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'{{Other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = {{lang|rw|''Repubulika y'u Rwanda''}}<br/>{{lang|fr|''République du Rwanda''}} |conventional_long_name = Republic of Rwanda |common_name = Rwanda |image_flag = Flag_of_Rwanda.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg |symbol_type = Seal |national_motto = ''Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu''<br/>"Unity, Work, Patriotism" |image_map = LocationRwanda.svg |national_anthem = "{{lang|rw|''[[Rwanda nziza]]''}}" "Beautiful Rwanda" |official_languages = [[Kinyarwanda]], [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]]<!--PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRENCH WITHOUT DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE--> |demonym = Rwandan, Rwandese |capital = [[Kigali]] |latd=1 |latm=56.633 |latNS=S |longd=30 |longm=3.567 |longEW=E |government_type = [[Republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Rwanda|President]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Minister]] |leader_name1 = [[Paul Kagame]] |leader_name2 = [[Bernard Makuza]] |largest_city = Kigali |area_km2 = 26,338 |area_sq_mi = 10,169 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 147th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |percent_water = 5.3 |population_estimate = 11,055,976{{sfn|Rank Order – Population}} |population_estimate_year = July 2010 |population_estimate_rank = 74th |population_census = 8,162,715{{sfn|National Census Service|2002}} |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density_km2 = 419.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 1087.2 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 29th |GDP_PPP_year = 2009 |GDP_PPP = $11.260 billion{{sfn|IMF (III)}} |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,148{{sfn|IMF (III)}} |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal = $5.246 billion{{sfn|IMF (III)}} |GDP_nominal_year = 2009 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $535{{sfn|IMF (III)}} |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI = {{increase}}0.460 |HDI_rank = 167th |HDI_category = <span style="color:#e0584e;">low</span> |Gini = 41.1 |Gini_year = 2003 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span> |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Belgium]] |established_event1 = Date |established_date1 = July 1, 1962 |currency = [[Rwandan franc]] |currency_code = RWF |time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = ''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST = +2 |drives_on = right |cctld = [[.rw]] |calling_code = 250 |footnotes = }} '''Rwanda''' ({{pron-en|rü-ˈän-dä}}),{{sfn|Merriam-Webster}} officially the '''Republic of Rwanda''' ({{lang-rw|Repubulika y'u Rwanda}}; {{lang-fr|République du Rwanda}}), is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] of central and eastern [[Africa]] with a population of approximately 11.1 million (2010). Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the [[Equator]], and is bordered by [[Uganda]] to the north, [[Tanzania]] to the east, [[Burundi]] to the south, and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the west. The capital is [[Kigali]], which is near the centre of the country. Rwanda is [[Landlocked country|landlocked]] but has many lakes. Mountains dominate the centre and west, while the east consists of [[savanna]], plains, and swamps. The climate is temperate due to the high elevation; there are two rainy seasons and two dry seasons every year. The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density amongst the highest in Africa. The largest cities are Kigali, [[Gitarama (town)|Gitarama]], and [[Butare]]. Rwandans form three groups: the [[Hutu]]s, [[Tutsi]]s and [[Twa]]s. These groups share a common culture and language and are classified as social groups rather than [[tribe]]s. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, and the principal language is Kinyarwanda, spoken by most Rwandans. [[Hunter gatherer]]s, ancestors of the Twas, settled the territory in the [[stone age|stone]] and [[iron age|iron]] ages, followed later by [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] settlers, who cleared forest land for agriculture. The Bantus at some point divided into Hutus and Tutsis; historians are [[Origins of Tutsi and Hutu|not certain]] if the split occurred before the migration to Rwanda or after. The population coalesced, first into [[Clans of Rwanda|clans]] and then into kingdoms. The Tutsi [[Kingdom of Rwanda]] dominated from the mid-eighteenth century, with the Tutsi Kings conquering others militarily, centralising power, and later enacting anti-Hutu policies. [[German colonial empire|Germany]] colonised Rwanda in 1884, followed by [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgium]], who invaded in 1916 during World War I. Both European nations ruled through the Kings and perpetuated pro-Tutsi policy. The Hutu population revolted in 1959, establishing an independent Hutu state in 1962. The Tutsi-led [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] (RPF) launched a [[Rwandan Civil War|civil war]] in 1990, which was followed by the 1994 [[Rwandan Genocide|Genocide]], in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000 – 1 million Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The RPF ended the Genocide with a military victory. Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Genocide, but has since strengthened. The country has few natural resources, and the economy is based mostly on [[subsistence agriculture]]. [[Coffee]] and [[tea]] are the major cash crops for export. [[Tourism in Rwanda|Tourism]] is a fast-growing sector and is now the country's leading foreign exchange earner, the most popular activity being the tracking of [[mountain gorilla]]s. [[Music of Rwanda|Music]] and [[Dance of Rwanda|dance]] are an integral part of Rwandan culture. Drums were of great importance in the King's court, and the most famous traditional dance is the highly-choreographed [[Intore]]. Traditional arts and crafts are produced throughout the country, including [[imigongo]], a unique cow dung art. Rwanda follows a [[presidential system]] of government. The President has broad powers, while the Parliament makes legislation and has limited oversight. The incumbent President is [[Paul Kagame]] of the RPF party. Kagame and the RPF receive electoral support from across the community, although human rights organisations allege suppression of the opposition. The country has low corruption levels relative to other Sub-Saharan African countries, and has experienced high economic and [[human development (humanity)|human development]] growth under the RPF government. Rwanda is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[La Francophonie]], the [[African Union]], the [[East African Community]] and, since 2009, the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. The government provides free education in state-run schools for nine years; however, many poorer children still fail to attend school. The quality of [[healthcare in Rwanda|healthcare]] is generally low, but the government is attempting to prioritize this, having increased the health budget from 3.2% in 1996 to 9.7% in 2008. ==History== {{Main|History of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda Nyanza Mwami Palace.jpg|thumb|left|A reconstruction of the [[King of Rwanda]]'s palace at [[Nyanza, Rwanda|Nyanza]]]] Humans moved into what is now Rwanda following the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]], either in the [[Neolithic]] period around ten thousand years ago, or in the long humid period which followed, up to around 3000 BC.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=6}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=44}} Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of sparse settlement by [[hunter gatherer]]s in the late [[stone age]], followed by a larger population of early [[Iron Age]] settlers, who produced dimpled [[pottery]] and iron tools.