Examine individual changes

'{{Multiple issues | refimprove=October 2009 |restructure = December 2009}} {{More footnotes|date=November 2009}} {{Infobox Country or territory |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Government of Southern Sudan |common_name = Southern Sudan |image_flag = Flag of the SPLAM.svg |image_coat = Southern_Sudan_COA.gif |symbol_type = Emblem |motto = |anthem = [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/splasudananthem.mp3 Southern Sudan anthem] |image_map = LocationSouthernSudan.svg |capital = [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] |latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= (capital's latitude and longitude) |largest_city = [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] |official_languages = [[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ([[Juba Arabic]])<ref name="msdk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ms.dk/sw109025.asp|title=Illiteracy|work=MS Actionaid Denmark}}</ref> |regional_languages = over 400 dialects. [[Bari language|Bari]], [[Kakwa language|Kakwa]], [[Dinka language|Dinka]], [[Nuer language|Nuer]]<ref name="msdk"/>, [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]], Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages. |ethnic_groups = [[Dinka]], [[Nuer]], [[Bari people|Bari]], [[Lotuko]], [[Kuku]], [[Zande]], [[Mundari (tribe)|Mundari]], [[Kakwa]], [[Pojulu people|Pojulu]], [[Shilluk]], [[Moru]], [[Acholi]], [[Madi]], [[Lulubo]], [[Lokoya]], [[Toposa]], [[Lango]], [[Didinga]], [[Murle]], [[Anuak]], [[Makaraka]], [[Mundu]], [[Jur]], [[Kaliko]], and others. |ethnic_groups_year = |demonym = South Sudanese |government_type = |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] |leader_title2 = [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|Vice-President]] |leader_name2 = [[Riek Machar]] |leader_name3 = [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly|James Wani Igga]] |leader_title3 = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] |established_date1 = January 9, 2005 |area_rank = |area_magnitude = |area_km2 = 619745 |area_sq_mi = |percent_water = |population_estimate = 7,500,000–9,700,000 ''(2006, UNFPA)''<ref name="unfpa">{{Cite web|url=http://sudan.unfpa.org/souther_Sudan/index.htm|title=UNFPA Southern SUDAN|work=UNFPA}}</ref><br> 11,000,000–13,000,000 ''(Southern Sudan claim, 2009)''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31005|title=Sudan census committee say population is at 39 million|work=SudanTribune|date=27 April 2009}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 8,260,490 ''(disputed)''<ref name="n24">{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Content/World/News/1073/b52cc36803164f39be83598566f1eb70/21-05-2009-07-23/Discontent_over_Sudan_census|title=Discontent over Sudan census|work=News24.com|date=21 May 2009}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2008 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = |Gini_year = |Gini_category = |HDI = |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = [[Sudanese pound]] |currency_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = +3 |cctld = |calling_code = |footnote1 = natural rescources: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower. (CIA factbook) }} '''Southern Sudan''' (officially known as the '''Government of Southern Sudan''') is an [[List of autonomous areas by country|autonomous region]] in [[Sudan]]. [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] is its capital city. It is bordered by [[Ethiopia]] to the east, [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the south, and the [[Central African Republic]] to the west. To the north lies the predominantly [[Arab]] and [[Islam in Sudan|Muslim region]] directly under the control of the central government, with its capital at [[Khartoum]]. Southern Sudan includes the vast [[swamp]] region of the [[Sudd]] formed by the [[White Nile]], locally called the [[Bahr el Jebel]]. The region's autonomous status is a condition of a [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|peace agreement]] between the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement]] (SPLA/M) and the Government of Sudan represented by the [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] ending the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]. The conflict was [[Africa]]'s longest running [[civil war]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Sudan gets new government|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4370100.stm|publisher=BBC News, United Kingdom|first=Jonah|last=Fisher|date=October 23, 2005|accessdate=2008-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Southern Sudan fragile peace|url=http://lite.