Examine individual changes

'<!-- {{redirect-distinguish|Juwama|Juwata}} --> {{Infobox country |native_name = جنوب السودان<br>''Janūb as-Sūdān'' |conventional_long_name = Southern Sudan |common_name = Southern Sudan |image_flag = Flag of the SPLAM.svg |image_coat = Southern_Sudan_COA.gif |symbol_type = Emblem |motto = |anthem =　[[South Sudan Oyee!]] (proposed) |image_map = LocationSouthernSudan.svg |capital = [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] |latd=04 |latm=51 |latNS=N |longd=031 |longm=36 |longEW=E |largest_city = |official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[English language|English]] |regional_languages = [[Juba Arabic]] is lingua franca around Juba. [[Dinka language|Dinka]] 2–3 million; other major languages are [[Nuer language|Nuer]], [[Zande language|Zande]], [[Bari language|Bari]], [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]] |ethnic_groups = [[Dinka people|Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Bari people|Bari]], [[Lotuko people|Lotuko]], [[Kuku people|Kuku]], [[Zande people|Zande]], [[Mundari (tribe)|Mundari]], [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]], [[Pojulu people|Pojulu]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], [[Moru people|Moru]], [[Acholi people|Acholi]], [[Madi people|Madi]], [[Lulubo]], [[Lokoya people|Lokoya]], [[Toposa people|Toposa]], [[Lango people (Sudan)|Lango]], [[Didinga]], [[Murle people|Murle]], [[Anuak people|Anuak]], [[Makaraka (people)|Makaraka]], [[Mundu]], Jur, [[Kaliko]], and others. |ethnic_groups_year = |demonym = [[South Sudanese]] |government_type = [[Autonomous region]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] |leader_title2 = [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|Vice-President]] |leader_name2 = [[Riek Machar]] |legislature = [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] |established_date1 = 6 January 2005 <!-- |established_event2 = [[Independence]] from [[Republic of the Sudan|Sudan]] |established_date2 = 2011 July 9 --> |area_rank = |area_magnitude = |area_km2 = 619745 |area_sq_mi = |percent_water = |population_estimate = 7.5–9.7 million ''(2006, UNFPA)''<ref name="unfpa">{{web|url=http://sudan.unfpa.org/souther_Sudan/index.htm|title=UNFPA Southern SUDAN|work=UNFPA}}</ref><br> 11,000,000–13,000,000 ''(Southern Sudan claim, 2009)''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31005|title=Sudan census committee say population is at 39 million|work=SudanTribune|date=27 April 2009}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 8,260,490 ''(disputed)''<ref name="n24">{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Content/World/News/1073/b52cc36803164f39be83598566f1eb70/21-05-2009-07-23/Discontent_over_Sudan_census|title=Discontent over Sudan census|work=News24.com|date=21 May 2009}}</ref> |population_census_year = 2008 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = |Gini_year = |Gini_category = |HDI = |HDI_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_category = |currency = [[Sudanese Pound]] |currency_code = SDG |time_zone = [[East Africa Time]] |utc_offset = +3 |cctld = [[.sd]] (as part of Sudan) |calling_code = 249 |footnote1 = }} '''Southern Sudan''' ({{lang-ar|جنوب السودان}}, ''Janūb as-Sūdān'') is a [[landlocked]] [[country]] south of [[Northern Sudan]]. [[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] is its capital city. It is bordered by [[Ethiopia]] to the east; [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the south; and the [[Central African Republic]] to the west. To the north lies the predominantly [[Arab]] and [[Islam in Sudan|Muslim region]] directly under the control of the central government, with its capital at [[Khartoum]]. Southern Sudan includes the vast [[swamp]] region of the [[Sudd]] formed by the [[White Nile]], locally called the Bahr al Jebel. The region's autonomous status is a condition of a [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|peace agreement]] between the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement]] (SPLA/M) and the Government of Sudan represented by the [[National Congress (Sudan)|National Congress Party]] ending the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]]. The conflict was [[Africa]]'s longest-running [[civil war]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Sudan gets new government |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4370100.stm |publisher=BBC News, United Kingdom |first=Jonah|last=Fisher|date=23 October 2005|accessdate=7 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Southern Sudan fragile peace|url=http://lite.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/SD_PEA.htm?v=timeline|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|first=Reuters|last=News|date=27 May 2008|accessdate=7 December 2008}}</ref> A [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|referendum on independence for Southern Sudan]] was held in January 2011, with 98.83% of the electorate opting for secession. The [[President of Sudan]], [[Omar al-Bashir]], accepted the results and issued a Republican Decree confirming the outcome of the referendum.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-02/07/c_13721903.htm "Sudanese president issues Republican Decree accepting referendum result"] Xinhua News Agency 7 February 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> Southern Sudan is expected to become an independent country on 9 July 2011.