Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|English trip hop group}} {{About||the Nicki Minaj song|Massive Attack (song)}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use British English|date=September 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Massive Attack | image = Massive Attack, Saint-Petersburg, 2010-09-26 (cropped).jpg | caption = [[Robert Del Naja|3D]] and [[Daddy G]] performing in [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia in 2010 | alt = The band onstage | landscape = yes | background = group_or_band | alias = Massive{{efn|The group was temporarily known simply as "Massive" in 1991 (for the release of "[[Unfinished Sympathy]]" and some editions of ''[[Blue Lines]]'') due to the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Cool Appeal of Massive Attack|work=[[BBC News]] Entertainment|date=27 February 2003|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2804975.stm|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>}} | origin = [[Bristol]], England | years_active = 1988–present | genre = <!-- Do not add unsourced genres -->{{hlist|[[Trip hop]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]}} | label = {{hlist|Wild Bunch|Circa|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]}} | website = [http://www.massiveattack.co.uk/ massiveattack.co.uk] | spinoff_of = [[The Wild Bunch (sound system)|The Wild Bunch]] | current_members = {{plainlist| * [[Robert Del Naja|Robert "3D" Del Naja]]<ref name="signs">{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/banksy-robert-del-naja-massive-attack-art-who-is-he-identity-real-name-graffiti-music-similarities-a7805741.html | title=8 signs Massive Attack's Robert del Naja is Banksy | website=[[Independent.co.uk]] | date=19 October 2018 }}</ref> * [[Daddy G|Grant "Daddy G" Marshall]] * [[Tricky (musician)|Adrian "Tricky" Thaws]]}} | past_members = {{plainlist| * [[Andrew Vowles|Andrew "Mushroom" Vowles]]}} }} '''Massive Attack''' are<!-- This article uses British English, which uses the plural form of grammar whilst referring to rock bands. Please see WP:ENGVAR for more information. --> an English [[trip hop]] collective formed in 1988 in [[Bristol]], [[England]] by [[Robert Del Naja|Robert "3D" Del Naja]] (rapper), [[Daddy G|Grant "Daddy G" Marshall]] (DJ), [[Tricky (musician)|Adrian "Tricky" Thaws]] (rapper) and [[Andrew Vowles|Andrew Mushroom" Vowles]] (DJ). The group currently consists of Del Naja, Marshall and Thaws. In 1991, they released their debut album, ''[[Blue Lines]],'' which has been included on numerous best-of lists and is generally considered the first album of the ‘trip-hop’ genre.<ref name=":2" /> The single "[[Unfinished Sympathy]]" was a chart hit in Europe, including number one on the [[Dutch Top 40]], and was later voted the 63rd-greatest song of all time in a poll by ''[[NME]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-100-1/330996/37/1|title= The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 63. Massive Attack – 'Unfinished Sympathy' (1991, Virgin)|work=NME|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> In 1994, they released their second album [[Protection (Massive Attack album)|''Protection'']]. Thaws left the band later that year to pursue a solo career. In 1998, they released their third album, ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'', giving them their first number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]]. ''Mezzanine'' also contains the top-10 single "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]", which became the opening theme of the American television series ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Melchior |first=Al |date=13 June 2024 |title=The Story Behind "Teardrop" by Massive Attack and How It's Connected to a Pair of Music Legends and a Popular TV Show |url=https://americansongwriter.com/the-story-behind-teardrop-by-massive-attack-and-how-its-connected-to-music-legends-and-a-popular-tv-show/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=American Songwriter}}</ref> Vowles left the band in 1999 shortly after the releases, Del Naja and Marshall continued as a duo shortly after Vowles Departure from the band, Marshall left in 2001, but he rejoined in 2005. They further released the albums ''[[100th Window]]'' (2003) and ''[[Heligoland (album)|Heligoland]]'' (2010). ''Blue Lines'' and ''Mezzanine'' feature in ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s list of the [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|500 Greatest Albums of All Time]].<ref name=":2">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/massive-attack-blue-lines-19691231 |title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Blue Lines&nbsp;– Massive Attack |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718091303/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-20120531/massive-attack-blue-lines-19691231 |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/rs500albums5.htm|title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Mezzanine&nbsp;– Massive Attack |website= Rockonthenet.com|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> Thaws rejoined the group in 2016 for the release of their EP "Ritual Spirit". The group have collaborated with several recurring guest vocalists, including [[Horace Andy]], [[Shara Nelson]], [[Tracey Thorn]], [[Elizabeth Fraser]], [[Sinéad O'Connor]], [[Damon Albarn]] and [[Hope Sandoval]]. Massive Attack's awards include a [[Brit Award]] for Best British Dance Act, two [[MTV Europe Music Awards]], and two [[Q Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/artist/massive-attack|title=Massive Attack: BRITs Profile|publisher=Brit Awards|access-date=17 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008074914/http://www.brits.co.uk/artist/massive-attack|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/massive-attack-awards-featured.html|title=Awards & Features: Massive Attack|website=Metrolyrics.com|access-date=17 September 2014|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120209/http://www.metrolyrics.com/massive-attack-awards-featured.html|url-status=unfit}}</ref> Their five studio albums have sold over 13 million copies worldwide.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Massive Attack: Out Of The Comfort Zone|first=Melissa|last=Chemam|date=4 March 2019|id={{ASIN|1910089729|country=uk}}}}</ref> Massive Attack are also known for supporting several political, human rights and [[Environmentalism in music|environmental]] causes. ==History== ===The Wild Bunch and "Any Love" (1980s-1990)=== In the early 1980s, DJs [[Daddy G]] and [[Andrew Vowles|Mushroom]], and rappers [[Tricky (rapper)|Tricky]] and [[Robert Del Naja|3D]] met as members of partying collective [[The Wild Bunch (sound system)|the Wild Bunch]]. One of the first homegrown [[Sound system (DJ)|soundsystems]] in the UK, the Wild Bunch became dominant on the Bristol club scene in the mid-1980s.<ref name="auto"/> In 1988, Massive Attack was created as a spin-off quartet. Unsigned, the group (Mushroom, Daddy G, 3D and Tricky) put out "Any Love" as a single.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eil.com/shop/ExtSearch.asp?DiscArtist=Massive-Attack|title=Massive Attack Discography&nbsp;– Page 1|website=Eil.com|quote=Any Love (Mega rare 1988 UK self released debut 2-track 12" on Massive Attack Records, includes Bonus Version, stickered sleeve MASS001)|access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref> It was co-produced by Bristol double-act [[Smith & Mighty]] and featured the [[falsetto]]-voiced singer-songwriter [[Carlton (singer)|Carlton McCarthy]]. In 1990, they committed to deliver six studio albums and a "best of" [[compilation album|compilation]] to Circa Records. This record label became a subsidiary of, and was later subsumed into, [[Virgin Records]], which in turn was acquired by [[EMI]].<ref name="allmusicbio">{{cite web |title=Massive Attack &#124; Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/massive-attack-mn0000378288/biography |access-date=7 October 2019 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref><ref name="timedigital">{{cite news |date=5 October 1998 |title=Cyber Elite&nbsp;– Massive Attack |url=http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/39.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327033621/http://www.time.com/time/digital/cyberelite/39.html |archive-date=27 March 2010 |access-date=20 May 2009 |publisher=Time Digital}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Richard |date=5 September 1998 |title=Virgin Anniversary Salute: The U.S.: Co-presidents Cooper And Newton Are An Illustrious Pair Who Travel Well And Know Their Places |url=http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4629212-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127081054/http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4629212-1.html |archive-date=27 November 2007 |access-date=26 May 2009 |publisher=Billboard (as found at allbusiness.com)}}</ref> ===''Blue Lines'' and "Unfinished Sympathy" (1991–1993)=== {{Main|Blue Lines}} [[File:Robert Del Naja@Barcelone-crop.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Del Naja]] at Barcelona 2007]] In 1989, 3D had co-written [[Neneh Cherry]]'s [[Manchild (song)|''Manchild'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/vhvr|title=BBC&nbsp;– Music&nbsp;– Review of Neneh Cherry Raw Like Sushi|publisher=BBC|quote=The offbeat, ambient ballad Manchild (co-written with Massive Attack's 3D)|date=9 January 2009|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Taylor|first=Angus}}</ref> This working relationship continued with Cherry helping Massive Attack to record their first album ''[[Blue Lines]]''. Cherry's partner [[Cameron McVey]] was an executive producer of the album and became the group's first manager.<ref name="brandplayson">{{cite news |date=15 February 2003 |title=The brand plays on |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/14/1044927795994.html |access-date=20 May 2009 |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hart |first=Ron |date=30 January 2020 |title=Neneh Cherry Looks Back on Boundary-Busting 'Raw Like Sushi' Album |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/neneh-cherry-cameron-mcvey-raw-like-sushi-8549701/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |magazine=Billboard }}</ref> Cherry and McVey provided financial support, via the Cherry Bear organisation, and the album was partly recorded in their house.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2007 |title=Interview with Cameron 'Booga Bear' McVey |url=http://67.222.54.247/33//2007/01/interview-with-cameron-booga-bear-mcvey.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705234710/http://67.222.54.247/33//2007/01/interview-with-cameron-booga-bear-mcvey.html |archive-date=5 July 2011 |publisher=Reseize}}</ref> The band used guest vocalists, interspersed with their own ''[[sprechgesang]]'' stylings, on top of what became regarded as an essentially British creative sampling production; a trademark sound that fused [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[soul music|soul]], [[reggae]] and other eclectic references, both musical and lyrical.