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'{{Redirect|Fatih Sultan Mehmet|the bridge that spans the Bosphorus strait|Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge}} <!--This article is in US English--> {{Infobox Ottoman Sultan |Sultan_Name=Fatih Sultan Mehmet |native_lang1=[[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] |native_lang1_name1=محمد ثانى |image_portrait=Portrait of Mehmed II by Gentile Bellini (Cropped).png |image_tugra=Tughra of Mehmed II.JPG |Military=Rise of the Ottoman Empire |title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Sultan]]||title2= |Valide_Sultan=[[Hüma Hatun]] |Born=April 20, 1429 <br>[[Edirne]] |Died=May 3, 1481 (aged 49) <br>[[Hünkârçayırı]], near [[Gebze]] |before=[[Murad II]] |after=[[Murad II]] |years=1444&ndash;46 |before2=[[Murad II]] |after2=[[Bayezid II]] |years2=1451&ndash;81}} '''Mehmed II''' (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481) ([[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]: محمد ثانى {{Unicode|''Meḥmed-i s̠ānī}}'', {{lang-tr|II. Mehmet}}), (also known as ''el-Fātiḥ'' (الفاتح), "the Conqueror" in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], or, in modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]], ''Fatih Sultan Mehmet''; also called ''Mahomet II''<ref>"[[Dates of Epoch-Making Events]]", [[The Nuttall Encyclopaedia]]. ([http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12342 Gutenberg version])</ref><ref>Related to the ''Mahomet'' [[archaism]]s used for [[Mohammad]]. See ''[[Medieval Christian view of Muhammad]]'' for more information.</ref> in [[early modern Europe]]) was [[Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Rûm]] until the conquest) for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he [[Fall of Constantinople|conquered Constantinople]] and brought an end to the [[Byzantine Empire]], absorbing its administrative apparatus into the Ottoman state. Mehmet continued his conquests in Asia, with the Anatolian reunification, and in Europe, as far as [[Belgrade]]. Mehmed II is regarded as a national hero in [[Turkey]], and his name is given to Istanbul's [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]]. ==Early reign== [[Image:Gennadios.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Mehmed II and [[Gennadius Scholarius|Gennadios]]]] Mehmed II was born on March 30, 1432, in [[Edirne]], then the capital city of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman state]]. His father was Sultan [[Murad II]] (1404&ndash;51) and his mother Valide Sultan [[Hüma Hatun]], born in [[Devrekani]] county of [[Kastamonu]] province, was a daughter of Abd'Allah of [[Zahumlje|Hum]] Although the area of origin of his mother is known, her ethnicity is debatable. Huma meaning a girl/woman from Hum, her fathers name, Abd'Allah, meaning Servant of God, is an [[anonym]] that was used in the Ottoman period to describe the Christian males who converted to Islam, indicating most possibly a Greek descendant since that was the origin of the Christian population in the area at the time. When Mehmed II was eleven years old he was sent to [[Amasya]] to govern and thus gain experience, as per the custom of Ottoman rulers before his time. After Murad II made peace with the [[Karaman Emirate]] in [[Anatolia]] in August 1444, he abdicated the throne to his 12-year-old son Mehmed II. Sultan Murad II had sent him a number of teachers for him to study under, but he was a difficult student and did not complete his studies of the [[Quran]], which was considered of great importance. The Sultan requested that Lord Ahmad Bin Ismail Gorani be made a teacher for Mehmed and gave him a rod to beat him if he broke his command. The teacher went to him and entered with the rod in his hand, he said:" I was sent by your father's to educate you and I will beat you if you violate my orders". Mehmed laughed at this speech, in which Gorani then struck and severely beat Mehmed. Thereafter, Mehmed feared his teacher and he finished the Quran easily.