Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox Country or territory |native_name = جنوب السودان<br>''Janūb as-Sūdān'' |conventional_long_name = Southern Sudan |common_name = Southern Sudan |image_flag = Flag of the SPLAM.svg |image_coat = Southern_Sudan_COA.gif |symbol_type = Emblem |motto = <!-- <br>''Justice, Equality, Dignity'' (proposed) --> |anthem = <!-- <br>[[National anthem of Southern Sudan|Proposed anthem]] --> |image_map = LocationSouthernSudan.svg |capital = [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] |latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= (capital's latitude and longitude) |largest_city = |official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] |regional_languages = [[Juba Arabic]] is lingua franca around Juba. [[Dinka language|Dinka]] 2–3 million; other major languages are [[Nuer language|Nuer]], [[Zande language|Zande]], [[Bari language|Bari]], [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]] |ethnic_groups = [[Dinka people|Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Bari people|Bari]], [[Lotuko]], [[Kuku people|Kuku]], [[Zande people|Zande]], [[Mundari (tribe)|Mundari]], [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]], [[Pojulu people|Pojulu]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], [[Moru people|Moru]], [[Acholi people|Acholi]], [[Madi people|Madi]], [[Lulubo]], [[Lokoya people|Lokoya]], [[Toposa people|Toposa]], [[Lango]], [[Didinga]], [[Murle people|Murle]], [[Anuak people|Anuak]], [[Makaraka (people)|Makaraka]], [[Mundu]], [[Jur]], [[Kaliko]], and others. |ethnic_groups_year = |demonym = South Sudanese |government_type = |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] |leader_title2 = [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|Vice-President]] |leader_name2 = [[Riek Machar]] |leader_name3 = [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly|James Wani Igga]] |leader_title3 = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] |established_date1 = 9 January 2005 |established_event2 = [[Government of Southern Sudan]] established |established_date2 = 9 July 2005 <!-- |established_event3 = [[Independence]] |established_date3 = 9 July 2011 --> |area_rank = |area_magnitude = |area_km2 = 619745 |area_sq_mi = |percent_water = |population_estimate = 7,500,000–9,700,000 ''(2006, UNFPA)''<ref name="unfpa">{{Cite web|url=http://sudan.unfpa.org/souther_Sudan/index.htm|title=UNFPA Southern SUDAN|work=UNFPA}}</ref><br> 11,000,000–13,000,000 ''(Southern Sudan claim, 2009)''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31005|title=Sudan census committee say population is at 39 million|work=SudanTribune|date=27 April 2009}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 8,260,490 ''(disputed)''<ref name="n24">{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Content/World/News/1073/b52cc36803164f39be83598566f1eb70/21-05-2009-07-23/Discontent_over_Sudan_census|title=Discontent over Sudan census|work=News24.com|date=21 May 2009}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2008 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = |Gini_year = |Gini_category = |HDI = |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = [[Sudanese pound]] |currency_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = +3 |cctld = |calling_code = |footnote1 = }} '''Southern Sudan''', ({{lang-ar|جنوب السودان}}, ''Janūb as-Sūdān'') also known as '''South Sudan''', is an [[list of autonomous areas by country|autonomous region]] in the southern part of the [[Sudan]]. [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] is its capital city. It is bordered by [[Ethiopia]] to the east, [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the south, and the [[Central African Republic]] to the west. To the north lies the predominantly [[Arab]] and [[Islam in Sudan|Muslim region]] directly under the control of the central government, with its capital at [[Khartoum]]. Southern Sudan includes the vast [[swamp]] region of the [[Sudd]] formed by the [[White Nile]], locally called the Bahr al Jebel. The region's autonomous status is a condition of a [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|peace agreement]] between the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement]] (SPLA/M) and the Government of Sudan represented by the [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] ending the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]. The conflict was [[Africa]]'s longest running [[civil war]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Sudan gets new government|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4370100.stm|publisher=BBC News, United Kingdom|first=Jonah|last=Fisher|date=23 October 2005|accessdate=7 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Southern Sudan fragile peace|url=http://lite.