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=6}}{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|p=36}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=45}} These early inhabitants were the ancestors of the [[Twa]]s, a group of aboriginal [[Pygmy]] hunter-gatherers who remain in Rwanda today.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}} Between 700 BC and 1500 AD, a number of [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] groups migrated into Rwanda, and began to clear forest land for agriculture.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=58}}{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}} The forest-dwelling Twas lost much of their habitat and were forced to move on to the slopes of mountains.{{sfn|King|2007|p=75}} Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations; one theory is that the first settlers were [[Hutu]]s, while the [[Tutsi]]s migrated later and formed a distinct racial group, possibly of [[Cushitic]] origin.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=16}} An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady, with incoming groups integrating into rather than conquering the existing society.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=58}}{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=61}} Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was a class distinction rather than a racial one.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=69}}{{sfn|Shyaka|p=11}} The earliest form of social organisation in the area was the [[Clans of Rwanda|clan]] (''ubwoko'').{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=88}} Clans existed across the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes region]], with around twenty that existed in the area that is now Rwanda.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|pp=88&ndash;89}} The clans were not limited to genealogical lineages or geographical area, and most included Hutus, Tutsis, and Twas.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|pp=88&ndash;89}} From the 15th century, the clans began to coalesce into kingdoms.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=141}} By 1700, around eight kingdoms existed in present-day Rwanda, the largest ones being [[Bugesera (kingdom)|Bugesera]], [[Gisaka]], the northern part of [[Kingdom of Burundi|Burundi]], and the early [[Kingdom of Rwanda]].{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=482}} The Kingdom of Rwanda, ruled by the Tutsi [[Nyiginya]] dynasty, became increasingly dominant from the mid-eighteenth century, as the Kings centralised power and expanded the kingdom militarily, taking control of several smaller kingdoms.{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=160}} The kingdom reached its greatest extent during the nineteenth century under the reign of King [[Kigeli IV of Rwanda|Kigeli Rwabugiri]]. Rwabugiri conquered a number of smaller states and expanded the kingdom west to the shores of [[Lake Kivu]] and north into what is now Uganda.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=69}}{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|p=160}} He also initiated administrative reforms; these included [[ubuhake]], a cattle clientship which allowed a small number of Hutus privileged status, and [[uburetwa]], a system of Hutu forced labour.{{sfn|Pottier|2002|p=13}} Rwabugiri's changes caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations.{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=69}} The Twas were better off than in pre-Kingdom days, with some becoming dancers in the royal court,{{sfn|King|2007|p=75}} but their numbers continued to decline.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=6}} The [[Berlin Conference (1884)|Berlin Conference]] of 1884 assigned the territory to [[German Empire|Germany]] as part of [[Ruanda-Urundi]], marking the beginning of the colonial era. It was then united with the German territory of [[Tanganyika]] to form [[German East Africa]].{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|p=43}} Explorer [[Gustav Adolf von Götzen]], who later became Governor of German East Africa, was the first European to significantly explore the country in 1894; he crossed from the south-east to [[Lake Kivu]] and met the King.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=9}} Germany appointed a [[Resident (title)|Resident]] for Rwanda in 1907, and German [[Mission (Christian)|missionaries]] and military personnel began to arrive in the country shortly thereafter.{{sfn|Dorsey|1994|pp=42&ndash;46}} The Germans did not significantly alter the societal structure of the country, but exerted influence by supporting the King and the existing hierarchy and placing advisers at the courts of local chiefs.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=11}} They also observed and perpetuated the ethnic divisions of the country; they favoured the Tutsis as the ruling class and aided the monarchy in putting down rebellions of Hutus who did not submit to Tutsi control.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=11}} In 1916, during [[World War I]] (WWI), [[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]] forces defeated the Germans and took control of Ruanda-Urundi.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=11}} In 1919, following the end of WWI, the [[League of Nations]] declared Rwanda a [[League of Nations mandate|mandate territory]] under the control of Belgium.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=11}} Belgium's involvement was far more direct than that of Germany; they introduced large-scale projects in education, health, public works, and agricultural supervision. As the population of the country grew, Belgium introduced new crops and improved agricultural techniques to try to reduce the incidence of famine.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=12}} This was unsuccessful in preventing the [[Ruzagayura famine]] of 1943–1944, which claimed the lives of up to one-third of the population.{{sfn|Poverty Reduction Policies|2001|p=6}} Belgium also maintained the existing class system, promoting Tutsi supremacy.{{sfn|Pottier|2002|p=11}} The Belgian authorities considered the Hutus and Tutsis different [[Race (classification of human beings)|races]] and, in 1935, introduced identity cards labelling each individual as either Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa.{{sfn|Gourevitch|2000|pp=56&ndash;57}} While it had previously been possible for particularly wealthy Hutus to become honorary Tutsis, the identity cards prevented any further movement between the classes.{{sfn|Gourevitch|2000|pp=56&ndash;57}} [[File:DF-SC-83-02204.jpg|thumb|left|[[Juvénal Habyarimana]], Rwanda's President from 1973 to 1994]] Belgium continued to rule Rwanda as a [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN Trust Territory]] after [[World War II]], with a mandate to oversee [[Decolonization of Africa|independence]].{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=14}} Two rival groups emerged, the Tutsi elite who favoured early independence under the existing system, and the Hutu emancipation movement led by [[Grégoire Kayibanda]], which sought an end to "Tutsi feudalism".{{sfn|Chrétien|2003|pp=301&ndash;302}} The Belgians dropped their long-standing support for the existing hierarchy by favouring the Hutu party.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=47}} Tension between the two groups escalated through the 1950s, culminating in the 1959 [[Rwandan Revolution]]: Hutu activists began killing Tutsis, forcing more than 100,000 to seek refuge in neighbouring countries.{{sfn|Gourevitch|2000|pp=58&ndash;59}}{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=51}} In 1962, the now pro-Hutu Belgians held a referendum and elections in which the country voted to abolish the monarchy. Rwanda was separated from [[Burundi]] and gained independence under Kayibanda in 1962.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=53}} Cycles of violence took place during the following years. Rebel exiled Tutsis attacked from neighbouring countries and Hutus retaliated with large-scale slaughter and repression of Tutsis within Rwanda.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=56}} In 1973 [[Juvenal Habyarimana]], who claimed that the government had become too corrupt, ineffective, and violent, staged [[1973 Rwandan coup d'état|a military coup]] and became President. Several top-ranking officials were killed, including Kayibanda and his wife.