Examine individual changes

'[[File:The Famous Bluenose.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bluenose]]]] [[Nova Scotia]] (also known as Mi'kma'ki and Acadia) is a Canadian [[Provinces of Canada|province]] located in [[Canada]]'s [[Maritimes]]. The region was initially occupied by Mi'kmaq. During the first 150 years of European settlement, the colony was primarily made up of Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. This time period involved [[French and Indian Wars|four colonial wars]] between Britain and France before Britain defeated France in North America. Throughout these wars, Nova Scotia was the site of numerous battles, raids and skirmishes. The [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] happened in 1710. Just prior to the last colonial war - the [[French and Indian War]] - the capital was moved from [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia]] to the newly founded [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. After the colonial wars, [[New England Planters]] and [[Foreign Protestants]] settled Nova Scotia. After the [[American Revolution]], the colony was settled by Loyalists. During the eighteenth century, Nova Scotia became [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] in 1848 and joined the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867. == Seventeenth Century == === Civil War === [[File:Madame La Tour Defending Fort St.Jean.jpg|thumb|right|Siege of [[Saint John, New Brunswick|St. John]] (1745) - d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia]] During this time, Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war in Acadia (1640–1645). The war was between Port Royal, where Governor of Acadia [[Charles de Menou d'Aulnay]] de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], where [[Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour]] was stationed.<ref>M. A. MacDonald, ''Fortune & La Tour: The civil war in Acadia'', Toronto: Methuen. 1983</ref> In the war, there were four major battles. la Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal in 1640.<ref>Brenda Dunn, p. 19</ref> In response to the attack, D'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five month blockade of La Tour's fort at Saint John, which La Tour eventually defeated (1643). La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in 1643. d'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John.<ref>Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus Publishing, 2004. p. 20</ref> After d'Aulnay died (1650), La Tour re-established himself in Acadia. == Eighteenth Century == === Queen Anne's War === The second colonial war was Queen Anne's War. During [[Queen Anne's War]], military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: [[Raid on Grand Pre]]; [[Siege of Port Royal (1707)]]; and the [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)]] and the [[Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)]]. During [[Queen Anne's War]], the [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] (1710) was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713. At this time the British Empire considered present-day New Brunwick as part of Nova Scotia. France retained possession of Île St Jean ([[Prince Edward Island]]) and Île Royale (Cape Breton Island), on which it established a fortress at [[Louisbourg]] to guard the sea approaches to Quebec. === Dummer's War === During the excalation that proceed [[Dummer's War]] (1722–1725), Mi'kmaq raided the new fort at [[Canso, Nova Scotia]] (1720). Under potential siege, in May 1722, Lieutenant Governor [[John Doucett]] took 22 Mi'kmaq hostage at Annapolis Royal to prevent the capital from being attacked.<ref>Grenier, p. 56</ref> In July 1722 the [[Abenaki people|Abenaki]] and [[Mi'kmaq]] created a blockade of [[Annapolis Royal]], with the intent of starving the capital.<ref>Beamish Murdoch. History of Nova Scotia or Acadia, p. 399</ref> The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from present-day [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia|Yarmouth]] to [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]]. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the [[Bay of Fundy]]. [[Image:Samuel Scott - Action Between Nottingham And Mars 1746.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Duc d'Anville Expedition]]: ''Action between [[HMS Nottingham (1703)|HMS Nottingham]] and the Mars.'' ]] As a result of the escalating conflict, Massachusetts Governor [[Samuel Shute]] officially declared war on July 22, 1722.<ref>''A history of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie'', Volume 1, by Beamish Murdoch, p. 398</ref> The first battle of Dummer's War happened in the Nova Scotia theatre.<ref>The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Mi'kmaq-Maliseet War" by John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760''. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008.