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_PEA.htm?v=timeline|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|first=Reuters|last=News|date=27 May 2008|accessdate=7 December 2008}}</ref> A [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|referendum on independence for Southern Sudan]] was held from 9 to 15 January 2011. Preliminary results released by the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission on 30 January 2011 indicate that 98% of voters selected the "separation" option, with 1% selecting "unity".<ref>http://southernsudan2011.com/</ref> If these results are confirmed, Southern Sudan is expected to become an independent country on 9 July 2011.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12190101 "Sudan deal to end Abyei clashes"] BBC News 14 January 2011 Retrieved 26 January 2011</ref> On January 23, 2011, members of a steering committee on post-independence governing, told reporters that upon independence the land would be named the '''Republic of South Sudan''', "out of familiarity and convenience." Other names that had been considered were "Azania, Nile Republic, Kush Republic and even Juwama, a portmanteau for [[Juba (Southern Sudan)|Juba]], [[Wau, Sudan|Wau]] and [[Malakal]], three major cities."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html|title=Southern Sudan Nears a Decision on One Matter: Its New Name|author=Kron, Josh|date=January 23, 2011|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''}}</ref> ==History== There is little documentation of the history of the southern provinces until the beginning of Egyptian rule in the north in the early 1820s and the subsequent extension of into the south. Information before that time is based largely on oral history. According to these traditions, the [[Nilotic]] peoples—the [[Dinka people|Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], and others—first entered southern Sudan sometime before the 10th century. During the period from the fifteenth century to the nineteenth century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of [[Bahr el Ghazal]], brought these peoples to their modern locations. The non-Nilotic [[Azande]] people, who entered southern Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state. The Azande are the third largest nationality in Southern Sudan. They are found in Maridi, Yambio and Tambura districts in the tropical rain forest belt of western Equatoria and Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century, the Avungara people entered and quickly imposed their authority over the Azande. [[Avungara]] power remained largely unchallenged until the arrival of the British at the end of the 19th century.<ref>Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. [http://countrystudies.us/sudan/11.htm Sudan: A Country Study. The Turkiyah, 1821-85] Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.</ref> Geographical barriers protected the southerners from Islam's advance, enabling them to retain their social and cultural heritage and their political and religious institutions. The Azande have had difficult relations with the neighbours namely the Moro, Mundu, Pöjulu and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal due to their expansionist policy of their King Gbudwe in the eighteenth century. The Azande fought the French and the Belgians, the Mahdist to maintain their independence. [[Egypt]], under the rule of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha]], first attempted to colonise the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of [[Equatoria]] in the southern portion. Egypt's first governor was [[Samuel Baker]], commissioned in 1869, followed by [[Charles George Gordon]] in 1874 and by [[Emin Pasha]] in 1878. The [[Muhammad Ahmed|Mahdist Revolt]] of the 1880s destabilised the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included [[Lado District|Lado]], [[Gondokoro]], [[Dufile]] and [[Wadelai]]. In 1947, [[United Kingdom|British]] hopes to join the southern part of Sudan with [[Uganda]] were dashed by the [[Juba Conference]], to unify northern and southern Sudan. It is estimated that the Southern region has a population of 8 million,<ref name="US_State_Dept">[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm "Background Note: Sudan"] U.S. Department of State 9 November 2010 Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> but given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming.<ref name="US_State_Dept" /> At the beginning of 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance and urban areas within Southern Sudan have seen extensive development. The region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence – the Sudanese government fought the [[Anyanya]] rebel army from 1955 to 1972 in the [[First Sudanese Civil War]] and then SPLA/M in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] for almost twenty-one years after the founding of SPLA/M in 1983 – resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructural development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and more than 5 million have become externally displaced while others have been internally displaced, becoming [[refugee]]s as a result of the civil war and war-related impacts. === Referendum for independence (2011) === From January 9–15, 2011 people from South Sudan voted on whether they should break away from Sudan and declare independence. On 30 January 2011, the results had shown that 99.57% of the population had voted for independence from Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=USA Today|title=Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm|accessdate=30 January 2011|date=30 January 2011}}</ref> Many people moved from North Sudan to South for voting to be independent. It is expected that a formal declaration of independence will be made on 9 July finally ensuring that South Sudan will become an independent state, although certain disputes still remain such as sharing of the oil revenues as an estimated 80% of the oil in the nation is secured from South Sudan, which would represent amazing economic potential for one of the world's most deprived areas. The region of [[Abyei]] still remains disputed and a separate referendum will be held in Abyei on whether they want to join North or South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=BBC|title=99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927|accessdate=30 January 2011|date=30 January 2011}}</ref> ==Government== {{Main|Politics of Southern Sudan}} [[Image:Salva Kiir Mayardit.jpg|thumb|left|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], First elected President of Southern Sudan]] Aside from the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudan-embassy.de/c_Sudan.pdf|title=Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan, 2005}}</ref> the Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005 is the supreme law<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU%3d&tabid=341|title=Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005}}</ref> of Southern Sudan. The Constitution establishes an autonomous '''Government of Southern Sudan''' headed by a [[List of presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] who is Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. [[John Garang]], the founder of the SPLA/M was the first President until his death on 30 July 2005. [[Salva Kiir Mayardit|Salva Kiir Mayärdït]], his deputy, was sworn in as First [[List of Vice Presidents of Sudan|Vice President]] of Sudan and [[List of presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] of the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August 2005. [[Riek Machar]] replaced him as [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|Vice-President]]. Legislative power is vested in the government and the unicameral [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly]]. The Constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the Supreme Court. Defense Paper on defence processes was initiated in 2007 by (late) Minister for SPLA Affairs Gen. [[Dominic Dim Deng]] and produced a draft in 2008, declaring that Southern Sudan should eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642 Juba parliament authorises establishment of South Sudan air force], Wednesday 25 June 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aircraft.zurf.info/article/creation-south-sudan-air-force |title=Creation of the South Sudan Air Force |accessdate=9 January 2011}}</ref> ===== Developing state capacity ===== The post-conflict environment is important to understanding the Government of Southern Sudan's ability to function and successfully implement its policies. One area the Government of South Sudan has had significant success in building its own capacity is in developing an integrated system for planning and budget preparation.<ref name=ODI>Davies and Smith 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4980&title=southern-sudan-budget-reforms-post-conflict Planning and budgeting in Southern Sudan: starting from scratch]. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> This has been achieved through the strong and determined leadership of the [[Ministry of Finance]], the strong technical leadership and support of that same ministry and making these goals relevant to local capacity.<ref name=ODI/> The results have been that the government has been better able to manage the financial aspects of its functions and projects, and increases in the expertise of its staff in crucial skills, such as basic IT.