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=16}} In the years following the coup, Rwanda enjoyed relative economic prosperity and a lessened amount of violence against Tutsis, although pro-Hutu discrimination continued.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|pp=74&ndash;76}} The Twas remained marginalised, and by 1990 were almost entirely forced out of the forests by the government; many became beggars.{{sfn|UNPO|2008|loc=History}} Rwanda's population had increased from 1.6 million people in 1934 to 7.1 million in 1989, leading to competition for land.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=4}} In 1990, the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] (RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from [[Uganda]], initiating the [[Rwandan Civil War]].{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=93}} The Rwandan government, supported by troops from [[France]],{{sfn|Wallis|2006|pp=38&ndash;41}} was initially successful in suppressing the rebels, but the RPF regrouped and captured territory in the north;{{sfn|Mamdani|2002|p=186}} for the next year and a half, neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|pp=135&ndash;136}} The war weakened Habyarimana's authority and in 1992 mass demonstrations forced him to enter a coalition with domestic opposition parties and seek peace with the RPF.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|pp=144&ndash;145}} Despite continuing ethnic strife, including Hutu displacement from RPF-controlled areas and violence against Tutsis in the south, the two sides agreed to a cease-fire in 1993 and negotiated a [[Arusha Accords|peace settlement]] in [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]].{{sfn|Prunier|1995|pp=190&ndash;191}} The cease-fire ended on 6 April 1994 when [[Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira|Habyarimana's plane was shot down]] near Kigali Airport, killing the President and [[Cyprien Ntaryamira]], the President of Burundi. It is still unknown who launched the attack; each side blamed the other.{{sfn|BBC News (I)|2010}} The shooting down of the plane served as the catalyst for the [[Rwandan Genocide]], which began within a few hours. Over the course of approximately 100 days, between 500,000 and 1,000,000{{sfn|Henley|2007}} Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus were killed in well-planned attacks on the orders of the interim government.{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=386}} Many Twas were also killed, despite not being directly targeted.{{sfn|UNPO|2008|loc=History}} The Tutsi RPF restarted their offensive, and took control of the country methodically by cutting off government supply routes{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=299}} and [[Encirclement|encircling]] Kigali.{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=421}} The international response was limited, with major powers reluctant to strengthen the already overstretched [[UNAMIR|UN peacekeeping force]].{{sfn|Dallaire|2005|p=364}} The RPF took control of Kigali on 4 July and the whole country by 18 July 1994. A coalition government was sworn in under a transitional constitution with [[Pasteur Bizimungu]] as President.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=18}} [[Image:Rwandan refugee camp in east Zaire.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Refugee camp]] in [[Zaire]], 1994]] The new regime faced immediate problems, with approximately two million Hutus having fled to neighbouring countries, in particular [[Zaire]], fearing RPF reprisals for the Genocide.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=312}} Thousands died in epidemics of diseases common in refugee camps, such as [[cholera]].{{sfn|UNHCR|2000}} The Rwandan army launched a series of attacks on the camps in 1996 in retaliation to crossborder shelling from the camps by militia.{{sfn|Washington Post|1996}} Following these attacks most refugees returned to Rwanda.{{sfn|Wallis|1996}} A period of reconciliation and justice began in late 1994, with the establishment of the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] (ICTR) and the reintroduction of ''[[Gacaca]]'', a traditional village court system.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|pp=19&ndash;20}} During the 2000s the government replaced the flag, anthem, and constitution, re-drew the local authority boundaries, and the country joined the [[East African Community]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|pp=20&ndash;22}}{{sfn|Fletcher|2009}} Rwanda's economy and tourist numbers grew rapidly during the decade, and the country's [[Human Development Index]] grew by 3.3%, the largest increase of any country.{{sfn|ORTPN (II)|2009}}{{sfn|UNDP|2010}} ==Politics and government== {{main|Politics of Rwanda}} [[File:Paul Kagame New York 2010.jpg|thumb|120px|Rwandan President [[Paul Kagame]]]] Rwanda is a [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]], based upon a [[multi-party system]].{{sfn|CIA|2010}} The current [[Constitution of Rwanda|constitution]] was adopted following a national referendum in 2003, replacing the transitional constitution which had been in place since 1994.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|pp=20&ndash;22}} The [[President of Rwanda]] is the [[head of state]] and has broad, unilateral powers to create policy, administer government agencies, exercise the [[Prerogative of mercy (Rwanda)|prerogative of mercy]], command the [[Rwandan Defence Forces|armed forces]], negotiate and ratify treaties, sign presidential orders, and declare war or a state of emergency.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|pp=25&ndash;29}} The President appoints members of the [[Cabinet of Rwanda|Cabinet]],{{sfn|CJCR|2003|p=29}} and is selected by popular vote every seven years. The incumbent is [[Paul Kagame]], who took office under the transitional government arrangements in 2000 and won elections in [[Rwandan presidential election, 2003|2003]] and [[Rwandan presidential election, 2003|2010]].{{sfn|Lacey|2003}}{{sfn|BBC News (II)|2010}} The [[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]], which consists of two chambers, makes legislation and has limited powers of oversight over the President and the Cabinet.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|p=30}} The [[Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda|Chamber of Deputies]] has 80 members serving five-year terms. Twenty-four of these seats are reserved for women that were buttfucked in the ass while preforming a 69 and sucked the cum clean out of the mens mouth as he shit on her chest???????????, elected through a joint assembly of local government officials; another three seats are reserved for youth and disabled members; the remaining 53 are elected by [[universal suffrage]] under a [[proportional representation]] system.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|p=19}} Following the [[Rwandan parliamentary election, 2008|2008 election]], there are 45 female Deputies, 56% of the total, making Rwanda the only country with a female majority parliament.{{sfn|UNIFEM|2008}} The 26-seat [[Senate of Rwanda|Senate]], selected by a variety of bodies, is the upper chamber, and includes a mandatory 30% women. Senators serve eight-year terms.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|p=20}} [[File:RwandaParliament.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda|Chamber of Deputies]]]] Rwanda's legal system is largely based on [[Law of Germany|German]] and [[Law of Belgium|Belgian]] civil law systems and [[customary law]].{{sfn|CIA|2010}} The judiciary is independent of the executive branch, although the President and the Senate are involved in the appointment of Supreme Court judges.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|p=148}} [[Human Rights Watch]] have praised the Rwandan government for progress made in the delivery of justice including the [[Capital punishment in Rwanda|abolition of the death penalty]],{{sfn|HRW|2008|loc=I. Summary}} but also allege interference in the judicial system by members of the Government: politically motivated appointment of judges, misuse of prosecutorial power and pressure on judges to make particular decisions.