<ref name="allmusicbio" /> The album used vocalists including [[Horace Andy]] and [[Shara Nelson]], a former Wild Bunch cohort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://humag.co/features/massive-attack|title=Features|website=Humag.co|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> MC Willie Wee, also once part of the Wild Bunch, featured. Neneh Cherry sang backing vocals on environmentalist anthem, "Hymn of the Big Wheel".<ref name="allmusic-bluelines" /> Co-production was also provided by [[Jonny Dollar]]. ''Blue Lines'' was released on 8 April 1991 on Virgin Records.<ref name="allmusic-bluelines">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r12541|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Blue Lines > Overview )))|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Bush|first=John}}</ref> The album has been retrospectively considered the first of the "[[trip-hop]]" genre and received critical acclaim. That year they released "[[Unfinished Sympathy]]" as a single, a string-arranged track at [[Abbey Road Studios|Abbey Road]] studio, scored by [[Will Malone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/artists/andrea-parker|title=Andrea Parker|work=NME|quote=Will Malone, who had worked on horror film soundtracks and Massive Attack's classic "Unfinished Sympathy".|access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref> The group temporarily shortened their name to "Massive" on the advice of McVey to avoid controversy relating to the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/whatson/unfinishedsympathy.shtml|title=BBC – Radio 2 – Sold on Song – Brits25 – Unfinished Sympathy|publisher=BBC|quote=Reaching number thirteen in the UK in 1991, Unfinished Sympathy was released under the group name Massive, due to the Gulf War of the same year|access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref> They returned to being "Massive Attack" for their next single, "[[Safe from Harm (song)|Safe from Harm]]". ===''Protection'' and Melankolic (1994-1997)=== {{Main|Protection (Massive Attack album)}} For their second album, the band brought in [[Everything but the Girl]]'s [[Tracey Thorn]]<ref name="allmusicbio" /> and [[Nicolette (musician)|Nicolette]] as vocalists and released "Protection" on 26 September 1994. With McVey out of the picture,{{clarify|reason=Why was McVey 'out of the picture'|date=September 2024}} Massive Attack enlisted the production talents of former Wild Bunch [[Nellee Hooper]] to co-produce some songs on it, with Mushroom. Other tracks were co-produced by [[the Insects]] and 3D. A dub version, ''[[No Protection (Massive Attack album)|No Protection]]'', was released the following year by [[Mad Professor]]. ''Protection'' won a [[Brit Awards|Brit award]] for Best Dance Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/massive_attack/|title=Massive Attack presented in Music section|website=Newsfinder.org|access-date=22 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605081654/http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/massive_attack/|archive-date=5 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The other collaborators on ''Protection'' were [[Marius de Vries]] and [[Craig Armstrong (composer)|Craig Armstrong]],<ref name="lynskey">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/feb/06/popandrock.features11|title=Massive Attack talk to Dorian Lynskey|work=The Guardian|date=6 February 2007|access-date=20 May 2009|last=Lynskey|first=Dorian| location=London}}</ref> a Scottish classical pianist. In 1995, Tricky decided to end his involvement with the band in order to pursue a solo career.<ref name="allmusicbio" /> The crediting of Tricky's contribution for ''Blue Lines'' was also a source of friction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Hagan |first1=Sean |last2=O’Hagan |first2=Sean |date=27 October 2012 |title=Blue Lines: Massive Attack's blueprint for UK pop's future |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/oct/28/massive-attack-blue-lines-remaster |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Observer |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> This was also the period of the release of Tricky's ''[[Maxinquaye]]'' and [[Portishead (band)|Portishead]]'s ''[[Dummy (album)|Dummy]]''. The term "trip hop" was coined and was referred to by the media as part of the "[[Bristol underground scene|Bristol scene]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/28/arts/pop-view-another-city-another-new-sound.html|title=POP VIEW; Another City, Another New Sound|work=The New York Times|date=28 May 1995|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Reynolds|first=Simon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/maryannehobbs/bristol.shtml|title=Bristol: Rise Up|publisher=BBC|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Slinger|first=Benjamin}}</ref> In 1995, Massive Attack started a label distributed by Virgin/EMI, Melankolic, and signed Craig Armstrong and a number of other artists such as Horace Andy, [[Lewis Parker (band)|Lewis Parker]], [[Alpha (band)|Alpha]], [[Sunna (band)|Sunna]], and [[Day One (band)|Day One]]. The group espoused a non-interference philosophy that allowed the artists to make their albums in the way they wanted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://melankolic.astralwerks.com/ |title=This is melankolic records |access-date=22 May 2009|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20030210154818/http://melankolic.astralwerks.com/ |archive-date = 10 February 2003}}</ref> The same year the Insects became unavailable for co-production and having parted ways with Nellee Hooper, the band were introduced to [[Neil Davidge]],<ref name="bbcinterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A963542|title=BBC&nbsp;– collective&nbsp;– Massive Attack interview transcript part 3|publisher=BBC|access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref> a relatively unknown producer who had an association with anonymous dance-pop outfit [[The DNA Disciples|DNA]]. The first track they worked on was "The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game", a cover version sung by Tracey Thorn for the [[Batman Forever (soundtrack)|''Batman Forever'' soundtrack]]. Initially, Davidge was brought in as engineer, but soon became producer.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Humberstone |first1=Nigel |title=Neil Davidge: Recording 100th Window |url=https://www.soundonsound.com/people/neil-davidge-recording-100th-window |magazine=Sound on Sound |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> The group increasingly fractured in the lead-up to the third album, Davidge having to co-produce the three producers' ideas separately. Mushroom was reported to be unhappy with the degree of the post-punk direction in which 3D, increasingly filling the production vacuum, was taking the band.<ref name="bbcinterview" /> In 1997, the group contributed to the [[The Jackal (soundtrack)|film soundtrack]] of ''[[The Jackal (1997 film)|The Jackal]]'', recording "Superpredators (Metal Postcard)", a song containing a sample of [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]]' "[[Mittageisen]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inflightdata.com/superpredators.html|title=Massive Attack|website=Inflightdata.com|access-date=17 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030438/http://www.inflightdata.com/superpredators.html|archive-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> and "Dissolved Girl", a new song with vocals by Sarah Jay (that was later remixed for the next album), which was featured at the beginning of the 1999 film ''[[The Matrix]]'', although it was not on the official soundtrack. Later that year they released a single, "[[Risingson]]", from what would be their third album, ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]''.<ref name="allmusic-mezzanine">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r348738|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Mezzanine > Overview )))|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Bush|first=John}}</ref> ===''Mezzanine'', "Teardrop", Vowles's departure and Marshall's absence (1997-2001)=== {{Main|Mezzanine (album)}} In 1997, 3D became the band's main producer in the recording sessions that made ''Mezzanine'', Massive Attack's most commercially successful album,<ref name="dazeddigital.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/40387/1/massive-attack-mezzanine-20th-birthday-retrospective|title=Massive Attack's Mezzanine and the death of the multicultural dream|date=16 June 2018|website=Dazeddigital.com|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> selling nearly four million copies. It featured Neil Davidge as a sound engineer and co-producer, and Horace Andy and [[Elizabeth Fraser]] as the main guest vocalists. During recording, [[Angelo Bruschini]] became their permanent lead guitarist both in a session capacity and live.<ref name="allmusic-mezzanine" /> The lead single, after "Risingson", was "[[Teardrop (Massive Attack song)|Teardrop]]", sung by [[Elizabeth Fraser]] of [[Cocteau Twins]]. The song was accompanied by a video directed by [[Walter Stern (director)|Walter Stern]], of an [[animatronic]] singing fetus. Horace Andy sang on three songs, including "[[Angel (Massive Attack song)|Angel]]". A track the band made for the film ''[[The Jackal (1997 film)|The Jackal]],'' "Dissolved Girl", sung by Sarah Jay, was remixed for inclusion on the record. ''Mezzanine'' went on to win a [[Q Awards|Q Award]] for Best Album<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyhit.com/awardq.html|title=The Q Awards|website=Everyhit.com|access-date=22 May 2009}}</ref> as well as being nominated for a [[Mercury Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=NME|access-date=17 February 2019|title=MERCURY RISING: GOMEZ WIN '98 ALBUM PRIZE|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/gomez-46-1385994|date=17 August 1998|website=NME}}</ref> Touring extensively, friction between Mushroom and the other band members came to a head. Mushroom was unhappy with the direction of the group and having to appear on tour. In 1999, Mushroom left the band.<ref name="sawyer">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/may/11/urbanmusic.culture|title=Massive Attack talk to Miranda Sawyer|work=The Observer|date=11 May 2008|access-date=20 May 2009|last=Sawyer|first=Miranda| location=London}}</ref> Around this time, 3D, with Davidge decamped into Ridge Farm studio with friends and band members of [[Lupine Howl]] (made up of former members of the band [[Spiritualized]], including Damon Reece, who went on to be Massive Attack's permanent session drummer and one of two live drummers) towards a fourth Massive Attack LP, taking things even further into a rock direction.<ref name="brandplayson" /> 2001 also saw the release of ''Eleven Promos,'' a DVD of Massive Attack's 11 music videos thus far, including "Angel", a £100,000+ promo.