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_PEA.htm?v=timeline|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|first=Reuters|last=News|date=May 27, 2008|accessdate=2008-12-07}}</ref> A [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|referendum on independence for Southern Sudan]] is scheduled to be held on 9 January 2011. ==History== There is little documentation of the history of the southern provinces until the beginning of Egyptian rule in the north in the early 1820s and the subsequent extension of into the south. Information before that time is based largely on oral history. According to these traditions, the [[Nilotic]] peoples—the [[Dinka]], [[Nuer]], [[Shilluk]], and others—first entered southern Sudan sometime before the 10th century. During the period from the fifteenth century to the nineteenth century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of [[Bahr el Ghazal]], brought these peoples to their modern locations. The non-Nilotic [[Azande]] people, who entered southern Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state. The Azande are the third largest nationality in Southern Sudan. They are found in Maridi, Yambio and Tambura districts in the tropical rain forest belt of western Equatoria and Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century, the Avungara people entered and quickly imposed their authority over the Azande. [[Avungara]] power remained largely unchallenged until the arrival of the British at the end of the 19th century.<ref>Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. [http://countrystudies.us/sudan/11.htm Sudan: A Country Study. The Turkiyah, 1821-85] Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.</ref> Geographical barriers protected the southerners from Islam's advance, enabling them to retain their social and cultural heritage and their political and religious institutions. The Azande have had difficult relations with the neighbours namely the Moro, Mundu, Pöjulu and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal due to their expansionist policy of their King Gbudwe in the eighteenth century. The Azande fought the French and the Belgians, the Mahdist to maintain their independence. [[Egypt]], under the rule of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha]], first attempted to colonise the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of [[Equatoria]] in the southern portion. Egypt's first governor was [[Samuel Baker]], commissioned in 1869, followed by [[Charles George Gordon]] in 1874 and by [[Emin Pasha]] in 1878. The [[Muhammad Ahmed|Mahdist Revolt]] of the 1880s destabilised the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included [[Lado District|Lado]], [[Gondokoro]], [[Dufile]] and [[Wadelai]]. It is estimated that the Southern region has a population of 8 million,<ref name="US_State_Dept">[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm "Background Note: Sudan"] U.S. Department of State November 9, 2010 Retrieved December 8, 2010</ref> but given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely compromised. The economy is predominantly rural and subsistence farming.<ref name="US_State_Dept" /> At the beginning of 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance and urban areas within Southern Sudan have seen extensive development. This region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence - the Sudanese government fought the [[Anyanya]] rebel army from 1955 to 1972 in the [[First Sudanese Civil War]] and then SPLA/M in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] for almost twenty-one years after the founding of SPLA/M in 1983 - resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and more than 5 million have become externally displaced while others have been internally displaced, becoming [[refugee]]s as a result of the civil war and war-related impacts. ==Government== {{Main|Politics of Southern Sudan}} Aside from the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudan-embassy.de/c_Sudan.pdf|title=Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan, 2005}}</ref>, the Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005 is the supreme law<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU%3d&tabid=341|title=Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005}}</ref> of Southern Sudan. The Constitution establishes an Executive Branch headed by a [[List of presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] who is both the Head of State, Head of Government, and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. [[John Garang]], the founder of the SPLA/M was the first President until his death on 30 July 2005. [[Salva Kiir Mayardit|Salva Kiir Mayärdït]], his deputy, was sworn in as First [[List of Vice Presidents of Sudan|Vice President]] of Sudan and [[List of presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] of the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August 2005. [[Riek Machar]] replaced him as [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|Vice-President]]. Legislative power is vested in the government and the unicameral [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly]]. The Constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the Supreme Court. Defense Paper on defence processes was initiated in 2007 and produced a draft in 2008, declaring that Southern Sudan should eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642 Juba parliament authorises establishment of South Sudan air force], Wednesday 25 June 2008</ref> ==States and counties== [[Image:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2006.svg|thumb|right| {{legend|#f7931d|[[North Sudan]]}} {{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}} {{legend|purple|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front, area