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'{{short description|16th century war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire}} {{Infobox military conflict| | conflict = Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532–1555 | image = Sueleymanname nahcevan.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = Miniature from the ''[[Süleymanname]]'' depicting Suleiman marching with an army in [[Nakhichivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]], summer 1554, at the end of the Ottoman-Safavid War. | partof = the [[Ottoman–Persian Wars]] | date = 1532–1555 | place = [[Mesopotamia]], [[Armenian Highlands]], [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azarbaijan]] | result = {{ublist|safavid victory}} *[[Peace of Amasya]] | territory = '''Ottomans''' gain large parts of [[Mesopotamia]] (Iraq), Western [[Iraq]], [[Western Armenia]], and Western [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref>''The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566'', V.J. Parry, '''A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730''', ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.</ref><br /> '''Persians''' retain [[Tabriz]], Eastern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Eastern Armenia]], Eastern Kurdistan, [[Dagestan]], and [[Azerbaijan]]<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.</ref> and the rest of their north-western borders as they were prior to the war<br /> [[Erzurum]], [[Van, Turkey|Van]], and [[Shahrizor]] become buffer zones.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ateş|first1=Sabri|title=Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107245082|page=20}}</ref> Kars is declared neutral.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|authorlink1=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598843361|page=698}}</ref> | combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Shah Tahmasp I.svg}} [[Safavid Empire]] | combatant2 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire|1517}} | commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Shah Tahmasp I.svg}} [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp I]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Shah Tahmasp I.svg}} [[Shahverdi Sultan]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Shah Tahmasp I.svg}} [[Ismail II|Shahzada Ismail Mirza]]<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Shah Tahmasp I.svg}} [[Qadi Jahan Qazvini]] | commander2 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Suleiman the Magnificent|Sultan Suleiman I]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha|Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[İskender Çelebi]]{{Executed}}<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Rüstem Pasha|Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Şehzade Mustafa]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Selim II|Şehzade Selim]]<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Şehzade Bayezid]]<br/>{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Alqas Mirza]]{{POW}}<br />{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1517}} [[Kara Ahmed Pasha|Grand Vizier Ahmed Pasha]] | strength1 = 60,000 men<br />10 pieces of artillery | strength2 = 200,000 men<br />300 pieces of artillery | casualties1 = | casualties2 = }} {{Campaignbox Ottoman-Persian Wars}} The '''Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555''' was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the [[Ottoman Empire]] led by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], and the [[Safavid Empire]] led by [[Tahmasp I]]. ==Background== The war was triggered by territorial disputes between the two empires, especially when the [[Bey]] of [[Bitlis]] decided to put himself under Persian protection.<ref name="Cambridge">''The Cambridge history of Islam'' by Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis p. 330 [https://books.google.com/books?id=j15MBH-FIwkC&pg=PA330]</ref> Also, Tahmasp had the governor of [[Baghdad]], a sympathiser of Suleiman, assassinated. On the diplomatic front, the Safavids had been engaged in discussions with the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburgs]] for the formation of a [[Habsburg–Persian alliance]] that would attack the Ottoman Empire on two fronts.<ref name="Cambridge"/> == Two Iraqi Expedition == The Ottomans, first under the Grand Vizier [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha|Ibrahim Pasha]], and later joined by Suleiman himself, successfully attacked Safavid [[Iraq]], recaptured [[Bitlis]], and proceeded to capture [[Tabriz]] and then [[Capture of Baghdad (1534)|Baghdad]] in 1534.<ref name="Cambridge"/> Tahmasp remained elusive as he kept retreating ahead of the Ottoman troops, adopting a [[scorched earth]] strategy. ==Second campaign (1548–1549)== Under the Grand Vizier [[Rüstem Pasha]], Ottomans attempting to defeat the Shah once and for all, Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign in 1548–1549. Again, Tahmasp adopted a scorched earth policy, laying waste to [[Armenia]]. Meanwhile, the French king [[Francis I of France|Francis I]], enemy of the Habsburgs, and [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] were moving forward in a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]], formalized in 1536, that would counterbalance the Habsburg threat. In 1547, when Suleiman attacked Persia, France sent its ambassador [[Gabriel de Luetz]], to accompany him in his campaign.<ref name="Fisher"/> Gabriel de Luetz gave military advice to Suleiman, as when he advised on artillery placement during the [[Siege of Van (1547)|Siege of Van]].<ref name="Fisher">''The Cambridge history of Iran'' by William Bayne Fisher p.384''ff''</ref> Suleiman made gains in [[Tabriz]], [[Armenians in the Persianate|Persian ruled Armenia]], secured a lasting presence in the [[Van Province|province of Van]] in [[Eastern Anatolia]], and took some forts in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. ==Third campaign (1553–1555) and aftermath== {{Main|Safavid Campaign (1554–1555)}} In 1553 the Ottomans, first under the Grand Vizier [[Rüstem Pasha]], and later joined by Suleiman himself, began his third and final campaign against the Shah, in which he first lost and then regained [[Erzurum]]. Ottoman territorial gains were secured by the [[Peace of Amasya]] in 1555. Suleiman returned Tabriz, but kept [[Baghdad]], lower [[Mesopotamia]], western [[Armenia]], western [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the mouths of the [[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]], and part of the [[Persian Gulf]] coast. Persia retained the rest of all its northwestern territories in the [[Caucasus]]. Due to his heavy commitment in Persia, Suleiman was only able to send limited naval support to France in the Franco-Ottoman [[invasion of Corsica (1553)]]. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Sources== * Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,''Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587–1629'', 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, {{ISBN|978-1595845672}}, English translation by Azizeh Azodi. * {{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|page=xxxi|edition=2}} ==Further reading== * {{cite journal|author1-link=James Tracy (historian) |last1=Tracy |first1=James |title=Foreign Correspondence: European Accounts of Sultan Süleyman I's Persian Campaigns, 1548 and 1554 |journal=Turkish Historical Review |date=2015 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=194–219 |doi=10.1163/18775462-00602004}} <gallery> File:Ritratto dell ambasciatore Gabriel de Luetz d Aramont Tiziano Vecellio 1541 1542 oil on canvas 76 x 74 cm.jpg|French ambassador [[Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon]] participated in the Ottoman campaign. File:The Rock and Walled City of Van (1893).jpg|The walled city of [[Van, Turkey|Van]], which Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon helped conquer. </gallery> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-55)}} [[Category:16th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Ottoman–Persian Wars]] [[Category:Suleiman the Magnificent]] [[Category:Military history of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:16th century in Armenia]] [[Category:Early modern history of Iraq]] [[Category:16th century in Iran]] [[Category:1530s in Asia]] [[Category:1530s in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:1540s in Asia]] [[Category:1540s in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:1550s in Asia]] [[Category:1550s in the Ottoman Empire]] [[Category:Wars involving Safavid Iran]]'