<ref>^ الشقائق النعمانية في علماء الدولة العثمانية، صفحة 52 نقلاً عن تاريخ الدولة العثمانية، صفحة 43</ref> This Islamic education had the greatest impact in composing the personality of Mehmed, and reinforced his Muslim belief: committed to Sharia Law. He began to praise and promote its application. He was influenced in his practice of Islamic epistemology by contemporaneous practitioners of science - particularly by his mentor, Lord Gorani - and he followed their approach. Also, the growing role of Sheikh Aq Shams al-Din in the composition of Muhammad's personality became predominant (beginning at a young age) specially in the imperative of fulfilling his Islamic duty in the overthrow of the Byzantine empire by conquering Constantinople [he hoped to apply the Hadith of the Prophet of Islam.<ref>الفتوح الإسلامية عبر العصور، د. عبد العزيز العمري، صفحة 358-359</ref> In his first reign, he prevented the crusade led by [[János Hunyadi]] and the Hungarian incursions into the country breaking of the conditions of the truce [[Peace of Szeged]]. Cardinal [[Julian Cesarini]], the representative of the pope, convinced the king of Hungary that breaking the truce with Muslims is not a betrayal.<ref>تاريخ الدولة العليّة العثمانية، تأليف: الأستاذ محمد فريد بك المحامي، تحقيق: الدكتور إحسان حقي، دار النفائس، الطبعة العاشرة: 1427 هـ - 2006 م، صفحة: 157 ISBN 9953-18-084-9</ref> Srosadi Mehmed II asked his father Murad II to reclaim the throne, but Murad II refused. Enraged at his father, who had long since retired to a contemplative life in southwestern Anatolia, Mehmed II wrote: "''If you are the Sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the Sultan I hereby order you to come and lead my armies.''" It was upon this letter that Murad II led the Ottoman army and won the [[Battle of Varna]] in 1444. It is said Murad II's return to the throne was forced by [[Çandarlı (2nd) Halil Pasha|Chandarli Khalil Pasha]], the [[grand vizier]] at the time, who was not fond of Mehmed II's rule, since Mehmed II's teacher was influential on him and did not like Chandarli. Chandarli was later executed by Mehmed II during the siege of Constantinople on the grounds that he had been bribed by or had somehow helped the defenders. During his early reign he married a Christian [[Albanians|Albanian]] Valide Sultan Amina Gul-Bahar mother of his successor [[Bayezid II]].<ref name="Edmonds 1997"/><ref name="Babinger 1992 51"/> ==Conquest of Constantinople== {{Main|Fall of Constantinople}} [[File:Fatihsultanmehmet.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Bust of Mehmed II]] When Mehmed II ascended the throne in 1451 he devoted himself to strengthening the Ottoman navy, and in the same year made preparations for the taking of Constantinople. In the narrow [[Bosporus Straits]], the fortress [[Anadoluhisarı]] had been built by his great-grandfather [[Bayezid I]] on the Asiatic side; Mehmed erected an even stronger fortress called [[Rumelihisarı]] on the European side, and thus having complete control of the strait. Having completed his fortresses, Mehmet proceeded to levy a toll on ships passing within reach of their cannon. A Venetian vessel refusing signals to stop, was sunk with a single shot and all the surviving sailors beheaded.<ref name="Silburn1912">Silburn, P. A. B. (1912).</ref> In 1453 Mehmed commenced the siege of Constantinople with an army between 80,000 to 200,000 troops and a navy of 320 vessels, though the bulk of them were transports and storeships. The city was now surrounded by sea and land; the fleet at the entrance of the Bosphorus was stretched from shore to shore in the form of a crescent, to intercept or repel any assistance from the sea for the besieged.<ref name="Silburn1912" /> [[Image:Byzantine Constantinople eng.png|thumb|right|Map of Constantinople and its [[Theodosian Walls|land walls]] and harbor.]] In early April, the [[Fall of Constantinople|Siege of Constantinople]] began. After several fruitless assaults, the city's walls held off the Turks with great difficulty, even with the use of the new Orban's bombard, a cannon similar to the [[Dardanelles Gun]]. The harbor of the [[Golden Horn]] was blocked by a [[wikt:boom|boom]] chain and defended by twenty-eight [[warship]]s. On April 22, Mehmed transported his lighter warships overland, around the Genoese colony of Galata and into the Golden Horn's northern shore; eighty galleys were transported from the Bosphorus after paving a little over one-mile route with wood. Thus the Byzantines stretched their troops over a longer portion of the walls. A little over a month later, Constantinople fell on May 29 following a fifty-seven day siege.