan'' 'eat' + ''tidu'' 'sleep' ''→ makkan tidu'' 'jobless'
=== Nouns ===
[[Noun|Nouns]] 'in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being formed using affixes ''-an'', ''ka-...-an'', and ''pa-...-an'', being pluralized through reduplication, being followed by demonstrative pronouns, being replaced by interrogative pronouns, or being preceded by [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]].''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=26}}'' Nouns can be classified into two categories: countable and uncountable. Countable nouns often require specific classifiers or measuring words depending on the context. For example, ''urang'' 'person' is used for people, ''ikku'' 'tail' for animals, and ''bijo'' 'fruit' for objects like fruits, among others.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=27}}'' Examples are:
* ''tigo urang '''upahan''''' 'three labors'
* ''limo urang '''pancilok''''' 'five thieves'
* ''ampek bijo '''pau''''' 'four mangoes'
* ''sapulu ikku '''lauk''''' 'ten fishes'
Examples of uncountable nouns are:
* ''ai'' 'water'
* ''kabuk'' 'fog'
* ''rambuk'' 'hair'
* ''karancakkan'' 'beautiness'
=== Verbs ===
[[Verb|Verbs]] in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being able to be prefixed with ''ma-'' or ''ba-'' or suffixed with ''-kan'' and ''-i'', and they can be made [[Passive voice|passive]] with the prefixes ''di-'' and ''ta-.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=28}}'' Verbs can be divided into three categories: verbs that cannot be followed by nouns, verbs that can be followed by a single noun, and verbs that can be followed by a noun followed by a particle and another noun. Example of verbs that cannot be followed by nouns are:
* ''datang'' 'to come'
* ''bajalan'' 'to walk'
* ''pai'' 'to go'
Examples of verbs that can be followed by a single noun are:
* '''''menanti''' gandak'' 'to wait for lover'
* '''''mambahei''' batu'' 'to throw rocks'
* '''''mancilok''' kepeng'' 'to steal money'
Examples of verbs that can be followed by a noun followed by a particle and another noun are:
* '''''manggule''' lauk untuk umak'' 'to add gulai to the fish for mother'
* '''''mengambikkan''' pau untuk si Asik'' 'to grab mango for Asik'
=== Adjectives ===
[[Adjective|Adjectives]] in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being followed by a noun, preceded by the affixes ''ta-'', ''sa-'', and ''-an'', or being followed by the particle ''bana'' 'very'.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=29}}'' Adjectives in the Pesisir language can be divided into three categories: simple adjectives, which do not indicate comparison or excessiveness; [[Comparative adjective|comparative adjectives,]] which show comparison; and excessive (or superlative) adjectives, which indicate an exaggerated or excessive state. Comparative adjectives can be further divided into three subcategories: equal comparative adjectives, which express equality; more-than comparative adjectives, which indicate a higher degree; and most comparative adjectives, which express the highest degree.
Examples of simple adjectives are:
* ''pane'' 'hot'
* ''gaek'' 'old'
Examples of comparative adjectives are:
* ''sarancak'' 'as pretty as'
* ''lawean'' 'wider'
* ''tagadang'' 'largest'Examples of excessive adjectives are:
* ''kalitakkan'' 'too tired'
* ''karancakkan'' 'too beautiful due to excessive adornment or an overly elaborate way of dressing up'
=== Numerals ===
== References ==
<references />
== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Simorangkir |first1=Setiana |last2=Lubis |first2=Amir Husin |last3=Sihombing |first3=Heddina |last4=Silitonga |first4=Sortha |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3611/1/Struktur%20Bahasa%20Pesisir%20Sibolga%20-93.pdf |title=Struktur Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga |publisher=Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture |year=1986 |location=Jakarta |language=id |trans-title=Structure of the Pesisir Language in Sibolga |ref={{sfnRef|Simorangkir et. al.|1986}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nasution|first1=Abdusima|url=https://repo.uinsyahada.ac.id/1386/2/Pesisr%20Barus_Abdusima%20%281%29%20REVISI.pdf|title=Pesisir Barus dalam perspektif sejarah dan budaya sejak klasik hingga kontemporer |publisher=Zahir Publishing |year=2021 |location=Yogyakarta|language=id |trans-title=The Pesisir Barus in Historical and Cultural Perspectives from Classical to Contemporary Eras |ref={{sfnRef|Nasution|2021}}}}
{{Minangkabau}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
[[Category:Minangkabau language]]
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Minangkabau]]
[[Category:Malayic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sumatra]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Under construction}}
{{distinguish|Southern Pesisir}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Pesisir
| nativename = {{lang|min|Bahaso Pasisi}}
| states = [[Indonesia]] ([[North Sumatra]])
| region = [[Sibolga]], [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]] and the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]] and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]]
| ethnicity = [[Minangkabau people|Pesisir]]
| speakers = 84,444
| date = 2010
| ref = <ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Marbun |first=Arfiyah |title=Perbandingan Bahasa Daerah Sibolga dengan Bahasa Indonesia di dalam Tataran Fonologi |date=2018 |degree= |publisher=Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/225827743.pdf |place=Medan |language=id |page=1}}</ref>
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3 = disputed:<br>[[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] or [[Greater North Borneo languages|Greater North Borneo]]
| fam4 = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
| fam5 = [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
| dia1 = Barus
| dia2 = Sibolga
| dia3 = Singkuang
| dia4 = Sorkam
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Indonesian alphabet]])
| iso3 =
| iso3comment =
| linglist =
| glotto = none
| glottorefname =
| map = Pesisir.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#0080ff|Areas where Pesisir is spoken by the majority of the population}}
{{legend|#88c4ff|Areas where Pesisir is spoken by a significant minority of the population}}
}}
The '''Pesisir language''' (Pesisir: ''Bahaso Pasisi,'' [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: {{Lang|id|Bahasa Pesisir}}, {{Lit|coastal language}}), is a dialect of the [[Minangkabau language]] spoken by the Pesisir people, descendants of the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] who migrated to Tapanuli in the [[14th century]] and intermingled with other ethnic groups, including the [[Batak|Bataknese]] and [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatmawaty |first=Rindu |date=24 Sep 2024 |title=Asal Usul Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga |url=https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/996004/asal-usul-bahasa-pesisir-sibolga |website=[[Radio Republik Indonesia]] |language=id}}</ref> The Pesisir people reside in [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]], [[Sibolga]], the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]], and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]], along the western coastline of [[North Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The history of this language began with the arrival of Minangkabau migrants from [[Pariaman]] in [[West Sumatra]], who came to trade along the northern west coast of Sumatra. These migrants then made contact with other ethnic groups, resulting in a linguistic acculturation with both languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Aisyah |first1=Siti |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |date=2022-09-01 |title=Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa Pesisir Pasar, Kampung, dan Sorkam (Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif) |url=http://ejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id/index.php/Aksara/article/view/1494 |journal=Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=2367 |doi=10.37905/aksara.8.3.2367-2376.2022 |issn=2721-7310}}</ref> As a result, the Pesisir language shares similarities with the Pariaman dialect of Minangkabau and has also been influenced by the [[Batak languages|Batak language]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Simatupang |first=Irfan |date=2022-10-30 |title=Eksistensi Masyarakat Pesisir di Sibolga: Studi Etnografi Tentang Keberadaan Etnis Pesisir di Sibolga |url=https://ojs.unimal.ac.id/index.php/AAJ/article/view/6866 |journal=Aceh Anthropological Journal |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=96 |doi=10.29103/aaj.v6i2.6866 |issn=2746-0436}}</ref>
The Pesisir language of Sibolga serves as a [[lingua franca]] for the people of Sibolga and Central Tapanuli. The Pesisir language is used as a means of communication. In daily interactions, the Pesisir language plays an important role. This role can be seen in many aspects of their lives, such as activities in the market, greetings, working on the beach and at sea, visiting, joking, and playing. The use of the language in these aspects is not limited to certain groups but encompasses all members of society, from children to the elderly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syafitri |first=Febriyanti |date=2021-02-13 |title=Interferensi Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah pada Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Darur Rachmad Sibolga Sibolga Kajian Fonologi |url=https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/23 |journal=Jurnal Basasasindo |language=id |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |issn=2775-4693}}</ref>
== Classification ==
The Pesisir language is a [[Malayic languages|Malayic language]]. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from [[Brunei]], Indonesia, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], to the southernmost part of the [[Philippines]]. Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Taiwan]], [[Southeast Asia]], and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]]. There are many [[Cognate|cognates]] found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adelaar |first1=K. Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71 |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar |last2=Himmelmann |first2=Nikolaus |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136755095 |language=en}}</ref>