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12379431 "South Sudan backs independence - results"] BBC News 7 February [[2011]]</ref> Upon independence, the country is expected to be named '''Republic of South Sudan'''. <ref> Art. 1 para 1 of the draft [http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011]</ref> In April 2011, al-Bashir stated that he would not recognize the independence of South Sudan if its government continued to claim the [[Abyei]] region, which is considered part of the south in the draft constitution.<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan]</ref><ref>Sudan takes control of Abyei. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EZtc6grMvQ]</ref><ref>Kron, Josh [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/29/world/africa/29sudan.html "Northern Sudanese Warn South Over Contested Area"] ''The New York Times'' 28 April 2011 Retrieved 28 May 2011</ref> The two sides clashed over the region in May, which resulted in its seizure by the north.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan: Abyei seizure by North 'act of war', says South|author=BBC World News|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13491445|work=BBC|date=22 May 2011|accessdate=22 May 2011}}</ref> On {{date|2011-6-3}}, the UN asked Sudan to withdraw its forces from Abyei.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/ansalatina/notizie/rubriche/mundo/20110604003735271362.html|title=ONU Pide a Gobierno Sudanes Que Se Retire de Abyei |publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]]|date=3 June 2011}} [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fansalatina%2Fnotizie%2Frubriche%2Fmundo%2F20110604003735271362.html English language translation] from Microsoft Translator</ref> ==History== There is little documentation of the history of the southern provinces until the beginning of Egyptian rule in the north in the early 1820s and its subsequent extension into the south. Information before that time is based largely on oral history. According to these traditions, the [[Nilotic]] peoples—the [[Dinka people|Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], and others—first entered southern Sudan sometime before the 10th century. During the period from the 15th century to the 19th century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of [[Bahr el Ghazal]], brought these peoples to their modern locations. The non-Nilotic [[Azande]] people, who entered southern Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state. The Azande are the third largest nationality in Southern Sudan. They are found in Maridi, Yambio and Tambura districts in the tropical rain forest belt of western Equatoria and Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century, the Avungara people entered and quickly imposed their authority over the Azande. [[Avungara]] power remained largely unchallenged until the arrival of the British at the end of the 19th century.<ref>Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. [http://countrystudies.us/sudan/11.htm Sudan: A Country Study. The Turkiyah, 1821-85] Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.</ref> Geographical barriers protected the southerners from Islam's advance, enabling them to retain their social and cultural heritage and their political and religious institutions. The Azande have had difficult relations with the neighbours namely the Moro, Mundu, Pöjulu and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal due to their expansionist policy of King [[Gbudwe]] in the 18th century. The Azande fought the French and the Belgians, the Mahdist to maintain their independence. [[Egypt]], under the rule of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha]], first attempted to colonise the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of [[Equatoria]] in the southern portion. Egypt's first governor was [[Samuel Baker]], commissioned in 1869, followed by [[Charles George Gordon]] in 1874 and by [[Emin Pasha]] in 1878. The [[Muhammad Ahmed|Mahdist Revolt]] of the 1880s destabilised the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included [[Lado District|Lado]], [[Gondokoro]], [[Dufile]] and [[Wadelai]]. In 1947, [[United Kingdom|British]] hopes to join the southern part of Sudan with [[Uganda]] were dashed by the [[Juba Conference]], to unify northern and southern Sudan. It is estimated that the Southern region has a population of 8 million,<ref name="US_State_Dept">[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm "Background Note: Sudan"] U.S. Department of State 9 November 2010 Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> but given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming.<ref name="US_State_Dept" /> At the beginning of 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance and urban areas within Southern Sudan have seen extensive development. The region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence – the Sudanese government fought the [[Anyanya]] rebel army from 1955 to 1972 in the [[First Sudanese Civil War]] and then SPLA/M in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] for almost twenty-one years after the founding of SPLA/M in 1983 – resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructural development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and more than 5 million have become externally displaced while others have been internally displaced, becoming [[refugee]]s as a result of the civil war and war-related impacts. === Referendum for independence (2011) === {{Main|Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011}} From 9–15 January 2011 people from South Sudan voted on whether they should break away from Sudan and declare independence. On 30 January 2011, the results had shown that 98.83% of the population had voted for independence from Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=USA Today|title=Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm|accessdate=30 January 2011|date=30 January 2011}}</ref> It is expected that a formal declaration of independence will be made on 9 July finally ensuring that South Sudan will become an independent state, although certain disputes still remain such as sharing of the oil revenues as an estimated 80% of the oil in the nation is from South Sudan, which would represent amazing economic potential for one of the world's most deprived areas. The region of [[Abyei]] still remains disputed and a separate referendum is due to be held in Abyei on whether they want to join North or South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|last=BBC News|first=|title="99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence"|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927|accessdate=30 January 2011|date=30 January 2011}}</ref> ===Rebellions=== The SPLA is at war with at least seven armed groups.<ref name=rebellion>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html|title=South Sudan army kills fighters in clashes|publisher=Aljazeera.net/english|accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref> According to UN figures, the various conflicts affect nine of its ten states, with tens of thousands displaced.<ref name=rebellion/> The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in rural areas.<ref name=rebellion/><ref name=AP>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iGjG9whhCv3fK2pUQK5m9HkvOFig?docId=8760bf3cf28f4230838f7a530d928a4e|title=Civilians dead in South Sudan battle|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=2011-06-08}}</ref> In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarms rebellions among the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] and [[Murle people|Murle]], they have burned scores of villages, raped hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.<ref name=aljazeera>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html|title=Sudan: Transcending tribe|publisher=Aljazeera.net/english|accessdate=2011-04-30}}</ref> Civilians alleging [[torture]] claim fingernails been torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons and villagers burned alive in their huts if rebels were suspected of spending the night there.<ref name=aljazeera/> In May 2011, The SPLA set fire to over 7000 homes in [[Unity State]].<ref name=sudantribune>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-set-fire-to-over-7-000-homes,39010|title=SPLA set fire to more than 7000 homes in Unity says Mayom country official|publisher=sudantribune.com|accessdate=2011-08-06}}</ref> The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one [[Juba]]-based international aid agency calls them "human rights abuses off the Richter scale".<ref name=aljazeera/> In 2010, the [[CIA]] issued a warning that "Over the next five years,...a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."<ref name=aljazeera/> ===South Kordofan conflict=== {{main|South Kordofan conflict}} On June 6, 2011 armed conflict broke out between the forces of Northern and Southern Sudan, ahead of the scheduled independence of the South on July 9. This followed an agreement for both sides to withdraw from [[Abyei]]. ==Government== {{Main|Politics of Southern Sudan}} [[Image:Salva Kiir Mayardit.jpg|thumb|left|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], First elected President of Southern Sudan]] Aside from the Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudan-embassy.de/c_Sudan.pdf|title=Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan, 2005}}</ref> the Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005 is the supreme law<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU%3d&tabid=341|title=Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005}}</ref> of Southern Sudan. The Constitution establishes an autonomous '''Government of Southern Sudan''' headed by a [[List of presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] who is Head of Government and Commander-in-Chief of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. [[John Garang]], the founder of the SPLA/M was the first President until his death on 30 July 2005. [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], his deputy, was sworn in as First [[List of Vice Presidents of Sudan|Vice President]] of Sudan and [[List of presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|President]] of the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August 2005. [[Riek Machar]] replaced him as [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan|Vice-President]]. Legislative power is vested in the government and the unicameral [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly]]. The Constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the [[Supreme Court of Southern Sudan|Supreme Court]]. Defence Paper on defence processes was initiated in 2007 by (late) Minister for SPLA Affairs Gen. [[Dominic Dim Deng]] and produced a draft in 2008, declaring that Southern Sudan should eventually maintain land, air, and [[riverine]] forces.