Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1417 to 1431}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Pope | honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]] | name = Martin V | title = [[Bishop of Rome]] | image = Papa Martino V.jpg | caption = Portrait of Martin V after [[Pisanello]] | birth_name = Oddone Colonna | church = [[Catholic Church]] | elected = 11 November 1417 | term_start = 14 November 1417 | term_end = 20 February 1431 | predecessor = [[Gregory XII]] | successor = [[Eugene IV]] | ordination = 13 November 1417 | ordinated_by = | consecration = 14 November 1417 | consecrated_by = [[Jean Franczon Allarmet de Brogny]] | cardinal = 12 June 1405 | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Innocent VII|Innocent VII]] | birth_date = January/February 1369 | birth_place = [[Genazzano]], [[Papal States]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1431|2|20|1369|df=y}} | death_place = Rome, Papal States | other = Martin | coat_of_arms = C o a Martinus V.svg }} {{Infobox popestyles |image = File: C o a Martinus V.svg |dipstyle = [[His Holiness]] |offstyle = Your Holiness |relstyle = Holy Father |deathstyle = None }} '''Pope Martin V''' ({{langx|la|Martinus V}}; {{langx|it|Martino V}}; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born '''Otto''' (or '''Oddone''') '''Colonna''', was the head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431.<ref>{{cite book |first=J.N.D.. |last=Kelly|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Popes|location=Oxford |year=1996}}</ref> His election effectively ended the [[Western Schism]] of 1378–1417. He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Martin". ==Biography== Oddone Colonna was born at [[Genazzano]], the son of Agapito [[Colonna family|Colonna]], Lord of Genazzano, [[Capranica Prenestina]], [[San Vito Romano|San Vito]] and [[Ciciliano]] from 1374, who died after 23 May 1398, and wife Caterina [[Conti di Segni|Conti]], between 26 January and 20 February 1369.<ref>His date of birth can be established basing on the following contemporary reports: *In the document issued on 25 January 1391 by Pope Boniface IX he is reported as being in the 22nd year of his life, see [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-martino-v_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ MARTINO V, papa. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Volume 71 (2008)] *According to the 15th-century librarian of the Vatican Library and author of the lives of Popes [[Bartolomeo Platina]], he died in the 63rd year of his life, see Bartolomeo Platina: ''[https://archive.org/details/livesofpopes00platuoft/page/212/mode/2up The lives of the Popes, p212]'' (London, 1888)</ref> He belonged to one of the oldest and most distinguished families of [[Rome]]. His brother Giordano, Lord of Genazzano, Capranica Prenestina, San Vito and Ciciliano, a Neapolitan General, Patrician of Naples in 1417, was shortly Prince of [[Salerno]] and Duke of [[Venosa]] from 3 August 1419, dying of plague on 16 August 1422, having married Mascia Annibaldi, who died in 1423, without issue, while his sister [[Paola Colonna|Paola]] was [[prince of Piombino|Lady of Piombino]] between 1441 and 1445. Oddone studied law at the [[University of Pavia]].<ref name=Miranda>{{cite web| url = http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1405.htm#Colonna| title = Miranda, Salvador. "Colonna, Oddone", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church}}</ref> He became [[apostolic protonotary]] under [[Pope Urban VI]] (1378–1389), and was created [[Cardinal-Deacon]] of [[San Giorgio in Velabro]] by [[Pope Innocent VII]] in 1405. In 1409 he took part in the [[Council of Pisa]], and was one of the supporters of [[Antipope Alexander V]]. Later he confirmed his allegiance to Alexander's successor, [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]], by whom his family obtained several privileges, while Oddone obtained for himself the vicariate of [[Todi]], [[Orvieto]], [[Perugia]] and [[Umbria]]. He was excommunicated for this in 1411 by Pope [[Gregory XII]]. Oddone was with John XXIII's entourage at the [[Council of Constance]] and followed him in his escape at [[Schaffhausen]] on 21 March 1415. Later he returned to [[Konstanz|Constance]] and took part in the process leading to the deposition of John XXIII.<ref name=MartinTrecc>{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-martino-v_(Dizionario-Biografico)|title=MARTINO V, papa in "Dizionario Biografico"|website=www.treccani.it}}</ref> ==Papacy== ===Election=== After deposing [[Antipope John XXIII]] in 1415, the Council of Constance was long divided by the conflicting claims of [[Pope Gregory XII]] (1406–15) and [[Antipope Benedict XIII]] (1394–1423); eventually Gregory resigned and Benedict was deposed, ending the schism. Martin was elected pope, at the age of 48, at the Council of Constance on [[St. Martin's Day]], 11 November 1417.<ref name=Ott>Ott, Michael. "[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09725a.htm Pope Martin V]." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 25 July 2014</ref> Participants in the conclave included 23 [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s and 30 delegates of the council. He was ordained a priest on 13 November 1417, and consecrated bishop the next day.<ref name=Miranda/> Martin left Constance at the close of the council (May 1418), but travelled slowly through Italy and lingered at [[Florence, Italy|Florence]]. His authority in Rome was represented by his brother Giordano, who had fought under [[Muzio Attendolo]] against the [[condottiero]] [[Braccio da Montone]]. The Pope at the time ruled only Rome (when not rebellious) and its environs: Braccio held [[Umbria]], [[Bologna]] as an independent commune, while much of [[Romagna]] and the [[Marche]] was held by local "vicars", who were in fact petty hereditary lords.<ref name=MartinTrecc/> In particular, Martin confirmed [[Giorgio Ordelaffi]] in [[Forlì]], [[Ludovico Alidosi]] in [[Imola]], [[Malatesta IV Malatesta]] in [[Rimini]], and [[Guidantonio da Montefeltro]] in [[Spoleto]], who would later marry the pope's niece Caterina Colonna. [[Image:Konstanzer Richental Chronik Die Nachricht der erfolgten Papstwahl wird bekanntgegeben 96r.jpg|thumb|260px|Pope Martin's election is announced. Chronicle of [[Ulrich of Richenthal]].]] In exchange for the recognition of [[Joanna II of Naples]], Martin obtained the restitution of [[Benevento]], several fiefs in the Kingdom of Naples for his relatives and, most important of all, an agreement that Muzio Attendolo, then hired by the Neapolitans, should leave Rome.<ref name=Ott/> After a long stay in Florence while these matters were arranged, Martin was able to enter Rome in September 1420. He at once set to work establishing order and restoring the dilapidated churches, palaces, bridges, and other public structures. For this reconstruction he engaged some famous masters of the Tuscan school and helped instigate the Roman Renaissance.<ref name=Ott/> Faced with competing plans for general reform offered by various nations, Martin V submitted a counter-scheme and entered into negotiations for [[Concordats of 1418|separate concordats]], for the most part vague and illusory, with the [[Holy Roman Empire]], [[England]], [[France]] and [[Spain]]. ===Hussite Wars=== By 1415 [[Bohemia]] was in turmoil and the subject of much discussion at the Council of Constance. Adherents of [[Jan Hus]], who had been previously [[Death by burning|burned at the stake]] as a [[Heresy|heretic]] by the council, adopted the practice of [[Communion under both kinds]]. The Council sent letters to the civil and ecclesiastical authorities in Bohemia, insisting they deal with the heresy. Bohemian and Moravian nobles responded that the sentence on Hus was unjust and insulting to their country, and promised to protect priests against episcopal prosecutions for heresy. Prague was placed under interdict for sheltering the excommunicated [[Jan z Jesenice|Jan of Jesenice]]. [[Beghards]] arrived attracted by Bohemia's reputation for religious liberty.<ref name=Wilhelm>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07585a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hussites|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> In 1419 [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|King Wenceslaus IV]], who had resisted what he considered interference in his kingdom, commanded that all ejected Catholic beneficiaries should be reinstated in their offices and revenues. Prague prepared for armed resistance. [[Jan Želivský]], an extreme anti-Catholic preacher of Prague, led a procession to the town hall, where under the leadership of [[Jan Žižka|Jan Žižka of Trocnov]], a noble of southern Bohemia, the building was stormed and people found inside were thrown out of the windows on to the spears and swords of the processionists, and hacked to pieces. In Kuttenberg, hundreds of captured [[Hussite Wars|Hussites]] were thrown by the miners into the shafts of disused silver mines. King Wenceslaus swore death to all the rebels, but died of a stroke in August, 1419. The next months were marked by deeds of violence; many citizens, especially Germans, had to flee.<ref name=Wilhelm/> Wenceslaus was succeeded by his brother [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund, King of the Romans and King of Hungary]], who prepared to restore order. On 1 March 1420, Pope Martin V issued a Bull inviting all Christians to unite in a crusade against the Wycliffites ([[Lollardy|Lollards]]), Hussites, and other heretics.<ref name=Wilhelm/> In 1428, the pope commanded that the remains of [[John Wycliffe|Wycliffe]], who was posthumously declared a heretic in 1415, be dug up and burned. The crusades against the Lollards, however, were ultimately unsuccessful. ===Crusades=== According to Burton, Pope Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418 in relation to the [[#Position on slavery|slave trade]].