The Pesisir language closely resembles the [[Minangkabau language]], particularly the Pariaman dialect.<ref name=":0" /> Lexically, it shares about 70% to 80% of its vocabulary with standard Minangkabau, while only about 20% with [[Batak Toba language|Batak Toba]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Tarihoran |first1=Rezky Khoirina |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |date=2022-07-20 |title=Lexicostatistics of Toba Language, Sibolga Language, and Minangkabau Language |url=https://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/5815/pdf |journal=Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=18318–18328 |issn=2615-3076}}</ref> Research suggests that Pesisir and Minangkabau were once the same language but began to diverge around the [[14th century|14th century.]]<ref name=":1" /> Over time, the Pesisir language has developed its own distinct features, influenced by interactions with other local languages such as Batak and [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]. While most of the vocabularies in the Pesisir language are derived from standard Minangkabau, the intonation, rhythm, and stress of the language are more closely aligned with the Batak languages.{{Sfn|Nasution|2021|p=iii}} Nevertheless, due to these linguistic similarities, most studies still classify the Pesisir language as a dialect of Minangkabau, though some also consider it a dialect of Batak or [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hutagalung |first1=Rut Hotmaida |last2=Siboro |first2=Hensani Br |last3=Hutagaol |first3=Merina |date=2023-06-22 |title=Valensi Verba Bahasa Batak Pesisir Dialek Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah |url=https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/1919 |journal=Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13848–13855 |issn=2807-4238}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pramuniati |first1=Isda |last2=Mahriyuni |first2=Mahriyuni |last3=Syarfina |first3=Tengku |date=2024-01-09 |title=The vitality of Malay Language in North Sumatera, Indonesia |url=https://royalliteglobal.com/advanced-humanities/article/view/1390 |journal=Research Journal in Advanced Humanities |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.58256/h2vqkg98 |issn=2708-5953}}</ref>
== Geographical distribution and usage ==
The Pesisir language is predominantly spoken along the western coast of [[North Sumatra]], particularly in [[Central Tapanuli Regency|Central Tapanuli]], [[Sibolga]], and the coastal areas of [[South Tapanuli Regency|South Tapanuli]] and [[Mandailing Natal Regency|Mandailing Natal]]. Its geographical range overlaps with that of the [[Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]] and [[Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing]] languages, which are also widely spoken in these regions. In [[Sibolga]], the Pesisir language is more commonly used by the residents of South Sibolga and Sibolga Sambas. In these areas, the majority of the population consists of fishermen who use the Pesisir language in their daily lives. Meanwhile, in North Sibolga, [[Batak languages|Batak]] is more predominantly spoken. In Sibolga Kota District, both languages are generally used, although [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is more commonly spoken. However, in general, the people of Sibolga are usually able to speak both the Pesisir language and Batak, in addition to Indonesian.<ref name=":2" /> Meanwhile, in [[Barus]], Central Tapanuli, it is common for locals to [[Code-switching|code-switch]] between the Pesisir language, Toba Batak, and Indonesian in the marketplace, adjusting to the language spoken by their customers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simanjuntak |first=Revonita |date=2022 |title=Penggunaan Campur Kode pada Proses Jual Beli di Pasar Barus Kecamatan Barus Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah |url=https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/1367 |journal=Jurnal Basasindo |language=id |volume=4 |issue=1 |issn=2775-4693}}</ref>
In [[Sibolga]] and the surrounding regions, the Pesisir language holds a vital role in everyday social interactions, evident across numerous aspects of community life. This widespread use reflects the language's importance in maintaining social cohesion and cultural identity within the Pesisir community.{{Sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=5}} Most Pesisir people are bilingual, fluent in both the Pesisir language and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Panggabean |first=Juli Indah |date=2021-12-30 |title=Maintaining Marine Lexicon in Coastal Language Sibolga, Pondok Batu Village, Sarudik District, Ecolinguistic Studies |url=https://iocscience.org/ejournal/index.php/geneus/article/view/2163 |journal=L'Geneus : The Journal Language Generations of Intellectual Society |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=87–93 |doi=10.35335/geneus.v10i3.2163 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-17 |issn=2746-4024}}</ref> In some areas, young students—typically up to grade three—are also taught in the local language. However, Indonesian remains the primary medium of instruction in education and is widely used for official matters. In Sibolga, no schools currently use the Pesisir language as a medium of instruction, whether in spoken or written form. The lack of educational materials, such as books and other learning resources in the Pesisir language, is a significant barrier. This situation is closely linked to the limited number of teachers and students proficient in the Pesisir language.{{Sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=5}}
There are no official statistics on the number of dialects in the Pesisir language. However, studies suggest the existence of four distinct dialects: Barus, Sibolga, Singkuang and Sorkam.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sihotang |first1=Suci Audina |last2=Widayati |first2=Dwi |last3=Dardanila |first3=Dardanila |date=2022-02-19 |title=The Kinship of Pesisir Barus, Pesisir Singkuang and Batak Toba Languages |url=https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/4215 |journal=Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5148–5164 |doi=10.33258/birci.v5i1.4215 |doi-broken-date=2024-11-17 |issn=2615-3076}}</ref> The differences between these dialects primarily lie in their [[phonology]], while their grammar and lexicon remain largely identical.<ref name=":0" /> For example, the word ''head'' is pronounced as ''kapalo'' in the Barus and Sibolga dialects, whereas in the Singkuang dialect, it is pronounced as ''kepalo''. The Sibolga dialect is widely regarded as the [[prestige variety]] of the Pesisir language due to its extensive documentation, frequent use in formal settings, and active promotion in both academic and cultural contexts.
== Phonology ==
Like many other regional languages in Indonesia, the Pesisir language lacks a standardized phonological system. However, some of the phonological system designed for the Pesisir language is loosely inspired by standard [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] phonology used in [[West Sumatra]], which itself is influenced by standard [[Indonesian orthography]].
=== Vowels ===
Like standard [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], the Pesisir language features only five [[Vowel|vowels]]: /a, e, i, o, u/. The key distinction is that the vowel /a/ is an open-central vowel in standard Minangkabau, whereas it is an open-front vowel in the Pesisir language.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ayub |first1=Asni |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28114/2/TATA%20BAHASA%20MINANGKABAU.pdf |title=Tata Bahasa Minangkabau |last2=Husin |first2=Nurzuir |last3=Muhardi |last4=Usman |first4=Amir Hakim |last5=Yasin |first5=Anas |date=1993 |location=Jakarta |pages=23 |publisher=Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture |trans-title=Grammar of the Minangkabau language |language=id}}</ref>{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=8}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e̞|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o̞|o}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|a|a}}
|
|
|}
=== Consonants ===
The Pesisir languge has 19 different [[Consonant|consonants]], similar to standard Minangkabau.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=10}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/
[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Semivowel]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
'''Notes:'''
In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is {{Grapheme|ng}}
* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is {{Grapheme|ny}}
* {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} is {{Grapheme|c}}
* {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} is {{Grapheme|j}}
* {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is {{Grapheme|k}}
* {{IPAslink|j}} is {{Grapheme|y}}
=== Diphthongs ===
The Pesisir language features twelve [[Diphthong|diphthongs]], typically found at the end of words: /ai̯/, /au̯/, /ae̯/, /iu̯/, /ia̯/, /uo̯/, /ua̯/, /ei̯/, /io̯/, /eo̯/, /ie̯/ and /ui̯/.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=20}} Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below:
* /ai̯/: /lai̯/ 'sail'
* /au̯/: /pau̯/ 'mango'
* /ae̯/: /gae̯k/ 'old'
* /iu̯/: /maliu̯k/ 'to curve'
* /ia̯/: /sia̯po/ 'who'
* /uo̯/: /juo̯/ 'also'
* /ua̯/:/alua̯n/ 'direction'
* /ei̯/: /badarei̯/ 'to laugh out loud'
* /io̯/: /satio̯/ 'every'
* /eo̯/: /maleo̯leo̯/ 'to sweep a woman's long hair'
* /ie̯/: /malie̯k/ 'to see'
* /ui̯/: /putui̯/ 'detach'
== Grammar ==
Like many other [[Languages of Indonesia|languages in Indonesia]], the Pesisir language exhibits agglutinative characteristics, forming words through linear sequences of morphemes. Its sentence structure generally follows a [[Subject–verb–object word order|subject-verb-object]] (SVO) order, a pattern commonly observed in many Indonesian languages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rezeki |first1=Tri Indah |last2=Mulyadi |date=2024-10-03 |title=A Typology Linguistic Study: Is the Sibolga Coastal Dialect Ergative? |url=https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/jldl/article/view/9489 |journal=Journal of Language Development and Linguistics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=89–108 |doi=10.55927/jldl.v3i2.9489 |issn=2962-6528}}</ref> While there are some notable exceptions, the grammar structure of the Pesisir language shares many similarities with [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malay language|Malay]].
=== Affixes ===
There are three types of affixes in the Pesisir language, namely [[Prefix|prefixes]], [[Suffix|suffixes]], and confixes.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=33}} Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word, suffixes to the end, and confixes combine elements at both the beginning and end.
==== Prefixes ====
Example of prefixes commonly found in the Pesisir language are ''ma-, pa-, ta-, di-, ba-,'' and ''sa-.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=33}}''
The prefix ''ma-'' has five forms: ''ma-'', ''man-'', ''mang-'', ''mam-'', and ''many-''. The function of the prefix ''ma-'' is to activate verbs in declarative sentences or to transform nouns into verbs. The meaning of the prefix ''ma-'' is "to perform an action" or "to perform an action using a tool." For example:
* ''ma-'' + ''nangi'' 'cry' → ''manangi'' 'to cry'
* ''ma-'' + ''nyimak'' 'observe' → ''manyimak'' 'to observe'
* ''ma-'' + ''sapu'' 'broom' → ''manyapu'' 'to sweep'
* ''ma-'' + ''jaring'' 'net' → ''manjaring'' 'to catch with a net'
The prefix ''ba-'' has two forms: ''ba-'' and ''bar-''. The function of the prefix ''ba-'' is to transform nouns into verbs, make verbs intransitive, or modify numeral types. The meaning of the prefix ''ba-'' includes "to have," "to perform an action," "to use a title or form of address," or "to indicate unity (togetherness)." For example:
* ''ba-'' + ''panyakkik'' 'sickness' → ''bapanyakkik'' 'to have sickness'
* ''ba-'' + ''cakkak'' 'quarrel' → ''bacakkak'' 'to quarrel'
* ''ba-'' + ''judi'' 'gambling' → ''bajudi'' 'to gamble'
* ''ba-'' + ''limo'' 'five' → ''balimo'' 'to be in a group of fives'
The prefix ''pa-'' has the forms ''pa-'', ''pan-'', ''pam-'', ''pang-'', and ''pany-''. The function of the prefix ''pa-'' is to transform verbs into nouns or to modify the type of noun. The meaning of the prefix ''pa-'' is to indicate "having a characteristic," to refer to "a person who (likes to) perform an action," to describe "a person who performs an action using something," or to refer to "a person whose job is related to or involves taking something." For example:
* ''pa-'' + ''cilo'' 'rob' → ''pacilo'' 'robber'
* ''pa-'' + ''minum'' 'drink' → ''paminum'' 'drinker'
* ''pa-'' + ''gigik'' 'bite' → ''pangigik'' 'biter'
* ''pa-'' + ''lawik'' 'sea' → ''palawik'' 'sea man'
The prefix ''ta-'' has two forms: ''ta-'' and ''tar-''. The function of the prefix ''ta-'' is to make verbs passive, modify the meaning of intransitive verbs, or indicate adjectives. The meaning of the prefix ''ta-'' conveys "can" or "inadvertently," performing an action unconsciously or involuntarily, or "the most." For example:
* ''ta-'' + ''makkan'' 'eat' → ''tamakkan'' 'to be eaten by accident'
* ''ta-'' + ''cari'' 'find' → ''tacari'' 'can be found'
* ''ta-'' + ''tenggi'' 'high' → ''tatenggi'' 'highest'
* ''ta-'' + ''lamo'' 'long (time)' → ''talamo'' 'longest (time)'
The prefix ''di-'' has only one form: ''di-''. The function of the prefix ''di-'' is to make verbs passive. Its meaning is "to be subjected to an action." For example:
* ''di-'' + ''tulak'' 'reject' → ''ditulak'' 'to be rejected'
* ''di-'' + ''basu'' 'wash' → ''dibasu'' 'to be washed'
* ''di-'' + ''pujuk'' 'persuade' → ''dipujuk'' 'to be persuaded'
* ''di-'' + ''bai'' 'pay' → ''dibai'' 'to be paid'The prefix ''sa-'' has only one form: ''sa-''. The function of the prefix ''sa-'' is to indicate adjectives or to express quantity. Its meaning conveys "the same as what is stated in the root form" or "one." For example:
* ''sa-'' + ''singkek'' 'brief' → ''sasingkek'' 'as brief as'
* ''sa-'' + ''lungga'' 'loose' → ''salungga'' 'as loose as'
* ''sa-'' + ''debak'' 'part' → ''sadebak'' 'a part'
* ''sa-'' + ''ruma'' 'house' → ''saruma'' 'the whole house'
==== Infixes ====
In the Pesisir language, there are three suffixes: ''-i'', ''-an'', and ''-kan''.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=39}}''
The suffix ''-i'' has only one form: ''-i''. The function of the suffix ''-i'' is to transform nouns into verbs or to form repetitive verbs. Its meaning is "to give or apply" or to indicate repetition. For example:
* ''surat'' 'letter' + ''-i → surati'' 'to send letter'
* ''gula'' 'sugar' + ''-i → gulai'' 'to add sugar'
* ''ampok'' 'hit' + ''-i → ampokki'' 'to hit multiple times'
* ''saikkekk'' 'comb' + ''-i → saikkeki'' 'to comb repeatedly'
The suffix ''-an'' has the forms ''-an'', ''-kan'', and ''-ran''. The function of the suffix ''-an'' is to transform verbs into nouns. Its meaning indicates "the one who is subjected to the action." For example:
* ''bacca'' 'to read' + ''-an → baccaan'' 'reading materials'
* ''baris'' 'to line up' + ''-an → barisan'' 'line'
* ''bali'' 'to buy' + ''-an → balian'' 'bought goods'
* ''masak'' 'to cook' + ''-an → masakan'' 'cooked food'
The suffix ''-kan'' has only one form: ''-kan''. The function of the suffix ''-kan'' is to form benefactive transitive verbs. Its meaning expresses "an order or a request. For example:
* ''juak'' 'to sell' + ''-kan → juakan'' 'sell it'
* ''baok'' 'to bring' + ''-kan → baokan'' 'bring it'
* ''cangkuk'' 'hoe' + ''-kan → cangkukan'' 'dig it (using hoe)'
* ''suok'' 'to feed' + ''-kan → suokkan'' 'feed it'
==== Confixes ====
There are four confixes in the Pesisir language, namely: ''ka-...-an'', ''di-...-an'', ''pa-...-an'', and ''basi-...-an''.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=41}}''
The confix ''ka-...-an'' has the forms ''ka-...-kan'', ''ka-...-an'', and ''ka-...-ran''. Its functions include transforming verbs into passive verbs, turning nouns into passive verbs, changing the type of adjective, or forming abstract nouns. The meaning of ''ka-...-an'' indicates "subjected to an action," "too (very)," or "state/condition." For example:
* ''ka-'' + ''ujan'' 'rain' + ''-an'' ''→ kaujanan'' 'to get caught in the rain'
* ''ka-'' + ''siang'' 'noon' + ''-an'' ''→ kasiangan'' 'too noon (oversleep)'
* ''ka-'' + ''manjo'' 'spoil' + ''-an'' ''→ kamanjoan'' 'too spoiled'
* ''ka-'' + ''barani'' 'brave' + ''-an'' ''→ kabaranian'' 'braveness'
The confix ''pa-...-an'' has the forms ''pa-...-an'', ''pan-...-an'', ''pang-...-an'', ''pany-...-an'', and ''pam-...-an''. Its function is to change the meaning of nouns and transform verbs into nouns. The meaning of ''pa-...-an'' indicates "a place where something is obtained, done, or used." For example:
* ''pa-'' + ''mandi'' 'bath' + ''-an'' ''→ pamandian'' 'bathing place'
* ''pa-'' + ''goreng'' 'fry' + ''-an'' ''→ panggorengan'' 'frying place'
* ''pa-'' + ''suo'' 'meet' + ''-an'' ''→ pansuoan'' 'meeting place'
* ''pa-'' + ''ambik'' 'take' + ''-an'' ''→ pangambikan'' 'pickup place'
The confix ''basi-...-an'' has the forms ''basi-...-an'' and ''basi-...-kan''. Its function is to form reciprocal verbs. The meaning of ''basi-...-an'' is "mutual" or "each other." For example:
* ''basi-'' + ''tenju'' 'punch' + ''-an'' ''→ basitenjuan'' 'to punch each other'
* ''basi-'' + ''kajar'' 'chase' + ''-an'' ''→ basikajaran'' 'to chase one other'
* ''basi-'' + ''tundo'' 'push' + ''-an'' ''→ basitundoan'' 'to push one other'
* ''basi-'' + ''lanting'' 'throw' + ''-an'' ''→ basilantingan'' 'to throw one other'
=== Reduplication ===
[[Reduplication]] in the Pesisir language consists of two parts: base word reduplication and affixed word reduplication.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=43}}''
Base word reduplication does not involve any change in the word form. The purpose of base word reduplication is to modify the meaning of the word. It signifies pluralization when the base word is a noun and conveys "carrying out an action in a relaxed manner" when the base word is a verb. For example:
* ''rajo'' 'king' ''→ rajo-rajo'' 'kings'
* ''ula'' 'snake' ''→ ula-ula'' 'snakes'
* ''golek'' 'lie' ''→ golek-golek'' 'lying relaxingly'
* ''makkan'' 'eat' ''→ makkan-makkan'' 'eating relaxingly'
Affixed word reduplication serves various functions and carries different meanings depending on the affixes applied. For instance, reduplication with the prefix ''ma-'' functions to form verbs from nouns or modify the meaning of verbs. This type of reduplication conveys meanings such as "performing an action in a way that pleases the doer" or "carrying out an action playfully." Similarly, reduplication with the prefix ''ba-'' functions to make verbs intransitive, create repetitive verbs, or alter the meaning of adjectives. The meanings associated with this reduplication include "using as a form of address or utilizing," "performing actions repeatedly," or "very." Examples include:
* ''goreng'' 'to fry' ''→ menggoreng-goreng'' 'frying not in a serious manner'
* ''sapu'' 'broom' ''→ menyapu-nyapu'' 'sweeping not in a serious manner'
* ''camin'' 'mirror' ''→ bacamin-camin'' 'to look at the mirror repetitively'
* ''darei'' 'noisy' ''→ badarei-darei'' 'very noisy'
=== Compounds ===
[[Compound (linguistics)|Compound words]] in the Pesisir language can be analyzed from two perspectives: their constituent elements and the meaning they convey.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=46}}'' The constituent elements of compound words in the Pesisir language are divided into three types: adjective + noun, verb + noun, and verb + verb. The meaning of compound words is often figurative, although in some cases, the meaning can still be derived from the individual elements that compose them. Example of compounds are:
* ''gadang'' 'big' + ''sarawa'' 'pants' ''→ gadang sarawa'' '
* ''tagak'' 'upright' + ''duduk'' 'sit' ''→ tagak duduk'' 'very nervous'
* ''pata'' 'broken' + ''tabu'' 'sugar cane' ''→ pata tabu'' 'completely broken'
* ''makkan'' 'eat' + ''tidu'' 'sleep' ''→ makkan tidu'' 'jobless'
=== Nouns ===
[[Noun|Nouns]] 'in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being formed using affixes ''-an'', ''ka-...-an'', and ''pa-...-an'', being pluralized through reduplication, being followed by demonstrative pronouns, being replaced by interrogative pronouns, or being preceded by [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]].''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=26}}'' Nouns can be classified into two categories: countable and uncountable. Countable nouns often require specific classifiers or measuring words depending on the context. For example, ''urang'' 'person' is used for people, ''ikku'' 'tail' for animals, and ''bijo'' 'fruit' for objects like fruits, among others.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=27}}'' Examples are:
* ''tigo urang '''upahan''''' 'three labors'
* ''limo urang '''pancilok''''' 'five thieves'
* ''ampek bijo '''pau''''' 'four mangoes'
* ''sapulu ikku '''lauk''''' 'ten fishes'
Examples of uncountable nouns are:
* ''ai'' 'water'
* ''kabuk'' 'fog'
* ''rambuk'' 'hair'
* ''karancakkan'' 'beautiness'
=== Verbs ===
[[Verb|Verbs]] in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being able to be prefixed with ''ma-'' or ''ba-'' or suffixed with ''-kan'' and ''-i'', and they can be made [[Passive voice|passive]] with the prefixes ''di-'' and ''ta-.{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=28}}'' Verbs can be divided into three categories: verbs that cannot be followed by nouns, verbs that can be followed by a single noun, and verbs that can be followed by a noun followed by a particle and another noun. Example of verbs that cannot be followed by nouns are:
* ''datang'' 'to come'
* ''bajalan'' 'to walk'
* ''pai'' 'to go'
Examples of verbs that can be followed by a single noun are:
* '''''menanti''' gandak'' 'to wait for lover'
* '''''mambahei''' batu'' 'to throw rocks'
* '''''mancilok''' kepeng'' 'to steal money'
Examples of verbs that can be followed by a noun followed by a particle and another noun are:
* '''''manggule''' lauk untuk umak'' 'to add gulai to the fish for mother'
* '''''mengambikkan''' pau untuk si Asik'' 'to grab mango for Asik'
=== Adjectives ===
[[Adjective|Adjectives]] in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being followed by a noun, preceded by the affixes ''ta-'', ''sa-'', and ''-an'', or being followed by the particle ''bana'' 'very'.''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=29}}'' Adjectives in the Pesisir language can be divided into three categories: simple adjectives, which do not indicate comparison or excessiveness; [[Comparative adjective|comparative adjectives,]] which show comparison; and excessive (or superlative) adjectives, which indicate an exaggerated or excessive state. Comparative adjectives can be further divided into three subcategories: equal comparative adjectives, which express equality; more-than comparative adjectives, which indicate a higher degree; and most comparative adjectives, which express the highest degree.