of operations July 2006]]}} {{legend|#00adef|South Sudan (to hold referendum in 2011)}} {{legend|red|[[Abyei]] (to hold referendum in 2011)}} {{legend|#fb6282|[[Nuba Mountains]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] (to hold "popular consultations" in 2011)}}]] Southern Sudan officially consists of the ten [[States of Sudan|states]] which formerly composed the three historic Provinces of [[Bahr el Ghazal]], [[Equatoria]], and [[Upper Nile]]. The three areas of [[Nuba Mountains]], [[Abyei]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] are culturally and politically part of the South but according to the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA) will have separate administrations until a referendum is held in which they will have the option of joining the South or remain under Northern administration. * [[Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] ** [[Lakes, Sudan|Lakes]] * [[Equatoria]] ** [[Eastern Equatoria]] ** [[Central Equatoria]] ** [[Western Equatoria]] * [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] ** [[Jonglei]] ** [[Unity, Sudan|Unity]] ** [[Upper Nile, Sudan|Upper Nile]] The ten states are further subdivided into 86 [[Counties of Sudan|counties.]] ==Geography== ===Flora and fauna=== Southern Sudan's protected areas support some of the most spectacular and important wildlife populations in Africa, and hosted the second largest wildlife migration in the world. Surveys in the preceding years revealed that [[Boma National Park]], west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the [[Sudd]] wetland and [[Southern National Park]] near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of kob and topis (two types of antelope), buffalo, elephants, giraffes, hartebeests (another antelope), and lions. Southern Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for bongo (also an antelope), giant forest hogs, red river [[Domestic pig|hogs]], forest [[elephants]], [[chimpanzees]], and forest [[monkeys]]. Recent surveys begun in 2005 by [[WCS]] in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact. Today the region is sparsely populated with only 7 million people spread across the vast floodplain of the Nile River. In 2006 the president of Southern Sudan announced that the region would do everything possible to protect and propagate its flora and fauna, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. At the same time, large multinational companies are poised to extract natural resources in Southern Sudan on a wide scale, posing threats to the nation's remarkable wildlife and their habitats. Southern Sudan’s wildlife habitats include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and Nile lechwe, as well as [[elephants]], [[giraffes]], [[common eland]], [[giant eland]], [[oryx]], [[lions]], [[African Wild Dog|wild dogs]], [[Water buffalo|buffalo]], and [[topi]] (locally called tiang). Little is currently known about the white-eared kob and tiang, whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve. ==Demographics== === Language === Southern Sudan is composed of more than 200 ethnic groups speaking languages found primarily within Southern Sudan with other languages from neighboring Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Congo, Northern Sudan (Khartoum) and more. The official language is [[English Language|English]], colloquial Arabic is spoken widely, [[Nuer]], [[Dinka]], [[Shilluk]], [[Acholi]], Mabaan, [[Juba Arabic]], Bari along with various local languages in states or cities is also spoken. ===Population=== ====2008 census==== The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", of Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. However the census results of Southern Sudan were rejected by Southern Sudanese officials as reportedly "the central bureau of statistics in [[Khartoum]] refused to share the national Sudan census raw data with southern Sudan centre for census, statistic and evaluation."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|title=South Sudan parliament throw outs census results|work=SudanTribune|date=8 July 2009}}</ref> The census showed the Southern Sudan population to be 8.26 million<ref name="n24"/><ref name="epro">{{Cite news|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy|title=S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy|work=!enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity|date=8 June 2009|first=Maggie|last=Fick}}</ref>, however President [[Salva Kiir]] had "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally "unacceptable"."<ref name="newvis">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|title=South Sudanese officials decry ‘unfortunate’ announcement of census results|work=The New Sudan Vision|date=10 May 2009|first=Marvis|last=Birungi}}</ref> He also claimed the Southern Sudanese population to really be one-third of Sudan, while the census showed it to be only 22%.<ref name="epro"/> Many Southern Sudanese were also said to not have been counted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transportation networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many Southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities."<ref name="newvis"/> The chief American technical adviser for the census in the South also said the census-takers probably reached 89% of the population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761|title=Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census|work=NPR|first=Gwen|last=Thompkins|date=15 April 2009}}</ref> ====2009 census==== In 2009 Sudan started a new Southern Sudanese census ahead of the [[South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011]], which is said to also include the Southern Sudanese diaspora. However this initiative was criticised as it was to leave out countries with a high share of the Southern Sudanese diaspora, and rather count countries where the diaspora share was low.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|title=South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest|work=Radio Nederland Wereldomroep|date=6 November 2009}}</ref> ===Religion=== Southern Sudanese practice traditional beliefs, [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. Approximately 5% of the population of [[Sudan]] practices Christianity, while 70% are Sunni Muslim (mostly in Northern Sudan) and 25% practice indigenous beliefs. Most Christians are [[Catholic]] or [[Anglican]], though other denominations also are active.<ref name="hope">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hopeforthefutureinternational.org/about-southern-sudan-christianity.php|title=Christianity in Southern Sudan|work=Hope for the Future International}}</ref> Christians in Sudan are concentrated in Khartoum and in South Sudan.<ref name="hope">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hopeforthefutureinternational.org/about-southern-sudan-christianity.php|title=Christianity in Southern Sudan|work=Hope for the Future International}}</ref> ==Economy== One of the major natural features of the Southern Sudan is the [[Nile|River Nile]] whose many tributaries have sources in the country. The region also contains many natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[iron ore]], [[copper]], [[chromium]] ore, [[zinc]], [[tungsten]], [[mica]], [[silver]], [[gold]], and [[hydropower]]. The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture. Some of the agricultural produce include [[cotton]], groundnuts ([[peanuts]]), [[sorghum]], [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[gum arabic]], [[sugarcane]], [[cassava]] (tapioca), [[mango]]s, [[papaya]], [[banana]]s, [[sweet potatoes]], and [[sesame]]. Southern Sudan also exports timber to the international market. Some of the states with the best known teaks and natural trees for timber are Western Equatoria and Central Equatoria. In Central Equatoria some teak plantations are at Kegulu, the other, oldest planted forest reserves are Kawale, Lijo, Loka West and Nuni. Western Equatoria timber resources include Mvuba trees at Zamoi. [[Image:Loka west teak.jpg|thumb|right|Loka [[teak]]s is the largest teak [[plantation]] in [[Africa]].]] ===Oil=== Southern Sudan produces 85% of the Sudanese oil industry. The oil revenues according to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), are to be split equally for the duration of the agreement period. Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan's budget.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">Hamilton, Rebecca [http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life "Awaiting Independence Vote, Southern Sudan Has High Hopes"], ''Washington Post'', Nov. 28, 2010, via Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.</ref> The oil and other mineral resources can be found throughout Southern Sudan, but the Bentiu is commonly known as being especially rich in oil, while Jongeli, Warap and Lakes states have potential reserves. In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in Southern Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. Khartoum has partitioned much of Sudan into blocks, with about 85% of the oil coming from the South. Blocks 1, 2, and 4 are controlled by the largest overseas consortium, the [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]] (GNPOC). GNPOC is composed of the following players: [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC, [[People's Republic of China]]), with a 40% stake; [[Petronas]] ([[Malaysia]]), with 30%; [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] ([[India]]), with 25%; and [[Sudapet]] of the central Sudan government with 5%.<ref name="Amnesty">[http://www.amnestyusa.org/business-and-human-rights/oil-in-sudan/the-big-4/page.do?id=1081006 "The 'Big 4' - How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum"] Amnesty International Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> The other producing blocks in the South are blocks 3 and 7 in Eastern Upper Nile. These blocks are controlled by [[Petrodar]] which is 41% owned by CNPC, 40% by Petronas, 8% by Sudapet, 6% by [[Sinopec|Sinopec Corp]] and 5% by [[Al Thani]].<ref name="Amnesty"/> Another major block in the South, called Block B by Khartoum, is claimed by several players. [[Total S.A.