</ref> In response to the blockade of Annapolis Royal, at the end of July 1722, New England launched a campaign to end the blockade and retrieve over 86 New England prisoners taken by the natives. One of these operations resulted in the [[Battle at Winnepang (Jeddore Harbour)|Battle at Jeddore]].<ref>Beamish Murdoch. A history of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie, Volume 1, p. 399; Geoffery Plank, An Unsettled Conquest, p. 78</ref> The next was a raid on [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]] in 1723.<ref>Benjamin Church, p. 289; John Grenier, p. 62</ref> Then in July 1724 when a group of sixty Mikmaq and Maliseets raided [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia|Annapolis Royal]].<ref>Faragher, John Mack, A Great and Noble Scheme New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 164-165; Brenda Dunn, p. 123</ref> The treaty that ended the war marked a significant shift in European relations with the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. For the first time a European Empire formally acknowledged that its domininion over Nova Scotia would have to be negotiated with the region's indigenous inhabitants. The treaty was invoked as recently as 1999 in the [[R. v. Marshall|Donald Marshall case]].<ref>William Wicken. Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial. 2002. pp. 72-72.</ref> === King Georges War === The third colonial war was King Georges War. During [[King Georges War]], military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: [[Raid on Canso]]; [[Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)]]; the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)]]; the [[Duc d'Anville Expedition]] and the [[Battle of Grand Pré]]. During [[King Georges War]], fortress Louisbourg was [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|captured]] by [[American colonial forces]] in 1745, then returned by the British to France in 1748. === Halifax established === Even after the official war, conflict in Nova Scotia continued on unofficially before the [[French and Indian War]] was declared. (One historian has referred to this period of conflict as [[Father Le Loutre’s War]].<ref>John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire. Oklahoma University Press. 2008.</ref>) Despite the [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] in 1710, Nova Scotia was settled primarily by Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia|Shelburne]] (1715) and [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]] (1720). A generation later, the British firmly established Protestants in the colony by building a new capital [[City of Halifax|Halifax]] (1749) along with Dartmouth (1750) and Lunenburg (1753). 'Again, to stop the Protestant migration into Nova Scotia, the Catholics - Acadians and Natives - repeatedly raided the new Protestant settlements (See [[Raid on Dartmouth (1751)]] and [[Raid on Lunenburg (1756)]]). At this time, Mi'kmaq and Acadians were also involved in the [[Siege of Grand Pre]] (1749) and the Mi'kmaq were at the [[Battle at St. Croix]] (1750). === French and Indian War === [[File:A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grymross, by Thomas Davies, 1758.JPG|300px|thumb|right|[[St. John River Campaign]]: Raid on Grimrose (present day [[Gagetown, New Brunswick]]). This is the only contemporaneous image of the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]]]] The forth and final colonial war was the [[French and Indian War]]. During the war, military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour]]; [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)]]; the [[Battle of Petitcodiac]]; the [[Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1756)|Raid on Lunenburg (1756)]]; the [[Louisbourg Expedition (1757)]]; [[Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)]]; [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]], [[Petitcodiac River Campaign]], [[Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758)]], [[St. John River Campaign]], and [[Battle of Restigouche]]. [[File:British burninng warship Prudent and capturing Bienfaisant. Siege of Louisbourg 1758. Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, M55.7.1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|[[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]]] The British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.<ref>John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760. Oklahoma Press. 2008</ref> During the [[French and Indian War]], the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.<ref>Stephen E. Patterson. "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction." Buckner, P, Campbell, G. and Frank, D. (eds). The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998. pp.105-106.; Also see Stephen Patterson, Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples, p. 144.