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Variables generated for this change

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
9
Name of the user account (user_name)
'~Berilo Linea~'
Type of the user account (user_type)
'named'
Age of the user account (user_age)
374550
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*', 1 => 'user' ]
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
true
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Page ID (page_id)
18388668
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Bushra al-Assad'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Bushra al-Assad'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => 'JJMC89 bot III', 1 => 'Jilligate', 2 => 'Discospinster', 3 => '2001:4646:F449:0:2D02:C906:90B9:5FEA', 4 => 'Unknown Temptation', 5 => 'Attilios', 6 => 'ZayKitty Wiki', 7 => 'Borgenland', 8 => 'STeamTraen', 9 => 'Acratopotes' ]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
518946055
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
'Correcting Bushra's birth place for the time period that she was born in to the United Arab Republic'
Time since last page edit in seconds (page_last_edit_age)
196557
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Daughter of Syrian president Hafez al-Assad}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al-Assad family|al-Assad]]}} {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | native_name = بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ | native_name_lang = ar | image = Bushra al-Assad.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Bushra al-Assad, {{circa|1993}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|10|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]] | disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | nationality = | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = [[University of Damascus]] | occupation = | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | height = <!-- {{height|m=}} --> | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = {{marriage|[[Assef Shawkat]]|1995|2012|end=his death}} | partner = | children = 5 | mother = [[Anisa Makhlouf]] | father = [[Hafez al-Assad]] | family = [[Al-Assad family]] | callsign = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Bushra al-Assad''' ({{langx|ar|بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ|Bušrā al-ʾAsad}}; born 24 October 1960)<ref name="eur-lex.europa.eu">{{cite web|title=Council Implementing Decision|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:087:0103:01:EN:HTML|publisher=Official Journal|accessdate=14 January 2013|date=24 March 2012}}</ref> is the first child and only daughter of [[Hafez al-Assad]], who was the president of [[Syria]] from 1971 to 2000. She is the sister of former Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]]. She is the widow of [[Assef Shawkat]], the deputy chief of staff of the Syrian Armed Forces and former head of the Syrian Military Intelligence, who was killed in the [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|18 July 2012]] explosion in Damascus claimed by a coalition of Syrian opposition rebel groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bashar al-Assad's widowed sister has left Syria for UAE: source |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-bushra/bashar-al-assads-widowed-sister-has-left-syria-for-uae-source-idUSBRE88Q1LS20120927 |accessdate=1 March 2020 |work=Reuters |date=27 September 2017}}</ref> As a result of the [[Syrian Civil War]], in March 2012 she was placed on a list of Syrian government figures who were subject to European Union economic sanctions and travel bans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:087:0103:01:EN:HTML|title=Council Implementing Decision 2012/172/CFSP of 23 March 2012 implementing Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria}}</ref> On 28 September 2012, it was reported that Bushra al-Assad had fled from Syria with her five children to seek refuge in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-xpm-2012-09-27-sns-rt-us-syria-crisis-bushrabre88q1ls-20120927-story.html|title=Bashar al-Assad's widowed sister has left Syria for UAE: source|website=chicagotribune.com|date=27 September 2012 }}</ref> In January 2013, Bushra al-Assad was joined by her mother [[Anisa Makhlouf]] in [[Dubai]].<ref name=smh>{{cite news|title=Assad's mother leaves Syria|url=http://m.smh.com.au/world/assads-mother-leaves-syria-20130121-2d1ri.html|accessdate=21 January 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 January 2013}}</ref> ==Biography== Bushra is reported to have enjoyed a close relationship with her father Hafez al-Assad and reportedly took a large role in leadership during the last years of his life, particularly as Hafez's health started failing during the 1990s. Administrative tasks and even much of the important decision-making was being delegated to Bushra, who set up her own office next to her father in the Presidential Palace.{{sfn|Dagher|2019|p=241}} During the late 1970s, she had accompanied her father during foreign visits and was very active in the decision-making within her father's inner circle, especially in matters relating to economic and foreign affairs, leading to speculation that she was being considered for a leadership role and even possible succession. Despite this, by the 1980s, her younger brother Bassel took on that role instead and after 1994, her second oldest brother, Bashar. In both cases, she mounted her own attempt at fighting for the succession, especially after Bashar's selection, believing him to be incompetent for the role.