<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642 Juba parliament authorises establishment of South Sudan air force], Wednesday 25 June 2008</ref> === Developing state capacity === The post-conflict environment is important to understanding the Government of Southern Sudan's ability to function and successfully implement its policies. One area the Government of South Sudan has had significant success in building its own capacity is in developing an integrated system for planning and budget preparation.<ref name=ODI>Davies and Smith 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4980&title=southern-sudan-budget-reforms-post-conflict Planning and budgeting in Southern Sudan: starting from scratch]. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> This has been achieved through the strong and determined leadership of the [[Ministry of Finance]], the strong technical leadership and support of that same ministry and making these goals relevant to local capacity.<ref name=ODI/> The results have been that the government has been better able to manage the financial aspects of its functions and projects, and increases in the expertise of its staff in crucial skills, such as basic [[Information technology|IT]].<ref name=ODI/> However, there are a significant number of post-referendum challenges to state building that will need to be sequentially overcome, most notably corruption. Many high level members of the government, dominated by the SPLM, have amassed huge amounts of wealth in neighboring countries such as Kenya and Uganda. President Salva Kiir has repeatedly affirmed his intent to eradicate the practice; however, little has been done and no one has yet been prosecuted{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}. ==Country naming== Upon independence, the country will be named '''South Sudan''' ('''Republic of South Sudan''')<ref> Art. 1 para 1 of the draft [http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011]</ref> "out of familiarity and convenience", according to members of a steering committee on post-independence governing. Other names that had been considered were ''[[Azania]]'', ''Nile Republic'', ''[[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]] Republic'' (referring to the ancient and biblical kingdom) and ''Juwama'', after [[Juba (Southern Sudan)|Juba]], [[Wau, Sudan|Wau]] and [[Malakal]], three major cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html|title=Southern Sudan Nears a Decision on One Matter: Its New Name|author=Kron, Josh|date=January 23, 2011|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''}}</ref> ==Foreign relations== [[File:CountriesRecognizingSouthernSudan.PNG|330px|thumb|Countries that have announced their intention to recognize Southern Sudan after it formally declares independence in July.]] Some states have announced that they intend to [[Diplomatic recognition|recognize]] South Sudan upon independence. Sudan has announced that it plans to open an embassy in Juba upon independence,<ref name="Embassy">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201103211204.html "Khartoum Opens Embassy in Juba as South Approaches Separation"] AllAfrica.com 19 March 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> and Egypt has announced it intends to be the second state to recognize the south.<ref name="Egypt">[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=214036 "Egypt says will recognize new South Sudan state"] ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' 27 March 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> The [[United Kingdom]] plans to open an embassy in South Sudan too.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13356048 BBC News] UK plans to open five new foreign embassies</ref> Four of the five permanent United Nations Security Council member states are to recognize South Sudan. The following states have announced the intent to recognize South Sudan upon independence: *{{flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Armenia Hail South Sudan’s Vote For Independence|url= http://massispost.com/?p=1657|date= 31 January 2011|accessdate=8 June 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Universal Periodic Review Working Group – 11th Session|url=http://www.geneva.mission.gov.au/gene/Statement204.html|accessdate=18 June 2011|date=10 May 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Canada}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Canada to recognize southern Sudan|url= http://indepthafrica.com/africa/canada-to-recognize-southern-sudan-harper/|newspaper= Indepth Africa|date= 8 February 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|People's Republic of China}}<ref>{{cite news |title= US, China and EU recognize and welcome the new nation of South Sudan|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2011/02/08/us-china-and-eu-recognize-and-welcome-the-new-nation-of-south-sudan|newspaper= MercoPress|date=8 February 2011 |accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> UNSC permanent member. *{{flag|Denmark}}<ref>{{cite news |language=Danish |title= Lene E. åbner op for at anerkende Sydsudan|url= http://www.information.dk/telegram/257647|newspaper= [[Information]]|date= 27 January 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}} [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.information.dk%2Ftelegram%2F257647 English language translation] from Microsoft Translator</ref> *{{flag|Egypt}}<ref name="Egypt"/> *{{flag|Germany}}<ref>{{cite news |language=German |title= Niebel besucht Entwicklungsprojekte|url= http://www.focus.de/politik/weitere-meldungen/suedsudan-niebel-besucht-entwicklungsprojekte_aid_614467.html|newspaper= [[FOCUS]]|date= 2 April 2011|accessdate=29 April 2011}} [http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fpolitik%2Fweitere-meldungen%2Fsuedsudan-niebel-besucht-entwicklungsprojekte_aid_614467.html English language translation] from Microsoft Translator</ref> *{{flag|India}}<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/India-to-recognise-South-Sudan,38875 "India to recognise South Sudan independence - diplomat"] ''Sudan Tribune'' 12 May 2011 Retrieved 28 May 2011</ref> *{{flag|Malawi}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Mutharika wants South Sudan recognition|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/mutharika-wants-south-sudan-recognition.html|accessdate=5 June 2011|newspaper=Nyasatimes|date=26 January 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Karabakh Hail South Sudan’s Vote For Independence|url= http://massispost.com/?p=1657|date= 31 January 2011|accessdate=8 June 2011}}</ref> ([[Diplomatic recognition|unrecognised]]) *{{flag|Netherlands}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Netherlands will recognise South Sudan|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/netherlands-will-recognise-south-sudan|accessdate=2 June 2011|newspaper=Radio Netherlands|date=5 January 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Norway}}<ref>Sebido Ambrose, Jacob [http://radioreferendumsudan.org/node/70044 "Norway vows to recognize south Sudan independence"] Radio Referendum 14 December 2010 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> *{{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Russia ready to recognize South Sudan’s independence|url= http://www.sudantribune.com/Russia-ready-to-recognize-South,37707|newspaper= ''[[Sudan Tribune]]''|date= 20 January 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> UNSC permanent member. *{{flag|Somaliland}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Issue 468 - News|url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2011/468/5.shtml|accessdate=2 June 2011|newspaper=The Somaliland Times|date=15 January 2011}}</ref> ([[Diplomatic recognition|unrecognised]]) *{{flag|South Africa}}<ref>[http://www.southafrica.info/africa/sudan-100211.htm "SA 'ready to welcome South Sudan'"] South Africa.info 10 February 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> *{{flag|Spain}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Spain will recognise South Sudan’s independence, but not Kosovo's|url= http://www.catalannewsagency.com/news/politics/spain-will-recognise-south-sudan%E2%80%99s-independence-not-kosovos|newspaper= Catalan News Agency|date= 11 January 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Sudan}}<ref name="Embassy"/> *{{flag|Turkey}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey welcomes recognition of Southern Sudan's independence by Sudan's government|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=FDAD871FA966B86095D199DC99ACA8D1?newsId=235026|accessdate=9 June 2011|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=9 February 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Uganda}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Sudan Referendum and Neighbouring Countries: Egypt and Uganda |url=http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/5da0112dc5ac6c66acafb2682a7d33e0.pdf|accessdate=18 June 2011|page=16 / 17|publisher=Peacebuilding.no|isbn=978-82-7288-374-3|quote= Uganda could be expected to be one of the first countries to recognize Southern Sudan as an independent state...}}</ref> *{{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite web|title=UK upgrades diplomatic mission in South Sudan|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/UK-upgrades-diplomatic-mission-in,38356|publisher=Sudan Tribute|accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> UNSC permanent member. *{{flag|United States}}<ref>[http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1171&Itemid=192 "U.S to recognize South Sudan as a sovereign, independent state in July 2011"] Government of Southern Sudan Mission - USA The Official Site 8 February 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> UNSC permanent member. *{{flag|Zambia}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet to scrutinise Zambia-southern Sudan relations|url=http://www.muvitv.com/?p=8484|accessdate=9 June 2011|newspaper=MUVI Television|date=13 February 2011}}</ref> Countries opposing the independence: *{{flag|Eritrea}} — The President of Eritrea [[Isaias Afewerki]] opposes the independence of South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news |title= Eritrea opposes South Sudan|author= |url= http://ogaalnews.net/?p=8280|newspaper= Ogaal News |accessdate=1 June 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Iran}} — The President of Iran [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] opposes the idea of dividing Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran sorrowful for Sudan’s division|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Iran-sorrowful-for-Sudan-s,37664|accessdate=5 June 2011|newspaper=Sudan Tribute|date=17 January 2011}}</ref> *{{flag|Libya}} — Libya's leader, [[Muammar Gaddafi]], said that the situation in Southern Sudan "could become a contagious disease that affects the whole of Africa".