<ref name=ODI/> ==States and counties== [[File:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2006.svg|thumb|right| {{legend|#f7931d|[[North Sudan]]}} {{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front, area of operations July 2006]]}} {{legend|#00adef|[[South Sudan]]}} {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Abyei]] (to hold referendum in 2011)}} {{legend|#fb6282|[[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] (to hold "popular consultations" in 2011)}}]] [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA) defines Southern Sudan as three southern provinces ([[Bahr el Ghazal]], [[Equatoria]], and [[Upper Nile]]) of the [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]], leaving out [[Nuba Mountains]], [[Abyei]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]], which are culturally and politically part of the South. Abyei will hold a referendum on joining Southern Sudan or staying under Sudanese control, while Nuba Mountains ([[South Kurdufan]] as a whole) and Blue Nile are required to hold ill-defined "popular consultations". * [[Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] ** [[Lakes, Sudan|Lakes]] * [[Equatoria]] ** [[Eastern Equatoria]] ** [[Central Equatoria]] ** [[Western Equatoria]] * [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] ** [[Jonglei]] ** [[Unity, Sudan|Unity]] ** [[Upper Nile, Sudan|Upper Nile]] The ten states are further subdivided into 86 [[Counties of Sudan|counties.]] ==Geography== ===Flora and fauna=== Southern Sudan's protected areas support some of the most spectacular and important wildlife populations in Africa, and hosted the second largest wildlife migration in the world. Surveys in the preceding years revealed that [[Boma National Park]], west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the [[Sudd]] wetland and [[Southern National Park]] near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of [[kob]] and [[topi]]s (two types of antelope), [[Water Buffalo|buffalo]], [[elephant]]s, [[giraffe]]s, [[Hartebeest]]s (another antelope), and [[lion]]s. Southern Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for [[Bongo (antelope)|bongo]] (also an antelope), [[giant forest hog]]s, [[Red River Hog]]s, forest elephants, [[chimpanzees]], and forest [[monkeys]]. Recent surveys begun in 2005 by [[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact. Today the region is sparsely populated with only 7 million people spread across the vast floodplain of the Nile River. In 2006 the president of Southern Sudan announced that the region would do everything possible to protect and propagate its flora and fauna, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. At the same time, large multinational companies are poised to extract natural resources in Southern Sudan on a wide scale, posing threats to the nation's remarkable wildlife and their habitats. Southern Sudan’s wildlife habitats include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and [[Nile Lechwe]], as well as elephants, giraffes, [[Common Eland]], [[Giant Eland]], [[oryx]], lions, [[Lycaon pictus|African Wild Dogs]], Cape Buffalo, and topi (locally called tiang). Little is currently known about the white-eared kob and tiang, whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve. ==Demographics== === Language === Southern Sudan is composed of more than 200 ethnic groups and is, along with the adjacent [[Nuba Hills]], one of the most linguistically diverse regions of Africa. However, many of the languages are quite small, with only a few thousand speakers. The official language is [[English Language|English]]. Colloquial Arabic is spoken widely, though [[Juba Arabic]], a [[pidgin]], is spoken around the capital. The most populous language by native speakers is [[Dinka language|Dinka]], a dialect continuum spoken by 2–3 million people. Dinka is a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic language]]; closely related to its southern Sudan's second most populous language, [[Nuer language|Nuer]], and a bit more distant is [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]]. Major [[Eastern Nilotic languages]] are [[Bari language|Bari]] and [[Otuho language|Otuho]]. Besides the Nilotic family, [[Zande language|Zande]], southern Sudan's third most populous language, is [[Ubangian languages|Ubangian]]. [[Jur Modo language|Jur Modo]] is of the [[Bongo-Bagirmi languages|Bongo-Bagirmi]] family. ===Population=== ====2008 census==== The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", of Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. However the census results of Southern Sudan were rejected by Southern Sudanese officials as reportedly "the central bureau of statistics in [[Khartoum]] refused to share the national Sudan census raw data with southern Sudan centre for census, statistic and evaluation."