{{sfn|HRW|2008|loc=VIII. Independence of the Judiciary}} The constitution provides for two types of court—ordinary and specialised.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|p=143}} Ordinary courts consist of the [[Supreme Court of Rwanda|Supreme Court]], the [[High Court of Rwanda|High Court]], and regional courts, while specialised courts are military courts and [[Gacaca]] courts, a traditional system which has been revived to expedite the trials of Genocide suspects.{{sfn|Walker|2004-03}} Rwanda has low corruption levels; in 2010, [[Transparency International]] ranked Rwanda as the 66th cleanest out of 178 countries in the world, and 8th out of 47 in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].{{sfn|Transparency International|2010}} The constitution provides for an [[Ombudsman]], whose duties include prevention and fighting of corruption.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|p=182}} Public officials (including the President) are required by the constitution to declare their wealth to the Ombudsman and to the public.{{sfn|BBC News (III)|2004}} The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) has been the dominant [[political party]] in the country since 1994. The RPF has maintained control of the presidency and the Parliament in national elections, with the party's vote share consistently exceeding 70%. The RPF is seen as a Tutsi-dominated party but receives support from across the country, and is credited with ensuring continued peace, stability and economic growth.{{sfn|Clark|2010}} Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by restricting candidacies in elections to government-friendly parties, suppressing demonstrations, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.{{sfn|BBC News (V)|2008}}{{sfn|Amnesty International|2009}} Rwanda is a member of the [[United Nations]],{{sfn|United Nations|2006}} the [[African Union]] and [[Francophonie|La Francophonie]].{{sfn|Francophonie}} The government is seeking closer ties with neighbouring countries in [[East Africa]] and with the English speaking world; they therefore joined the [[East African Community]] in 2007,{{sfn|Grainger|2007}} and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in 2009.{{sfn|Fletcher|2009}} Relations with the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] remain tense following Rwanda's involvement in the [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|pp=19&ndash;20}} The Congolese army alleges Rwandan attacks on their troops, while Rwanda blames the Congolese government for failing to suppress Hutu rebels in [[North Kivu|North]] and [[South Kivu]] provinces.{{sfn|USA Today|2008}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2007}} ==Administrative divisions== {{main|Provinces of Rwanda|Districts of Rwanda}} [[File:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|Provinces of Rwanda]] Rwanda has been governed by a strict hierarchy since precolonial times. Before colonisation the [[List of kings of Rwanda|King]] (Mwami) exercised control through a system of provinces, districts, hills, and neighbourhoods.{{sfn|Melvern|2004|p=5}} The current constitution divides Rwanda into provinces ({{lang|rw|''intara''}}), districts ({{lang|rw|''uturere''}}), cities, municipalities, towns, sectors ({{lang|rw|''imirenge''}}), and cells ({{lang|rw|''utugari''}}), with each subdivision and its borders established by Parliament.{{sfn|CJCR|2003|pp=2&ndash;3}} The five provinces act as intermediaries between the national government and their constituent districts to ensure that national policies are implemented at the district level; they monitor governance and performance.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} Each province is headed by a Governor, appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.{{sfn|Southern Province}} The districts, each run by a directly-elected council and executive committee, are responsible for coordinating public service delivery and economic development.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=9}} The sectors, with a directly-elected council, are responsible for the delivery of public services as mandated by the districts and for coordinating community participatory development.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=9}} The cells, the smallest political unit, carry out the delivery of community participatory development and prioritise people's needs.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=9}} All resident citizens over 18 are members of the cell council, from which an executive committee is elected.{{sfn|Administrative Units}} The city of [[Kigali]] is a provincial- level authority which coordinates urban planning within the city.{{sfn|MINALOC|2007|p=8}} The present borders were drawn in 2006 with the aim of decentralising power and removing associations with the old system and the Genocide.{{sfn|BBC News (VI)|2006}} The previous structure of 12 provinces centred around the largest cities was replaced with five provinces based primarily on geography.{{sfn|BBC News (VI)|2006}} These are: {| style="background:none;" |- | * [[Northern Province, Rwanda|Northern Province]] * [[Southern Province, Rwanda|Southern Province]] * [[Kigali Province]] | style="vertical-align:top;" | * [[Eastern Province, Rwanda|Eastern Province]] * [[Western Province, Rwanda|Western Province]] | |} ==Geography and climate== {{Main|Geography of Rwanda}} [[File:KageraRuvubu.jpg|thumb|160px|left|The [[Kagera River|Kagera]] and [[Ruvubu River|Ruvubu]] rivers, part of the upper [[Nile]]]] At {{km2 to mi2|26338|spell=Commonwealth|precision=0|wiki=yes}}, Rwanda is the world's 148th-largest country.{{sfn|Rank Order – Area}} It is comparable in size to [[Haiti]] or the state of [[Maryland]] in the United States, and it is a little larger than [[Wales]].{{sfn|CIA|2010}}{{sfn|DFID|2009|p=155}} The country is located in [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[East Africa]], and neighbours the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the west, [[Uganda]] to the north, [[Tanzania]] to the east, and [[Burundi]] to the south.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} It lies a few degrees south of the [[equator]] and is [[landlocked]].{{sfn|Background Note: Rwanda|2010}} The capital, Kigali, is located near the centre of Rwanda.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2010}} The [[drainage divide|watershed]] between the major [[Congo Basin|Congo]] and [[Nile Basin|Nile]] [[drainage basin]]s runs from north to south through Rwanda, with around 80% of the country's area draining into the Nile and 20% into the Congo, via the [[Ruzizi River]].{{sfn|Nile Basin Initiative|2010}} The country's longest river is the [[Nyabarongo River|Nyabarongo]], which rises in the south-west, flows north, east, and south-east before merging with the [[Ruvubu River|Ruvubu]] to form the [[Kagera River|Kagera]]; the Kagera then flows due north along the eastern border with Tanzania. The Nyabarongo-Kagera eventually drains into [[Lake Victoria]], and its source in Nyungwe Forest is a contender for the overall [[Source (river or stream)|source]] of the [[Nile]].{{sfn|Duane|2006}} Rwanda has many lakes, the largest being [[Lake Kivu]]. This lake occupies the floor of the [[Great Rift Valley]] along most of the length of Rwanda's western border, and with a maximum depth of {{convert|480|m|ft|0}}, it is one of the twenty [[List of lakes by depth|deepest lakes in the world]].{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=153}} Other sizeable lakes include [[Lake Burera|Burera]], [[Lake Ruhondo|Ruhondo]], [[Lake Muhazi|Muhazi]], [[Lake Rweru|Rweru]], and [[Lake Ihema|Ihema]], the last being the largest of a string of lakes in the eastern plains of [[Akagera National Park]].{{sfn|ORTPN (I)}} [[File:GahingaMuhabura.png|thumb|170px|[[Virunga Mountains]]]] Mountains dominate central and western Rwanda; the Albertine branch of the Great Rift Valley runs from north to south along the country's western border.