<ref name=Burton-p197/> In addition to the Hussite Crusades, Martin declared a Crusade against the Ottoman Empire in 1420 in response to the rising pressure from the Ottoman Turks. In 1419–1420 Martin had diplomatic contacts with the Byzantine emperor [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel II]], who was invoking a council in Constantinople. On 12 July 1420 the Pope conceded to attach an indulgence to anyone who would contribute to a crusade against the latter, which would be led by [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], King of the Romans.<ref name=MartinTrecc/> ===War against Braccio da Montone=== The main concern of Martin's pontificate from 1423 was the resumed war against Braccio da Montone. The following year, the combined Papal-Neapolitan army, led by [[Giacomo Caldora]] and [[Francesco Sforza]], defeated him at the [[Battle of L'Aquila]] (2 June 1424); Braccio died a few days later.<ref name=MartinTrecc/> In the same year Martin obtained a reduction of the autonomy of the commune of Bologna, whose finances would be thenceforth under the authority of a papal treasurer.<ref name=MartinTrecc/> He also ended the war with Braccio da Montone in exchange for his recognition as vicar<ref name=MartinTrecc/> and reconciled with the deposed John XXIII, to whom he gave the title of Cardinal of Tusculum. ===Annuity contracts=== Canon law prohibited interest upon a loan. To avoid this, annuities were paid, interest in effect but not in name. The dispute as to the legality of annuity contracts was brought before Martin V in 1423. He held that purchased annuities, which were redeemable at the option of the seller, were lawful.<ref>Lumley's Treatise upon the Law of Annuities and Rent Charges, 1st ed, 1833</ref><ref>Affirmed by [[Pope Calixtus III]], preserved 25 ATR 388 in the Corp Jur Canon Extra III tit 5.</ref> When the lawfulness of annuities was established, they were widely used in commerce; it seems that city states used them to raise compulsory loans from their citizens. ===Periodic ecumenical councils=== A decree of the Council of Constance (''[[Frequens]]'') ordered that councils should be held every five years. Martin V summoned a council in 1423 that met first at [[Pavia]] and later at [[Siena]] (the "[[Council of Siena]]"). It was rather poorly attended, which gave the Pope a pretext for dissolving it, as soon as it had come to the resolution that "internal church union by reform ought to take precedence over external union". It was [[prorogued]] for seven years. The seventeenth council then met as the "[[Council of Basel]]" in February 1431 shortly before Martin's death. ===Founding of the University of Louvain=== On December 9, 1425, Martin founded the [[University of Louvain]] or Universitas Lovaniensis in [[Leuven]] (also known as "Louvain" in both English and French), a town in what was then the Duchy of Brabant, and what is modern day [[Belgium]]. ==Death== Martin V died in Rome of a [[stroke]] on 20 February 1431 at the age of 62. He is buried at [[St. John Lateran Basilica]].<ref name=MartinTrecc/> ==Personal views== ===Position on Jews=== The excitement of the Church during the Hussite movement rendered the Jews apprehensive, and through [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Sigismund]], they obtained from Pope Martin V various bulls (1418 and 1422) in which their former privileges were confirmed and in which he exhorted the friars to use moderate language. In the last years of his pontificate, however, he repealed several of his ordinances. A gathering, convoked by the [[Jews]] in [[Forlì]], sent a deputation asking Pope Martin V to abolish the oppressive laws promulgated by [[Antipope]] [[Avignon Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]. The deputation succeeded in its mission.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12273-popes-the| title = "Popes, The", ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906}}</ref> ===Position on slavery=== During the Middle Ages, slavery had fallen out of usage in Europe. The Church denounced the enslavement of Christians. However, voyages and discoveries brought other continents, where slavery still existed, into European consciousness, raising the question of whether slavery of unbelievers and outside of Europe was permitted. According to Burton, Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418, and this, coupled with a later bull of [[Pope Eugene IV]] (1441), sanctioned the Portuguese trade in African slaves.<ref name=Burton-p197>{{Harvnb|Burton|2007|p=197}}.</ref> In March 1425 a bull was issued that threatened excommunication for any dealers in Christian slaves and ordered Jews to wear a "badge of infamy" to deter, in part, the buying of Christians.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davis|1988|p=100}}.</ref> In June 1425 Martin [[anathema]]tized those who sold Christian slaves to Muslims.<ref name="The Papacy and the Levant, p. 46">{{Harvnb|Setton|1978|p=46}}.</ref> Traffic in Christian slaves was not banned, purely the sale to non-Christian owners.