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r1215456|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Collected/Rarities/Eleven Promos > Overview )))|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Jurek|first=Thom}}</ref> Despite having taken 3D's side after Mushroom's departure and participating in a webcast as a duo in 2000, Daddy G took a personal break from Massive Attack and leaves the band in 2001, leaving Del Naja as a remaining sole member. ===''100th Window'', Marshall's return and ''Collected'' (2002-2006)=== {{Main|100th Window}} [[File:Daddy g.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Daddy G|Grant Marshall]] at the [[Eurockéennes]] Festival 2008]] With Daddy G temporarily no longer involved in the studio, Davidge and 3D steered "LP4" on their own. Enlisting the vocals of [[Sinéad O'Connor]] and Horace Andy, ''100th Window'' was mastered in August 2002 and released in February 2003.<ref name=allmusic100thwindow>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r620022|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( 100th Window > Overview )))|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Bush|first=John}}</ref> Featuring no samples or cover versions, ''100th Window'' was not as critically well-received in Britain as the other records, although the album received a warmer reception internationally, scoring a 75 out of 100 on review aggregation site [[Metacritic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/massiveattack/100thwindow?q=massive%20attack|title=100th Window|website=Metacritic.com|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> The group collaborated with [[Mos Def]] on the track "I Against I", which appeared on the "Special Cases" single and the soundtrack for ''[[Blade II]]''. "I Against I" is also notable as the only track from the ''100th Window'' sessions that features a writing credit from Daddy G. ''100th Window'' sold over one million copies and was toured extensively (including Queen Square, Bristol—a one-off sell out concert set up in the city centre park, which was seen as a homecoming).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/goingout/2003/08/26/massive_review.shtml|title=BBC&nbsp;– Going Out in Bristol&nbsp;– Massive Attack wow home crowd|publisher=BBC|access-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> Also in 2003, 3D was arrested on allegations involving child pornography, which were reported widely in the media.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/27/arts.childprotection|title=Police question musician over child porn|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 February 2003|access-date=22 May 2009| location=London}}</ref> Del Naja was soon eliminated as a suspect<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/22/1047749989803.html|title=Police clear Massive Attack star in child porn inquiry|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 March 2003|access-date=22 May 2009|last1=Barnes|first1=Anthony|last2=Marshall|first2=Nina}}</ref> (although he was charged with [[Ecstasy (drug)|ecstasy]] possession and unable to get a U.S. visa for a while) with Daddy G and fans offering their support. The arrest affected the beginning of the ''100th Window'' tour schedule. In 2005, 3D and Davidge agreed to an offer from director [[Louis Leterrier]] to score the entire soundtrack for ''[[Unleashed (2005 film)|Danny the Dog]]'', starring [[Jet Li]]. [[Dot Allison]], who had sung with the band on the ''100th Window'' tour, sang the end title track, "Aftersun". 3D and Davidge also scored the soundtrack for the ''[[Bullet Boy]]'' film, with 3D on the end title vocals. In 2005, Daddy G started coming into the studio, although little came of the material. He decided to instead work with a production duo, Robot Club, in another studio, feeling that he would be more free to develop tracks in the way he wanted. Meanwhile, 3D and Davidge recorded with a number of different singers as well as creating a track named "Twilight", for [[UNKLE]]'s ''[[War Stories (album)|War Stories]]'' album. Later that year, Massive Attack decided to release their contractually obliged compilation album ''[[Collected (Massive Attack album)|Collected]]'' in 2006. They released it with a second disc, made up of previously released non-album songs and unreleased sketches.<ref name=allmusic100thwindow/> ==="Weather Underground" / ''Heligoland'' (2007-2011)=== {{Main|Heligoland (album)}} In 2007, 3D and Davidge scored three soundtracks, ''In Prison My Whole Life'' (which featured a track called "Calling Mumia" with vocals by American rapper [[Snoop Dogg]]), ''[[Battle in Seattle]]'' and ''[[Trouble the Water]].'' In February 2007, Massive Attack hosted a charity benefit for the Hoping Foundation, a charity for [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] children. In 2008, it was announced that Massive Attack were to curate the UK's Southbank [[Meltdown (festival)|Meltdown]], a week-long event. It was suggested in interviews that this event would inspire Massive Attack back into action, having spent several years drifting towards the completion of their fifth studio album.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/feb/15/news.uk|title=Meltdown launches Massive Attack as festival curators|work=The Guardian|date=15 February 2008|access-date=22 May 2009|last=Gibson|first=Owen|location=London}}</ref> Later that year, 3D and Daddy G headed to [[Damon Albarn]]'s studios for some writing and jamming. Around this time, Davidge scored the soundtrack for a [[Paul McGuigan (filmmaker)|Paul McGuigan]] film, ''[[Push (2009 film)|Push]]'' and in December, 3D completed the score for ''[[44 Inch Chest]]'' with the Insects and [[Angelo Badalamenti]]. Davidge and 3D got back together in 2009 with Daddy G to finish the fifth album, incorporating bits of the Albarn material. Later it was announced that the band were to headline the 2009 [[Bestival]] festival,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kraftwork, Massive Attack to Headline Bestival|url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/49591/kraftwerk-massive-attack-to-headline-bestival|work=Gigwise|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> and soon after that they were to tour the UK and Europe. In May, 3D's instrumental "Herculaneum", featured in the film ''[[Gomorra (film)|Gomorra]]'', won an Italian award for Best Song. Later that month, 3D and Daddy G picked up a special [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello award]] for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/268565/massive-attack-to-return-with-huge-world-tour|title=Massive Attack to Return with Huge World Tour|magazine=Billboard|date=21 May 2009|access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> On 29 May 2009, Jonny Dollar died of cancer aged 45, survived by his wife and four children. Dollar was the programmer and hands-on producer behind ''Blue Lines'', writing some of the melodies that were the basis for the string arrangements in "Unfinished Sympathy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1037855&c=1|title=Blue Lines producer dies|work=Music Week|access-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> On 25 August 2009 their new EP, ''[[Splitting the Atom]],'' was announced. The other new tracks on the EP were [[Tunde Adebimpe]]'s "Pray For Rain", [[Martina Topley-Bird]]'s "Psyche" and [[Guy Garvey]]'s "Bulletproof Love". The latter two tracks appear as remixes of the album versions. The fifth album was released on 12 November 2009, called ''[[Heligoland (album)|Heligoland]],'' after the German [[archipelago]] of [[Heligoland]], after a previous project called "Weather Underground" was abandoned.<ref name="auto"/> 3D said "I think it's got definitely a more organic feel".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Massive+Attack%3A+Heligoland+/|title=Interview w/ Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja re. Heligoland|website=Suicidegirls.com|access-date=10 March 2010}}</ref> The opening track, "Pray For Rain" featured guest vocals of [[TV on the Radio]]'s Tunde Adebimpe. Damon Albarn, Martina Topley-Bird and [[Mazzy Star]] frontwoman [[Hope Sandoval]] also provide guest vocals on the album. 3D said in October 2010, to the Spinner website, that his plans were now for "unorthodox" releases of several EPs in 2011, rather than an album.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bellinger |first=Candy |url=http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2010/10/14/massive-attack-north-american-tour/ |title=Celebrity Gossip, latest Celebrity News and Showbiz Gossip &#124; Eleven UK |website=Spinnermusic.co.uk |date=30 May 2011 |access-date=21 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100944/http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2010/10/14/massive-attack-north-american-tour/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 }}</ref> ===''Ritual Spirit'' EP and Tricky's return (2013–2019)=== In a 2013 interview for his first solo art show since 2008, 3D confirmed that not only was new Massive Attack material in the works, but that rumours of a reunion with Tricky were true.<ref name=metrotreunion>{{cite web |url=http://metro.co.uk/2013/05/23/massive-attacks-robert-del-naja-confirms-tricky-reunion-ahead-of-art-show-3804789 |title=Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja confirms Tricky reunion ahead of art show |date=23 May 2013 |publisher=Metro |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> Tricky had not been featured on a Massive Attack album since 1994's ''Protection.'' {{blockquote|"The idea is to put a record out next year", he says. "We actually get on really well at the moment because we don't spend time in the studio together", he says with a wry grin. "Me and Tricky wrote some new tracks in Paris last year, which haven't seen the light of day yet – but that was fun. They should be on the next album." |sign= Robert "3D" Del Naja, ''Metro'', 23 May 2013<ref name=metrotreunion/> }} On 5 February 2014, it was confirmed that Massive Attack would headline at Secret Solstice, a new music festival in [[Reykjavík]] in June.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsoficeland.com/entertainment/music/item/319-massive-attack-will-perform-at-secret-solstice-in-iceland-next-summer |title=Massive Attack will perform at Secret Solstice in Iceland next summer |publisher=News of Iceland |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-date=1 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901183322/http://www.newsoficeland.com/entertainment/music/item/319-massive-attack-will-perform-at-secret-solstice-in-iceland-next-summer |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 21 February 2015, it was confirmed through the Massive Attack Facebook page that they would be collaborating with [[Run the Jewels]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/massiveattack/photos/a.163928704256.143181.19159654256/10153121358429257/?type=1&theater |title=Massive Attack announce collaboration with Run the Jewels | publisher=Massive Attack |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Peters|first1=Mitchell|title=Run the Jewels In the Studio With Massive Attack|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6480213/run-the-jewels-in-the-studio-with-massive-attack|magazine=Billboard|access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Britton|first1=Luke Morgan|title=Run The Jewels working in studio with Massive Attack|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/run-the-jewels-58-1222041|access-date=27 February 2018|work=NME|date=21 February 2015}}</ref> On 21 January 2016, the iPhone application "Fantom" was released. The application was developed by a team including 3D and let users hear parts of four new songs by remixing them in real time, using the phone's location, movement, clock, heartbeat, and camera.