Examples of simple adjectives are:
* ''pane'' 'hot'
* ''gaek'' 'old'
Examples of comparative adjectives are:
* ''sarancak'' 'as pretty as'
* ''lawean'' 'wider'
* ''tagadang'' 'largest'Examples of excessive adjectives are:
* ''kalitakkan'' 'too tired'
* ''karancakkan'' 'too beautiful due to excessive adornment or an overly elaborate way of dressing up'
=== Numerals ===
[[Numeral (linguistics)|Numerals]] are typically followed directly by nouns in the Pesisir language. Numerals are divided into three types: [[Cardinal number|cardinal numbers,]] [[Indefinite and fictitious numbers|indefinite numbers]], and [[Singulative number|collective numbers]].''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=31}}'' Examples of cardinal numbers are:
* ''satu'' 'one'
* ''duo'' 'two'
* ''limo'' bale 'fifteen'
Examples of indefinite numbers are:
* '''''sadonya''' urang '<nowiki/>''everyone'
* '''''banyak''' pelawik'' 'many seaman'
* '''''saketek''' lauk'' 'few fishes'
Examples of collective numbers are:
* '''''barampek''' pai'' 'four of them are going'
* '''''balimo''' bajalan'' 'five of them walking'
* '''''saincek-saincek''' pukkek 'one by one'<nowiki/>''
== Vocabulary ==
== References ==
<references />
== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Simorangkir |first1=Setiana |last2=Lubis |first2=Amir Husin |last3=Sihombing |first3=Heddina |last4=Silitonga |first4=Sortha |url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3611/1/Struktur%20Bahasa%20Pesisir%20Sibolga%20-93.pdf |title=Struktur Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga |publisher=Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture |year=1986 |location=Jakarta |language=id |trans-title=Structure of the Pesisir Language in Sibolga |ref={{sfnRef|Simorangkir et. al.|1986}}}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nasution|first1=Abdusima|url=https://repo.uinsyahada.ac.id/1386/2/Pesisr%20Barus_Abdusima%20%281%29%20REVISI.pdf|title=Pesisir Barus dalam perspektif sejarah dan budaya sejak klasik hingga kontemporer |publisher=Zahir Publishing |year=2021 |location=Yogyakarta|language=id |trans-title=The Pesisir Barus in Historical and Cultural Perspectives from Classical to Contemporary Eras |ref={{sfnRef|Nasution|2021}}}}
{{Minangkabau}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
[[Category:Minangkabau language]]
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Minangkabau]]
[[Category:Malayic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Sumatra]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -334,4 +334,23 @@
=== Numerals ===
+[[Numeral (linguistics)|Numerals]] are typically followed directly by nouns in the Pesisir language. Numerals are divided into three types: [[Cardinal number|cardinal numbers,]] [[Indefinite and fictitious numbers|indefinite numbers]], and [[Singulative number|collective numbers]].''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=31}}'' Examples of cardinal numbers are:
+
+* ''satu'' 'one'
+* ''duo'' 'two'
+* ''limo'' bale 'fifteen'
+
+Examples of indefinite numbers are:
+
+* '''''sadonya''' urang '<nowiki/>''everyone'
+* '''''banyak''' pelawik'' 'many seaman'
+* '''''saketek''' lauk'' 'few fishes'
+
+Examples of collective numbers are:
+
+* '''''barampek''' pai'' 'four of them are going'
+* '''''balimo''' bajalan'' 'five of them walking'
+* '''''saincek-saincek''' pukkek 'one by one'<nowiki/>''
+
+== Vocabulary ==
== References ==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 32575 |
Old page size (old_size) | 31781 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 794 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '[[Numeral (linguistics)|Numerals]] are typically followed directly by nouns in the Pesisir language. Numerals are divided into three types: [[Cardinal number|cardinal numbers,]] [[Indefinite and fictitious numbers|indefinite numbers]], and [[Singulative number|collective numbers]].''{{sfn|Simorangkir et. al.|1986|p=31}}'' Examples of cardinal numbers are:',
1 => '',
2 => '* ''satu'' 'one'',
3 => '* ''duo'' 'two'',
4 => '* ''limo'' bale 'fifteen'',
5 => '',
6 => 'Examples of indefinite numbers are:',
7 => '',
8 => '* '''''sadonya''' urang '<nowiki/>''everyone'',
9 => '* '''''banyak''' pelawik'' 'many seaman'',
10 => '* '''''saketek''' lauk'' 'few fishes'',
11 => '',
12 => 'Examples of collective numbers are:',
13 => '',
14 => '* '''''barampek''' pai'' 'four of them are going'',
15 => '* '''''balimo''' bajalan'' 'five of them walking'',
16 => '* '''''saincek-saincek''' pukkek 'one by one'<nowiki/>''',
17 => '',
18 => '== Vocabulary =='
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Under_construction plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="page is in the middle of an expansion or major revamping"><img alt="page is in the middle of an expansion or major revamping" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg/46px-Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg/70px-Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg/93px-Ambox_warning_blue_construction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="326" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>is in a state of significant expansion or restructuring.</b> You are welcome to assist in its construction by editing it as well. If this article or section <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=history">has not been edited in several days</a></span>, please remove this template.<br /><i>If you are the editor who added this template and you are actively editing, please be sure to replace this template with <code>{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:In_use" title="Template:In use">in use</a>}}</code> during the active editing session</i>. Click on the link for template parameters to use.
<span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="plainlinks">This article was <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&diff=cur">last edited</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/User:Cal1407" title="User:Cal1407">Cal1407</a> <span class="plainlinks">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/User_talk:Cal1407" title="User talk:Cal1407">talk</a> | <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:Contributions/Cal1407" title="Special:Contributions/Cal1407">contribs</a>)</span> 0 seconds ago. <i>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=purge">Update<span class="nowrap"> </span>timer</a>)</i></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Pesisir" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pesisir">Southern Pesisir</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Pesisir</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Minangkabau-language text"><i lang="min">Bahaso Pasisi</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Tapanuli_Regency" title="Central Tapanuli Regency">Central Tapanuli</a> and the coastal areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Tapanuli_Regency" title="South Tapanuli Regency">South Tapanuli</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_Natal_Regency" title="Mandailing Natal Regency">Mandailing Natal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Pesisir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">84,444 (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>
<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>disputed:<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Pesisir</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">
<ul><li>Barus</li>
<li>Sibolga</li>
<li>Singkuang</li>
<li>Sorkam</li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian alphabet">Indonesian alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pesisir.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pesisir.svg/320px-Pesisir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pesisir.svg/480px-Pesisir.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pesisir.svg/640px-Pesisir.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="40" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080ff; color:black;"> </span> Areas where Pesisir is spoken by the majority of the population</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#88c4ff; color:black;"> </span> Areas where Pesisir is spoken by a significant minority of the population</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style>
<p>The <b>Pesisir language</b> (Pesisir: <i>Bahaso Pasisi,</i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Bahasa Pesisir</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">coastal language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), is a dialect of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a> spoken by the Pesisir people, descendants of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> who migrated to Tapanuli in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a> and intermingled with other ethnic groups, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Bataknese</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pesisir people reside in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Tapanuli_Regency" title="Central Tapanuli Regency">Central Tapanuli</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a>, the coastal areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Tapanuli_Regency" title="South Tapanuli Regency">South Tapanuli</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_Natal_Regency" title="Mandailing Natal Regency">Mandailing Natal</a>, along the western coastline of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The history of this language began with the arrival of Minangkabau migrants from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, who came to trade along the northern west coast of Sumatra. These migrants then made contact with other ethnic groups, resulting in a linguistic acculturation with both languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Pesisir language shares similarities with the Pariaman dialect of Minangkabau and has also been influenced by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Pesisir language of Sibolga serves as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for the people of Sibolga and Central Tapanuli. The Pesisir language is used as a means of communication. In daily interactions, the Pesisir language plays an important role. This role can be seen in many aspects of their lives, such as activities in the market, greetings, working on the beach and at sea, visiting, joking, and playing. The use of the language in these aspects is not limited to certain groups but encompasses all members of society, from children to the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geographical_distribution_and_usage"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geographical distribution and usage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Diphthongs"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Diphthongs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Affixes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Affixes</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Prefixes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prefixes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Infixes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Infixes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Confixes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Confixes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Reduplication"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reduplication</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Compounds"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Compounds</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Nouns"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nouns</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Verbs"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Verbs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Adjectives"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Adjectives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Numerals"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Numerals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Vocabulary"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Vocabulary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Pesisir language is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic language</a>. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, Indonesia, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>, to the southernmost part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Malay is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family of languages, which includes languages from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, with a smaller number in continental <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, a geographic outlier spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a>. There are many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Pesisir language closely resembles the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a>, particularly the Pariaman dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexically, it shares about 70% to 80% of its vocabulary with standard Minangkabau, while only about 20% with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Toba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Toba language">Batak Toba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests that Pesisir and Minangkabau were once the same language but began to diverge around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Pesisir language has developed its own distinct features, influenced by interactions with other local languages such as Batak and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>. While most of the vocabularies in the Pesisir language are derived from standard Minangkabau, the intonation, rhythm, and stress of the language are more closely aligned with the Batak languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasution2021iii_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasution2021iii-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, due to these linguistic similarities, most studies still classify the Pesisir language as a dialect of Minangkabau, though some also consider it a dialect of Batak or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution_and_usage">Geographical distribution and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Pesisir language is predominantly spoken along the western coast of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, particularly in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Tapanuli_Regency" title="Central Tapanuli Regency">Central Tapanuli</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a>, and the coastal areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Tapanuli_Regency" title="South Tapanuli Regency">South Tapanuli</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_Natal_Regency" title="Mandailing Natal Regency">Mandailing Natal</a>. Its geographical range overlaps with that of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_Batak_language" title="Mandailing Batak language">Mandailing</a> languages, which are also widely spoken in these regions. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a>, the Pesisir language is more commonly used by the residents of South Sibolga and Sibolga Sambas. In these areas, the majority of the population consists of fishermen who use the Pesisir language in their daily lives. Meanwhile, in North Sibolga, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> is more predominantly spoken. In Sibolga Kota District, both languages are generally used, although <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is more commonly spoken. However, in general, the people of Sibolga are usually able to speak both the Pesisir language and Batak, in addition to Indonesian.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barus" title="Barus">Barus</a>, Central Tapanuli, it is common for locals to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switch</a> between the Pesisir language, Toba Batak, and Indonesian in the marketplace, adjusting to the language spoken by their customers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sibolga" title="Sibolga">Sibolga</a> and the surrounding regions, the Pesisir language holds a vital role in everyday social interactions, evident across numerous aspects of community life. This widespread use reflects the language's importance in maintaining social cohesion and cultural identity within the Pesisir community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19865_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19865-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Pesisir people are bilingual, fluent in both the Pesisir language and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some areas, young students—typically up to grade three—are also taught in the local language. However, Indonesian remains the primary medium of instruction in education and is widely used for official matters. In Sibolga, no schools currently use the Pesisir language as a medium of instruction, whether in spoken or written form. The lack of educational materials, such as books and other learning resources in the Pesisir language, is a significant barrier. This situation is closely linked to the limited number of teachers and students proficient in the Pesisir language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19865_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19865-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There are no official statistics on the number of dialects in the Pesisir language. However, studies suggest the existence of four distinct dialects: Barus, Sibolga, Singkuang and Sorkam.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences between these dialects primarily lie in their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, while their grammar and lexicon remain largely identical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the word <i>head</i> is pronounced as <i>kapalo</i> in the Barus and Sibolga dialects, whereas in the Singkuang dialect, it is pronounced as <i>kepalo</i>. The Sibolga dialect is widely regarded as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prestige_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige variety">prestige variety</a> of the Pesisir language due to its extensive documentation, frequent use in formal settings, and active promotion in both academic and cultural contexts.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Like many other regional languages in Indonesia, the Pesisir language lacks a standardized phonological system. However, some of the phonological system designed for the Pesisir language is loosely inspired by standard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> phonology used in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, which itself is influenced by standard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian orthography</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Like standard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, the Pesisir language features only five <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>: /a, e, i, o, u/. The key distinction is that the vowel /a/ is an open-central vowel in standard Minangkabau, whereas it is an open-front vowel in the Pesisir language.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19868_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19868-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Pesisir languge has 19 different <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>, similar to standard Minangkabau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198610_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198610-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2">
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a>
</p>
</th>
<th><small>voiceless</small>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><small>voiced</small>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Notes:</b>
</p><p>In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span></li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span></li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span></li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span></li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span></li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>The Pesisir language features twelve <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, typically found at the end of words: /ai̯/, /au̯/, /ae̯/, /iu̯/, /ia̯/, /uo̯/, /ua̯/, /ei̯/, /io̯/, /eo̯/, /ie̯/ and /ui̯/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198620_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198620-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below:
</p>
<ul><li>/ai̯/: /lai̯/ 'sail'</li>
<li>/au̯/: /pau̯/ 'mango'</li>
<li>/ae̯/: /gae̯k/ 'old'</li>
<li>/iu̯/: /maliu̯k/ 'to curve'</li>
<li>/ia̯/: /sia̯po/ 'who'</li></ul>
<ul><li>/uo̯/: /juo̯/ 'also'</li></ul>
<ul><li>/ua̯/:/alua̯n/ 'direction'</li>
<li>/ei̯/: /badarei̯/ 'to laugh out loud'</li>
<li>/io̯/: /satio̯/ 'every'</li>
<li>/eo̯/: /maleo̯leo̯/ 'to sweep a woman's long hair'</li>
<li>/ie̯/: /malie̯k/ 'to see'</li>
<li>/ui̯/: /putui̯/ 'detach'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Like many other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">languages in Indonesia</a>, the Pesisir language exhibits agglutinative characteristics, forming words through linear sequences of morphemes. Its sentence structure generally follows a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Subject–verb–object word order">subject-verb-object</a> (SVO) order, a pattern commonly observed in many Indonesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are some notable exceptions, the grammar structure of the Pesisir language shares many similarities with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixes">Affixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>There are three types of affixes in the Pesisir language, namely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, and confixes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198633_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198633-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word, suffixes to the end, and confixes combine elements at both the beginning and end.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefixes">Prefixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Example of prefixes commonly found in the Pesisir language are <i>ma-, pa-, ta-, di-, ba-,</i> and <i>sa-.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198633_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198633-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>
</p><p>The prefix <i>ma-</i> has five forms: <i>ma-</i>, <i>man-</i>, <i>mang-</i>, <i>mam-</i>, and <i>many-</i>. The function of the prefix <i>ma-</i> is to activate verbs in declarative sentences or to transform nouns into verbs. The meaning of the prefix <i>ma-</i> is "to perform an action" or "to perform an action using a tool." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>ma-</i> + <i>nangi</i> 'cry' → <i>manangi</i> 'to cry'</li>
<li><i>ma-</i> + <i>nyimak</i> 'observe' → <i>manyimak</i> 'to observe'</li>
<li><i>ma-</i> + <i>sapu</i> 'broom' → <i>manyapu</i> 'to sweep'</li>
<li><i>ma-</i> + <i>jaring</i> 'net' → <i>manjaring</i> 'to catch with a net'</li></ul>
<p>The prefix <i>ba-</i> has two forms: <i>ba-</i> and <i>bar-</i>. The function of the prefix <i>ba-</i> is to transform nouns into verbs, make verbs intransitive, or modify numeral types. The meaning of the prefix <i>ba-</i> includes "to have," "to perform an action," "to use a title or form of address," or "to indicate unity (togetherness)." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>ba-</i> + <i>panyakkik</i> 'sickness' → <i>bapanyakkik</i> 'to have sickness'</li>
<li><i>ba-</i> + <i>cakkak</i> 'quarrel' → <i>bacakkak</i> 'to quarrel'</li>
<li><i>ba-</i> + <i>judi</i> 'gambling' → <i>bajudi</i> 'to gamble'</li>
<li><i>ba-</i> + <i>limo</i> 'five' → <i>balimo</i> 'to be in a group of fives'</li></ul>
<p>The prefix <i>pa-</i> has the forms <i>pa-</i>, <i>pan-</i>, <i>pam-</i>, <i>pang-</i>, and <i>pany-</i>. The function of the prefix <i>pa-</i> is to transform verbs into nouns or to modify the type of noun. The meaning of the prefix <i>pa-</i> is to indicate "having a characteristic," to refer to "a person who (likes to) perform an action," to describe "a person who performs an action using something," or to refer to "a person whose job is related to or involves taking something." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>pa-</i> + <i>cilo</i> 'rob' → <i>pacilo</i> 'robber'</li>
<li><i>pa-</i> + <i>minum</i> 'drink' → <i>paminum</i> 'drinker'</li>
<li><i>pa-</i> + <i>gigik</i> 'bite' → <i>pangigik</i> 'biter'</li>
<li><i>pa-</i> + <i>lawik</i> 'sea' → <i>palawik</i> 'sea man'</li></ul>
<p>The prefix <i>ta-</i> has two forms: <i>ta-</i> and <i>tar-</i>. The function of the prefix <i>ta-</i> is to make verbs passive, modify the meaning of intransitive verbs, or indicate adjectives. The meaning of the prefix <i>ta-</i> conveys "can" or "inadvertently," performing an action unconsciously or involuntarily, or "the most." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>ta-</i> + <i>makkan</i> 'eat' → <i>tamakkan</i> 'to be eaten by accident'</li>
<li><i>ta-</i> + <i>cari</i> 'find' → <i>tacari</i> 'can be found'</li>
<li><i>ta-</i> + <i>tenggi</i> 'high' → <i>tatenggi</i> 'highest'</li>
<li><i>ta-</i> + <i>lamo</i> 'long (time)' → <i>talamo</i> 'longest (time)'</li></ul>