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=3}} The highest peaks are found in the [[Virunga Mountains]] volcano chain in the north-west; this includes [[Mount Karisimbi]], Rwanda's highest point, at {{convert|4507|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Mehta|Katee|2005|p=37}} This western section of the country, which lies within the [[Albertine Rift montane forests]] ecoregion,{{sfn|WWF}} has an elevation of {{convert|1500|m|ft|0}} to {{convert|2500|m|ft|0}}.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=6}} The centre of the country is predominantly rolling hills, while the eastern border region consists of [[savanna]], plains and swamps.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=6}} Rwanda has a temperate tropical highland climate, with lower temperatures than is typical for equatorial countries due to the high altitude.{{sfn|Background Note: Rwanda|2010}} [[Rubona]], in the centre of the country, has a typical daily temperature range between {{convert|14|°C|°F}} and {{convert|25|°C|°F}}, with little variation through the year.{{sfn|BBC Weather}} There are some temperature variations across the country; the mountainous west is generally cooler than the lower-lying east.{{sfn|Best Country Reports}} There are two rainy seasons in the year; the first runs from February to June and the second from September to December. These are separated by two dry seasons: the major one from June to September, during which there is often no rain at all, and a shorter and less reliable one from December to February.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=35}} Rainfall varies geographically, with twice as much average annual precipitation in the west as in the east.{{sfn|Rwanda – Climate|2008}} ==Economy and infrastructure== {{Main|Economy of Rwanda}} [[File:MarabaPacket2.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Coffee, such as this bag of [[Maraba Coffee]], is one of Rwanda's major cash crops.]] Rwanda's economy suffered heavily during the 1994 Genocide, with widespread loss of life, failure to maintain the infrastructure, looting and neglect of important cash crops. This caused a large drop in [[GDP]] and destroyed the country's ability to attract private and external investment.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} The economy has since strengthened, with per-capita GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]) estimated at [[Geary-Khamis dollar|$]]951 in 2008,{{sfn|IMF (I)}} compared with $390 in 1994.{{sfn|IMF (II)}} Major export markets include China, Germany and the United States.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} The currency is the [[Rwandan franc]] and the economy is managed by the central [[National Bank of Rwanda]]. Rwanda joined the [[East African Community]] in 2007 and there are plans for a common [[East African shilling (new)|East African shilling]], which could be in place by 2012.{{sfn|Lavelle|2008}} Rwanda is a country of few natural resources, and the economy is based mostly on [[subsistence agriculture]] by local farmers using simple tools.{{sfn|FAO / WFP|1997}} An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 39.4% of GDP in 2006.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} Since the mid 1980s, farm sizes and food production have been decreasing, due in part to the resettlement of displaced people.{{sfn|WRI|2006}}{{sfn|Background Note: Rwanda|2004}} Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, and food imports are required.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} Crops grown in the country include coffee, tea, [[pyrethrum]], bananas, beans, [[sorghum]] and potatoes. Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export, with the high altitudes, steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions. Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices.{{sfn|WTO|2004}} Livestock are raised throughout the country, with animal husbandry contributing around 8.8% of GDP in 2006.{{sfn|MINAGRI}} Animals raised in Rwanda include cows, goats, sheep, pigs, chicken and rabbits, with geographical variation in the numbers of each.{{sfn|MINAGRI}} Production systems are mostly traditional, although there are a few intensive dairy farms around Kigali.{{sfn|MINAGRI}} Shortage of land, water shortage, insufficient and poor quality feed and regular disease epidemics with insufficient veterinary service are major constraints that restrict output. Fishing takes place on the country's lakes, but stocks are very depleted, and live fish are being imported in an attempt to revive the industry.{{sfn|Namata|2008}} The industrial sector is small and uncompetitive.{{sfn|WFP}} Products manufactured include cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles and cigarettes.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} Rwanda's mining industry is an important contributor, generating [[United States dollar|US$]]93 million in 2008.{{sfn|Mukaaya|2009}} Minerals mined include [[cassiterite]], [[wolframite]], gold and [[coltan]], which is used in the manufacture of electronic and communication devices such as mobile phones.{{sfn|Mukaaya|2009}}{{sfn|Delawala|2001}} [[File:Gorilla mother and baby at Volcans National Park.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[mountain gorilla]] is Rwanda's leading tourist attraction]] [[Tourism in Rwanda|Tourism]] is one of the fastest-growing sectors and is now the country's leading foreign exchange earner, generating US$214 million in 2008, up by 54% on the previous year.{{sfn|ORTPN (II)|2009}} Despite the Genocide, the country is increasingly perceived internationally as a safe destination, and one million people are estimated to have visited the country in 2008, up from 826,374 in 2007.{{sfn|ORTPN (II)|2009}} The country's most popular tourist activity is the tracking of [[mountain gorilla]]s, which takes place in [[Volcanoes National Park]].{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=204}} Other attractions include [[Nyungwe Forest]], home to [[chimpanzee]]s, [[Black-and-white colobus|Ruwenzori colobus]] and other [[primate]]s,{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|pp=140&ndash;141}} the resorts of [[Lake Kivu]],{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=165}} and [[Akagera National Park|Akagera]], a small [[savanna reserve]] in the east of the country.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=229}} The largest radio and television stations are state-run. Radio Rwanda is the main source of news throughout the country. Most Rwandans have access to radio, whereas television is restricted mostly to urban areas.{{sfn|Rwanda country profile|2010}} The press is tightly restricted and newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.{{sfn|Rwanda country profile|2010}} Restrictions were increased in the run-up to the [[Rwandan presidential election, 2010|August 2010 elections]], with two independent newspapers, ''Umuseso'' and ''Umuvugizi'', being suspended for six months by the High Media Council.{{sfn|Reporters Without Borders|2010}} The government has increased investment in the [[Transport in Rwanda|transport infrastructure of Rwanda]] since the 1994 Genocide, with aid from the United States, [[European Union]], [[Japan]] and others. The transport system centres primarily around the road network, with paved roads between Kigali and most other major cities and towns in the country.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=63}} Rwanda is linked by road to other countries in [[East Africa]], notably to the port of [[Mombasa]] via [[Kampala]] and [[Nairobi]], which provides Rwanda's most important trade route.{{sfn|TTCA|2004}} The principal form of [[public transport]] in the country is [[share taxi]]. Express routes link the major cities and local service is offered to most villages along the main roads. [[Coach (vehicle)|Coach]] services are available to various destinations in neighbouring countries. The country has an [[Kigali International Airport|international airport]] at Kigali that serves one domestic and several international destinations.