{{cn|date=September 2024}} On 28 January 2016, Massive Attack released a new EP, ''[[Ritual Spirit]]'', which includes the four songs released on Fantom. The EP was written and produced by 3D and new collaborator, Euan Dickinson. The album is Tricky's first credit with the band since ''Protection'' (1994). It was their first release since the 2011 ''[[Four Walls / Paradise Circus]]'' collaboration with [[Burial (musician)|Burial]], and the first time since 1994 that Tricky had been featured on Massive Attack content. Scottish hip-hop group [[Young Fathers]], London rapper [[Roots Manuva]] and singer [[Azekel]] also featured on the EP.<ref name="consquenceofsound_2016">{{cite web | url=https://consequence.net/2016/01/stream-massive-attacks-new-ep-ritual-spirit/ | title=Stream: Massive Attack's new EP Ritual Spirit | work=[[Consequence of Sound]] | date=28 January 2016 | access-date=28 January 2016 | author=Young, Alex}}</ref> On 26 July 2016, Massive Attack previewed three new songs: "Come Near Me", "The Spoils", and "Dear Friend" on the Fantom iPhone application on which they previously previewed the four songs from the ''Ritual Spirit'' EP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/67078-massive-attack-share-two-new-songs-via-app-listen/ |title=Massive Attack Release New Songs "Come Near Me," "The Spoils," and "Dear Friend" | website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |first=Jazz |last=Monroe |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> On 29 July 2016, they released a new EP, "[[The Spoils (song)|The Spoils]]", which includes "The Spoils" and "Come Near Me", both previewed on Fantom. The EP was written and produced by Daddy G, without 3D and Tricky's involvement. "The Spoils" features vocals from American singer-songwriter [[Hope Sandoval]], and "Come Near Me" features British vocalist [[Ghostpoet]]. A music video for "Come Near Me", directed by Ed Morris, and featuring Kosovan actress [[Arta Dobroshi]], was released the same day as the single.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pitchfork.com/news/67161-watch-massive-attack-and-ghostpoets-new-video-come-near-me/ | title=Massive Attack Release 'Come Near Me' New Video, Plus Hope Sandoval Collaboration | work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] | date=29 July 2016 | access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref> The video for "The Spoils", featuring [[Cate Blanchett]] and directed by Australian director [[John Hillcoat]], was released on 9 August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cate Blanchett stars in Massive Attack's new music video|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/cate-blanchett-stars-in-massive-attacks-new-music-video-for-the-spoils-a7181016.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/cate-blanchett-stars-in-massive-attacks-new-music-video-for-the-spoils-a7181016.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> On 13 July 2018, Massive Attack cancelled their appearance at the [[Mad Cool]] festival in [[Madrid]] because of sound bleed from [[Franz Ferdinand (band)|Franz Ferdinand]] on a neighbouring stage. The festival offered several solutions to accommodate the band, but Massive Attack rejected them all.<ref>{{cite web |last=Navarro |first=Fernando |date=16 July 2018 |title=The behind-the-scenes story of Massive Attack canceling their Mad Cool gig |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/07/16/inenglish/1531739617_522079.html |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=EL PAÍS English }}</ref> In 2019, Massive Attack went on tour to promote the 20th anniversary rerelease of ''Mezzanine'', billed as "Mezzanine XX1". The American tour dates, originally scheduled for April, were postponed to September due to illness in the band.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Mims |first=Taylor |date=8 March 2019 |title=Massive Attack Postpones 'Mezzanine' Anniversary Shows Due to Illness |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/massive-attack-postpones-mezzanine-anniversary-shows-illness/ |access-date=25 July 2024 |magazine=Billboard }}</ref> ===''Eutopia'' EP and audiovisual releases (2020–present)=== In July 2020, Massive Attack released a political audiovisual EP called ''[[Eutopia (extended play)|Eutopia]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/massive-attack-tease-new-eutopia-ep-with-mysterious-instagram-posts-2704269|title=Massive Attack debut stunning audio-visual EP 'Eutopia'|website=Nme.com|date=10 July 2020|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> The three-track fusion was created across five cities during the [[COVID-19]] global lockdown period, and was partly formed by generative algorithmic visuals from AI art pioneer [[Mario Klingemann]] and collaborations with [[Algiers (band)|Algiers]], [[Young Fathers]] and US poet [[Saul Williams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicpressure.org/massive-attacks-eutopia-addresses-our-need-for-a-radical-global-change/|title=Massive Attack's Eutopia addresses our need for a radical global change &#124; Public Pressure|website=Publicpressure.org|date=17 July 2020|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref> The conceptual project, co-written and produced by 3D and documentary filmmaker [[Mark Donne]], featured strong arguments for global system change from UN Paris Climate Agreement author [[Christiana Figueres]], founder of the [[Universal Basic Income]] Principle Professor [[Guy Standing (economist)|Guy Standing]] and inventor of the US "Wealth Tax" policy Professor [[Gabriel Zucman]]. Each video ends with a quote from Thomas More's ''[[Utopia (More book)|Utopia]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Massive Attack Release New Audiovisual EP Eutopia: Watch |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/massive-attack-release-new-audiovisual-ep-eutopia-watch/ |website=Pitchfork.com|date=10 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> Massive Attack were scheduled to headline the 2022 edition of the [[Primavera Sound]] music festival in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]], but an unnamed band member's serious illness forced the band to cancel its appearance with the rest of its European tour.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pearis |first=Bill|title=Massive Attack cancel all 2022 live dates as member recovers from "serious illness" |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/massive-attack-cancel-all-2022-live-dates-as-member-recovers-from-serious-illness/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=BrooklynVegan |date=25 March 2022 }}</ref> [[Angelo Bruschini]], who played guitar on ''Mezzanine'' and ''100th Window'' while touring with the band since 1995, died of lung cancer on 23 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Massive Attack Guitarist Angelo Bruschini Has Died |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2240225/massive-attack-guitarist-angelo-bruschini-has-died/news/ |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Stereogum }}</ref> The group played their first show in five years on 5 June 2024 in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden, joined by guests [[Elizabeth Fraser]], [[Horace Andy]] and [[Young Fathers]], who all toured with the band during their European shows that summer, without Tricky's involvement who did not joined the band on live shows in since he rejoined the group in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 June 2024 |title=Watch Massive Attack Play Their First Show In Five Years With Special Guests Elizabeth Fraser And Horace Andy |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2266713/watch-massive-attack-play-their-first-show-in-five-years-with-special-guests-elizabeth-fraser-and-horace-andy/news/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=Stereogum }}</ref> The same line-up played Bristol in August. Billed as a 'Climate Action Accelerator' gig, the group worked with local businesses to reduce the event's [[Environmental issues|environmental impact]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffith |first=Elfyn |date=2024-08-29 |title=Massive Attack: Act 1.5 Climate Action Accelerator, Bristol - Live Review |url=https://louderthanwar.com/massive-attack-act-1-5-climate-action-accelerator-bristol-live-review/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Louder Than War |language=en-GB}}</ref> Around this time, Massive Attack announced their first American tour since 2019; again to feature Fraser, Andy and Young Fathers. However, on 11 October 2024, the group cancelled all the US dates less than a week before. They cited "unforeseen circumstances" as the reason.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pearis |first=Bill |date=2024-09-25 |title=Cocteau Twins' Elizabeth Fraser confirmed for Massive Attack's US tour (so are Horace Andy & Young Fathers) |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/cocteau-twins-elizabeth-fraser-confirmed-for-massive-attacks-north-american-tour-so-are-horace-andy-young-fathers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Massive Attack Cancel US Shows |url=https://www.stereogum.com/2283741/massive-attack-cancel-us-shows/news/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Stereogum |language=en}}</ref> ==Musical style== Some of their most noted songs have been without choruses and have featured dramatically atmospheric dynamics. They use distorted guitar crescendos, lavish orchestral arrangements and prominent looped/shifting basslines, underpinned by high and exacting production values, sometimes using copious digital editing and mixing.<ref name=timedigital/> The pace of their music has often been slower than prevalent British [[Electronic dance music|dance music]] of the time. These and other [[Psychedelic music|psychedelic]], soundtrack-like and DJist techniques, formed their style which has often been emulated. Journalists described this sound as "[[trip hop]]" from the mid-nineties onwards.