<p>The prefix <i>di-</i> has only one form: <i>di-</i>. The function of the prefix <i>di-</i> is to make verbs passive. Its meaning is "to be subjected to an action." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>di-</i> + <i>tulak</i> 'reject' → <i>ditulak</i> 'to be rejected'</li>
<li><i>di-</i> + <i>basu</i> 'wash' → <i>dibasu</i> 'to be washed'</li>
<li><i>di-</i> + <i>pujuk</i> 'persuade' → <i>dipujuk</i> 'to be persuaded'</li>
<li><i>di-</i> + <i>bai</i> 'pay' → <i>dibai</i> 'to be paid'The prefix <i>sa-</i> has only one form: <i>sa-</i>. The function of the prefix <i>sa-</i> is to indicate adjectives or to express quantity. Its meaning conveys "the same as what is stated in the root form" or "one." For example:</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>sa-</i> + <i>singkek</i> 'brief' → <i>sasingkek</i> 'as brief as'</li>
<li><i>sa-</i> + <i>lungga</i> 'loose' → <i>salungga</i> 'as loose as'</li>
<li><i>sa-</i> + <i>debak</i> 'part' → <i>sadebak</i> 'a part'</li>
<li><i>sa-</i> + <i>ruma</i> 'house' → <i>saruma</i> 'the whole house'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infixes">Infixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Infixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>In the Pesisir language, there are three suffixes: <i>-i</i>, <i>-an</i>, and <i>-kan</i>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198639_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198639-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>
</p><p>The suffix <i>-i</i> has only one form: <i>-i</i>. The function of the suffix <i>-i</i> is to transform nouns into verbs or to form repetitive verbs. Its meaning is "to give or apply" or to indicate repetition. For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>surat</i> 'letter' + <i>-i → surati</i> 'to send letter'</li>
<li><i>gula</i> 'sugar' + <i>-i → gulai</i> 'to add sugar'</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>ampok</i> 'hit' + <i>-i → ampokki</i> 'to hit multiple times'</li>
<li><i>saikkekk</i> 'comb' + <i>-i → saikkeki</i> 'to comb repeatedly'</li></ul>
<p>The suffix <i>-an</i> has the forms <i>-an</i>, <i>-kan</i>, and <i>-ran</i>. The function of the suffix <i>-an</i> is to transform verbs into nouns. Its meaning indicates "the one who is subjected to the action." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>bacca</i> 'to read' + <i>-an → baccaan</i> 'reading materials'</li>
<li><i>baris</i> 'to line up' + <i>-an → barisan</i> 'line'</li>
<li><i>bali</i> 'to buy' + <i>-an → balian</i> 'bought goods'</li>
<li><i>masak</i> 'to cook' + <i>-an → masakan</i> 'cooked food'</li></ul>
<p>The suffix <i>-kan</i> has only one form: <i>-kan</i>. The function of the suffix <i>-kan</i> is to form benefactive transitive verbs. Its meaning expresses "an order or a request. For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>juak</i> 'to sell' + <i>-kan → juakan</i> 'sell it'</li>
<li><i>baok</i> 'to bring' + <i>-kan → baokan</i> 'bring it'</li>
<li><i>cangkuk</i> 'hoe' + <i>-kan → cangkukan</i> 'dig it (using hoe)'</li>
<li><i>suok</i> 'to feed' + <i>-kan → suokkan</i> 'feed it'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confixes">Confixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Confixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>There are four confixes in the Pesisir language, namely: <i>ka-...-an</i>, <i>di-...-an</i>, <i>pa-...-an</i>, and <i>basi-...-an</i>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198641_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198641-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>
</p><p>The confix <i>ka-...-an</i> has the forms <i>ka-...-kan</i>, <i>ka-...-an</i>, and <i>ka-...-ran</i>. Its functions include transforming verbs into passive verbs, turning nouns into passive verbs, changing the type of adjective, or forming abstract nouns. The meaning of <i>ka-...-an</i> indicates "subjected to an action," "too (very)," or "state/condition." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>ka-</i> + <i>ujan</i> 'rain' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ kaujanan</i> 'to get caught in the rain'</li>
<li><i>ka-</i> + <i>siang</i> 'noon' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ kasiangan</i> 'too noon (oversleep)'</li>
<li><i>ka-</i> + <i>manjo</i> 'spoil' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ kamanjoan</i> 'too spoiled'</li>
<li><i>ka-</i> + <i>barani</i> 'brave' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ kabaranian</i> 'braveness'</li></ul>
<p>The confix <i>pa-...-an</i> has the forms <i>pa-...-an</i>, <i>pan-...-an</i>, <i>pang-...-an</i>, <i>pany-...-an</i>, and <i>pam-...-an</i>. Its function is to change the meaning of nouns and transform verbs into nouns. The meaning of <i>pa-...-an</i> indicates "a place where something is obtained, done, or used." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>pa-</i> + <i>mandi</i> 'bath' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ pamandian</i> 'bathing place'</li>
<li><i>pa-</i> + <i>goreng</i> 'fry' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ panggorengan</i> 'frying place'</li>
<li><i>pa-</i> + <i>suo</i> 'meet' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ pansuoan</i> 'meeting place'</li>
<li><i>pa-</i> + <i>ambik</i> 'take' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ pangambikan</i> 'pickup place'</li></ul>
<p>The confix <i>basi-...-an</i> has the forms <i>basi-...-an</i> and <i>basi-...-kan</i>. Its function is to form reciprocal verbs. The meaning of <i>basi-...-an</i> is "mutual" or "each other." For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>basi-</i> + <i>tenju</i> 'punch' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ basitenjuan</i> 'to punch each other'</li>
<li><i>basi-</i> + <i>kajar</i> 'chase' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ basikajaran</i> 'to chase one other'</li>
<li><i>basi-</i> + <i>tundo</i> 'push' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ basitundoan</i> 'to push one other'</li>
<li><i>basi-</i> + <i>lanting</i> 'throw' + <i>-an</i> <i>→ basilantingan</i> 'to throw one other'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> in the Pesisir language consists of two parts: base word reduplication and affixed word reduplication.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198643_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198643-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>
</p><p>Base word reduplication does not involve any change in the word form. The purpose of base word reduplication is to modify the meaning of the word. It signifies pluralization when the base word is a noun and conveys "carrying out an action in a relaxed manner" when the base word is a verb. For example:
</p>
<ul><li><i>rajo</i> 'king' <i>→ rajo-rajo</i> 'kings'</li>
<li><i>ula</i> 'snake' <i>→ ula-ula</i> 'snakes'</li>
<li><i>golek</i> 'lie' <i>→ golek-golek</i> 'lying relaxingly'</li>
<li><i>makkan</i> 'eat' <i>→ makkan-makkan</i> 'eating relaxingly'</li></ul>
<p>Affixed word reduplication serves various functions and carries different meanings depending on the affixes applied. For instance, reduplication with the prefix <i>ma-</i> functions to form verbs from nouns or modify the meaning of verbs. This type of reduplication conveys meanings such as "performing an action in a way that pleases the doer" or "carrying out an action playfully." Similarly, reduplication with the prefix <i>ba-</i> functions to make verbs intransitive, create repetitive verbs, or alter the meaning of adjectives. The meanings associated with this reduplication include "using as a form of address or utilizing," "performing actions repeatedly," or "very." Examples include:
</p>
<ul><li><i>goreng</i> 'to fry' <i>→ menggoreng-goreng</i> 'frying not in a serious manner'</li>
<li><i>sapu</i> 'broom' <i>→ menyapu-nyapu</i> 'sweeping not in a serious manner'</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>camin</i> 'mirror' <i>→ bacamin-camin</i> 'to look at the mirror repetitively'</li>
<li><i>darei</i> 'noisy' <i>→ badarei-darei</i> 'very noisy'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compound words</a> in the Pesisir language can be analyzed from two perspectives: their constituent elements and the meaning they convey.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198646_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198646-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The constituent elements of compound words in the Pesisir language are divided into three types: adjective + noun, verb + noun, and verb + verb. The meaning of compound words is often figurative, although in some cases, the meaning can still be derived from the individual elements that compose them. Example of compounds are:
</p>
<ul><li><i>gadang</i> 'big' + <i>sarawa</i> 'pants' <i>→ gadang sarawa</i> '</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>tagak</i> 'upright' + <i>duduk</i> 'sit' <i>→ tagak duduk</i> 'very nervous'</li>
<li><i>pata</i> 'broken' + <i>tabu</i> 'sugar cane' <i>→ pata tabu</i> 'completely broken'</li>
<li><i>makkan</i> 'eat' + <i>tidu</i> 'sleep' <i>→ makkan tidu</i> 'jobless'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> 'in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being formed using affixes <i>-an</i>, <i>ka-...-an</i>, and <i>pa-...-an</i>, being pluralized through reduplication, being followed by demonstrative pronouns, being replaced by interrogative pronouns, or being preceded by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198626_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198626-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Nouns can be classified into two categories: countable and uncountable. Countable nouns often require specific classifiers or measuring words depending on the context. For example, <i>urang</i> 'person' is used for people, <i>ikku</i> 'tail' for animals, and <i>bijo</i> 'fruit' for objects like fruits, among others.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198627_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198627-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Examples are:
</p>
<ul><li><i>tigo urang <b>upahan</b></i> 'three labors'</li>
<li><i>limo urang <b>pancilok</b></i> 'five thieves'</li>
<li><i>ampek bijo <b>pau</b></i> 'four mangoes'</li>
<li><i>sapulu ikku <b>lauk</b></i> 'ten fishes'</li></ul>
<p>Examples of uncountable nouns are:
</p>
<ul><li><i>ai</i> 'water'</li>
<li><i>kabuk</i> 'fog'</li>
<li><i>rambuk</i> 'hair'</li>
<li><i>karancakkan</i> 'beautiness'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being able to be prefixed with <i>ma-</i> or <i>ba-</i> or suffixed with <i>-kan</i> and <i>-i</i>, and they can be made <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> with the prefixes <i>di-</i> and <i>ta-.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198628_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198628-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Verbs can be divided into three categories: verbs that cannot be followed by nouns, verbs that can be followed by a single noun, and verbs that can be followed by a noun followed by a particle and another noun. Example of verbs that cannot be followed by nouns are:
</p>
<ul><li><i>datang</i> 'to come'</li>
<li><i>bajalan</i> 'to walk'</li>
<li><i>pai</i> 'to go'</li></ul>
<p>Examples of verbs that can be followed by a single noun are:
</p>
<ul><li><i><b>menanti</b> gandak</i> 'to wait for lover'</li>
<li><i><b>mambahei</b> batu</i> 'to throw rocks'</li>
<li><i><b>mancilok</b> kepeng</i> 'to steal money'</li></ul>
<p>Examples of verbs that can be followed by a noun followed by a particle and another noun are:
</p>
<ul><li><i><b>manggule</b> lauk untuk umak</i> 'to add gulai to the fish for mother'</li>
<li><i><b>mengambikkan</b> pau untuk si Asik</i> 'to grab mango for Asik'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> in the Pesisir language have several characteristics, such as being followed by a noun, preceded by the affixes <i>ta-</i>, <i>sa-</i>, and <i>-an</i>, or being followed by the particle <i>bana</i> 'very'.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198629_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198629-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Adjectives in the Pesisir language can be divided into three categories: simple adjectives, which do not indicate comparison or excessiveness; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comparative_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative adjective">comparative adjectives,</a> which show comparison; and excessive (or superlative) adjectives, which indicate an exaggerated or excessive state. Comparative adjectives can be further divided into three subcategories: equal comparative adjectives, which express equality; more-than comparative adjectives, which indicate a higher degree; and most comparative adjectives, which express the highest degree.