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=35}}{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=62}} The country has no [[railways]] at present, although funding has been secured for a feasibility study into extending the Tanzanian [[Central Line (Tanzania)|Central Line]] into Rwanda.{{sfn|AfDB|2009}} There is no public water transport between the port cities on Lake Kivu, although a limited private service exists.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=64}} ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwandan children at Volcans National Park.jpg|thumb|left|Rural children]] 2010 estimates place Rwanda's population at 11,055,976.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} This population is young: an estimated 42.7% are under 15, and 97.5% are under 65. The birth rate is estimated at 40.16 births per 1,000 people, and the death rate at 14.91.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} The life expectancy is 56.77&nbsp;years (55.43&nbsp;years for males and 58.14&nbsp;years for females), the 33rd lowest out of 224 countries.{{sfn|CIA|2010}}{{sfn|Rank Order – Life expectancy at birth}} Rwanda's population density, at {{convert|408|PD/km2}}, is amongst the highest in Africa and lack of space was one of the contributing factors for the 1994 Genocide.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=4}} The population is predominantly rural, with a few large towns; dwellings are evenly spread throughout the country.{{sfn|Background Note: Rwanda|2010}} The only area of the country which is not densely populated is the savanna land in the former province of [[Umutara]] and [[Akagera National Park]] in the east.{{sfn|Streissguth|p=11}} Kigali is the largest city, with a population of around one million.{{sfn|Kigali City}} Other cities include [[Gitarama (town)|Gitarama]], [[Butare]] and [[Gisenyi]], all with populations below 100,000.{{sfn|National Census Service|2002}} [[Urbanization|Rural to urban migration]], which before 1994 was very low, now stands at 4.2% per year. The rapidly-increasing population of Kigali places a burden on infrastructure.{{sfn|CIA|2010}}{{sfn|Percival|Homer-Dixon|1995}}{{sfn|REMA|2009}} The sex ratio of the country is relatively even.{{sfn|CIA|2010}} Rwandans form three separate groups, the [[Hutus]] (84% of the population as of 2009), [[Tutsi]]s (15%) and [[Twa]]s (1%).{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=5}}{{sfn|CIA|2010}} Unlike the disparate ethnic groups of neighbouring [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]], these three groups share a common culture and language and are classified as social groups rather than [[tribe]]s. The Tutsis were traditionally the ruling class, from whom the Kings and the majority of chiefs were derived, while the Hutus were agriculturalists.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|pp=11&ndash;12}} The Twas are a [[pygmy]] people thought to descend from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants. The current [[Government of Rwanda|government]] discourages the Hutu/Tutsi/Twa distinction, and has removed the classification from identity cards.{{sfn|Coleman|2010}} [[File:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|150px|Rwamagana Church]] Most Rwandans are Christian, but there have been significant changes since the Genocide, with many conversions to [[Evangelical]] Christian faiths and Islam.{{sfn|Walker|2004-04}} As of 2006, [[Catholicism|Catholics]] represented 56.5 % of the population, [[Protestantism|Protestants]] 37.1 % (of whom 11.1 % were Seventh Day Adventists) and [[Islam|Muslims]] 4.6 %.{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2007}} 1.7 % claimed no religious beliefs.{{sfn|International Religious Freedom Report|2007}} Traditional African religion, despite officially representing only 0.1 % of the population, retains an influence. Many Rwandans view the [[God in Christianity|Christian God]] as synonymous with the traditional Rwandan God [[Imana]].{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|pp=25&ndash;26}} The country's principal language is [[Kinyarwanda]], which is spoken by most Rwandans. The major European language introduced during colonialism was [[French language|French]]. The influx of former refugees from [[Uganda]] and elsewhere has created a linguistic divide between the English-speaking population and the French-speaking remainder of the country.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=69}} Rwandan, English and French are all official languages. Rwandan is the language of government and English is the primary educational medium. [[Swahili language|Swahili]], the lingua franca of [[East Africa]], is also widely spoken, particularly in rural areas.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=69}} ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda IntoreDancers.jpg|225px|thumb|left|Traditional Rwandan [[Intore]] dancers]] Unlike many countries in Africa, Rwanda has been a unified state since pre-colonial times with only one ethnic group, the [[Banyarwanda]], and a shared language and cultural heritage.{{sfn|Prunier|1995|p=15}} Eleven regular [[public holidays in Rwanda|national holidays]] are observed throughout the year, with others occasionally inserted by the government.{{sfn|Embassy of Rwanda in Sudan}} The week following Genocide Memorial Day on 7 April is designated an official week of mourning.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=61}} The last Saturday of each month is ''[[umuganda]]'', a national day of [[community service]], during which most normal services close down.{{sfn|Gahindiro|2008}} [[Music of Rwanda|Music]] and [[Dance in Rwanda|dance]] are an integral part of Rwandan ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings and storytelling.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=29}} The most famous traditional dance is [[Intore]], a highly-choreographed routine consisting of three components – the ballet, performed by women; the dance of heroes, performed by men; and the drums.{{sfn|Rwanda Direct|2010}} Traditionally, music is transmitted orally, with styles varying between the social groups. Drums are of great importance; the royal drummers enjoyed high status within the court of the King (Mwami). Drummers usually play together in groups of seven or nine.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=29}} The country has a growing popular music industry, influenced by East African, Congolese and American music. The most popular genre is [[hip hop]], with a blend of [[rap]] with [[ragga]], [[R&B]] and [[dance-pop]].{{sfn|Mbabazi|2008}} Popular local artists include [[The Ben]] and [[Meddy (musician)|Meddy]], both of whom have won awards.{{sfn|Mbabazi|2010}} The [[cuisine of Rwanda]] is based on local [[staple food]]s produced by [[subsistence agriculture]] such as bananas, plantains (known as [[ibitoke]]), [[pulse (legume)|pulse]]s, [[sweet potato]]es, beans, and [[cassava]] (manioc).{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=81}} Many Rwandans do not eat meat more than a few times a month.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=81}} For those who live near lakes and have access to fish, [[tilapia]] is popular.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=81}} The potato, thought to have been introduced to Rwanda by German and Belgian [[Second European colonization wave (19th century–20th century)|colonialists]], is very popular.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=13}} [[Ugali]] (or bugali) is a paste made from cassava or maize and water to form a [[porridge]]-like consistency that is eaten throughout East Africa.{{sfn|Auzias|2007|p=74}} [[Isombe]] is made from mashed cassava leaves and served with dried fish.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=13}} Lunch is usually a buffet known as ''melange'', consisting of the above staples and possibly meat.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=66}} [[Brochette]]s are the most popular food when eating out in the evening, usually made from goat but sometimes [[tripe]], beef or fish.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=66}} In rural areas, many bars have a brochette seller responsible for tending and slaughtering the goats, skewering and [[barbecue|barbecuing]] the meat, and serving it with grilled bananas.