{{sfn|Dagher|2019|p=241}} There has been widespread speculation that had it not been for her gender, she would have been groomed for the presidency.<ref name=tt2312>{{cite news|last=Carsten|first=Paul|title=Asma al-Assad and those who have been sanctioned|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9163401/Asma-al-Assad-and-those-who-have-been-sanctioned.html|accessdate=14 January 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=23 March 2012|location=London}}</ref> It is reported that she helped convince her father that jailing her uncle, [[Rifaat al-Assad]], after his failed 1984 coup attempt would disgrace the family.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/> Bushra received her degree in pharmacy in 1982 from [[Damascus University]]. At university Bushra befriended [[Bouthaina Shaaban]] who became a member of the Syrian Cabinet.<ref name="mideastmonitor">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_5.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161959/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_5.htm|title=mideastmonitor.org|archivedate=21 July 2011|website=www.mideastmonitor.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-3884051_ITM|title=Interview With Syrian Cabinet Minister Buthaina Shaaban; Interview With Arlen Specter.–International Wire (February, 2005)}}</ref> Some sources report Shaaban introduced Bushra to Shawkat, an army officer 10 years her senior and reportedly married with a reputation for womanizing.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/> Despite family opposition, Bushra married Shawkat in 1995.<ref name=ash20sep/> Since the death of her brother [[Bassel al-Assad]] in 1994, Bushra was credited with increasing influence in Syria. She was reported to have played a major role in guiding the development of Syria's pharmaceutical industry. Bushra was also reported to have worked for her late husband to gain acceptance and recognition. In the late 1990s, Shawkat assumed key security roles within Syria's military and intelligence apparatus.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cedarsrevolution.net/jtphp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1371&Itemid=30|title=World Council for the Cedars Revolution - Syria: Trouble in Damascus|website=www.cedarsrevolution.net|access-date=10 July 2008|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005835/http://www.cedarsrevolution.net/jtphp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1371&Itemid=30|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tensions between Bushra and her sister-in-law Syria's first lady [[Asma al-Assad]] were reported. Since Asma's marriage to the Syrian president in 2000, Asma defied social conventions by frequently appearing in public and in the media. It was reported that Bushra disapproved of Asma taking such a public role.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/> Bushra moved to the United Arab Emirates in September 2012<ref name=ash20sep>{{cite news|title=Assad's sister fled to UAE – Sources|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2012/09/article55240537|accessdate=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=20 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320235558/http://www.aawsat.net/2012/09/article55240537|archive-date=20 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> following her husband's death in [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|a bomb blast]]. Although rebels claimed responsibility, there was some suspicion the regime of her brother may have played a role.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pelham|first=Nicolas|date=2021-03-10|title=Banker, princess, warlord: the many lives of Asma Assad|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2021/03/10/banker-princess-warlord-the-many-lives-of-asma-assad|access-date=2021-04-11|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Bushra is living in [[Dubai]] with her five children.<ref>{{cite news|title=UAE backs 'non-sectarian' change in Syria|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=56199|accessdate=8 January 2013|newspaper=Middle East Online|date=26 December 2012|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420185856/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=56199|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, it was reported that Bushra's daughter, Anisa, was studying spatial design at the [[University of the Arts London]], despite being a member of a family subject to international sanctions. Later, the [[National Crime Agency]] seized the remaining £25,000 in her bank account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/assad-family-cash-frozen-after-dictators-niece-found-living-in-london-a4121211.html|title=Assad family cash frozen after dictator's niece found living in London|website=Evening Standard|date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/editors-choice/uk-impounds-30000-assads-niece-1287508|title=The UK Impounds $30,000 of Assad's Niece|website=albawaba.com|date=23 May 2019}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Assad family]] ==Sources== {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |last1=Dagher|first1=Sam |title=Assad or we Burn the Country |date=2019 |publisher=Little, Brown & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0316556705 |edition=First U.S.