</p><p>Examples of simple adjectives are:
</p>
<ul><li><i>pane</i> 'hot'</li>
<li><i>gaek</i> 'old'</li></ul>
<p>Examples of comparative adjectives are:
</p>
<ul><li><i>sarancak</i> 'as pretty as'</li>
<li><i>lawean</i> 'wider'</li>
<li><i>tagadang</i> 'largest'Examples of excessive adjectives are:</li></ul>
<ul><li><i>kalitakkan</i> 'too tired'</li>
<li><i>karancakkan</i> 'too beautiful due to excessive adornment or an overly elaborate way of dressing up'</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">Numerals</a> are typically followed directly by nouns in the Pesisir language. Numerals are divided into three types: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cardinal_number" title="Cardinal number">cardinal numbers,</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indefinite_and_fictitious_numbers" title="Indefinite and fictitious numbers">indefinite numbers</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">collective numbers</a>.<i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198631_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198631-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Examples of cardinal numbers are:
</p>
<ul><li><i>satu</i> 'one'</li>
<li><i>duo</i> 'two'</li>
<li><i>limo</i> bale 'fifteen'</li></ul>
<p>Examples of indefinite numbers are:
</p>
<ul><li><i><b>sadonya</b> urang '</i>everyone'</li>
<li><i><b>banyak</b> pelawik</i> 'many seaman'</li>
<li><i><b>saketek</b> lauk</i> 'few fishes'</li></ul>
<p>Examples of collective numbers are:
</p>
<ul><li><i><b>barampek</b> pai</i> 'four of them are going'</li>
<li><i><b>balimo</b> bajalan</i> 'five of them walking'</li>
<li><i><b>saincek-saincek</b> pukkek 'one by one'</i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarbun2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marbun, Arfiyah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/225827743.pdf"><i>Perbandingan Bahasa Daerah Sibolga dengan Bahasa Indonesia di dalam Tataran Fonologi</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Medan: Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Perbandingan+Bahasa+Daerah+Sibolga+dengan+Bahasa+Indonesia+di+dalam+Tataran+Fonologi&rft.inst=Universitas+Muhammadiyah+Sumatera+Utara&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Marbun&rft.aufirst=Arfiyah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F225827743.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatmawaty2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fatmawaty, Rindu (24 Sep 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/996004/asal-usul-bahasa-pesisir-sibolga">"Asal Usul Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">Radio Republik Indonesia</a></i> (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Republik+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Asal+Usul+Bahasa+Pesisir+Sibolga&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft.aulast=Fatmawaty&rft.aufirst=Rindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rri.co.id%2Fdaerah%2F996004%2Fasal-usul-bahasa-pesisir-sibolga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAisyahWidayati2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aisyah, Siti; Widayati, Dwi (2022-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id/index.php/Aksara/article/view/1494">"Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa Pesisir Pasar, Kampung, dan Sorkam (Kajian Linguistik Historis Komparatif)"</a>. <i>Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 2367. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37905%2Faksara.8.3.2367-2376.2022">10.37905/aksara.8.3.2367-2376.2022</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2721-7310">2721-7310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aksara%3A+Jurnal+Ilmu+Pendidikan+Nonformal&rft.atitle=Hubungan+Kekerabatan+Bahasa+Pesisir+Pasar%2C+Kampung%2C+dan+Sorkam+%28Kajian+Linguistik+Historis+Komparatif%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2367&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37905%2Faksara.8.3.2367-2376.2022&rft.issn=2721-7310&rft.aulast=Aisyah&rft.aufirst=Siti&rft.au=Widayati%2C+Dwi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejurnal.pps.ung.ac.id%2Findex.php%2FAksara%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimatupang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Simatupang, Irfan (2022-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.unimal.ac.id/index.php/AAJ/article/view/6866">"Eksistensi Masyarakat Pesisir di Sibolga: Studi Etnografi Tentang Keberadaan Etnis Pesisir di Sibolga"</a>. <i>Aceh Anthropological Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 96. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29103%2Faaj.v6i2.6866">10.29103/aaj.v6i2.6866</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2746-0436">2746-0436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aceh+Anthropological+Journal&rft.atitle=Eksistensi+Masyarakat+Pesisir+di+Sibolga%3A+Studi+Etnografi+Tentang+Keberadaan+Etnis+Pesisir+di+Sibolga&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2022-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29103%2Faaj.v6i2.6866&rft.issn=2746-0436&rft.aulast=Simatupang&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.unimal.ac.id%2Findex.php%2FAAJ%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyafitri2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Syafitri, Febriyanti (2021-02-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/23">"Interferensi Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah pada Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Darur Rachmad Sibolga Sibolga Kajian Fonologi"</a>. <i>Jurnal Basasasindo</i> (in Indonesian). <b>1</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2775-4693">2775-4693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Basasasindo&rft.atitle=Interferensi+Bahasa+Pesisir+Sibolga+Tapanuli+Tengah+pada+Karangan+Narasi+Siswa+Kelas+X+Madrasah+Aliyah+Darur+Rachmad+Sibolga+Sibolga+Kajian+Fonologi&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft.issn=2775-4693&rft.aulast=Syafitri&rft.aufirst=Febriyanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fbasasasindo%2Farticle%2Fview%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaarHimmelmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71"><i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136755095" title="Special:BookSources/9781136755095"><bdi>9781136755095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.isbn=9781136755095&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rft.au=Himmelmann%2C+Nikolaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtWdhQ7vc6kC%26q%3DIndonesian%2BMalaysian%2BMalay%2Bdifferences%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarihoranWidayati2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tarihoran, Rezky Khoirina; Widayati, Dwi (2022-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/5815/pdf">"Lexicostatistics of Toba Language, Sibolga Language, and Minangkabau Language"</a>. <i>Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal)</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 18318–18328. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2615-3076">2615-3076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Budapest+International+Research+and+Critics+Institute-Journal+%28BIRCI-Journal%29&rft.atitle=Lexicostatistics+of+Toba+Language%2C+Sibolga+Language%2C+and+Minangkabau+Language&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18318-18328&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft.issn=2615-3076&rft.aulast=Tarihoran&rft.aufirst=Rezky+Khoirina&rft.au=Widayati%2C+Dwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bircu-journal.com%2Findex.php%2Fbirci%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5815%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasution2021iii-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasution2021iii_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasution2021">Nasution 2021</a>, p. iii.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutagalungSiboroHutagaol2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hutagalung, Rut Hotmaida; Siboro, Hensani Br; Hutagaol, Merina (2023-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/1919">"Valensi Verba Bahasa Batak Pesisir Dialek Sibolga Tapanuli Tengah"</a>. <i>Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 13848–13855. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2807-4238">2807-4238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innovative%3A+Journal+of+Social+Science+Research&rft.atitle=Valensi+Verba+Bahasa+Batak+Pesisir+Dialek+Sibolga+Tapanuli+Tengah&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13848-13855&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.issn=2807-4238&rft.aulast=Hutagalung&rft.aufirst=Rut+Hotmaida&rft.au=Siboro%2C+Hensani+Br&rft.au=Hutagaol%2C+Merina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fj-innovative.org%2Findex.php%2FInnovative%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPramuniatiMahriyuniSyarfina2024" class="citation journal cs1">Pramuniati, Isda; Mahriyuni, Mahriyuni; Syarfina, Tengku (2024-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalliteglobal.com/advanced-humanities/article/view/1390">"The vitality of Malay Language in North Sumatera, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Research Journal in Advanced Humanities</i>. <b>5</b> (1). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58256%2Fh2vqkg98">10.58256/h2vqkg98</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2708-5953">2708-5953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Journal+in+Advanced+Humanities&rft.atitle=The+vitality+of+Malay+Language+in+North+Sumatera%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58256%2Fh2vqkg98&rft.issn=2708-5953&rft.aulast=Pramuniati&rft.aufirst=Isda&rft.au=Mahriyuni%2C+Mahriyuni&rft.au=Syarfina%2C+Tengku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalliteglobal.com%2Fadvanced-humanities%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simanjuntak, Revonita (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id/index.php/basasasindo/article/view/1367">"Penggunaan Campur Kode pada Proses Jual Beli di Pasar Barus Kecamatan Barus Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah"</a>. <i>Jurnal Basasindo</i> (in Indonesian). <b>4</b> (1). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2775-4693">2775-4693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Basasindo&rft.atitle=Penggunaan+Campur+Kode+pada+Proses+Jual+Beli+di+Pasar+Barus+Kecamatan+Barus+Kabupaten+Tapanuli+Tengah&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=2775-4693&rft.aulast=Simanjuntak&rft.aufirst=Revonita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjurnal.spada.ipts.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fbasasasindo%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19865-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19865_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19865_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 5.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanggabean2021" class="citation journal cs1">Panggabean, Juli Indah (2021-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iocscience.org/ejournal/index.php/geneus/article/view/2163">"Maintaining Marine Lexicon in Coastal Language Sibolga, Pondok Batu Village, Sarudik District, Ecolinguistic Studies"</a>. <i>L'Geneus : The Journal Language Generations of Intellectual Society</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 87–93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35335%2Fgeneus.v10i3.2163">10.35335/geneus.v10i3.2163</a> (inactive 2024-11-17). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2746-4024">2746-4024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Geneus+%3A+The+Journal+Language+Generations+of+Intellectual+Society&rft.atitle=Maintaining+Marine+Lexicon+in+Coastal+Language+Sibolga%2C+Pondok+Batu+Village%2C+Sarudik+District%2C+Ecolinguistic+Studies&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=87-93&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35335%2Fgeneus.v10i3.2163&rft.issn=2746-4024&rft.aulast=Panggabean&rft.aufirst=Juli+Indah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiocscience.org%2Fejournal%2Findex.php%2Fgeneus%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSihotangWidayatiDardanila2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sihotang, Suci Audina; Widayati, Dwi; Dardanila, Dardanila (2022-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/4215">"The Kinship of Pesisir Barus, Pesisir Singkuang and Batak Toba Languages"</a>. <i>Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal)</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 5148–5164. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33258%2Fbirci.v5i1.4215">10.33258/birci.v5i1.4215</a> (inactive 2024-11-17). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2615-3076">2615-3076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Budapest+International+Research+and+Critics+Institute-Journal+%28BIRCI-Journal%29&rft.atitle=The+Kinship+of+Pesisir+Barus%2C+Pesisir+Singkuang+and+Batak+Toba+Languages&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5148-5164&rft.date=2022-02-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33258%2Fbirci.v5i1.4215&rft.issn=2615-3076&rft.aulast=Sihotang&rft.aufirst=Suci+Audina&rft.au=Widayati%2C+Dwi&rft.au=Dardanila%2C+Dardanila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbircu-journal.com%2Findex.php%2Fbirci%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyubHusinMuhardiUsman1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayub, Asni; Husin, Nurzuir; Muhardi; Usman, Amir Hakim; Yasin, Anas (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/28114/2/TATA%20BAHASA%20MINANGKABAU.pdf"><i>Tata Bahasa Minangkabau</i></a> [<i>Grammar of the Minangkabau language</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tata+Bahasa+Minangkabau&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Language+Development+and+Cultivation+Center%2C+Department+of+Education+and+Culture&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ayub&rft.aufirst=Asni&rft.au=Husin%2C+Nurzuir&rft.au=Muhardi&rft.au=Usman%2C+Amir+Hakim&rft.au=Yasin%2C+Anas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F28114%2F2%2FTATA%2520BAHASA%2520MINANGKABAU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19868-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.19868_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198610-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198610_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198620-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198620_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezekiMulyadi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rezeki, Tri Indah; Mulyadi (2024-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/jldl/article/view/9489">"A Typology Linguistic Study: Is the Sibolga Coastal Dialect Ergative?"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Development and Linguistics</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 89–108. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55927%2Fjldl.v3i2.9489">10.55927/jldl.v3i2.9489</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2962-6528">2962-6528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Development+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Typology+Linguistic+Study%3A+Is+the+Sibolga+Coastal+Dialect+Ergative%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-108&rft.date=2024-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55927%2Fjldl.v3i2.9489&rft.issn=2962-6528&rft.aulast=Rezeki&rft.aufirst=Tri+Indah&rft.au=Mulyadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.formosapublisher.org%2Findex.php%2Fjldl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198633-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198633_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198633_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198639-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198639_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198641-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198641_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198643-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198643_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198646-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198646_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 46.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198626-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198626_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198627-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198627_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198628-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198628_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198629-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198629_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198631-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimorangkir_et._al.198631_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986">Simorangkir et. al. 1986</a>, p. 31.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pesisir_Minangkabau&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimorangkir_et._al.1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simorangkir, Setiana; Lubis, Amir Husin; Sihombing, Heddina; Silitonga, Sortha (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3611/1/Struktur%20Bahasa%20Pesisir%20Sibolga%20-93.pdf"><i>Struktur Bahasa Pesisir Sibolga</i></a> [<i>Structure of the Pesisir Language in Sibolga</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struktur+Bahasa+Pesisir+Sibolga&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Language+Development+and+Cultivation+Center%2C+Department+of+Education+and+Culture&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Simorangkir&rft.aufirst=Setiana&rft.au=Lubis%2C+Amir+Husin&rft.au=Sihombing%2C+Heddina&rft.au=Silitonga%2C+Sortha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3611%2F1%2FStruktur%2520Bahasa%2520Pesisir%2520Sibolga%2520-93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasution2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nasution, Abdusima (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repo.uinsyahada.ac.id/1386/2/Pesisr%20Barus_Abdusima%20%281%29%20REVISI.pdf"><i>Pesisir Barus dalam perspektif sejarah dan budaya sejak klasik hingga kontemporer</i></a> [<i>The Pesisir Barus in Historical and Cultural Perspectives from Classical to Contemporary Eras</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Zahir Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pesisir+Barus+dalam+perspektif+sejarah+dan+budaya+sejak+klasik+hingga+kontemporer&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Zahir+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Nasution&rft.aufirst=Abdusima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepo.uinsyahada.ac.id%2F1386%2F2%2FPesisr%2520Barus_Abdusima%2520%25281%2529%2520REVISI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APesisir+Minangkabau" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minangkabau" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Minangkabau" title="Template:Minangkabau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Minangkabau" title="Template talk:Minangkabau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minangkabau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minangkabau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minangkabau" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands" title="Minangkabau Highlands">Minangkabau homelands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overseas_Minangkabau" title="Overseas Minangkabau">Minangkabau diaspora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau Malaysians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">The formation of Negeri Sembilan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia">The role of Minangkabau in PRRI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_culture" title="Minangkabau culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_(legend)" title="Minangkabau (legend)">etymology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malin_Kundang" title="Malin Kundang">Malin Kundang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabai_Nan_Aluih" title="Sabai Nan Aluih">Sabai Nan Aluih</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_marriage" title="Minangkabau marriage">Minangkabau marriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangkabau cuisine">Minangkabau cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makan_bajamba" title="Makan bajamba">Makan bajamba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_music" title="Minangkabau music">Minangkabau music</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">Rabab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saluang" title="Saluang">Saluang/Minangkabau Ney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">Talempong/Caklempong</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Minangkabau dance