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|title=South Sudan parliament throw outs census results|work=SudanTribune|date=8 July 2009}}</ref> The census showed the Southern Sudan population to be 8.26 million,<ref name="n24"/><ref name="epro">{{Cite news|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy|title=S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy|work=!enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity|date=8 June 2009|first=Maggie|last=Fick}}</ref> however President [[Salva Kiir]] had "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally "unacceptable"."<ref name="newvis">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|title=South Sudanese officials decry ‘unfortunate’ announcement of census results|work=The New Sudan Vision|date=10 May 2009|first=Marvis|last=Birungi}}</ref> He also claimed the Southern Sudanese population to really be one-third of Sudan, while the census showed it to be only 22%.<ref name="epro"/> Many Southern Sudanese were also said to not have been counted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transportation networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many Southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities."<ref name="newvis"/> The chief American technical adviser for the census in the South said the census-takers probably reached 89% of the population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761|title=Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census|work=NPR|first=Gwen|last=Thompkins|date=15 April 2009}}</ref> ====2009 census==== In 2009 Sudan started a new Southern Sudanese census ahead of the [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|2011 independence referendum]], which is said to also include the Southern Sudanese diaspora. However this initiative was criticised as it was to leave out countries with a high share of the Southern Sudanese diaspora, and rather count countries where the diaspora share was low.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|title=South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest|work=Radio Nederland Wereldomroep|date=6 November 2009}}</ref> ===Religion=== ==== Current ==== Southern Sudan's population is predominantly [[Christian]],<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927</ref> most of whom are [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Anglican Church|Anglican]], though other denominations are also active. In recent years Christian churches have grown, despite persecution from the Muslim north; this however is typically characterized as [[racism]], rather than religious persecution, between the predominantly Arab North and the non-Arab/"African" South.<ref>http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Why+peace+is+elusive:+The+government+has+suspended+the+peace+talks...-a093230771</ref><ref>http://www.bnaibrith.ca/prdisplay.php?id=605</ref><ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0714/p09s02-coop.html</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=riBzAAAAMAAJ&q=anti-dinka</ref> There is also a minority [[Animism]] community. ==== Historically ==== According to the Federal Research Division of the US Library of Congress: "in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10 percent of southern Sudan's population was Christian".<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html Sudan: A Country Study] Federal Research Division, Library of Congress - Chapter 2, Ethnicity, Regionalism and Ethnicity</ref> ==Economy== Sudan also exports timber to the international market. Some of the states with the best known teaks and natural trees for timber are Western Equatoria and CentOne of the major natural features of the Southern Sudan is the [[Nile|River Nile]] whose many tributaries have sources in the country. The region also contains many natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[iron ore]], [[copper]], [[chromium]] ore, [[zinc]], [[tungsten]], [[mica]], [[silver]], [[gold]], and [[hydropower]]. The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture. Some of the agricultural produce include [[cotton]], groundnuts ([[peanuts]]), [[sorghum]], [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[gum arabic]], [[sugarcane]], [[cassava]] (tapioca), [[mango]]s, [[papaya]], [[banana]]s, [[sweet potatoes]], and [[sesame]]. In Central Equatoria some teak plantations are at Kegulu, the other, oldest planted forest reserves are Kawale, Lijo, Loka West and Nuni. Western Equatoria timber resources include Mvuba trees at Zamoi. [[Image:Loka west teak.jpg|thumb|right|Loka [[teak]]s is the largest teak [[plantation]] in [[Africa]].]] ===Oil=== Southern Sudan produces 85% of Sudanese oil output. The oil revenues according to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), are to be split equally for the duration of the agreement period. Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan's budget.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">Hamilton, Rebecca [http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life "Awaiting Independence Vote, Southern Sudan Has High Hopes"], ''Washington Post'', Nov. 28, 2010, via Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.</ref> The oil and other mineral resources can be found throughout Southern Sudan, but the Bentiu is commonly known as being especially rich in oil, while Jonglei, Warap and Lakes states have potential reserves. In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in Southern Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. Khartoum has partitioned much of Sudan into blocks, with about 85% of the oil coming from the South. Blocks 1, 2, and 4 are controlled by the largest overseas consortium, the [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]] (GNPOC). GNPOC is composed of the following players: [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC, [[People's Republic of China]]), with a 40% stake; [[Petronas]] ([[Malaysia]]), with 30%; [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] ([[India]]), with 25%; and [[Sudapet]] of the central Sudan government with 5%.<ref name="Amnesty">[http://www.amnestyusa.org/business-and-human-rights/oil-in-sudan/the-big-4/page.do?id=1081006 "The 'Big 4' - How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum"] Amnesty International Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> The other producing blocks in the South are blocks 3 and 7 in Eastern Upper Nile. These blocks are controlled by [[Petrodar]] which is 41% owned by CNPC, 40% by Petronas, 8% by Sudapet, 6% by [[Sinopec|Sinopec Corp]] and 5% by [[Al Thani]].<ref name="Amnesty"/> Another major block in the South, called Block B by Khartoum, is claimed by several players. [[Total S.A.|Total]] of [[France]] was awarded the concession for the 90,000 square kilometre block in the 1980s but has since done limited work invoking "[[force majeure]]". Various elements of the SPLM handed out the block or parts thereof to other parties of Southern Sudan. Several of these pre-Naivasha deals were rejected when the SPLM/A leader Dr. John Garang de Mabior lost power. The wealth-sharing section of the CPA states that all agreements signed prior to the CPA would hold; they would not be subject to review by the National Petroleum Commission (NPC), a commission set up by the CPA and composed of both Khartoum and Southerners and co-chaired by both President [[Omar Hassan al-Bashir|al-Bashir]] of Khartoum and President Kiir of Southern Sudan. However, the CPA does not specify who could sign those pre-CPA agreements. ==Games and sports== Southern Sudan is popular for many traditional and modern games and sports, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. The wrestlers were generally strong, well-trained young men. During the matches, they smeared themselves with [[ochre]] - perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favorite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment. At the conclusion, people feasted and generally made merry. In the modern era, Southern Sudanese have excelled in international sports. [[Luol Deng]] is a basketball star with the [[Chicago Bulls]] in the [[National Basketball Association]]. Other leading international basketball players from Southern Sudan include [[Manute Bol]], [[Ajou Deng]], [[Kueth Duany]], [[Deng Gai]] and [[Ater Majok]]. [[Majak Daw]] is on track to become the first Sudanese-born professional [[Australian rules football]] player, having been signed to the [[North Melbourne Kangaroos]] in the [[Australian Football League|AFL]] in late 2009.<ref>[http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/88197/default.aspx North punts on a touch of Majak]</ref> [[Soccer]] is also becoming popular in Southern Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of Southern Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding soccer clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. It is envisaged that superior players will emerge from these dusty make-shift soccer fields in both the short and long term. In recognition of these efforts with youth soccer, the country recently hosted the [[Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations|CECAFA]] youth soccer competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments. ==Humanitarian situation== Southern Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.