</ref> The British began the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] with the [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)]]. Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians were removed from Nova Scotia.<ref>Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc (2005). ''Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: Nouvelles Perspectives Historiques'', Moncton: Université de Moncton, 465 pages ISBN 1897214022 (book in French and English). The Acadians were scattered across the Atlantic, in the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Quebec, Britain and France. (See Jean-François Mouhot (2009) ''Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758-1785): L'Impossible Réintégration?'', Quebec, Septentrion, 456 p. ISBN 2894485131; Ernest Martin (1936) ''Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur établissement dans le Poitou'', Paris, Hachette, 1936). Very few eventually returned to Nova Scotia (See John Mack Faragher (2005). ''A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland'', New York: W.W. Norton, 562 pages ISBN 0-393-05135-8 [http://books.google.ca/books?id=dZiRciF_rbMC online excerpt]).</ref> During the various campaigns of the expulsion, the Acadian and Native resistance to the British intensified. The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region. === New England Planters === Between 1759 and 1768, about 8,000 [[New England Planters]] responded to Governor [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]]'s request for settlers from the New England colonies. === American Revolution === [[File:Bataille nav. de Luisbourg 1781.jpg|300px|thumb|right|American Revolution:[[Naval battle off Cape Breton]]]] Throughout the war, American [[privateers]] devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities. There were constant attacks by American privateers,<ref>[[Benjamin Franklin]] also engaged France in the war, which meant that many of the privateers were also from France.</ref> such as the [[Raid on Lunenburg (1782)]], numerous raids on [[Liverpool, Nova Scotia]] (October 1776, March 1777, September, 1777, May 1778, September 1780) and a raid on [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia]] (1781).<ref>Roger Marsters (2004). ''Bold Privateers: Terror, Plunder and Profit on Canada's Atlantic Coast" , p. 87-89.</ref> American Privateers also raided [[Canso, Nova Scotia]] (1775). In 1779, American privateers returned to Canso and destroyed the fisheries, which were worth £50,000 a year to Britain.<ref>Lieutenant Governor Sir Richard Hughes stated in a dispatch to Lord Germaine that "rebel cruisers" made the attack.</ref> To guard against such attacks, the [[84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)]] was garrisoned at forts around the [[Atlantic Canada]]. [[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)]] in [[Windsor, Nova Scotia]] was the Regiment's headquarters to prevent a possible American land assault on Halifax from the Bay of Fundy. There was an American attack on Nova Scotia by land, the [[Battle of Fort Cumberland]]. In 1781, as a result of the [[Franco-American alliance]] against [[Great Britain]], there was also [[Naval battle off Cape Breton|a naval engagement]] with a French fleet at [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]], near Spanish River, Cape Breton.<ref>Thomas B. Akins. (1895) History of Halifax. Dartmouth: Brook House Press.p. 82</ref> In 1784 the western, mainland portion of the colony was separated and became the province of [[New Brunswick]], and the territory in Maine entered the control of the newly independent American state of [[Massachusetts]]. [[Cape Breton Island]] became a separate colony in 1784 only to be returned to Nova Scotia in 1820. === Loyalists === As a result of the British defeat in the American Revolution, approximately 30,000 [[United Empire Loyalists]] (American Tories) left the thirteen colonies and settled in Nova Scotia. Of these 30,000, 14,000 went to present-day New Brunswick and 16,000 went to Nova Scotia. Approximately 3,000 of this group were [[Black Loyalist]]s.<ref>About a third of whom soon moved themselves to [[Sierra Leone]] in 1792 via the [[Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor]], becoming the [[Original Settlers (Freetown)|Original settlers]] of [[Freetown, Sierra Leone|Freetown]]. As well, Large numbers of [[Canadian Gaelic|Gaelic-speaking]] [[Highland Scots]] emigrated to Cape Breton and the western part of the mainland during the late 18th century and 19th century. In 1812 [[Sir Hector Maclean, 7th Baronet|Sir Hector Maclean]] (the [[Maclean Baronets|7th Baronet of Morvern]] and 23rd Chief of the [[Clan Maclean]]) emigrated to Pictou from [[Glensanda|Glensanda and Kingairloch]] in Scotland with almost the entire population of 500. Sir Hector is buried in the cemetery at Pictou.