<ref name="Silburn1912" /> After this conquest, Mehmed moved the Ottoman capital from Adrianople to Constantinople. Reference is made to the prospective conquest of Constantinople in an authentic [[hadith]], attributed to a saying of the Prophet [[Muhammad]]. ''"Verily you shall conquer Constantinople. What a wonderful leader will he be, and what a wonderful army will that army be!"''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnah.org/msaec/articles/Constantinople.htm|title=Conquest of Constantinople|accessdate=August 4, 2006|author=GF Haddad|last=Haddad|first=GF|authorlink=Qasyoun@cyberia.net.lb}}</ref> Ten years after the conquest of Constantinople Mehmed II visited the site of [[Troy]] and boasted that he had avenged the [[Troy|Trojans]] by having conquered the Greeks (Byzantines).<ref name=turks>[http://www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=38 Turks.org.uk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Image:Zonaro GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|right|Mehmed II enters Constantinople by [[Fausto Zonaro]]]] When Mehmed stepped into the ruins of the [[Boukoleon Palace|Boukoleon]], known to the Ottomans and Persians as the Palace of the Caesars, probably built over a thousand years before by [[Theodosius II]], he uttered the famous lines of Persian poetry:{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} :''The spider weaves the curtains in the palace of the Caesars; :''the owl calls the watches in the towers of Afrasiab. After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed claimed the title of "[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]" of [[Roman Empire|Rome]] (''Kayser-i Rûm''), although this claim was not recognized by the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]], or Christian Europe. Mehmed's claim rested with the concept that Constantinople was the seat of the [[Roman Empire]], after the transfer of its capital to Constantinople in 330 AD and the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. Mehmed also had a blood lineage to the Byzantine Imperial family; his predecessor, Sultan [[Orhan I]] had married a Byzantine princess, and Mehmed may have claimed descent from [[John Tzelepes Komnenos]].<ref name="Norwich 1995 413–416">{{Cite book| last = Norwich | first = John Julius | authorlink = John Julius Norwich | year = 1995 | title = Byzantium:The Decline and Fall | pages = 81&ndash;82 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 0-679-41650-1}}</ref> He was not the only ruler to claim such a title, as there was the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in Western Europe, whose emperor, [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], traced his titular lineage from [[Charlemagne]] who obtained the title of Roman Emperor when he was crowned by [[Pope Leo III]] in 800 - although never recognized as such by the Byzantine Empire. <!-- Please do not remove the following paragraph. If you dispute this issue, please discuss it on the talk page - thank you. --> The Byzantine historian [[Doukas (historian)|Doukas]],<ref>{{Cite book| last = Crowley | first = Roger | year = 2006 | location = Oxford | title = Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 | publisher = [[A.P.R.I.L. Publishing]] }}</ref> stated that after the conquest of Constantinople, Mehmed II ordered the 14-year old son of the Grand Duke [[Loukas Notaras|Lucas Notaras]] brought to him "for his pleasure". When the father refused to deliver his son to such a fate he had them both decapitated on the spot.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]], ''The Fall of Constantinople 1453''. Cambridge University Press, 1965.</ref> Another contemporary Greek source, [[Leonard of Chios]], professor of theology and [[Archbishop]] of [[Mytilene]], tells the same story in his letter to [[Pope Nicholas]]. He describes Mehmed II requesting for the 14 year old handsome youth to be brought "for his pleasure".<ref>[[John R. Melville-Jones]], "The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts"</ref> Some modern scholars{{who|date=December 2010}} believe that this sources were an attempt to portray Muslims as morally inferior, and point to the story of [[Saint Pelagius of Cordova|Saint Pelagius]] as its probable inspiration.