}} {{Refend}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons Category}} {{Portal|Biography|Politics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Bushra Al-}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Damascus University alumni]] [[Category:People from Latakia]] [[Category:Assad family|Bushra Al-Assad]] [[Category:Syrian Alawites]] [[Category:Children of presidents of Syria]] [[Category:20th-century Syrian women]] [[Category:20th-century Syrian people]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian women]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian people]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Short description|Daughter of Syrian president Hafez al-Assad}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al-Assad family|al-Assad]]}} {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | native_name = بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ | native_name_lang = ar | image = Bushra al-Assad.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Bushra al-Assad, {{circa|1993}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|10|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[United Arab Republic|Syria]] | disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | monuments = | nationality = | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = [[University of Damascus]] | occupation = | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | height = <!-- {{height|m=}} --> | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = {{marriage|[[Assef Shawkat]]|1995|2012|end=his death}} | partner = | children = 5 | mother = [[Anisa Makhlouf]] | father = [[Hafez al-Assad]] | family = [[Al-Assad family]] | callsign = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Bushra al-Assad''' ({{langx|ar|بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ|Bušrā al-ʾAsad}}; born 24 October 1960)<ref name="eur-lex.europa.eu">{{cite web|title=Council Implementing Decision|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:087:0103:01:EN:HTML|publisher=Official Journal|accessdate=14 January 2013|date=24 March 2012}}</ref> is the first child and only daughter of [[Hafez al-Assad]], who was the president of [[Syria]] from 1971 to 2000. She is the sister of former Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]]. She is the widow of [[Assef Shawkat]], the deputy chief of staff of the Syrian Armed Forces and former head of the Syrian Military Intelligence, who was killed in the [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|18 July 2012]] explosion in Damascus claimed by a coalition of Syrian opposition rebel groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bashar al-Assad's widowed sister has left Syria for UAE: source |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-bushra/bashar-al-assads-widowed-sister-has-left-syria-for-uae-source-idUSBRE88Q1LS20120927 |accessdate=1 March 2020 |work=Reuters |date=27 September 2017}}</ref> As a result of the [[Syrian Civil War]], in March 2012 she was placed on a list of Syrian government figures who were subject to European Union economic sanctions and travel bans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:087:0103:01:EN:HTML|title=Council Implementing Decision 2012/172/CFSP of 23 March 2012 implementing Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria}}</ref> On 28 September 2012, it was reported that Bushra al-Assad had fled from Syria with her five children to seek refuge in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-xpm-2012-09-27-sns-rt-us-syria-crisis-bushrabre88q1ls-20120927-story.html|title=Bashar al-Assad's widowed sister has left Syria for UAE: source|website=chicagotribune.com|date=27 September 2012 }}</ref> In January 2013, Bushra al-Assad was joined by her mother [[Anisa Makhlouf]] in [[Dubai]].<ref name=smh>{{cite news|title=Assad's mother leaves Syria|url=http://m.smh.com.au/world/assads-mother-leaves-syria-20130121-2d1ri.html|accessdate=21 January 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=21 January 2013}}</ref> ==Biography== Bushra is reported to have enjoyed a close relationship with her father Hafez al-Assad and reportedly took a large role in leadership during the last years of his life, particularly as Hafez's health started failing during the 1990s. Administrative tasks and even much of the important decision-making was being delegated to Bushra, who set up her own office next to her father in the Presidential Palace.{{sfn|Dagher|2019|p=241}} During the late 1970s, she had accompanied her father during foreign visits and was very active in the decision-making within her father's inner circle, especially in matters relating to economic and foreign affairs, leading to speculation that she was being considered for a leadership role and even possible succession. Despite this, by the 1980s, her younger brother Bassel took on that role instead and after 1994, her second oldest brother, Bashar. In both cases, she mounted her own attempt at fighting for the succession, especially after Bashar's selection, believing him to be incompetent for the role.{{sfn|Dagher|2019|p=241}} There has been widespread speculation that had it not been for her gender, she would have been groomed for the presidency.<ref name=tt2312>{{cite news|last=Carsten|first=Paul|title=Asma al-Assad and those who have been sanctioned|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9163401/Asma-al-Assad-and-those-who-have-been-sanctioned.html|accessdate=14 January 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=23 March 2012|location=London}}</ref> It is reported that she helped convince her father that jailing her uncle, [[Rifaat al-Assad]], after his failed 1984 coup attempt would disgrace the family.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/> Bushra received her degree in pharmacy in 1982 from [[Damascus University]]. At university Bushra befriended [[Bouthaina Shaaban]] who became a member of the Syrian Cabinet.