</ref> == Nineteenth Century == === War of 1812 === [[Image:C-041824.jpg|300px|thumb|right|War of 1812, Halifax, NS: [[HMS Shannon (1806)|HMS Shannon]] leading the captured American Frigate [[USS Chesapeake (1799)|USS Chesapeake]] into [[Halifax Harbour]] (1813)]] During the [[War of 1812]], Nova Scotia’s contribution to the war effort was communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to seize American vessels.<ref>John Boileau. Half-hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia, New England and the War of 1812. Halifax: Formac Publishing. 2005. p.53</ref> Three members of the community of [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia]] purchased a privateer schooner and named it ''Lunenburg'' on August 8, 1814.<ref>C.H.J.Snider, Under the Red Jack: privateers of the Maritime Provinces of Canada in the War of 1812 (London: Martin Hopkinson & Co. Ltd, 1928), 225-258 (see http://www.1812privateers.org/Ca/canada.htm#LG)</ref> The Nova Scotian privateer vessel captured seven American vessels. The [[Liverpool Packet]] from [[Liverpool, Nova Scotia]] was another Nova Scotia privateer vessel that caught over fifty ships in the war - the most of any privateer in Canada. Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia was the [[HMS Shannon (1806)|HMS Shannon]]'s led the captured American Frigate [[USS Chesapeake (1799)|USS Chesapeake]] into [[Halifax Harbour]] (1813). Many of the prisoners were kept at [[Deadman's Island, Halifax]]. The [[Black Refugee (War of 1812)|Black Refugees]] from the [[War of 1812]] were [[African American]] slaves who fought for the [[United Kingdom|British]] and were relocated to Nova Scotia. The Black Refugees were the second group of [[African Americans]], after the [[Black Loyalists]], to defect to the British side and be relocated to Nova Scotia. === Responsible government === Nova Scotia was the first colony in [[British North America]] and in the [[British Empire]] to achieve [[responsible government]] in January–February 1848 and become [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] through the efforts of [[Joseph Howe]]. <gallery> File:Nova Scotia stamp.jpg|Nova Scotia postage stamp (1851-1857). Printed in England. Also used in New Brunswick. File:NSwik-stamp8c1860.jpg|Nova Scotia stamp (issued 1860) </gallery> === American Civil War === [[File:Tallahassee Ship Drawing.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[CSS Tallahassee]]]] Thousands of Nova Scotians fought in the [[American Civil War]] (1861-1865), primarily for the [[Union (American Civil War)|North]]. <ref>Marquis, Greg. In Armageddon’s Shadow: The Civil War and Canada’s Maritime Provinces. McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1998.</ref> The British Empire (including Nova Scotia) was declared neutral in the struggle between the North and the South. As a result, Britain (and Nova Scotia) continued to trade with both the [[Confederate States of America|South]] and the North. Nova Scotia’s economy boomed during the civil war. To counter trade with the South, the North created a [[Union Blockade|naval blockade]]. This blockade created tension between Britain and the North. Many [[blockade runners]] made their way back and forth between Halifax and the South. Nova Scotia was the site of two international incidents during the war: the [[Chesapeake Affair]] and the escape from [[Halifax Harbour]] of Confederate [[John Taylor Wood]] on the [[CSS Tallahassee]]. The war left many fearful that the North might attempt to annex [[British North America]], particularly after the [[Fenian raids]] began. In response, volunteer regiments were raised across Nova Scotia. One of the main reasons why Britain sanctioned the creation of Canada (1867) was to avoid another possible conflict with America and to leave the defence of Nova Scotia to a Canadian Government.<ref>Marquis, Greg. In Armageddon’s Shadow: The Civil War and Canada’s Maritime Provinces. McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1998.</ref> === Anti-Confederation campaign === Pro-Confederate premier [[Charles Tupper]] led Nova Scotia into the [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1867, along with New Brunswick and the [[Province of Canada]]. The [[Anti-Confederation Party]] was led by [[Joseph Howe]]. Almost three months later, in the election of September 18, 1867, the Anti-Confederation Party, won 18 out of 19 federal seats, and 36 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature. A motion passed by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1868 refusing to recognise the legitimacy of Confederation has never been rescinded. With the great [[Hants County]] bi-election of 1869, Howe was successful in turning the province away from appealing confederation to simply seeking "better terms" within it. Repeal, as anti-confederation became known, would rear its head again in the 1880s, and transform into the [[Maritime Rights Movement]] in the 1920s. Some [[Flag of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia flags]] flew at half mast on [[Dominion Day]] as late as that time. === Golden age of sail === [[Image:RMS Britannia 1840 paddlewheel.