<ref>{{cite book | last = Andrews | first = Walter G. | coauthors = Mehmet Kalpaklı | title = The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society | publisher = Duke University Press | id = ISBN 0822334240 | year = 2005 | pages = 2}}</ref> ==Conquests in Asia== The conquest of Constantinople allowed Mehmed II to turn his attention to [[Anatolia]]. Mehmed II tried to create a single political entity in [[Anatolia]] by capturing Turkish states called [[Beyliks]] and the Greek [[Empire of Trebizond]] in northeastern [[Anatolia]] and allied himself with the [[Golden Horde]] in the [[Crimea]]. Uniting the Anatolian Beyliks was first accomplished by Sultan [[Bayezid I]], more than fifty years earlier than Mehmed II but after the destructive [[Battle of Ankara]] back in 1402, the newly formed Anatolian unification was gone. Mehmed II recovered the Ottoman power on other Turkish states. These conquests allowed him to push further into Europe. Another important political entity which shaped the Eastern policy of Mehmed II was the [[Ak Koyunlu|White Sheep Turcomans]]. With the leadership of [[Uzun Hasan]], this Turcoman kingdom gained power in the East but because of their strong relations with the Christian powers like Empire of Trebizond and the [[Republic of Venice]] and the alliance between Turcomans and [[Karamanoğlu|Karamanoğlu Tribe]], Mehmed saw them as a threat to his own power. He led a successful campaign against Uzun Hasan in 1473 which resulted with the decisive victory of the Ottoman Empire in the [[Battle of Otlukbeli]]. ==Conquests in Europe== After the Fall of Constantinople, Mehmed would also go on to conquer the [[Despotate of Morea]] in the [[Peloponnese]] in 1460, and the [[Empire of Trebizond]] in northeastern [[Anatolia]] in 1461. The last two vestiges of Byzantine rule were thus absorbed by the Ottoman Empire. The conquest of Constantinople bestowed immense glory and prestige on the country. Mehmed II advanced toward [[Eastern Europe]] as far as [[Belgrade]], and attempted to conquer the city from [[John Hunyadi]] at the [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|Siege of Belgrade]] in 1456. Hungarian commanders successfully defended the city and Ottomans retreated with heavy losses but at the end, Ottomans occupied nearly all of [[History_of_Serbia#Medieval_Serbia.2C_7th_.E2.80.93_14th_century|Serbia]]. In 1463, after a dispute over the tribute paid annually by the Bosnian kingdom, Mehmed invaded Bosnia and conquered it very quickly, executing the last Bosnian king [[Stjepan Tomašević]]. [[Image:Istanbul.Topkapi082.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Sword of Mehmed II]] He also came into conflict with and was defeated by Prince [[Vlad III Dracula]] of [[Wallachia]] in 1462 at [[the Night Attack]]. Though forced to retreat from Wallachia due to Vlad's scorched earth policies, Mehmed II left [[Radu cel Frumos]], Vlad's brother, with a small force in order to win over the local nobles. Radu also managed to take the control of Wallachia and was honored the title of [[Bey]] in the same year. His brother Vlad (the Dracula) lost all his power and escaped from his country to Hungary, where he was imprisoned due to forged documents. In 1475, the Ottomans suffered a great defeat at the hands of [[Stephen the Great]] of [[Moldavia]] at the [[Battle of Vaslui]]. In 1476, Mehmed won a pyrrhic victory against Stephen at the [[Battle of Valea Albă]]. He besieged the capital of [[Suceava]], but could not take it, nor could he take the [[Neamţ Citadel|Castle of Târgu Neamţ]]. With a plague running in his camp and food and water being very scarce, Mehmed was forced to retreat. The [[League of Lezhe#Battles of the League of Lezha|Albanian resistance]] in [[Albania]] between 1443 and 1468 led by George Kastrioti [[Skanderbeg]] (''İskender Bey''), an Albanian noble and a former member of the Ottoman ruling elite, prevented the Ottoman expansion into the [[Italian peninsula]]. Skanderbeg had united the [[Albanian Principalities]] in a fight against the Empire in the [[League of Lezhë]] in 1444. Mehmed II couldn't subjugate [[Albania]] and [[Skanderbeg]] while the latter was alive, even though twice (1466 and 1467) he led the Ottoman armies himself against [[Krujë]]. After death of [[Skanderbeg]] in 1468, [[Albanians]] couldn't find a leader to replace him and Mehmed II eventually conquered [[Krujë]] and Albania on 1478. Mehmed II invaded [[Italy]] in 1480. The intent of his invasion was to capture [[Rome]] and "reunite the Roman Empire", and, at first, looked like he might be able to do it with the [[Ottoman invasion of Otranto|easy capture]] of [[Otranto]] in 1480 but Otranto was retaken by Papal forces in 1481 after the death of Mehmed. ==Administrative actions== Mehmed II amalgamated the old Byzantine administration into the Ottoman state.