Examine individual changes

'{{Primary sources|date=January 2010}} {{Unreliable sources|date=January 2010}} {{COI|date=February 2010}} ''For other uses, see [[American Club (disambiguation)]]'' {{Nihongo|'''American Club English School'''|アメリカンクラブ株式会社}} is a business that has been involved in the "[[eikaiwa]]" (English conversation) business and is based in the Motoimaizumi district of [[Utsunomiya]], [[Tochigi Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. It was sued for withheld wages two times, by two groups of employees. The first lawsuit took place in December 1994 and the second in January 1996. The wages sought in the lawsuits totaled the equivalent of over US$65,000.<ref>''朝日新聞''　(''Asahi Shimbun''), Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">''下野新聞'' (''Shimotsuke Shinbun''), Utsunomiya, Jan. 26, 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Feb. 1996</ref><ref>和解書　(Court agreement)、宇都宮裁判所 (Utsunomiya courthouse), Dec. 26, 1994</ref> Though published news reports indicated it was closed,<ref>''朝日新聞''　(''Asahi Shimbun''), Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Feb. 1996</ref> and its directors ignored a court summons and subsequent court order to pay wages in the second lawsuit, its business registration indicates it is still a legally operating entity, with 30 million yen in equity (approximately US$365,000 as of February 2011) and has never been bankrupt.<ref name="Feb. 2011 American Club Business Registration">アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 2011</ref> The business registration also indicates that the [[Shimotsuke Shinbun]], a newspaper that ran stories on the lawsuits,<ref>''下野新聞'' (''Shimotsuke Shinbun''), Utsunomiya, Jan. 26, 1996 and February 25, 1996</ref> advertises the American Club's services in its pages.<ref name="Feb. 2011 Business Registration">アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 2011</ref> Though the company primarily operated as an English school in the 1980s and '90s, according to its business registration it is also involved in numerous other business activities such as restaurants and bars, athletic clubs, hotels, printing/publishing, video and software rental and employment services.<ref name="Feb. 2011 Business Registration">アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 2011</ref>. == Early history == The American Club began operating on July 15, 1986,<ref name="Feb. 2011 Business Registration">アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 2011</ref><ref name="朝日新聞 Asahi Shinbun">''朝日新聞'' (''Asahi Shimbun''), Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref> and recruited students for English classes during the [[Japanese asset price bubble]] economy of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The classes were mainly taught by native English-speaking teachers from the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. At its peak, it had a main school in [[Utsunomiya]], and six branch schools in [[Mibu]], [[Mooka, Tochigi|Mooka]], [[Oyama]], [[Tochigi]] City (all in [[Tochigi Prefecture]]), [[Koga]] (in [[Ibaraki Prefecture]]) and [[Sendai]] (in [[Miyagi Prefecture]]). == Financial problems and first lawsuit over unpaid wages == After the burst of Japan's [[bubble economy]] in the early 1990s, the American Club began to suffer.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement), Dec. 1994</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Jan. 1996</ref><ref>''朝日新聞''　(''Asahi Shimbun''), Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref> In summer 1994, employees' wages were late.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement)</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Feb. 1996</ref> By October of that year, the school had stopped paying wages at all.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement)</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Feb. 1996</ref> A group of employees, led by Don MacLaren, subsequently organized, formed a branch union through Japan's [[National Union of General Workers]] and took the company's president, Hiroaki (aka "Morio") Sugimoto, and director, Isao (aka “Yasuaki”) Konno, to court.<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">Court agreement</ref><ref>''朝日新聞'' (''Asahi Shimbun''), Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Jan. 1996</ref><ref>National Union of General Workers Japan, Utsunomiya branch records, 1994-96</ref> These employees received three months in back wages on December 26, 1994, with a stipulation insisted on by Sugimoto that "teachers will refrain from damaging the company's reputation".<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="和解書　Court agreement">Court agreement</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Jan. 1996</ref> Though the school had serious problems making its payroll between 1994 and 1996,<ref name="和解書　Court agreement">和解書　(Court agreement)</ref><ref>''朝日新聞''　(''Asahi Shimbun''), Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Jan. 1996</ref> it continued to recruit and hire new employees (both before the December 1994 lawsuit and after it) from overseas through a broker in Vancouver, Canada, as well as from within Japan, through ''[[The Japan Times]]'' "help wanted" ads.<ref>American Club teachers' contracts, 1994-1995</ref><ref>''The Japan Times'' help wanted ads, 1994-1995</ref> Many of ''The Japan Times''' ads were for positions at an affiliated school Sugimoto ran - International Business and Language [[Vocational School#Japan|Senmon Gakkou]] (aka IBL, which according to its business registration is, like American Club, still a legally functioning entity).<ref name="Feb. 2011 IBL Registration">IBL Business Registration, Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 2011</ref><ref>''The Japan Times'' help wanted ads, 1994-1995</ref> Sugimoto was the landlord of the American Club spaces in Utsunomiya, and collected rent through the American Club from another company he owns, Mimasu Shoji, when the schools' teachers and secretaries were not being paid.<ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Jan. 1996</ref><ref>登記　(Business Registrations for real estate in Motoimaizumi, Utsunomiya), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Mar. 1998</ref> By December 1995 the school was again three months late paying employees' wages.<ref name="朝日新聞　Asahi Shinbun">''朝日新聞''　(''Asahi Shimbun'') Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref> By this time Sugimoto had legally resigned his position as president of the company, and Konno became its president.<ref name="Jan. 1996 Business Registration">アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Feb. 2011</ref> However, on the business registrations for the Oyama and Mooka schools, Sugimoto's name was the only one listed as being responsible for the school.<ref>アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Oyama Legal Records Office, November. 1995</ref><ref>アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Mooka Legal Records Office, Nov. 1995</ref> After the 1996 New Year's holidays, Konno fled.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="朝日新聞　Asahi Shinbun">''朝日新聞''　(''Asahi Shimbun'')Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Mar. 1996</ref> In a letter to an American Club employee he claimed Sugimoto had threatened him and his (Konno's) wife with harassment from [[sound trucks in Japan|sound trucks]] operated by [[Uyoku dantai|right wing]] organizations if Konno tried to declare bankruptcy for the American Club. In the letter Konno explained that because Sugimoto relied on the financial solvency of the American Club in order to obtain business loans, he (Sugimoto) could not afford to have the American Club be declared bankrupt by its own president.<ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Mar. 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref>Konno, Isao, Letter to American Club, Feb. 1996</ref> After this, Yasuki Yamaichi of [[Fukuoka City]], more than 1,000 kilometers from Utsunomiya, assumed legal responsibility for the school.<ref>アメリカンクラブ株式会社登記 (American Club Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Jan. 1996</ref> According to a January 25, 1996 article on the American Club in the ''[[Asahi Shinbun]]'', a reporter from the newspaper made a call to the company's phone number in Fukuoka, but the person who answered the phone hung up on the reporter.<ref name="朝日新聞　Asahi Shinbun" /> None of the teachers met Yamaichi, and with no one coming forward to take charge of the company, the teachers eventually stopped working for it. However, after the American Club stopped holding English classes in 1996, Sugimoto continued to run IBL (which was government-supported).<ref>インタナショナルビジネスランゲージ専門学校登記 (International Business and Language Senmon Gakkou Business Registration), Utsunomiya Legal Records Office, Dec. 1996</ref> == Second lawsuit over unpaid wages == A second lawsuit was filed by employees for three months in unpaid wages in January 1996,<ref>Court ruling, 宇都宮裁判所 (Utsunomiya Courthouse), Jan. 1996</ref> but none of the company's directors showed up in court and they ignored the subsequent court order to pay. Eventually the employees received 80% of their back wages through the Labor Standards Office of the Japanese government.<ref>Payments through Labor Standards Office, Utsunomiya, Feb. 1996-Sep. 1996</ref> With no income received after three months, many teachers returned to their home countries. The total amount of delinquent wages owed all employees during the lawsuits totaled the equivalent of more than US$100,000. Also, students, who had paid in advance for as much as a year's worth of classes, lost an undetermined amount of money.<ref>Court ruling, 宇都宮裁判所 (Utsunomiya courthouse), Jan. 1996</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">''Networking'', Utsunomiya, Mar. 1996</ref> In addition, rent on the company’s spaces in branch schools, as well as rent on the teachers’ apartments (which had been deducted by the company from teachers’ pay) was as much as a year in arrears by the time of the second lawsuit.<ref name="朝日新聞 Asahi Shinbun" /> == News reports == During the course of the second lawsuit, in January 1996, articles were run in the local edition of Japanese language newspapers: The [[Asahi Shinbun]]<ref>''朝日新聞''　(''Asahi Shinbun'') Utsunomiya edition, Utsunomiya, Jan. 25, 1996</ref> and the [[Shimotsuke Shinbun]].<ref>''下野新聞'' (''Shimotsuke Shinbun''), Utsunomiya, Jan. 26, 1996 and February 25, 1996</ref> Articles were also run by a local English language newspaper: Networking<ref>''Networking'', Jan. - Feb. 1996</ref> (now defunct). The Networking articles outlined the root causes of the lawsuits (specifically the events leading up to the first lawsuit) and focused on the immigrant employees involved. Later, MacLaren wrote several essays, which were published in the [[letters to the editor]] sections in [[Business Week]],<ref>http://www.businessweek.com/1998/49/b3607181.htm</ref>[[The Japan Times]]<ref>"Labor scofflaws often go unpunished," ''The Japan Times'', Tokyo, December 14, 1997</ref><ref>"Labor scofflaws still running amok," ''The Japan Times'', Tokyo, April 4, 1999</ref> and the [[Mainichi Daily News]].<ref>"Pros and cons of Japan bashing," ''Mainichi Daily News'', Tokyo, October 31, 1998</ref><ref>"The back-wages of sin," ''Mainichi Daily News'', Tokyo, April 19, 1999</ref> MacLaren also provided The Japan Times with a list of organizations he had contacted in order to help resolve the pay problems, which the Japan Times subsequently published numerous times.<ref>"Useful telephone numbers," ''The Japan Times'', Tokyo, 1997-2001</ref> ==See also== {{Eikaiwa}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Coord missing|Japan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:American Club (Eikaiwa)}} [[Category:English conversation schools in Japan]] [[Category:Japanese business law]]'