<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d2644|pure_url=yes}}|title=Trip Hop|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> In an interview in 2006, Daddy G said, "We used to hate that terminology ''trip-hop'' so bad," [laughs] "You know, as far we were concerned, Massive Attack music was unique, so to put it in a box was to pigeonhole it and to say, 'Right, we know where you guys are coming from.'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=10216|title=Massive Attack in Montreal, September 11|work=Hour|publisher=Communications Voir Inc.|date=7 September 2006|access-date=26 May 2009|last=Tousignant|first=Isa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027212620/http://www.hour.ca/music/music.aspx?iIDArticle=10216|archive-date=27 October 2006}}</ref> ==Other projects== ==='Fire Sale' exhibition=== A solo exhibition of Del Naja's art was held at the Lazarides gallery in central London, from 24 May to 22 June 2013. The show's content spanned a period of over twenty years and featured many of the art pieces that Del Naja created for Massive Attack. Each piece, reinterpreted especially for the exhibition, was hand-printed and finished. The show also featured three one-off 'digital infinity mirrors', two of which contained phrases supplied by [[Reprieve (organisation)|Reprieve]] that were extracted from [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] pilot dialogues. Del Naja performed a DJ set during the opening night on 23 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lazinc.com/exhibitions/582,3d-fire-sale|title=Exhibition 3D: Fire Sale|publisher=Lazarides|access-date=26 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193440/http://www.lazinc.com/exhibitions/582,3d-fire-sale|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Massive Attack and Adam Curtis=== Del Naja conceived and designed an eight-night festival with filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]]—in collaboration with UVA ([[United Visual Artists]])—that premiered in Manchester, UK in July 2013. The festival featured Curtis's film, unofficially titled ''The Plan,'' which was projected on a huge screen surrounding the audience, while music from Massive Attack was interweaved throughout the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://louderthanwar.com/an-open-letter-to-massive-attack-and-adam-curtis/|title=An Open Letter To Massive Attack And Adam Curtis|date=14 July 2013 |publisher=Louder Than War|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> Del Naja, who orchestrated the film's soundtrack, described the experience as a "collective hallucination" and the film was also shown at the [[Manchester International Festival]] in July 2013.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Tim|last1=Adams|access-date=17 February 2019|title=Massive Attack v Adam Curtis – review|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jul/07/adam-curtis-massive-attack-review|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=6 July 2013|issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 February 2019|title=Massive Attack v Adam Curtis, Manchester International Festival – review|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e7afe1bc-e55f-11e2-8d0b-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e7afe1bc-e55f-11e2-8d0b-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription|website=Financial Times|date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Ian|last1=Youngs|access-date=17 February 2019|title=Depot gig opens Manchester festival|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-23158914|date=5 July 2013|website=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 February 2019|title=Music review: Massive Attack v Adam Curtis for the Manchester|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/music-review-massive-attack-v-adam-curtis-for-the-manchester-international-festival-was-sadly-a-8690664.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/music-review-massive-attack-v-adam-curtis-for-the-manchester-international-festival-was-sadly-a-8690664.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=5 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Music created by Del Naja for the festival became the score for a [[BBC]] production entitled ''[[HyperNormalisation]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04b183c|title=HyperNormalisation|date=16 October 2016|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Del Naja and Adam Curtis teamed up for a second time on a live show based on the band's Mezzanine album.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.factmag.com/2018/10/30/massive-attack-announce-mezzanine-tour/|title=Massive Attack announce Mezzanine XX1 2019 Tour|website=Factmag.com|date=30 October 2018}}</ref> The show challenged the idea of nostalgia and power, and featured machine learning GANS and deep fakes from [[Mario Klingemann]], as well as new films from Curtis that were used to tell a narrative story. They were used as visuals for cover versions of non Massive Attack songs based on samples and loops that made up the album's identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/09/25/massive-attack-robert-del-naja-mezzanine-interview|title=A rare interview with Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja on creating the most subversive live show of 2019|website=The FADER}}</ref> ===Mezzanine DNA=== In April 2019, it was reported that Massive Attack had encoded ''Mezzanine'' into DNA to mark the 20th anniversary of the seminal 1998 album. The album has also been made available in the form of a matte black spray paint can. A limited number of spray cans will contain the DNA encoded audio within matte black paint and each can will contain approximately one million copies of the album.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/massive-attack-encoding-album-into-dna/|title=Massive Attack Encoding Album Into DNA|website=Pitchfork.com|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> Addressing the novel storage method, Del Naja – who is also known as a graffiti artist as ‘3D' – said: “It’s a creative way to store your back catalogue, although DNA-encoded spray paint is unlikely to be adopted by street artists seeking anonymity”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://consequence.net/2018/10/massive-attack-dna-spray-paint-can/|title=Massive Attack releasing DNA-encoded Mezzanine in spray paint can|date=19 October 2018}}</ref> ==Activism and politics== === Anti-war advocacy === Robert Del Naja was critical of the policies of the [[Premiership of Tony Blair|UK government under Tony Blair]]. He was strongly opposed to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 war against Iraq]], and with fellow musician [[Damon Albarn]] personally paid for full-page advertisements against the war in the ''[[NME]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/7876770/Massive-Attack-the-beat-goes-on.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/7876770/Massive-Attack-the-beat-goes-on.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Massive Attack: the beat goes on|date=8 July 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=17 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Massive Attack have worked with [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] and [[Stop the War Coalition]], while also having helped fund a legal challenge to military intervention in international courts.<ref>{{cite news |date= 31 January 2003 |title= Starting a massive offensive |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/music/starting-a-massive-offensive-1-544656 |work= The Scotsman |access-date= 14 June 2019}}</ref> === Human rights === In 2008, Massive Attack curated the annual [[Meltdown (festival)|Meltdown festival]] on London's [[South Bank]]. During the two weeks of live performance, cinema and art, they worked with human rights lawyer [[Clive Stafford Smith]] and his organisation [[Reprieve (organisation)|Reprieve]] which uses the law to enforce the [[human rights]] of prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reprieve.org.uk/press/2008_07_07memoriesofmeltdown/|title=Reprieve—Memories of Meltdown|access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> In 2010, the video shot by [[Adam Broomberg and Oliver Chanarin]] for the song "[[Saturday Come Slow]]", featuring Albarn, drew attention to the use of music in [[torture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reprieve.org.uk/blog/2010_03_18massive_attack_speaks_out_music_torture/|title=Reprieve—Massive Attack speak out against music torture|access-date=15 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224060143/http://www.reprieve.org.uk/blog/2010_03_18massive_attack_speaks_out_music_torture/|archive-date=24 December 2012}}</ref> Massive Attack donated all proceeds from their 2010 EP ''Atlas Air'' to [[War Child (charity)|War Child]], a charity the band previously supported when they contributed to ''[[The Help Album]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/news/231110_massiveattack.shtml|title=BBC&nbsp;– 6Music News&nbsp;– Massive Attack for War Child|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> === British politics === In 2007, Del Naja, musicians Albarn and [[Brian Eno]], and United Visual Artists contributed to a [[Greenpeace]] demonstration against the renewal of the [[Trident nuclear programme]] that was held on board the [[MV Arctic Sunrise|Arctic Sunrise]] on the [[River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web|title=River Thames to host protest against Trident renewal|url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/media/press-releases/river-thames-to-host-protest|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028055102/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/media/press-releases/river-thames-to-host-protest|archive-date=28 October 2012|access-date=15 September 2012|publisher=Greenpeace UK}}</ref> On 14 November 2012, on the eve of the [[2012 Bristol mayoral election|Bristol Mayor election]], the band caused some surprise by endorsing independent millionaire and former [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[George Ferguson (politician)|George Ferguson]], citing the need for a mayor who would help facilitate creative projects to the city, and wasn't simply following a party political agenda.<ref name="24-7">{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Christopher|date=14 November 2012|title=Bristol mayor: Massive Attack give vocal backing for Ferguson|newspaper=Bristol 24–7|url=http://www.bristol247.com/2012/11/14/bristol-mayor-massive-attack-give-vocal-backing-for-ferguson-25128/|url-status=dead|access-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522204522/http://www.bristol247.com/2012/11/14/bristol-mayor-massive-attack-give-vocal-backing-for-ferguson-25128/|archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref> Previously, Del Naja had openly criticised Ferguson for being a member of the [[Society of Merchant Venturers]],<ref name="post01">{{cite news|date=9 October 2012|title=Massive Attack star criticises Bristol Mayor candidate George Ferguson|newspaper=This Is Bristol|url=http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Massive-Attack-star-criticises-Bristol-Mayor/story-17054830-detail/story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602024432/http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Massive-Attack-star-criticises-Bristol-Mayor/story-17054830-detail/story.html#axzz2Shn0uOq5|archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> an organisation dating back to the 16th century which had many connections with the [[Bristol slave trade]].