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} He first introduced the word Politics into Arabic "Siyasah" from a book he published and claimed to be the collection of Politics doctrines of the Byzantine Caesars before him. He gathered Italian artists, [[humanism|humanists]] and Greek scholars at his court, allowed the [[Eastern Orthodox|Byzantine Church]] to continue functioning, ordered the patriarch to translate [[Christianity|Christian]] doctrine into Turkish, and called [[Gentile Bellini]] from Venice to paint his portrait. Mehmed II also tried to get Muslim scientists and artists to his court in Constantinople, started a University, built mosques e.g. the [[Fatih Mosque]], waterways, and the [[Topkapı Palace]]. Mehmed II's reign is also well-known for the religious tolerance with which he treated his subjects, especially among the conquered Christians, which was very unusual for Europe in the Middle Ages. His army recruited from the [[Devshirme]], a group that took first-born Christian subjects at a young age that were destined for the sultans court. The less able, but physically strong were put into the army or the sultan's personal guard, the [[Janissaries]]. Within Constantinople, Mehmed established a ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]]'' or an autonomous religious community, and appointed the former Patriarch{{who|date=December 2010}} as religious governor of the city.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} His authority extended only to the Orthodox Christians within the city, and this excluded the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] settlements in the suburbs, and excluded Muslim and [[Jewish]] settlers entirely. This method allowed for an indirect rule of the Christian Byzantines and allowed the occupants to feel relatively autonomous even as Mehmed II began the Turkish remodeling of the city, turning it into the Turkish capital, which it remained until the 1920s. ==Personal life== Mehmed II had several wives: Valide Sultan [[Amina Gul-Bahar]], a Christian [[Albanians|Albanian]], who died in 1492,<ref name="Edmonds 1997">{{Cite book|last=Edmonds|first=Anna|title=Turkey's religious sites|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=2do8TIGfMKOcOISUsJsP&ct=result&hl=en&id=xVbkAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gülbahar+Albanian&q=An+Albanian+by+birth,+legend+also+has+it+that+Gulbahar+Hatun+was+a+French+princess+kidnapped+for+the+sultan's+harem.#search_anchor|publisher=Damko|isbn=9758227009|page=1997}}</ref><ref name="Babinger 1992 51">{{Cite book|last=Babinger|first=Franz|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA175&dq=Kladas+%2B+Albanian&hl=en&ei=TtY8TIrFJ4SoOKbF1Y8P&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Albanian&f=false|year=1992|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=0691010781|page=51}}</ref> and Gevher Sultana; Gulshah Hatun; Sitti Mukrime Hatun;<ref>Wedding portrait, [http://nauplion.net/M2-SittHatun.jpg Nauplion.net]</ref> Hatun Çiçek; Helene Hatun, who died in 1481, daughter of [[Demetrios Palaiologos]], the [[Despot]] of [[Despotate of Morea|Morea]]; briefly Anna Hatun, the daughter of the [[Emperor]] of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]]; and Hatun Alexias, a Byzantine princess. Another son of his was [[Cem|Djem Zizim]], who died in 1495. On his accession as conqueror of Constantinople, aged 21, Mehmed was reputed fluent in several languages, including [[Ottoman Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arab language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Latin language|Latin]].