<ref name="mideastmonitor">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_5.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161959/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0609/0609_5.htm|title=mideastmonitor.org|archivedate=21 July 2011|website=www.mideastmonitor.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-3884051_ITM|title=Interview With Syrian Cabinet Minister Buthaina Shaaban; Interview With Arlen Specter.–International Wire (February, 2005)}}</ref> Some sources report Shaaban introduced Bushra to Shawkat, an army officer 10 years her senior and reportedly married with a reputation for womanizing.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/> Despite family opposition, Bushra married Shawkat in 1995.<ref name=ash20sep/> Since the death of her brother [[Bassel al-Assad]] in 1994, Bushra was credited with increasing influence in Syria. She was reported to have played a major role in guiding the development of Syria's pharmaceutical industry. Bushra was also reported to have worked for her late husband to gain acceptance and recognition. In the late 1990s, Shawkat assumed key security roles within Syria's military and intelligence apparatus.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cedarsrevolution.net/jtphp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1371&Itemid=30|title=World Council for the Cedars Revolution - Syria: Trouble in Damascus|website=www.cedarsrevolution.net|access-date=10 July 2008|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005835/http://www.cedarsrevolution.net/jtphp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1371&Itemid=30|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tensions between Bushra and her sister-in-law Syria's first lady [[Asma al-Assad]] were reported. Since Asma's marriage to the Syrian president in 2000, Asma defied social conventions by frequently appearing in public and in the media. It was reported that Bushra disapproved of Asma taking such a public role.<ref name="mideastmonitor"/> Bushra moved to the United Arab Emirates in September 2012<ref name=ash20sep>{{cite news|title=Assad's sister fled to UAE – Sources|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2012/09/article55240537|accessdate=5 April 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=20 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320235558/http://www.aawsat.net/2012/09/article55240537|archive-date=20 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> following her husband's death in [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|a bomb blast]]. Although rebels claimed responsibility, there was some suspicion the regime of her brother may have played a role.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pelham|first=Nicolas|date=2021-03-10|title=Banker, princess, warlord: the many lives of Asma Assad|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/1843/2021/03/10/banker-princess-warlord-the-many-lives-of-asma-assad|access-date=2021-04-11|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Bushra is living in [[Dubai]] with her five children.<ref>{{cite news|title=UAE backs 'non-sectarian' change in Syria|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=56199|accessdate=8 January 2013|newspaper=Middle East Online|date=26 December 2012|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420185856/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=56199|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, it was reported that Bushra's daughter, Anisa, was studying spatial design at the [[University of the Arts London]], despite being a member of a family subject to international sanctions. Later, the [[National Crime Agency]] seized the remaining £25,000 in her bank account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/assad-family-cash-frozen-after-dictators-niece-found-living-in-london-a4121211.html|title=Assad family cash frozen after dictator's niece found living in London|website=Evening Standard|date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/editors-choice/uk-impounds-30000-assads-niece-1287508|title=The UK Impounds $30,000 of Assad's Niece|website=albawaba.com|date=23 May 2019}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Assad family]] ==Sources== {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |last1=Dagher|first1=Sam |title=Assad or we Burn the Country |date=2019 |publisher=Little, Brown & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0316556705 |edition=First U.S.}} {{Refend}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons Category}} {{Portal|Biography|Politics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Assad, Bushra Al-}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Damascus University alumni]] [[Category:People from Latakia]] [[Category:Assad family|Bushra Al-Assad]] [[Category:Syrian Alawites]] [[Category:Children of presidents of Syria]] [[Category:20th-century Syrian women]] [[Category:20th-century Syrian people]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian women]] [[Category:21st-century Syrian people]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -3,70 +3,70 @@ {{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al-Assad family|al-Assad]]}} {{Infobox person -| honorific_prefix = -| honorific_suffix = -| native_name = بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ -| native_name_lang = ar -| image = Bushra al-Assad.jpg -| image_size = -| alt = -| caption = Bushra al-Assad, {{circa|1993}} -| birth_name = -| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|10|24|df=y}} -| birth_place = [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]] -| disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> -| disappeared_place = -| disappeared_status = -| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> -| death_place = -| death_cause = -| body_discovered = -| resting_place = +| honorific_prefix = +| honorific_suffix = +| native_name = بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ +| native_name_lang = ar +| image = Bushra al-Assad.jpg +| image_size = +| alt = +| caption = Bushra al-Assad, {{circa|1993}} +| birth_name = +| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|10|24|df=y}} +| birth_place = [[United Arab Republic|Syria]] +| disappeared_date = <!