<ref name="Nash">{{cite web|last=Nash|first=Andrew|title=The Society of Merchant Venturers|url=http://www.flocs.com/websites/bristolslavery/people/merchantventurers.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613131401/http://www.flocs.com/websites/bristolslavery/people/merchantventurers.htm|archive-date=13 June 2014|access-date=22 March 2015|work=Bristol Slavery|publisher=Andrew Nash}}</ref> Del Naja endorsed Ferguson again in the 2016 election.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In September 2018, Massive Attack criticised the [[Mayor of Bristol]] for cancelling the [[Bristol Arena|Bristol Arena project]] in the Temple Meads area of Bristol. The Mayor had announced a private sector company, YTL would build a privately funded arena in Filton, a northern suburb of Bristol and the band announced they would not play there. Despite this, when a pop up arena was temporarily erected on the Filton site, Massive Attack played two gigs in March 2019. In November 2019, along with other public figures, Massive Attack signed a letter supporting [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] leader [[Jeremy Corbyn]] describing him as "a beacon of hope in the struggle against emergent far-right nationalism, xenophobia and racism in much of the democratic world" and endorsed him in the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 UK general election]].<ref name="nme">{{cite news|last=Neale|first=Matthew|date=16 November 2019|title=Exclusive: New letter supporting Jeremy Corbyn signed by Roger Waters, Robert Del Naja and more|work=[[NME]]|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/new-letter-supporting-jeremy-corbyn-2568734|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> In June 2024, Massive Attack endorsed [[Carla Denyer]], the co-leader of [[Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales|the Green Party]], as MP for [[Bristol Central]]. They said "General Election 2024 is an opportunity for #Bristol to consolidate its green reputation by electing an MP who is resolutely focused on #ClimateAction and unambiguous on the matter of genocide in #Gaza. @carla_denyer is that candidate."<ref>{{cite tweet |user=MassiveAttackUK |number=1797585324136423903 |title=General Election 2024 is an opportunity for #Bristol to consolidate its green reputation | accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref> === International politics === Del Naja and [[Thom Yorke]] of [[Radiohead]] threw an unofficial party at the occupied [[UBS]] building in the city of London in December 2011, in support for the international [[Occupy movement]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2012 |title=Dazed Digital |url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/12575/1/occupy-2012 |access-date=15 September 2012 |publisher=Occupy 2012}}</ref> During a concert in [[Istanbul]] in 2014, Massive Attack named those who died in [[Gezi Park protests|anti-government protests]] at [[Gezi Park]] on the outdoor screen at their back with the following sentences: "Their killers are still out there" and "We won't forget [[Soma mine disaster|Soma]]".<ref>{{cite web|date=6 August 2014|title=Massive Attack Soma ve Gezi'yi unutmadı&nbsp;– Hayat Haberleri&nbsp;– Radikal|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/hayat/massive_attack_soma_ve_geziyi_unutmadi-1196119|access-date=26 August 2020|work=Radikal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Massive Attack'ten Soma ve Gezi mesajı|url=http://www.gercekgundem.com/kultur-sanat/49167/massive-attackten-soma-ve-gezi-mesaji|access-date=17 September 2014|work=Gerçek Gündem}}</ref> In June 2024, Massive Attack cancelled a concert at the [[Black Sea Arena]] in [[Tbilisi]], originally scheduled for 28 July, in response to the [[Government of Georgia (country)|Georgian government]]'s repression of the [[2023–2024 Georgian protests|nationwide civil protests]] against law proposals that could have restricted [[freedom of press]] and [[LGBT rights in Georgia (country)|LGBT rights]] in the country; in an official statement, the band explained their decision by writing quote, "At this moment, performing at the state-owned Black Sea Arena could be seen as an endorsement of their violent crackdown against peaceful protests and civil society".<ref>{{cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=12 June 2024 |title=Massive Attack pull out of gig in Georgia in solidarity with protesters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/article/2024/jun/12/massive-attack-pull-out-of-gig-in-georgia-in-solidarity-with-protesters |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ==== Israeli–Palestinian conflict ==== In late July 2014, Del Naja and Marshall visited the [[Bourj el-Barajneh|Bourj El-Barajneh]] [[refugee camp]] in Lebanon to meet with Palestinian volunteers at an educational centre. The band's profit from the show in Byblos was donated to the centre.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 July 2014 |title=Massive Attack visit Palestinian refugees in Lebanon: 'All of them have a right to a life of dignity and beauty' – People&nbsp;— News |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/massive-attack-visit-palestinian-refugees-in-lebanon-all-of-them-have-a-right-to-a-life-of-dignity-and-beauty-9635645.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/massive-attack-visit-palestinian-refugees-in-lebanon-all-of-them-have-a-right-to-a-life-of-dignity-and-beauty-9635645.html |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=17 September 2014 |work=The Independent}}</ref> In 2017, Massive Attack performed three shows in support of Hoping, an organisation that helps raise money and supports projects for Palestinian youth in refugee camps in the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[West Bank]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]].{{cn|date=September 2024}} Massive Attack have previously played three shows in [[Israel]], but have boycotted it since 1999 "as a form of non-violent pressure on Israel to end its brutal [[occupation of Palestine]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Duran|first=Anagricel|date= 12 January 2024|title=Massive Attack speak out on their boycott of gigs in Israel since 1999|newspaper=NME|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/massive-attack-speak-out-on-their-boycott-of-gigs-in-israel-since-1999-3570102|access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref> They have described their decision as "not an action of aggression towards the Israeli people", but "towards the [Israeli] [[Israeli government|government]] and its policies", arguing that "the Palestinians [in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and the [[West Bank]]] have no access to the same fundamental benefits that the Israelis do."<ref name="NS">{{cite news|last=Parry|first=William|date=3 September 2010|title=The silent treatment|newspaper=New Statesman|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/music/2010/09/israel-interview-boycott-naja|access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> In May 2020, Massive Attack co-signed an open letter urging Israel to end the [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hundreds of artists urge Israel to end Gaza blockade |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/16/hundreds-of-artists-urge-israel-to-end-gaza-blockade |work=Al Jazeera |date=16 May 2020}}</ref> In May 2024, the group publicly expressed their support to the music acts who had decided to boycott [[The Great Escape Festival]] in [[Brighton and Hove]], in protest against the event's sponsor [[Barclays]] and its investments in companies supplying arms that were reportedly used by Israeli military forces in their [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)|invasion of the Gaza Strip]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Skinner |first=Tom |date=14 May 2024 |title=Over 100 acts have now dropped out of The Great Escape 2024 in Gaza boycott, with support from Massive Attack |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/over-100-acts-have-now-dropped-out-of-the-great-escape-2024-in-gaza-boycott-with-support-from-massive-attack-3756090 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[NME]] }}</ref> === Decarbonisation project === On 28 November 2019, Robert Del Naja announced that Massive Attack partnered with a research centre based at the [[University of Manchester]] to explore the [[Environmental impact of the music industry|music industry's climate impact]]. He wrote in a column in ''The Guardian'': "the commissioning of the renowned [[Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research]] to map the full carbon footprint of typical tour cycles, and to look specifically at the three key areas where [[Greenhouse gas emissions|CO2 emissions]] in our sector are generated." This will include information about band travel and production, audience transport and venue. "The resulting roadmap to [[decarbonisation]] will be shared with other touring acts, promoters and festival/venue owners to assist swift and significant emissions reductions."