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[RMS Britannia Class|''Britannia'']] of 1840 (1150 GRT), the first [[Samuel Cunard]] liner built for the transatlantic service.]] Nova Scotia became a world leader in both building and owning wooden sailing ships in the second half of the century. Nova Scotia produced internationally recognized ship builders [[Donald McKay]] and [[William Dawson Lawrence]]. Notable ships included the [[barque]] [[Stag (barque)|''Stag'']], a clipper renowned for speed and the [[full rigged ship|ship]] [[William D. Lawrence (ship)|''William D. Lawrence'']], the largest wooden [[full rigged ship|ship]] ever built in Canada. The fame Nova Scotia achieved from sailors was assured when [[Joshua Slocum]] became the first man to sail single-handedly around the world (1895). This international attention continued into the following century with the many racing victories of the [[Bluenose]] schooner. Nova Scotia was also the birthplace and home of [[Samuel Cunard]], a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] shipping magnate, born at [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], who founded the [[Cunard Line]]. == Twentieth Century == ===First World War=== During [[World War I]], Halifax became a major international [[port]] and [[Navy|naval]] facility. The harbour became a major shipment point for war supplies, [[troop ship]]s to [[Europe]] from [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] and [[hospital ship]]s returning the wounded. These factors drove a major [[military]], [[Industrial sector|industrial]] and [[residential]] expansion of the city.<ref>''The Halifax Explosion and the Royal Canadian Navy'' John Armstrong, University of British Columbia Press, 2002, p.10-11.</ref> On Thursday, December 6, 1917, when the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, was devastated by [[Halifax Explosion|the huge detonation]] of a French cargo ship, fully loaded with wartime explosives, that had accidentally collided with a Norwegian ship in "The Narrows" section of the [[Halifax Harbour]]. Approximately 2,000 people (mostly Canadians) were killed by debris, fires, or collapsed buildings, and it is estimated that over 9,000 people were injured.<ref name=cbc>[http://www.cbc.ca/halifaxexplosion/he2_ruins/he2_ruins_explosion.html CBC - Halifax Explosion 1917]</ref> This is still the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|world's largest man-made accidental explosion]].<ref name="Jay White 1994 p. 266">Jay White, "Exploding Myths: The Halifax Explosion in Historical Context", ''Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 explosion in Halifax'' Alan Ruffman and Colin D. Howell editors, Nimbus Publishing (1994), p. 266</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Nova Scotia}} *[[History of Acadia]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== {{main|Bibliography of Nova Scotia}} *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=UmGa73sExSIC&lpg=PP1&dq=History%20of%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true History of Nova Scotia, for Schools By Duncan Campbell] BiblioLife, 2009 ISBN 1115659804 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pDg7hxoVz30C&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Quest%20of%20the%20Folk%3A%20Antimodernism%20and%20Cultural%20Selection%20in%20Twentieth-Century%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The quest of the folk : antimodernism and cultural selection in twentieth-century Nova Scotia BY Ian McKay] McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994 ISBN 0773511792 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Fwlt7N5UZwYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Conservative%20Reformer%201804-1848%3B%20The%20Briton%20Becomes%20Canadian%201848-1873&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Conservative reformer, 1804-1848 - v. 2. The Briton becomes Canadian BY Joseph Howe and J. Murray Beck] McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984 ISBN 0773504451 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=6LFOPGedtQ8C&lpg=PA485&dq=Workers%20and%20the%20State%20in%20Twentieth%20Century%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1754-2004: from imperial bastion to ...By Philip Girard, Jim Phillips] Society for Canadian Legal History, 2004 ISBN 0802080219 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2Vu5SZevt3MC&lpg=PP1&dq=Politics%20of%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Against the Grain: Foresters and Politics in Nova Scotia By Anders Sandberg, Peter Clancy] UBC Press, 2000 ISBN 0774807652 {{Subdivisions of Nova Scotia}} {{Canada History}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Nova Scotia}} [[Category:History of Nova Scotia| ]] [[Category:Conflicts in Nova Scotia]] [[fr:Histoire de la Nouvelle-Écosse]] [[ru:История Новой Шотландии]]'