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --> +| disappeared_place = +| disappeared_status = +| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> +| death_place = +| death_cause = +| body_discovered = +| resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> -| monuments = -| nationality = -| other_names = -| citizenship = -| education = -| alma_mater = [[University of Damascus]] -| occupation = -| years_active = -| employer = -| organization = -| agent = -| known_for = -| notable_works = -| style = -| height = <!-- {{height|m=}} --> -| television = -| title = -| term = -| predecessor = -| successor = -| party = -| movement = -| opponents = -| boards = -| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> -| criminal_penalty = -| criminal_status = -| spouse = {{marriage|[[Assef Shawkat]]|1995|2012|end=his death}} -| partner = -| children = 5 -| mother = [[Anisa Makhlouf]] -| father = [[Hafez al-Assad]] -| family = [[Al-Assad family]] -| callsign = -| awards = -| signature = -| signature_alt = -| signature_size = -| module = -| module2 = -| module3 = -| module4 = -| module5 = -| module6 = -| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> -| footnotes = +| monuments = +| nationality = +| other_names = +| citizenship = +| education = +| alma_mater = [[University of Damascus]] +| occupation = +| years_active = +| employer = +| organization = +| agent = +| known_for = +| notable_works = +| style = +| height = <!-- {{height|m=}} --> +| television = +| title = +| term = +| predecessor = +| successor = +| party = +| movement = +| opponents = +| boards = +| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --> +| criminal_penalty = +| criminal_status = +| spouse = {{marriage|[[Assef Shawkat]]|1995|2012|end=his death}} +| partner = +| children = 5 +| mother = [[Anisa Makhlouf]] +| father = [[Hafez al-Assad]] +| family = [[Al-Assad family]] +| callsign = +| awards = +| signature = +| signature_alt = +| signature_size = +| module = +| module2 = +| module3 = +| module4 = +| module5 = +| module6 = +| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> +| footnotes = }} '''Bushra al-Assad''' ({{langx|ar|بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ|Bušrā al-ʾAsad}}; born 24 October 1960)<ref name="eur-lex.europa.eu">{{cite web|title=Council Implementing Decision|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:087:0103:01:EN:HTML|publisher=Official Journal|accessdate=14 January 2013|date=24 March 2012}}</ref> is the first child and only daughter of [[Hafez al-Assad]], who was the president of [[Syria]] from 1971 to 2000. She is the sister of former Syrian President [[Bashar al-Assad]]. She is the widow of [[Assef Shawkat]], the deputy chief of staff of the Syrian Armed Forces and former head of the Syrian Military Intelligence, who was killed in the [[18 July 2012 Damascus bombing|18 July 2012]] explosion in Damascus claimed by a coalition of Syrian opposition rebel groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bashar al-Assad's widowed sister has left Syria for UAE: source |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-bushra/bashar-al-assads-widowed-sister-has-left-syria-for-uae-source-idUSBRE88Q1LS20120927 |accessdate=1 March 2020 |work=Reuters |date=27 September 2017}}</ref> '
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'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Daughter of Syrian president Hafez al-Assad</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bushra al-Assad</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar">بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bushra_al-Assad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bushra_al-Assad.jpg/220px-Bushra_al-Assad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Bushra_al-Assad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="369" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bushra al-Assad, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1993</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1960-10-24</span>) </span>24 October 1960<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&#160;64)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma&#160;mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Damascus">University of Damascus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px">&#8203;</div>&#32;<div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">&#8203;</div>&#40;<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&#160;1995&#59;&#32;died&#160;2012&#41;<wbr />&#8203;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anisa_Makhlouf" title="Anisa Makhlouf">Anisa Makhlouf</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad family">Al-Assad family</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bushra al-Assad</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بُشْرَى ٱلْأَسَدِ</span>, <small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>:&#160;</small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bušrā al-ʾAsad</i></span>; born 24 October 1960)<sup id="cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is the first child and only daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a>, who was the president of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> from 1971 to 2000. She is the sister of former Syrian President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>. She is the widow of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assef_Shawkat" title="Assef Shawkat">Assef Shawkat</a>, the deputy chief of staff of the Syrian Armed Forces and former head of the Syrian Military Intelligence, who was killed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012</a> explosion in Damascus claimed by a coalition of Syrian opposition rebel groups.