<ref name=sudantribune>Ross, Emma (28 January 2004). [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 Southern Sudan as unique combination of worst diseases in the world]. ''[[Sudan Tribune]]''.</ref><ref>Moszynski, Peter (23 July 2005). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/179 Conference plans rebuilding of South Sudan's health service]. ''[[BMJ]]''.</ref><ref name=SSMJ>South Sudan Household Survey(December 2007). [http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf]. ''[South Sudan Medical Journal]''.</ref> The under-five infant mortality rate is 112 per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.<ref name=SSMJ/> In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one [[Physician|doctor]] for every 500,000 people.<ref name=sudantribune/> Ninety percent of the southern population live on less than one dollar per day.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org"/> The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the Southern Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is thought to be around 3.1%.<ref>Hakim, James (August 2009). [http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment. ''[South Sudan Medical Journal]''.</ref> At the time of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the [[United Nations]] [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200.<ref>[http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism Support freedom for Southern Sudan and fight for workers' unity against imperialism]. Sean Ambler. [[League for the Fifth International]]. 10 January 2011.</ref> In 2007, the OCHA (under the leadership of [[Éliane Duthoit]]) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 SUDAN: Peace bolsters food security in the south]. [[IRIN]]. 18 April 2007.</ref> ==See also== * [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]], the autonomous government that existed between 1972 and 1983. * [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] * [[Lost Boys of Sudan]] * [[Sudan]] * [[Lainya|Lainya County]] * [[Dominic Dim Deng]] * [[John Dau]] * [[John Garang de Mabior]] * [[South Sudan Equatorians Association Inc.]] * [[Jur River County]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *{{Cite book|last=Biel |first=Melha Rout |title=South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement |year=2007 |publisher=Netzbandt Verlag |location=Jena |isbn=9783937884011 |postscript=<!--None--> }} * Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols), 2nd. ed., IB Tauris: London/New York ==External links== {{External links|date=September 2010}} ===Government=== * [http://www.goss.org/ Government of Southern Sudan] * [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/ Government of Southern Sudan – USA Mission] * [http://www.sslagoss.org/ Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly] ===Political parties=== * [http://www.splmtoday.com/ SPLM Official Site] * [http://www.sslp.net/ South Sudan Liberal Party Official Site] * [http://www.helpsudaninternational.org/about/index.html HELP Sudan International] {{History of Africa}} {{Coord|4|51|N|31|36|E|source:svwiki_region:SD|display=title}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}} {{Multiple issues | refimprove=October 2009 |restructure = December 2009}} {{More footnotes|date=November 2009}} [[Category:Southern Sudan| ]] [[Category:Irregular military]] [[Category:Politics of Sudan]] [[Category:History of Sudan]] [[Category:Secession]] [[Category:Secession in Sudan]] [[Category:Regions of Sudan]] [[Category:Autonomous areas]] [[Category:States and territories established in 2005]] [[af:Suid-Soedan]] [[ar:جنوب السودان]] [[an:Sudán d'o Sud]] [[ast:Sudán del Sur]] [[az:Cənubi Sudan]] [[bs:Južni Sudan]] [[br:Soudan ar Su]] [[bg:Южен Судан]] [[ca:Sudan del Sud]] [[cs:Jižní Súdán]] [[cy:De Sudan]] [[da:Sydsudan]] [[de:Südsudan]] [[et:Lõuna-Sudaan]] [[el:Νότιο Σουδάν]] [[es:Sudán del Sur]] [[eo:Suda Sudano]] [[eu:Hego Sudan]] [[fa:سودان جنوبی]] [[fr:Sud-Soudan]] [[fy:Súd-Sûdan]] [[gl:Sudán do Sur]] [[ko:남부 수단]] [[hr:Južni Sudan]] [[io:Sud-Sudan]] [[id:Sudan Selatan]] [[ie:Sud-Sudan]] [[it:Sud Sudan]] [[he:דרום סודאן]] [[jv:Sudan Kidul]] [[ka:სამხრეთი სუდანი]] [[rw:Sudani y’Amajyepfo]] [[sw:Sudan Kusini]] [[la:Sudania Australis]] [[lt:Pietų Sudanas]] [[hu:Dél-Szudán]] [[mk:Јужен Судан]] [[arz:جنوب السودان]] [[ms:Sudan Selatan]] [[nl:Zuid-Soedan]] [[ja:南部スーダン]] [[no:Sør-Sudan]] [[nn:Sør-Sudan]] [[nds:Süüdsudan]] [[pl:Sudan Południowy]] [[pt:Sudão do Sul]] [[ksh:Südsudan]] [[ro:Sudanul de Sud]] [[ru:Южный Судан]] [[sk:Južný Sudán]] [[sl:Južni Sudan]] [[so:Koonfur Suudaan]] [[sr:Јужни Судан]] [[sh:Južni Sudan]] [[fi:Etelä-Sudan]] [[sv:Sydsudan]] [[ta:தெற்கு சூடான்]] [[th:ซูดานใต้]] [[tr:Güney Sudan]] [[uk:Південний Судан]] [[vi:Miền Nam Sudan]] [[war:Salatan nga Sudan]] [[yo:Apágúúsù Sudan]] [[zh:南蘇丹]]'