<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=We've toured the world for years. To help save the planet we'll have to change &#124; Massive Attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/28/tour-world-massive-attack-band-climate |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=Theguardian.com}}</ref> === Environmentalism === In 2010, Massive Attack donated the income from a Lincoln car commercial to the clean up campaign after the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Massive Attack Donate Proceeds of Lincoln Car Commercial To Clean-Up Efforts in the Gulf of Mexico|url=http://saveourgulf.org/updates/massive-attack-donate-proceeds-lincoln-car-commercial-clean-ef|access-date=15 September 2012|publisher=Save Our Gulf|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801101433/http://saveourgulf.org/updates/massive-attack-donate-proceeds-lincoln-car-commercial-clean-ef|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since October 2018, Massive Attack have also been supporting the [[climate activist]]s of the [[Extinction Rebellion]] group, also known as XR, which conducted protests in London in October 2018 then April 2019. On 21 April, Massive Attack played a DJ set for the Extinction Rebellion protesters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DS0bntN2FCM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/DS0bntN2FCM| archive-date=30 October 2021|title=Massive Attack – Marble Arch – Extinction Rebellion| date=21 April 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> in the heart of London in Marble Arch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mixmag.net/read/massive-attack-extinction-rebellion-protest-news|title=Massive Attack played a DJ set for the Extinction Rebellion protest in London|website=Mixmag}}</ref> In July and October 2019, the group protested in 60 other cities worldwide,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicpressure.org/60-cities-extinction-rebellion-movement-goes-global/|title=60 cities: Extinction Rebellion movement goes global|date=10 October 2019|website=Public Pressure}}</ref> Robert Del Naja providing a portable radio network using speakers in backpacks with receivers and transmitters for the campaigners in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BG4zLu0yJQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/7BG4zLu0yJQ| archive-date=30 October 2021|title=Massive Attack Visited XR Sites &#124; Extinction Rebellion| date=14 October 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2021 the band published a report they had commissioned from the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. The report examined the impact of live music on the environment and gave a set of recommendations for meeting the [[Paris agreement]] targets. Del Naja criticised the UK government for not doing more to meet the targets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vinter |first1=Robyn |title=Massive Attack call for government plan to cut live music's carbon emissions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/06/massive-attack-call-for-government-plan-to-cut-live-musics-carbon-emissions |website=www.theguardian.com |date=5 September 2021 |publisher=Guardian News and Media |access-date=17 December 2022}}</ref> Massive Attack became the first band globally to commit their touring companies to the UN “Race to Zero” – Paris 1.5 compatible emissions reductions schedule.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/massive-attack-unveil-plan-to-reduce-carbon-emissions-across-music-industry/ |title=Massive Attack Unveil Plan to Reduce Carbon Emissions Across Music Industry |last=Monroe |first=Jazz |date=6 September 2021 |website=Pitchfork |access-date=6 March 2023 }}</ref> The band played a Bristol show named "Act 1.5" on 24 August 2024 with the goal of being a "large-scale climate action accelerator", blazing a "trail for new standards of decarbonisation of live music." There were 25 different measures to minimise carbon, including giving extra benefits to local attendees and those travelling by train, powering the venue by renewable energy only, serving only plant-based foods and minimising waste through compostable plates and cutlery.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The band that doesn't want you to drive to their concerts |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240717-the-band-that-doesnt-want-you-to-travel-for-their-tour |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=www.bbc.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Massive Attack's upcoming ACT 1.5 decarbonisation show "may be their last" in Bristol |url=https://mixmag.net/read/massive-attack-act-1-5-decarbonisation-show-bristol-clifton-downs-climate-action-news |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Mixmag}}</ref> === Other === In 2005, Del Naja organised and performed at a charity concert in [[Bristol]] for [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Tsunami]] Relief with Adrian Utley and [[Geoff Barrow]] of [[Portishead (band)|Portishead]]. The two-night event featured Massive Attack, Portishead, [[Robert Plant]], [[the Coral]] and Albarn.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} In March 2018, following the [[Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal]], Massive Attack suspended their Facebook page, stating: "In light of Facebook’s continued disregard for your privacy, their lack of transparency and disregard for accountability – Massive Attack will be temporarily withdrawing."<ref>{{cite web|date=21 March 2018|title=Massive Attack leave Facebook following Cambridge Analytica scandal|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/massive-attack-leave-facebook-following-cambridge-analytica-scandal-2270845|access-date=17 September 2018|website=Nme.com}}</ref> ==Band members== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''Current members''' * [[Robert Del Naja|Robert "3D" Del Naja]] – vocals, keyboards, guitars, programmer, arranger, producer, mixer (1988–present) * [[Daddy G|Grant "Daddy G" Marshall]] – vocals, keyboards, guitars, programmer, producer (1988–2001, 2005–present) * [[Tricky (musician)|Adrian "Tricky" Thaws]] – vocals, keyboards, bass, producer (1988–1995, 2016–present) '''Former members''' * [[Andrew Vowles|Andrew "Mushroom" Vowles]] – keyboards, drums, turntables, arranger, producer, mixer, programmer (1988–1999) '''Recurring Collaborators''' * [[Horace Andy]] - vocals (1990-2011) * [[Shara Nelson]] - vocals (1991) * [[Tracey Thorn]] - vocals, guitars (1994) * [[Neil Davidge]] - bass, guitars, drums, keyboards, piano, occasional backing vocals (1998-2012) * [[Elizabeth Fraser]] - vocals (1998) * [[Damon Albarn]] - vocals, bass, keyboards (2003-2010) * [[Sinead O'Connor]] - vocals (2003) * [[Stephanie Dosen]] – vocals, guitars (2008–2010) * [[Hope Sandoval]] - vocals (2010-2016) '''Touring members''' * Deborah Miller – vocals, percussion (1990–present) * Winston Blissett – bass guitar (1995–present) * [[Elizabeth Fraser]] – vocals (1998–present) * [[Damon Reece]] – drums (2006–present) * Julien Brown – electronic drums (2009–present) * [[Horace Andy]] – vocals (2011–present) * Euan Dickinson – keyboards, synthesizers, samples (2016–present) * [[Alex Lee (musician)|Alex Lee]] – guitars (2019–present) '''Former touring members''' * [[Angelo Bruschini]] – guitars (1995–2023; his death) * Andrew Smalls – drums, electronic drums (1995–2008) * Kwame Boaten – bass (1996–1999) * Michael Timothy – keyboards, synthesizers, samples (1998) * [[Dot Allison]] – vocals, guitar (2003) * Arden Hart – keyboards (2003, 2006) * [[Lucy Wilkins]] – violin, keyboards (2003) * Hazel Fernandez – vocals (2004) * [[Yola (singer)|Yolanda Quartey]] – vocals (2004) * John Baggott – keyboards, synthesizers, samples (2008–2010) * [[Azekel]] – vocals (2016) {{col-end}} ===Timeline=== <timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:18 PlotArea = left:140 bottom:100 top:0 right:20 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1988 till:31/12/2023 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:4 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:01/01/1988 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1988 Colors = id:vocals value:red legend:Vocals id:guitars value:green legend:Guitars id:keys value:purple legend:Keyboards id:bass value:blue legend:Bass id:DJ value:lavender legend:Turntables id:drums value:orange legend:Drums id:album value:black legend:Album id:ep value:gray(0.5) legend:EP Linedata= layer:back color:Album at:08/04/1991 at:26/09/1994 at:20/04/1998 at:10/02/2003 at:08/02/2010 color:EP at:04/10/2009 at:28/01/2016 at:10/07/2020 BarData = bar:DelNaja text:"Robert '3D' Del Naja" bar:Marshall text:"Grant 'Daddy G' Marshall" bar:Vowles text:"Andrew 'Mushroom' Vowles" bar:Thaws text:"Adrian 'Tricky' Thaws" PlotData = width:11 bar:DelNaja from:01/01/1988 Till:end color:vocals bar:DelNaja from:01/01/1988 Till:end color:keys width:7 bar:DelNaja from:01/01/1988 Till:end color:guitars width:3 bar:Thaws from:01/01/1988 Till:20/02/1995 color:vocals bar:Thaws from:01/01/1988 Till:20/02/1995 color:bass width:3 bar:Thaws from:01/01/1988 Till:20/02/1995 color:keys width:7 bar:Thaws from:01/01/2016 Till:end color:keys width:7 bar:Thaws from:01/01/2016 Till:end color:vocals bar:Thaws from:01/01/2016 Till:end color:bass width:3 bar:Marshall from:01/01/1988 Till:21/01/2001 color:keys bar:Marshall from:01/01/1988 Till:21/01/2001 color:guitars width:7 bar:Marshall from:01/01/1988 Till:21/01/2001 color:vocals width:3 bar:Marshall from:21/12/2005 Till:end color:keys bar:Marshall from:21/12/2005 Till:end color:guitars width:7 bar:Marshall from:21/12/2005 Till:end color:vocals width:3 bar:Vowles from:01/01/1988 Till:31/12/1999 color:drums bar:Vowles from:01/01/1988 Till:31/12/1999 color:keys width:3 bar:Vowles from:01/01/1988 Till:31/12/1999 Color:DJ width:7 </timeline> ==Discography== {{Main|Massive Attack discography}} * ''[[Blue Lines]]'' (1991) * ''[[Protection (Massive Attack album)|Protection]]'' (1994) * ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' (1998) * ''[[100th Window]]'' (2003) * ''[[Heligoland (album)|Heligoland]]'' (2010) == Legacy == Despite the band rejecting the label, ''Massive Attack'' are generally considered to be a pioneering act of the [[Bristol underground scene|Bristol music scene]] and the [[trip hop]] genre, with some calling them the greatest trip hop band.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10 greatest trip-hop bands of all time |url=https://www.smoothradio.com/news/chill/trip-hop-bands-artists-ranked/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Smooth |language=en}}</ref> Their debut album, ''[[Blue Lines]]'', is generally considered to be the first album of the genre, even though the term was not coined until 1994. Both ''Blue Lines'' and ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' are considered to be amongst the best albums of the 1990s and of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Rolling |date=2023-12-31 |title=The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barker |first=Emily |date=2013-10-25 |title=The 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time: 100-1 |url=https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-100-1-1426116 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1999, ''Unfinished Sympathy'' was voted the 10th greatest song of all time in a poll by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wells |first=Matt |date=8 November 1999 |title=How Robbie headed Amadeus in the race to be music's man of the millennium |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/08/millennium.uk1 |access-date=22 May 2009 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |quote=Best song: 10. Unfinished Sympathy&nbsp;– Massive Attack.}}</ref> ==Awards and nominations== ===Billboard Music Awards=== The [[Billboard Music Award|''Billboard'' Music Awards]] honor artists for commercial performance in the U.S., based on record charts published by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/about/ |title=About {{!