<ref>{{cite book |title=Slavery and the Catholic Church |first=John Francis |last=Maxwell |page=49 |publisher=Barry Rose |location=Chichester |year=1975 |isbn=978-0859920155 }}</ref> The papal bull of excommunication issued to the Genoese merchants of [[Caffa]] related to the buying and selling of Christians, but has been considered ineffectual as prior injunctions against the Viennese, including the Laws of Gazaria, made allowances for the sale of both Christian and Muslim slaves.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davidson|1961|p=41}}.</ref> Ten black African slaves were presented to Martin by [[Prince Henry of Portugal]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Semmes|1996}} citing {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Vincent Bakpetu|title=The Making of the African Diaspora in the Americas, 1441-1900|year=1987|publisher=Longman|location=New York}}</ref> According to Koschorke, Martin supported colonial expansion.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990 |page=144 |location=Grand Rapids, MI |publisher=W.B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0802828897 |year=2007 |editor1-first=Klaus |editor1-last=Koschorke |display-editors=etal}}</ref> Davidson (1961) argues that Martin's injunction against slavery was not a condemnation of slavery itself, but rather driven through fear of "infidel power".<ref>{{Harvnb|Davidson|1961|p=100 fn 8}}.</ref> Norman Housley finds it "...{{nbsp}}hard to avoid the conclusion that the pope was agreeing to whatever was asked of him by the king.{{nbsp}}... [P]olitical weakness compelled the Renaissance Papacy to adopt an acquiescent and unchallenging position when approached for requests for privileges in favour of these ventures."<ref name=Housley> [https://books.google.com/books?id=5qCDL94HWN8C&dq=Creator+Omnium+1434&pg=PA184 Housley, Norman. ''Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536'', p.182, Oxford University Press, 2002] {{ISBN|9780198208112}}</ref> ==Residences== During his permanence in Rome, Martin moved his residence from the Lateran to [[Santa Maria Maggiore]] and, from 1424, the [[Basilica of Santi Apostoli]] near the [[Palazzo Colonna]]. He also frequently sojourned in towns held by his family in the [[Latium]] ([[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]], [[Vicovaro]], [[Marino, Italy|Marino]], [[Gallicano]] and others). ==Numbering== When the second Pope to take the name Martin was elected in 1281, there was confusion over how many Popes had taken the name before. It was believed then that there were three, so the new Pope of 1281 became [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]]. But, in reality, those believed to be Martin II and Martin III were actually named [[Pope Marinus I|Marinus I]] and [[Pope Marinus II|Marinus II]], although they are sometimes still referred to as "Martin II" and "Martin III". This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Martin by two. Popes Martin IV–V were actually the second and third popes by that name. ==See also== {{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}} *[[Cardinals created by Martin V]] *[[List of popes]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Martin (popes)|display=Martin V}} * {{cite book |title=The Papacy and the Levant |first=Kenneth M. |last=Setton|publisher= DIANE Publishing|year= 1978|isbn= 978-0-87169-127-9 }} [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/23/obituaries/kenneth-m-setton-80-scholar-and-author-on-medieval-europe.html Review] * {{cite book|title=The blessing of Africa|first=Keith Augustus|last= Burton|publisher= InterVarsity Press|year=2007|isbn= 978-0-8308-2762-6 }} * {{cite book|title=The problem of slavery in Western culture|first=David Brion|last= Davis|publisher= Oxford University Press US|year= 1988|isbn= 978-0-19-505639-6 }} * {{cite book|title=The African Slave Trade|first=Basil |last=Davidson|publisher= James Currey Publishers|year=1961|isbn= 978-0-85255-798-3 }} * {{cite book|title=Racism, health, and post-industrialism|first= Clovis E.|last= Semmes|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|year= 1996|isbn= 978-0-275-95428-4 }} {{s-start}} {{s-rel|ca}} {{s-bef|before=[[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]] <small>(Roman)</small> <br> [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] <small>(Avignon)</small> <br> [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] <small>(Pisan)</small>}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=14 November 1417 – 20 February 1431}} {{s-aft|after=[[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]}} {{s-end}} {{Popes}} {{Catholicism}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martin 5}} [[Category:1369 births]] [[Category:1431 deaths]] [[Category:People from Genazzano]] [[Category:Popes]] [[Category:Italian popes]] [[Category:University of Pavia alumni]] [[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina]] [[Category:15th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops]] [[Category:People of the Hussite Wars]] [[Category:Western Schism]] [[Category:Colonna family]] [[Category:Renaissance Papacy]] [[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]] [[Category:15th-century popes]] [[Category:15th-century Italian cardinals]] [[Category:Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]'