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, in March 2012 she was placed on a list of Syrian government figures who were subject to European Union economic sanctions and travel bans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 28 September 2012, it was reported that Bushra al-Assad had fled from Syria with her five children to seek refuge in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In January 2013, Bushra al-Assad was joined by her mother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anisa_Makhlouf" title="Anisa Makhlouf">Anisa Makhlouf</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushra_al-Assad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Bushra is reported to have enjoyed a close relationship with her father Hafez al-Assad and reportedly took a large role in leadership during the last years of his life, particularly as Hafez's health started failing during the 1990s. Administrative tasks and even much of the important decision-making was being delegated to Bushra, who set up her own office next to her father in the Presidential Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDagher2019241_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDagher2019241-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the late 1970s, she had accompanied her father during foreign visits and was very active in the decision-making within her father's inner circle, especially in matters relating to economic and foreign affairs, leading to speculation that she was being considered for a leadership role and even possible succession. Despite this, by the 1980s, her younger brother Bassel took on that role instead and after 1994, her second oldest brother, Bashar. In both cases, she mounted her own attempt at fighting for the succession, especially after Bashar's selection, believing him to be incompetent for the role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDagher2019241_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDagher2019241-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There has been widespread speculation that had it not been for her gender, she would have been groomed for the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-tt2312_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tt2312-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is reported that she helped convince her father that jailing her uncle, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat al-Assad</a>, after his failed 1984 coup attempt would disgrace the family.<sup id="cite_ref-mideastmonitor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mideastmonitor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bushra received her degree in pharmacy in 1982 from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damascus_University" title="Damascus University">Damascus University</a>. At university Bushra befriended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a> who became a member of the Syrian Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-mideastmonitor_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mideastmonitor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some sources report Shaaban introduced Bushra to Shawkat, an army officer 10 years her senior and reportedly married with a reputation for womanizing.<sup id="cite_ref-mideastmonitor_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mideastmonitor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Despite family opposition, Bushra married Shawkat in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-ash20sep_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ash20sep-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the death of her brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad" title="Bassel al-Assad">Bassel al-Assad</a> in 1994, Bushra was credited with increasing influence in Syria. She was reported to have played a major role in guiding the development of Syria's pharmaceutical industry. Bushra was also reported to have worked for her late husband to gain acceptance and recognition. In the late 1990s, Shawkat assumed key security roles within Syria's military and intelligence apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-mideastmonitor_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mideastmonitor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tensions between Bushra and her sister-in-law Syria's first lady <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asma_al-Assad" title="Asma al-Assad">Asma al-Assad</a> were reported. Since Asma's marriage to the Syrian president in 2000, Asma defied social conventions by frequently appearing in public and in the media. It was reported that Bushra disapproved of Asma taking such a public role.