<ref name="Norwich 1995 413–416"/><ref name="Runciman 1965 56">{{Cite book| last = Runciman| first = Steven | authorlink = Steven Runciman | year = 1965 | title = The Fall of Constantinople: 1453 | pages = 56| publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = London | isbn = 0-521-39832-0}}</ref> ==Death== <!-- ***Please do not remove the following paragraph. If you dispute this issue, please discuss it on the talk page - thank you.*** --> Mehmed died on May 3, 1481, at the age of forty-nine. Mehmed's primary doctor, "[[Jacob Pasha]]" an Italian born convert to Islam was suspected of administering poison to Mehmed over a period of time and was executed.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} Another source states that: "The likeliest possibility is that Mehmed was also poisoned by his Persian doctor. Despite numerous Venetian assassination attempts over the years, the finger of suspicion points most strongly at his son, Bayezit."<ref>1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West, Roger Crowley, 2005</ref> Mehmed was buried in a cemetery within the Fatih Mosque Complex <ref name="test">[http://culturecityistanbul.blogspot.com/2009/10/fatih-sultan-mehmed-mausoleum.html culturecityistanbul.blogspot.com/2009/10/fatih-sultan-mehmed-mausoleum.html].</ref> established in one of the mosques that was founded in Constantinople. ==Legacy== [[File:Fatih Camii Dome.JPG|thumb|Dome of the Fatih Mosque]] After the fall of Constantinople, he founded many universities and colleges in the city, some of which are still active. Mehmed II is also recognized as the first Sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law long before [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] (also "the Lawmaker" or "Kanuni") and he thus established the classical image of the autocratic Ottoman sultan (''padishah''). Mehmed II's tomb is located at [[Fatih Mosque]] in Istanbul. [[File:1000 TL reverse.jpg|thumb|250px|Reverse of the 1000 [[Turkish lira|lira]] banknote (1986-1992)]] During his thirty-one year rule, he waged several wars expanding the Ottoman Empire. The conquest Constantinople, and all the Turkish kingdoms and territories of Asia Minor, [[Bosnia]], [[Kingdom of Serbia]], and [[Albania]]. He carried out many internal administrative reforms that put his country on the path to prosperity and paved the way for subsequent sultans to focus on expanding the State and the expansion into new territories. he also put the first principles of civil law and the Penal Code, changed corporal punishment, that was completed through Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] later.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Mehmed left behind an imposing reputation in both the Islamic and Christian worlds. The [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]] was named after him that straddles the Bosporus Straits in Istanbul in the twentieth century. His name and picture appears on the paper currency of the Turkish thousand [[Lira]] note, which was in circulation between 1986 to 1992.<ref>تاريخ الدولة العليّة العثمانية، تأليف: الأستاذ محمد فريد بك المحامي، تحقيق: الدكتور إحسان حقي، دار النفائس، الطبعة العاشرة: 1427 هـ - 2006 م، صفحة: 177-178 ISBN 9953-18-084-9</ref> Mehmed II is the [[eponym]]ous subject of [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini's]] 1820 opera [[Maometto II]]. Mehmed II's portrait was depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Turkish 1000 [[Turkish lira|lira]] banknotes of 1986-1992.<ref>[http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - One Thousand Turkish Lira - [http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/268.htm I. Series] & [http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/270.htm II. Series]. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.</ref> It is notable that Mehmet II is not considered the first ruler of Constantinople of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin.<ref># Finkel, Caroline, ''Osman's Dream'', (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "''Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930..''".</ref><ref>[http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne BYU.edu]; ARTICLE 91 - All grants of patents and registrations of trade-marks, as well as all registrations of transfers or assignments of patents or trade marks which have been duly made since the 30th October, 1918, by the Imperial Ottoman Government at Constantinople or elsewhere.