|Total]] of [[France]] was awarded the concession for the 90,000 square kilometre block in the 1980s but has since done limited work invoking "[[force majeure]]". Various elements of the SPLM handed out the block or parts thereof to other parties of Southern Sudan. Several of these pre-Naivasha deals were rejected when the SPLM/A leader Dr. John Garang de Mabior lost power. The wealth-sharing section of the CPA states that all agreements signed prior to the CPA would hold; they would not be subject to review by the National Petroleum Commission (NPC), a commission set up by the CPA and composed of both Khartoum and Southerners and co-chaired by both President [[Omar Hassan al-Bashir|al-Bashir]] of Khartoum and President Kiir of Southern Sudan. However, the CPA does not specify who could sign those pre-CPA agreements. ==Games and sports== Southern Sudan is popular for many traditional and modern games and sports, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. The wrestlers were generally strong, well-trained young men. During the matches, they smeared themselves with ochre - perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favorite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment. At the conclusion, people feasted and generally made merry. In the modern era, Southern Sudanese have excelled in international sports. [[Luol Deng]] is a basketball star with the [[Chicago Bulls]] in the [[National Basketball Association]]. Other leading international basketball players from Southern Sudan include [[Manute Bol]], [[Ajou Deng]], [[Kueth Duany]], [[Deng Gai]] and [[Ater Majok]]. [[Majak Daw]] is on track to become the first Sudanese-born professional [[Australian rules football]] player, having been signed to the [[North Melbourne Kangaroos]] in the [[Australian Football League|AFL]] in late 2009.<ref>[http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/88197/default.aspx North punts on a touch of Majak]</ref> [[Association football|Football]] is also becoming popular in Southern Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of Southern Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys and coached to become good footballers. It is envisaged that superior players will emerge from these dusty make-shift football fields in both the short and long term. In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the [[Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations|CECAFA]] Youth soccer competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments. ==Humanitarian situation== Southern Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.<ref name=sudantribune>Ross, Emma (January 28, 2004). [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 Southern Sudan as unique combination of worst diseases in the world]. ''[[Sudan Tribune]]''.</ref><ref>Moszynski, Peter (July 23, 2005). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/179 Conference plans rebuilding of South Sudan's health service]. ''[[BMJ]]''.</ref><ref name=SSMJ>South Sudan Household Survey(December 2007). [http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf]. ''[South Sudan Medical Journal]''.</ref>. The under-five infant mortality rate is 112 per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.<ref name=SSMJ/>. In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one [[Physician|doctor]] for every 500,000 people.<ref name=sudantribune/> Ninety percent of the southern population live on less than one dollar per day.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org"/> The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the Southern Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is thought to be around 3.1%.<ref>Hakim, James (August 2009). [http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment. ''[South Sudan Medical Journal]''.</ref>. At the time of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the [[United Nations]] [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. In 2007, the OCHA (under the leadership of [[Éliane Duthoit]]) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 SUDAN: Peace bolsters food security in the south]. [[IRIN]]. April 18, 2007.</ref> ==See also== * [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]], the autonomous government that existed between 1972 and 1983. * [[Lost Boys of Sudan]] * [[Sudan]] * [[Lainya|Lainya County]] * [[John Dau]] * [[John Garang de Mabior]] * [[South Sudan Equatorians Association Inc.]] * [[Jur River County]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *{{Cite book|last=Biel |first=Melha Rout |title=South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement |year=2007 |publisher=Netzbandt Verlag |location=Jena |isbn=9783937884011 |postscript=<!