<sup id="cite_ref-mideastmonitor_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mideastmonitor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bushra moved to the United Arab Emirates in September 2012<sup id="cite_ref-ash20sep_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ash20sep-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> following her husband's death in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">a bomb blast</a>. Although rebels claimed responsibility, there was some suspicion the regime of her brother may have played a role.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bushra is living in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> with her five children.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, it was reported that Bushra's daughter, Anisa, was studying spatial design at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a>, despite being a member of a family subject to international sanctions. Later, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a> seized the remaining £25,000 in her bank account.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushra_al-Assad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assad_family" title="Assad family">Assad family</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushra_al-Assad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDagher2019" class="citation book cs1">Dagher, Sam (2019). <i>Assad or we Burn the Country</i> (First U.S.&#160;ed.). New York: Little, Brown &amp; Company. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316556705" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316556705"><bdi>978-0316556705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Assad+or+we+Burn+the+Country&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=First+U.S.&amp;rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-0316556705&amp;rft.aulast=Dagher&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushra_al-Assad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4"title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eur-lex.europa.eu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eur-lex.europa.eu_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:087:0103:01:EN:HTML">"Council Implementing Decision"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Bashar+al-Assad%27s+widowed+sister+has+left+Syria+for+UAE%3A+source&amp;rft.date=2017-09-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-bushra%2Fbashar-al-assads-widowed-sister-has-left-syria-for-uae-source-idUSBRE88Q1LS20120927&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:087:0103:01:EN:HTML">"Council Implementing Decision 2012/172/CFSP of 23 March 2012 implementing Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Council+Implementing+Decision+2012%2F172%2FCFSP+of+23+March+2012+implementing+Decision+2011%2F782%2FCFSP+concerning+restrictive+measures+against+Syria&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2012%3A087%3A0103%3A01%3AEN%3AHTML&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-xpm-2012-09-27-sns-rt-us-syria-crisis-bushrabre88q1ls-20120927-story.html">"Bashar al-Assad's widowed sister has left Syria for UAE: source"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i>. 27 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&amp;rft.atitle=Bashar+al-Assad%27s+widowed+sister+has+left+Syria+for+UAE%3A+source&amp;rft.date=2012-09-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnation-world%2Fct-xpm-2012-09-27-sns-rt-us-syria-crisis-bushrabre88q1ls-20120927-story.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smh_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.smh.com.au/world/assads-mother-leaves-syria-20130121-2d1ri.html">"Assad's mother leaves Syria"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=Banker%2C+princess%2C+warlord%3A+the+many+lives+of+Asma+Assad&amp;rft.date=2021-03-10&amp;rft.issn=0013-0613&amp;rft.aulast=Pelham&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2F1843%2F2021%2F03%2F10%2Fbanker-princess-warlord-the-many-lives-of-asma-assad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420185856/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=56199">"UAE backs 'non-sectarian' change in Syria"</a>. <i>Middle East Online</i>. 26 December 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Online&amp;rft.atitle=UAE+backs+%27non-sectarian%27+change+in+Syria&amp;rft.date=2012-12-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middle-east-online.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D56199&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/assad-family-cash-frozen-after-dictators-niece-found-living-in-london-a4121211.html">"Assad family cash frozen after dictator's niece found living in London"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i>. 18 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&amp;rft.atitle=Assad+family+cash+frozen+after+dictator%27s+niece+found+living+in+London&amp;rft.date=2019-04-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fassad-family-cash-frozen-after-dictators-niece-found-living-in-london-a4121211.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albawaba.com/editors-choice/uk-impounds-30000-assads-niece-1287508">"The UK Impounds $30,000 of Assad's Niece"</a>. <i>albawaba.com</i>. 23 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=albawaba.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+UK+Impounds+%2430%2C000+of+Assad%27s+Niece&amp;rft.date=2019-05-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Feditors-choice%2Fuk-impounds-30000-assads-niece-1287508&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABushra+al-Assad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Bushra_al-Assad&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5"title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1734677701'