}} Billboard Music Awards |publisher=[[Billboard Music Award]] |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512143325/http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/about/ |archive-date=12 May 2015 }}</ref> The awards are based on sales data by [[Nielsen SoundScan]] and radio information by [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=50 Cent, Green Day Reap Major Billboard Music Awards |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60427/50-cent-green-day-reap-major-billboard-music-awards |access-date=20 August 2015 |magazine=Billboard |date=7 December 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105552/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/60427/50-cent-green-day-reap-major-billboard-music-awards |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> The award ceremony was held from 1990 to 2007, until its reintroduction in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grein |first=Paul |title=Billboard Music Awards Predictions: Sure Things and Oddities |url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/billboard-music-awards-predictions-sure-c1431468392160/photo-top-billboard-200-album-photo-1431468208131.html |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=20 August 2015 |date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630184810/https://www.yahoo.com/music/billboard-music-awards-predictions-sure-c1431468392160/photo-top-billboard-200-album-photo-1431468208131.html |archive-date=30 June 2015 }}</ref> {{award table}} |- | rowspan=2|2003 | Massive Attack | Top Electronic Artist | {{nom}} |- | ''[[100th Window]]'' | Top Electronic Album |{{nom}} {{end}} ===D&AD Awards=== [[D&AD|Design and Art Direction]] (''D&AD'') is a British educational [[Charitable organization|charity]] which exists to promote excellence in [[design]] and [[advertising]]. {{award table}} |- | rowspan="3"| 1999 | rowspan="2"| "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" | Direction | {{won|place=Gold|Yellow Pencil}} |- | Special Effects | {{won|place=Bronze|Wood Pencil}} |- | ''Massive Attack – Teaser'' | Music Packaging and Print Promotion/Promotional Poster | {{won|place=Gold|Yellow Pencil}} |- | rowspan="2"| 2011 | "[[Splitting the Atom]]" | Music Video | {{won|place=Bronze|Wood Pencil}} |- | "Atlas Air" | Animation | {{won|place=Silver|Graphite Pencil}} {{end}} ===Denmark GAFFA Awards=== Delivered since 1991. The [[Gaffa (magazine)#GAFFA Awards|''GAFFA'' Awards]] (Danish: GAFFA Prisen) are a Danish award that rewards popular music awarded by the magazine of the same name.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gaffa.dk/nyhed/8752|title=GAFFA-prisen 1991–2006 – se vinderne|website=Gaffa.dk|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=22 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322005055/https://gaffa.dk/nyhed/8752|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{award table}} |- | rowspan=2|1999 | ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' | Best Foreign Album | {{nom}} |- | "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" | Best Foreign Music Video | {{won}} {{end}} ===Edison Awards=== The [[Edison Award]] is an annual Dutch music prize, awarded for outstanding achievements in the music industry. It is one of the oldest music awards in the world, having been presented since 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edisons.nl/pop/edities/|publisher=[[Edison Award]]|title=Edities – Edison Pop|language=nl|trans-title=Editions – Edison Pop|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915213754/http://www.edisons.nl/pop/edities/|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> {{award table}} |- | 1992 | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best International Dance/Hip-Hop | {{won}} |- | 1999 | Best International Group | {{won}} {{end}} ===Fryderyk=== The [[Fryderyk]] is an annual award ceremony in Poland, presented by the [[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry|Związek Producentów Audio Video]], the IFPI Poland, since 1994. {{award table}} |- | 1998 | ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' | Best Foreign Album | {{nom}} {{end}} ===Hungarian Music Awards=== [[Hungarian Music Awards]] is the national music awards of Hungary, held every year since 1992 and promoted by Mahasz. {{award table}} |- | 1999 | ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' | New Trend Album of the Year | {{nom}} |- | 2011 | ''[[Heligoland (album)|Heligoland]]'' | Alternative Music Album of the Year | {{nom}} {{end}} ===International Dance Music Awards=== The [[International Dance Music Award]] was established in 1985. It is a part of the Winter Music Conference, a weeklong electronic music event held annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wintermusicconference.com/about/aboutwmc/ |title=About WMC |access-date=20 August 2015 |publisher=Winter Music Conference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080330/http://wintermusicconference.com/about/aboutwmc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 }}</ref> {{award table}} |- | 2011 | "[[Four Walls / Paradise Circus|Paradise Circus]]" | Best Underground Dance Track | {{nom}} {{end}} ===Ivor Novello Awards=== The [[Ivor Novello Awards]] are awarded for [[songwriting]] and [[Musical composition|composing]]. The awards, named after the [[Cardiff]] born entertainer [[Ivor Novello]], are presented annually in London by the [[British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors]] (BASCA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ivorsacademy.com/awards/the-ivors/archive/|title=Archive &#124; The Ivors &#124; The Ivors Academy &#124; Champions of Music Creators|website=The Ivors Academy}}</ref> {{award table}} |- | 2009 | Themselves | Outstanding Contribution to British Music | {{won}} {{end}} ===MTV Europe Music Awards=== The [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] were established in 1994 by MTV Europe to celebrate the most popular music videos in Europe. Massive Attack has received two awards from three nominations. {{awards table}} |- | [[1995 MTV Europe Music Awards|1995]] || "[[Protection (Massive Attack song)|Protection]]" || Best Video || {{won}} |- | rowspan="2"| [[1998 MTV Europe Music Awards|1998]] || "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" || Best Video ||{{won}} |- | ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' || Best Album || {{nom}} |- {{end}} ===NME Awards=== The [[NME Awards|''NME'' Awards]] are annual music awards show founded by the music magazine ''[[NME]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lipshutz|first=Jason|title=5 Seconds of Summer Celebrates Winning 'Worst Band' Award|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6479853/5-seconds-of-summer-nme-worst-band-award|access-date=6 July 2015|magazine=Billboard|date=22 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623073429/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6479853/5-seconds-of-summer-nme-worst-band-award|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> {{award table}} |- | rowspan=3|1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/1999.html|title=Rocklist.net...NME End Of Year Lists 1999...|website=Rocklistmusic.co.uk}}</ref> | Themselves | Best Group | {{nom}} |- | ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' | Best Album | {{nom}} |- | "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" | Best Single | {{nom}} |- | 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/2000.html|title=Rocklist.net...NME End Of Year Lists 2000...|website=Rocklistmusic.co.uk}}</ref> | "[[Unfinished Sympathy]]" | Best Ever Single | {{nom}} {{end}} ===Q Awards=== The [[Q Awards]] is the UK's annual music awards held by music magazine ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' for excellence in music. Massive Attack has received two awards from two nominations. {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="1"| 1998 || ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' || Best Album<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.everyhit.com/awardq.html | title=The Q Awards 1990–2004 Results|website=Everyhit.com|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref> || {{won}} |- |rowspan="1"| [[Q Awards#2008|2008]] || Massive Attack || Innovation in Sound Award || {{won}} |- {{end}} ===Brit Awards=== [[The Brit Awards]] are the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual pop music awards. {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"| [[1996 BRIT Awards|1996]] || "[[Protection (Massive Attack song)|Protection]]" ||Best British Video || {{nom}} |- | Massive Attack || Best British Dance Act || {{won}} |- |rowspan="5"| [[1999 BRIT Awards|1999]] || ''[[Mezzanine (album)|Mezzanine]]'' || MasterCard British Album || {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" || Best British Single || {{nom}} |- | Best British Video || {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| Massive Attack || Best British Group || {{nom}} |- | Best British Dance Act || {{nom}} |- {{end}} ===UK Music Video Awards=== The '''UK Music Video Awards''' is an annual celebration of creativity, technical excellence and [[innovation]] in music video and moving image for music. {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="3"| 2010 || "[[Four Walls / Paradise Circus|Paradise Circus]]" || rowspan="2"| Best Dance Video || {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| "[[Splitting the Atom]]" || {{nom}} |- | Best Animation in a Video || {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| 2011 || rowspan="2"| "Atlas Air" || Best Animation in a Video || {{nom}} |- | Best Visual Effects in a Video || {{nom}} |- {{end}} ===Viva Comet Awards=== [[:de:Comet (Musikpreis)|VIVA Comet Awards]] were an annual awards ceremony, organised by [[VIVA Germany]]. {{award table}} |- | 1995 | Massive Attack | Best Avantgarde Act | {{won}} {{end}} ===Žebřík Music Awards=== {{award table}} !Ref. |- | 1998 | "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" | Best International Video | {{nom}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anketazebrik.cz/historie/2003-1997/|title = 2003-1997 – Anketa Žebřík}}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Collected (Massive Attack album)|Collected]]'' | Best International Music DVD | {{nom}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anketazebrik.cz/historie/2010-2004/|title=2010-2004 – Anketa Žebřík|website=Anketazebrik.cz|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> {{end}} ==Notes== {{noteslist}} ==Bibliography== Chemam, Melissa, ''Massive Attack: Out of the Comfort Zone'', Tangent Books (2019) {{ISBN|1910089729}}, {{ISBN|978-1910089729}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Massive Attack}} * {{Official website}} * {{discogs artist}} * {{imdb name|1039315}} * [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Massive-Attack-Out-Comfort-Zone/dp/1910089729 'Massive Attack: Out of the Comfort Zone'] {{Massive Attack}} {{Brit Dance Act}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:MTV Europe Music Award winners]] [[Category:English electronic music groups]] [[Category:Musical groups from Bristol]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1988]] [[Category:Trip hop groups]] [[Category:English musical trios]] [[Category:Virgin Records artists]] [[Category:Musical collectives]] [[Category:English environmentalists]] [[Category:Political music groups]] [[Category:1988 establishments in England]] [[Category:Environmental musical artists]]'