--None--> }} * Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols), 2nd. ed., IB Tauris: London/New York ==External links== {{External links|date=September 2010}} ===Government=== * [http://www.goss.org/ Government of Southern Sudan] * [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/ Government of Southern Sudan - USA Mission] * [http://www.sslagoss.org/ Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly] ===Political parties=== * [http://www.splmtoday.com/ SPLM Official Site] * [http://www.sslp.net/ South Sudan Liberal Party Official Site] * [http://www.helpsudaninternational.org/about/index.html HELP Sudan International] ===Media=== * [http://www.southsudannation.com/ South Sudan Nation online newspaper] * [http://www.gurtong.org/resourcecenter/gov/GOSS_Structure.asp Political information site] * [http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/ Southern Sudan Medical Journal] * [http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/article/post-2011-scenarios-in-sudanbrwhat-role-for-the-eu/ Post-2011 scenarios in Sudan: What role for the EU?], by Suliman Baldo, Maria Gabrielsen, Fabienne Hara, Damien Helly, Fouad Hikmat, Michael Kevane, Roland Marchal, Tim Murithi, Luke Patey, Report No. 6, November 2009, [[European Union Institute for Security Studies]] * [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/unmis/ UN Mission in Sudan] * [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 North/South Sudan Abyei Boundary Tribunal], including H.E. Former ICJ President [[Stephen M. Schwebel]] and H.E. Vice-President [[Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh]] and [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&nws_id=211&pag_id=1261 3 July 2008] and [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28587 UN SRSG for Sudan Praises Abyei Progress of 11 September 2008] and [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&pag_id=1261&nws_id=212 Parties Deposit Abyei Arbitration Agreement and Designate Agents of 2 October 2008] and [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute 31 October 2008] and [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&pag_id=1261&nws_id=251 Norway's Contribution to the PCA Fund for North and South Sudan of 18 December 2008] and [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article29937 Sudan Applauds U.S. President Obama of 22 January 2009] and the [[White House]] and [http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?nws_id=255&pag_id=1261&ac=view the Abyei Tribunal's Schedule for the Written Pleadings and Oral Hearing] and [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1318 Abyei Hearing Schedule, 18-23 April 2009] and [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/15231/sudan-hearing-proceeds-following-expense-row/ Abyei Hearing Proceeds Following Expense Row of 17 April 2009] and [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30897 Oral Hearing of Abyei Arbitration Begins on 18 April 2009] and [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1306 Final Abyei Boundary Award of 22 July 2009] and [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31544&Cr=Abyei&Cr1 UNSG Ban Ki-Moon's Statement] [http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=3990 Commends the Abyei Award] and [http://www.voanews.com/english/Africa/2009-07-23-voa6.cfm Hague Final Abyei Ruling] [http://www.euronews.net/2009/07/22/north-and-south-sudan-agree-oil-region-deal/ Raises Big Peace Hopes in Sudan] and [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8162690.stm BBC] and [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/news/article/14904/dupuy-preside-sudan-dispute/ GAR] and [http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/10/881.TGFuZz1FTg.html Justice Portal] and [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=928&Itemid=1 SPLM-NPC Joint Statement on the Abyei Award's Implementation] and [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=926&Itemid=1 USA, EU and Others Welcome PCA Verdict on Abyei] and [http://www.thestate.com/world/story/872906.html Ruling on Oil Region Boilsters Peace in Sudan] and [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/ GOSS] and [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot99 Abyei Boundary Arbitration Homepage] *[http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/collections/nuer/ The Nuer Field Notes] - an online collection of linguistic field notes recorded by Eleanor Vandevort, who was a missionary in the South Sudan between 1949 and 1963. The site also includes Ms. Vandevort's book A Leopard Tamed and pictures taken in southern Sudan. *[http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ John Dau Sudan Foundation] One of the storied "Lost Boys of Sudan," John Dau is transforming healthcare in Southern Sudan through the building and sustaining of healthcare clinics. {{History of Africa}} {{Coord|4|51|N|31|36|E|source:svwiki_region:SD|display=title}} [[Category:Irregular military]] [[Category:Politics of Sudan]] [[Category:History of Sudan]] [[Category:Secession]] [[Category:Secession in Sudan]] [[Category:Regions of Sudan]] [[Category:Autonomous areas]] [[Category:States and territories established in 2005]] [[Category:Southern Sudan|*Main]] [[af:Suid-Soedan]] [[ar:جنوب السودان]] [[bs:Južni Sudan]] [[br:Soudan ar Su]] [[bg:Южен Судан]] [[ca:Sudan del Sud]] [[cs:Jižní Súdán]] [[cy:De Sudan]] [[de:Südsudan]] [[et:Lõuna-Sudaan]] [[el:Νότιο Σουδάν]] [[es:Sudán del Sur]] [[eu:Hego Sudan]] [[fa:سودان جنوبی]] [[fr:Sud-Soudan]] [[hr:Južni Sudan]] [[io:Sud-Sudan]] [[ie:Sud-Sudan]] [[it:Sudan meridionale]] [[he:דרום סודאן]] [[rw:Sudani y’Amajyepfo]] [[sw:Sudan Kusini]] [[la:Sudania Australis]] [[lt:Pietų Sudanas]] [[hu:Dél-Szudán]] [[arz:جنوب السودان]] [[nl:Zuid-Soedan]] [[ja:南部スーダン]] [[no:Sør-Sudan]] [[pl:Sudan Południowy]] [[pt:Sudão do Sul]] [[ru:Южный Судан]] [[sr:Јужни Судан]] [[sh:Južni Sudan]] [[fi:Etelä-Sudan]] [[sv:Sydsudan]] [[tr:Güney Sudan]] [[uk:Південний Судан]] [[yo:Southern Sudan]] [[zh:南蘇丹]]'