</ref> Before him, the Christian [[Leo IV the Khazar]] was a [[de jure]] Roman Emperor. ==Freedom of the Bosnian Franciscans== [[File:Adhanema Lasva.jpg|thumb|The Firman given to the Bosnian Franciscans]] ;Mehmed II's ''[[Firman (decree)|Firman]]'' on the freedom of the [[Bosnian Franciscans]] <blockquote>"I, the Sultan [[Khan (title)|Khan]] the Conqueror,</blockquote> <blockquote>hereby declare the whole world that,</blockquote> <blockquote>The Bosnian Franciscans granted with this sultanate firman are under my protection. And I command that:</blockquote> <blockquote>No one shall disturb or give harm to these people and their churches! They shall live in peace in my state. These people who have become emigrants, shall have security and liberty. They may return to their monasteries which are located in the borders of my state.</blockquote> <blockquote>No one from my empire notable, [[vizier]]s, clerks or my maids will break their honour or give any harm to them!</blockquote> <blockquote>No one shall insult, put in danger or attack these lives, properties, and churches of these people!</blockquote> <blockquote>Also, what and those these people have brought from their own countries have the same rights...</blockquote> <blockquote>By declaring this firman, I swear on my sword by the holy name of [[Allah]] who has created the ground and sky, Allah's prophet [[Mohammed]], and 124,000 former [[Prophets of Islam|prophets]] that; no one from my citizens will react or behave the opposite of this firman!" </blockquote> This oath firman, which has provided independence and tolerance to the ones who are from another religion, belief, and race was declared by Mehmed II the Conqueror and granted to Angjeo Zvizdovic of the [[Franciscan monastery in Fojnica]], after the conquest of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] on May 28 of 1463.<ref>[http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ahd.html Croatia and Ottoman Empire, Ahdnama, Sultan Mehemt II<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_14th_issue/eihsanoglu_stevens.html Light Millennium: A Culture of Peaceful Coexistence: The Ottoman Turkish Example; by Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[firman]] has been recently raised and published by the Ministry of Culture of Turkey for the 700th anniversary of the foundation of the Ottoman State. The edict was issued by the Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror to protect the basic rights of the [[Bosnians|Bosnian]] Christians when he conquered that territory in 1463. The original edict is still kept in the same monastery in [[Fojnica]]. It is one of the oldest documents on religious freedom. Mehmed II's oath was entered into force in the [[Ottoman Empire]] on May 28, 1463. In 1971, the [[United Nations]] published a translation of the document in all the official U.N. languages. ==See also== {{Portal|Military history of the Ottoman Empire}} {{Commons category|Mehmed II}} ;General: [[Sultan]], [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Ottoman Empire]] ;Events: [[Expansion of the Ottoman Empire]], [[Decline of the Byzantine Empire]], [[Fall of Constantinople]], [[Battle of Varna]] ;Locations: [[Turkey]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]] ;Other: [[Cem]] (His younger son) ==Further reading== * Babinger, Franz, ''Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time''. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978. ISBN 0691 0 1078 1 * Dwight, Harrison Griswold, [http://books.google.com/books?id=C45pAAAAMAAJ Constantinople, Old and New]. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1915 * Hamlin, Cyrus, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujUpAAAAYAAJ Among the Turks]. New York: R. Carter & Bros, 1878 * Harris, Jonathan, ''The End of Byzantium''. New Haven CT and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978 0 30011786 8 * Imber, Colin, ''The Ottoman Empire''. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0 333 613872 * Philippides, Marios, ''Emperors, Patriarchs, and Sultans of Constantinople, 1373-1513: An Anonymous Greek Chronicle of the Sixteenth Century''. Brookline MA: Hellenic College Press, 1990. ISBN 0917 653 165 ==References== ;General information *{{Cite book |author = [[Lord Kinross]] |title = The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise And Fall Of The Turkish Empire |publisher = HarperCollins |year = 1977 |isbn = 0-688-08093-6 }} *{{Cite book | last = Murr Nehme | first = Lina | authorlink = Lina Murr Nehme | year = 2003 | title = 1453: The Fall of Constantinople | publisher = Aleph Et Taw | isbn = 2868398162 }} * Silburn, P. A. B. (1912). [http://books.google.com/books?id=aRpCAAAAIAAJ The evolution of sea-power]. London: Longmans, Green and Co. *Dyer, T. H., & Hassall, A. (1901). [http://books.google.com/books?id=glwMAAAAYAAJ A history of modern Europe From the fall of Constantinople]. London: G. Bell and Sons. * Fredet, Peter (1888). [http://books.google.com/books?id=wWsqAAAAYAAJ Modern History; From the Coming of Christ and Change of the Roman Republic into an Empire, to the Year of Our Lord 1888]. Baltimore: J. Murphy & Co. [http://books.google.com/books?id=wWsqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA383 Page 383+] ;Footnotes {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== *[http://www.ottomanonline.net/sultans/7.html Biography page at OttomanOnline] *[http://nauplion.net/M2-MEHMED-ElFatih-1.html Contemporary portraits] *[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume2/chap68.htm Chapter LXVIII: Reign Of Mahomet The Second, Extinction Of Eastern Empire] by [[Edward Gibbon]] {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||March 30, 1432||May 3, 1481}}[aged 49] {{S-reg|}} {{S-bef|before=[[Murad II]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]]|years=1444–1446}} {{S-aft|after=[[Murad II]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[Murad II]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]]|years=Feb 3, 1451 – May 3, 1481}} {{S-aft|after=[[Bayezid II]]}} {{S-pre}} {{S-bef|before=[[Murad II]]}} {{S-tul|title=[[List of caliphs|Caliph of Islam]]|years=1444–1446}} {{S-aft|after=[[Bayezid II]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[Constantine XI]]}} {{S-tul|title=[[Byzantine Emperor|Caesar of Rome]] <br><small>(Roman Emperor)</small>|years=1444–1446}} {{S-aft|after=[[Bayezid II]]}} {{end}} {{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME= II, Mehmed |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION= |DATE OF BIRTH=April 20, 1429 |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Edirne]] |DATE OF DEATH=May 3, 1481 (aged 49) |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Hünkârçayırı]], near [[Gebze]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mehmed Ii}} [[Category:1432 births]] [[Category:1481 deaths]] [[Category:1481 crimes]] [[Category:East-West Schism]] [[Category:Medieval child rulers]] [[Category:Murdered monarchs]] [[Category:Rulers deposed as children]] [[Category:People from Edirne]] [[Category:People illustrated on Turkish banknotes]] [[Category:15th-century caliphs]] [[Category:15th-century Ottoman sultans]] [[Category:Deaths by poisoning]] {{Link GA|zh-classical}} {{Link FA|ar}} [[af:Mehmet II]] [[ar:محمد الفاتح]] [[az:II Mehmed]] [[bn:উসমানীয় সাম্রাজ্যের শাহেনশাহ দ্বিতীয় মুহাম্মাদ]] [[be:Мехмед II Заваёўнік]] [[be-x-old:Мэхмэд II Заваёўнік]] [[bs:Mehmed II]] [[br:Mehmet II]] [[bg:Мехмед II]] [[ca:Mehmet II]] [[cs:Mehmed II.]] [[de:Mehmed II.]] [[et:Mehmed II]] [[el:Μωάμεθ Β΄ ο Πορθητής]] [[es:Mehmed II]] [[fa:محمد دوم]] [[fr:Mehmed II]] [[gl:Mehmed II]] [[ko:메흐메트 2세]] [[hr:Mehmed II.]] [[id:Mehmed II]] [[os:Мехмед II]] [[is:Mehmet 2. Tyrkjasoldán]] [[it:Maometto II]] [[he:מהמט השני]] [[jv:Mehmed II]] [[ka:მეჰმედ II]] [[sw:Mehmed II]] [[la:Mahometus II (sultanus Ottomanicus)]] [[lv:Mehmeds II]] [[lt:Mehmedas II]] [[hu:II. Mehmed oszmán szultán]] [[mk:Мехмед II]] [[mr:दुसरा मेहमेद, ओस्मानी सम्राट]] [[ms:Muhammad al-Fatih]] [[mn:II Мехмед]] [[nl:Mehmet II]] [[ja:メフメト2世]] [[no:Muhammad II]] [[pnb:محمد II]] [[pl:Mehmed II Zdobywca]] [[pt:Mehmed II]] [[ro:Mahomed al II-lea]] [[ru:Мехмед II]] [[simple:Mehmed II]] [[sk:Mehmed II.]] [[sl:Mehmed II. Osvajalec]] [[sr:Мехмед II Освајач]] [[sh:Mehmed II.]] [[fi:Mehmed II]] [[sv:Mehmet II]] [[th:สุลต่านเมห์เหม็ดที่ 2 แห่งจักรวรรดิออตโตมัน]] [[tr:II. Mehmed]] [[uk:Мехмед II Фатіх]] [[ur:محمد فاتح]] [[vi:Mehmed II]] [[zh-classical:鄂圖曼素檀穆罕默德二世]] [[zh:穆罕默德二世 (奥斯曼帝国)]]'