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Candle_dance" title="Candle dance">Lilin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piring_dance" title="Piring dance">Piring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indang_(dance)" title="Indang (dance)">Indang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasambahan_dance" title="Pasambahan dance">Pasambahan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_businesspeople" title="Minangkabau businesspeople">Minangkabau merchants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randai" title="Randai">Randai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">Silek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Songket_Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Songket Minangkabau">Songket Minangkabau</a></li>
<li>Minangkabau architecture
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumah_gadang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah gadang">Rumah gadang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rangkiang" title="Rangkiang">Rangkiang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balairung" title="Balairung">Balairung</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">Pantun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagari_(settlement)" title="Nagari (settlement)">Nagari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubalang" title="Dubalang">Dubalang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra" title="Islam in West Sumatra">Islam in West Sumatra</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Minangkabau_clans" title="List of Minangkabau clans">Tribes and clans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_clans" title="Minangkabau clans">Minangkabau clans</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adat_perpatih" title="Adat perpatih">Bodi-Chaniago system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Adat_katumanggungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adat katumanggungan (page does not exist)">Koto-Piliang system</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakai_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_Culture_Documentation_and_Information_Center" title="Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center">Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adityawarman_Museum" title="Adityawarman Museum">Adityawarman Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orkes_Gumarang" title="Orkes Gumarang">Orkes Gumarang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Minangkabau" title="Category:Minangkabau">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian languages">Western Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></b>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Slang</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bakongan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakongan language (page does not exist)">Bakongan</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Anambas-Natuna Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacan_Malay" title="Bacan Malay">Bacan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bali_Aga_Balinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Aga Balinese (page does not exist)">Bali Aga</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusa_Penida_Balinese" title="Nusa Penida Balinese">Nusa Penida</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjarese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Batubara_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batubara Malay (page does not exist)">Batubara Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belitung_Malay" title="Belitung Malay">Belitung Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Besemah_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemah language (page does not exist)">Besemah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bukit_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit language (page does not exist)">Bukit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Deli_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Malay (page does not exist)">Deli Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enim language">Enim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Jaring Halus Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kapuas_Hulu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapuas Hulu Malay (page does not exist)">Kapuas Hulu Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kayong_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayong Malay (page does not exist)">Kayong Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ketapang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketapang Malay (page does not exist)">Ketapang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kotawaringin_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotawaringin Malay (page does not exist)">Kotawaringin Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kualuh_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualuh Malay (page does not exist)">Kualuh Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutainese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kota_Bangun_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Bangun Kutainese (page does not exist)">Kota Bangun</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tenggarong_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggarong Kutainese (page does not exist)">Tenggarong</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Landak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landak Malay (page does not exist)">Landak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay (page does not exist)">Langkat Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sapudi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapudi language (page does not exist)">Sapudi</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jamee_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamee language (page does not exist)">Jamee </a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kampar_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampar language (page does not exist)">Kampar</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kuantan_language_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantan language (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Kuantan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mukomuko_language" title="Mukomuko language">Mukomuko</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pesisir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesisir language">Pesisir</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Melawi_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melawi Malay (page does not exist)">Melawi Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mempawah_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mempawah Malay (page does not exist)">Mempawah Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lematang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lematang language">Lematang</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penesak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penesak language">Penesak</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Penukal_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penukal language (page does not exist)">Penukal</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawas language">Rawas</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ogan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogan language">Ogan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Palu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palu Malay (page does not exist)">Palu Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Panai_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panai Malay (page does not exist)">Panai Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riau_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Malay">Riau Malay</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Coastal_Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coastal Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Coastal Riau</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pangaraian_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangaraian Malay (page does not exist)">Pangaraian</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rokan_Hilir_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokan Hilir Malay (page does not exist)">Rokan Hilir</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Siak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siak Malay (page does not exist)">Siak</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tembilahan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembilahan Malay (page does not exist)">Tembilahan</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sambas_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambas Malay (page does not exist)">Sambas Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sanggau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanggau Malay (page does not exist)">Sanggau Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sekadau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekadau Malay (page does not exist)">Sekadau Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay (page does not exist)">Serdang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Semende_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semende language (page does not exist)">Semende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sintang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintang Malay (page does not exist)">Sintang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brebes_Sundanese" title="Brebes Sundanese">Brebes</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Priangan_Sundanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan Sundanese">Priangan</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamiang_Malay" title="Tamiang Malay">Tamiang Malay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanesic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Javanese
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arekan_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan Javanese (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Indramayu_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indramayu Javanese (page does not exist)">Indramayu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Serang_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serang Javanese (page does not exist)">Serang</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kayuagung_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayuagung language (page does not exist)">Kayuagung</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Angkola</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Dairi</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beginci_language" title="Beginci language">Beginci</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerai_language" title="Gerai language">Gerai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li>
<li>Tidung
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Hulaliu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaliu language (page does not exist)">Hulaliu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kailolo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kailolo language (page does not exist)">Kailolo</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pelauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelauw language (page does not exist)">Pelauw</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rohomoni-Kabauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohomoni-Kabauw language (page does not exist)">Rohomoni-Kabauw</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera-<br />Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Irarutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wamesa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yeresiam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palu%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kepo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te%27un_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Welaun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kao_language" title="Kao language">Kao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togutil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Togutil language">Togutil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Woisika</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casuarina_Coast_Asmat_language" title="Casuarina Coast Asmat language">Casuarina Coast Asmat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asmat_language" title="Central Asmat language">Central Asmat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Asmat_language" title="North Asmat language">North Asmat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arandai_languages" title="Arandai languages">Arandai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dombano_language" title="Dombano language">Dombano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duriankari_language" title="Duriankari language">Duriankari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inanwatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan language">Inanwatan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemberano_language" title="Kemberano language">Kemberano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kokoda_language" title="Kokoda language">Kokoda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puragi_language" title="Puragi language">Puragi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansim_language" title="Mansim language">Mansim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edera_River_Awyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edera River Awyu">Edera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jair_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair language">Jair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwas_language" title="Edwas language">Edwas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gresi_language" title="Gresi language">Gresi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemtuik_language" title="Kemtuik language">Kemtuik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mekwei_language" title="Mekwei language">Mekwei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mlap_language" title="Mlap language">Mlap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namblong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namblong language">Namblong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nimboran_language" title="Nimboran language">Nimboran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awera_language" title="Awera language">Awera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biritai_language" title="Biritai language">Biritai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doutai_language" title="Doutai language">Doutai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duvle_language" title="Duvle language">Duvle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritai_language" title="Eritai language">Eritai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fayu_language" title="Fayu language">Fayu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foau language">Foau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iau_language" title="Iau language">Iau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiy_language" title="Kaiy language">Kaiy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirikiri_language" title="Kirikiri language">Kirikiri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerisa_language" title="Kwerisa language">Kwerisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obokuitai_language" title="Obokuitai language">Obokuitai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papasena_language" title="Papasena language">Papasena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rasawa_language" title="Rasawa language">Rasawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikaritai_language" title="Sikaritai language">Sikaritai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taworta_language" title="Taworta language">Taworta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waritai_language" title="Waritai language">Waritai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momuna%E2%80%93Mek_languages" title="Momuna–Mek languages">Momuna–Mek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eipo_language" title="Eipo language">Eipo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_language" title="Goliath language">Goliath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ketengban_language" title="Ketengban language">Ketengban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosarek_language" title="Kosarek language">Kosarek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korupun_language" title="Korupun language">Korupun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nalca_language" title="Nalca language">Nalca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nipsan_language" title="Nipsan language">Nipsan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biksi-Yetfa_language" title="Biksi-Yetfa language">Biksi-Yetfa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emem_language" title="Emem language">Emem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorop_language" title="Zorop language">Zorop</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tebi_language" title="Tebi language">Tebi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Awyi_language" title="Awyi language">Awyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taikat_language" title="Taikat language">Taikat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manem_language" title="Manem language">Manem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sowanda_language" title="Sowanda language">Sowanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viid_language" title="Viid language">Viid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mer_language" title="Mer language">Mer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semimi_language" title="Semimi language">Semimi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimaghama_language" title="Kimaghama language">Kimaghama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Morori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngkolmpu_Kanum_language" title="Ngkolmpu Kanum language">Ngkolmpu Kanum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Amung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uhunduni_languages" title="Uhunduni languages">Uhunduni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alor_Malay" title="Alor Malay">Alor Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Malay">Banda Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorap_language" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gorontalo_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorontalo Malay (page does not exist)">Gorontalo Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kupang_Malay" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Maumere_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maumere Malay (page does not exist)">Maumere Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sula_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sula Malay (page does not exist)">Sula Malay</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Pulo_language" title="Orang Pulo language">Orang Pulo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serui_Malay" title="Serui Malay">Serui Malay</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Peranakan</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Surabayan_Peranakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surabayan Peranakan (page does not exist)">Surabayan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Flores_Creole_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores Creole Portuguese (page does not exist)">Flores Creole Portuguese</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Tansi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tansi language (page does not exist)">Tansi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Pidgin Tukang Besi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hainanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese language">Hainanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hokkien_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien Chinese">Hokkien</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riau_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Hokkien">Riau</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Arabic" title="Indonesian Arabic">Indonesian Arabic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† indicate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1732269703' |