{{sfn|Anyango}} Milk, particularly in a fermented form called [[ikivuguto]], is a common drink throughout the country.{{sfn|Nzabuheraheza|2005}} Other drinks include a traditional beer called [[urwagwa]], made from sorghum or bananas, which features in traditional rituals and ceremonies.{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=13}} Commercial beers brewed in Rwanda include [[Primus beer|Primus]], [[Mützig beer|Mützig]] and [[Amstel Brewery|Amstel]].{{sfn|Auzias|2007|p=74}} [[File:Igiseke.jpg|80px|thumb|Rwandan woven basket]] Traditional arts and crafts are produced throughout the country, although most originated as functional items rather than purely for decoration.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=31}} Woven baskets and bowls are especially common.<ref>West 17.</ref> [[Imigongo]], a unique cow dung art, is produced in the south east of Rwanda, with a history dating back to when the region was part of the independent [[Gisaka]] kingdom. The dung is mixed with natural soils of various colours and painted into patterned ridges to form geometric shapes.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=243–244}} Other crafts include pottery and wood carving.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=31}} Traditional housing styles make use of locally-available materials, with circular or rectangular mud homes with grass-thatched roofs the most common. The government has a programme to replace these with more modern materials such as corrugated iron.{{sfn|Ntambara|2009}}{{sfn|Adekunle|2007|p=75}} Rwanda does not have a long history of written [[literature]], but there is a strong oral tradition ranging from [[poetry]] to [[folk stories]]. Many of the country's moral values and details of history have been passed down through the generations. The most famous Rwandan literary figure was [[Alexis Kagame]] (1912–1981), who carried out and published research into oral traditions as well as writing his own poetry.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=29}} A number of films have been produced about the [[Rwandan Genocide]], including the [[Golden Globe]]-nominated ''[[Hotel Rwanda]]'' and ''[[Shooting Dogs]]'', which was filmed in Rwanda, and featured survivors as cast members.{{sfn|Milmo|2006}} ==Education and health== {{main|Education in Rwanda}} [[File:Rwanda Classroom edited.png|thumb|left|250px|Pupils at a Rwandan secondary school]] The Rwandan government provides free education in state-run schools for nine years – six years in [[primary school]] and three years following a common [[secondary school]] programme.{{sfn|MINEDUC}} The government plans to extend free education to cover the final three secondary years by 2015.{{sfn|MINEDUC}} Many poorer children still fail to attend school due to the necessity of purchasing uniforms and books and commitments at home.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=27}} There are many private schools across the country, some church-run, which follow the same syllabus but charge fees.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=27}} A very small number offer international qualifications. From 1994 until 2009, secondary education was offered in either [[French language|French]] or [[English language|English]]; due to the country's increasing ties with the [[East African Community]] and the [[Commonwealth]], only the English syllabuses are now offered.{{sfn|McGreal|2009}} The country has a number of [[higher education]] establishments, with the [[National University of Rwanda]] (UNR), [[Kigali Institute of Science and Technology]] (KIST) and [[Kigali Institute of Education]] (KIE) being the most prominent.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2006|p=27}} The quality of [[healthcare in Rwanda|healthcare]] is generally low, with one in five children dying before their fifth birthday, often from [[malaria]].{{sfn|Bowdler|2010}} There is a shortage of staff, and some medicines are in short supply or unavailable.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=10}} 87% have access to healthcare but there are only two doctors and two paramedics per 100,000 people.{{sfn|UNDP|2007|p=7}} The government is seeking to improve the situation as part of the [[Vision 2020 (Rwanda)|Vision 2020]] development programme. In 2008, the government spent 9.7% of national expenditure on healthcare, compared with 3.2% in 1996.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=10}} It also set up training institutes including the [[Kigali Health Institute]] (KHI) and started a social service scheme. [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] seroprevalence is declining due to government policies; the rate is estimated at 3%.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=5}} ==See also== {{Rwanda topics|state=uncollapsed}} ==Notes== {{reflist|15em}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |title=Background Note: Rwanda |year=2004 |work=Bureau of Public Affairs |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/rwanda/40249.htm |accessdate=2010-07-21 |ref=CITEREFBackground_Note:_Rwanda2004}} * {{cite web |title=Background Note: Rwanda |year=2010 |work=Bureau of Public Affairs |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2861.htm |accessdate=2010-07-21 |ref=CITEREFBackground_Note:_Rwanda2010}} * {{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report |year=2007 |work=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm |accessdate=2010-07-21 |ref=CITEREFInternational_Religious_Freedom_Report2007}} *{{cite web |title=Poverty Reduction Policies |date=2001-08 |work=Ministry of Economic Planning and Finance, Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.devpartners.gov.rw/docs/index.php?dir=EDPRS%2FKey+Analytical+Studies%2FOverarching+Studies%2FPolicy+Relevance+Test%2F&download=PRT_Part_4_A.pdf |accessdate=2010-09-21 |ref=CITEREFPoverty_Reduction_Policies2001}} * {{cite web |title=Rank Order – Area |year=2010 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |accessdate=2010-07-21 |ref=CITEREFRank_Order_-_Area}} * {{cite web |title=Rank Order – Life expectancy at birth |year=2010 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |accessdate=2010-09-23 |ref=CITEREFRank_Order_-_Life_expectancy_at_birth}} * {{cite web |title=Rank Order – Population |year=2010 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=United States Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html?countryName=Rwanda&countryCode=rw&regionCode=af&rank=74#rw |accessdate=2010-09-14 |ref=CITEREFRank_Order_-_Population}} * {{cite web |title=Rwanda – Climate |date=2008-12-18 |publisher=Nationsencyclopedia.com |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-CLIMATE.html |accessdate=2010-06-19 |ref=CITEREFRwanda_-_Climate2008}} * {{cite news |title=Rwanda country profile |date=2010-02-25 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1070265.stm |accessdate=May 20, 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |ref=CITEREFRwanda_country_profile2010}} * {{cite book |last=Adekunle |first=Julius |year=2007 |title=Culture and customs of Rwanda |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|location=Westport, Conn |isbn=0313331774 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC |ref=harv}} * {{cite 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|last1=Percival |first1=Valerie |last2=Homer-Dixon |first2=Thomas |year=1995 |title=Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict, The Case of Rwanda |journal=Occasional Paper: Project on Environment, Population and Security |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda1.htm |accessdate=2010-09-19 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Pottier |first=Johan |year=2002 |title=Re-imagining Rwanda |edition=Hardcover |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publisherlink=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge U.K; New York |isbn=0-521-81366-2 |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/13662/sample/9780521813662ws.pdf |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=1995 |title=The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide |url=http://books.google.com/?id=XYIJcrgzgQ0C&pg=PA1&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false |edition=Hardcover |location=London |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=1850652430 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |author=Reporters Without Borders |date=2010-04-14 |title=Two leading independent weeklies suspended for six months |authorlink=Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/rwanda-two-leading-independent-weeklies-14-04-2010,37015.html |accessdate=2010-11-01 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |author=Rwanda Direct |year=2010 |title=Rwanda Intore Dancers |url=http://www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers/ |accessdate=2010-07-21}} * {{cite web |author=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) |year=2009 |title=Chap II. Population, Health and human settlements |work=Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook Report |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/chap2.php |accessdate=2010-09-20 |ref=CITEREFREMA2009}} * {{cite web |last=Shyaka |first=Anastase |title=The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies |publisher=National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/rwandan%20_conflict.pdf |accessdate=2010-09-23 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |author=Southern Province |title=Governor |authorlink=Southern Province, Rwanda |url=http://www.southernprovince.gov.rw/spip.php?article88 |accessdate=2010-09-28 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Streissguth |first=Thomas |year=2007 |title=Rwanda in Pictures |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Minneapolis |isbn=0822585707 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Rfjw_5JL0DsC |accessdate=2010-10-25 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |author=Transit Transport Coordination Authority of the Northern Corridor (TTCA) |date=2004-06 |title=Investment Opportunities in the Northern Corridor with emphasis in Transport Infrastructure |publisher=[[OECD]] |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/22/36/34879173.pdf |accessdate=2010-09-22 |ref=CITEREFTTCA2004}} * {{cite web |author=Transparency International |year=2010 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results |authorlink=Transparency International |url=http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results |accessdate=2010-11-02 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |author=United Nations |authorlink=United Nations |date=2006-07-03 |title=United Nations Member States |url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/org1469.doc.htm |accessdate=2011-02-25 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |author=United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) |date=2008-09-22 |title=Rwandan Women Secure 56% of Parliamentary Seats in Historic Election Result |authorlink=United Nations Development Fund for Women |url=http://www.unifem.org/news_events/story_detail.php?StoryID=736 |archiveurl=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:7imVCh1AVVkJ:www.unifem.org/news_events/story_detail.php%3FStoryID%3D736 |archivedate=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2010-11-01 |ref=CITEREFUNIFEM2008}} * {{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |year=2007 |title=Assessment of Development Results: Rwanda |at=2 |authorlink=UNDP |url=http://www.undp.org/evaluation/documents/ADR/ADR_Reports/Rwanda/ch2-ADR_Rwanda.pdf |accessdate=2010-10-03 |ref=CITEREFUNDP2007}} * {{cite web |author=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |year=2010 |title=Human Development Index Trends, 1980–2010 |authorlink=UNDP |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table2_reprint.pdf |accessdate=2011-01-28 |ref=CITEREFUNDP2010}} * {{cite book |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) |year=2000 |title=The State of the World's Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |chapter=Ch. 10: "The Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath" |publisher=Oxford University Press|location =Geneva; New York |isbn=019924104X |authorlink=UNHCR |url=http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3ebf9bb60.pdf |accessdate=2010-10-29 |ref=CITEREFUNHCR2000}} * {{cite web |author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) |date=2008-03-25 |title=Batwa |authorlink=UNPO |url=http://www.unpo.org/members/7861 |accessdate=2011-03-06 |ref=CITEREFUNPO2008}} * {{cite news |author=USA Today |date=2008-10-29 |title=Congolese army claims attack by Rwandan troops |authorlink=USA Today |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-29-congo-fighting_N.htm |accessdate=2010-09-01 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Walker |first=Robert |date=2004-03-30 |title=Rwanda still searching for justice |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3557753.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2010-09-23 |ref=CITEREFWalker2004-03}} * {{cite news |last=Walker |first=Robert |date=2004-04-01 |title=Rwanda's religious reflections |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2010-09-21 |ref=CITEREFWalker2004-04}} * {{cite book |last=Wallis |first=Andrew |year=2006 |title=Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France's Role in the Rwandan Genocide |publisher=I.B.Tauris |location=London|isbn=1845112474 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=APMavTJucM4C |accessdate=2010-11-01 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |last=Wallis |first=William |date=1996-10-28 |title=Rwanda refugees fleeing Zaire |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |work=[[Reuters]] |url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=ZOENAAAAIBAJ&sjid=q28DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6432,3784656 |accessdate=2010-11-04 |ref=harv}} * {{cite news |author=Washington Post |date=1996-10-31 |title=Rwanda, Zaire move toward war |newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] |authorlink=Washington Post |url=http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=AqQaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_y0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4853,8472270& |accessdate=2010-11-04 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |author=World Food Programme (WFP) |title=World Hunger – Rwanda |authorlink=WFP |url=http://www.wfp.org/country_brief/indexcountry.asp?country=646 |accessdate=2010-10-29 |ref=CITEREFWFP}} * {{cite book |author=World Health Organisation (WHO) |year=2009 |title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, 2009–2013: Rwanda |isbn=9789290311355 |authorlink=World Health Organisation |url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_rwa_en.pdf |accessdate=2010-11-01 |ref=CITEREFWHO2009}} * {{cite web |author=World Resources Institute (WRI) |year=2006 |title=Agriculture and Food COUNTRY PROFILE – Rwanda |work=EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal |authorlink=World Resources Institute |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |accessdate=2009-02-04 |ref=CITEREFWRI2006}} * {{cite web |author=World Trade Organization (WTO) |date=2004-09-30 |title=Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy |work=TRADE POLICY REVIEW: RWANDA |authorlink=World Trade Organization |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |accessdate=2009-02-04 |ref=CITEREFWTO2004}} * {{cite web |author=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) |title=Albertine Rift Montane Forests – A Global Ecoregion |authorlink=World Wide Fund for Nature |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/albertine_montane_forests.cfm |accessdate=2010-05-13 |ref=CITEREFWWF}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Rwanda}} ;Government * [http://www.gov.rw/ The Republic of Rwanda] official government site * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-r/rwanda.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] ;General * {{CIA World Factbook link|rw|Rwanda}} * {{wikiatlas|Rwanda}} * {{wikitravel|Rwanda}} ;Tourism * [http://www.rwandatourism.com Rwanda Tourism] official Rwanda Tourism Board site <!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== --> <!-- DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. 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