<ref>{{cite news|title=International recognition will be vital for Southern Sudan|url=http://www.guinguinbali.com/index.php?lang=en&mod=news&task=view_news&cat=3&id=1378|accessdate=5 June 2011|newspaper=Guinguinbali|date=10 January 2011|author=Stefan Simanowitz}}</ref> ==States and counties== {{Main|States of South Sudan}} [[File:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2006.svg|thumb|right| {{legend|#f7931d|Sudan Proper}} {{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front, area of operations July 2006]]}} {{legend|#00adef|South Sudan}} {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Abyei]] (to hold referendum in 2011, postponed indefinitely)}} {{legend|#fb6282|[[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] (to hold "popular consultations" in 2011)}}]] The [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA) defines Southern Sudan as three southern provinces ([[Bahr el Ghazal]], [[Equatoria]], and [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]]) of the [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]], leaving out [[Nuba Mountains]], [[Abyei]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]]. Abyei will hold a referendum on joining Southern Sudan or staying under Sudanese control, while Nuba Mountains ([[South Kurdufan]] as a whole) and Blue Nile are required to hold ill-defined "popular consultations". Southern Sudan is composed of the following [[States of Southern Sudan|states]]: * [[Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] ** [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] ** [[Lakes, Sudan|Lakes]] * [[Equatoria]] ** [[Eastern Equatoria]] ** [[Central Equatoria]] ** [[Western Equatoria]] * [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] ** [[Jonglei]] ** [[Unity, Sudan|Unity]] ** [[Upper Nile, Sudan|Upper Nile]] The ten states are further subdivided into 86 [[Counties of Southern Sudan|counties.]] ==Geography== ===Flora and fauna=== Surveys since 2007 by the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] uncovered one of the largest [[animal migration]]s in South Sudan and suggest the scale may exceed that of [[Tanzania]]'s [[Serengeti]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/9557886?story_id=9557886|title=Southern Sudan: Looking for an identity|publisher=Economist.com, LLC|accessdate=2011-04-30|date=26 July 2007}}</ref> [[Boma National Park]], west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the [[Sudd]] wetland and [[Southern National Park]] near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of [[kob]] and [[topi]]s (two types of antelope), [[African Buffalo|buffalo]], [[elephant]]s, [[giraffe]]s, [[Hartebeest]]s (another antelope), and [[lion]]s. Southern Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for [[Bongo (antelope)|bongo]] (also an antelope), [[giant forest hog]]s, [[Red River Hog]]s, forest elephants, [[chimpanzees]], and forest [[monkeys]]. The surveys revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact. Today the region is sparsely populated with only 7 million people spread across the vast floodplain of the Nile River. In 2006 the president of Southern Sudan announced that the region would do everything possible to protect and propagate its flora and fauna, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. At the same time, large multinational companies are poised to extract natural resources in Southern Sudan on a wide scale, posing threats to the nation's remarkable wildlife and their habitats. Southern Sudan’s wildlife habitats include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannahs, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and [[Nile Lechwe]], as well as elephants, giraffes, [[Common Eland]], [[Giant Eland]], [[oryx]], lions, [[Lycaon pictus|African Wild Dogs]], Cape Buffalo, and [[topi]] (locally called [[tiang]]). Little is currently known about the white-eared kob and tiang, whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve. ==Demographics== === Language === Southern Sudan is composed of more than 200 ethnic groups and is, along with the adjacent [[Nuba Hills]], one of the most linguistically diverse regions of Africa. However, many of the languages are quite small, with only a few thousand speakers. The official languages are [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[English Language|English]] (upon independence only English will retain the status of official language<ref> Art. 6 of the draft [http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011]</ref>). Colloquial Arabic is spoken widely, though [[Juba Arabic]], a [[pidgin]], is spoken around the capital. The most populous language by native speakers is [[Dinka language|Dinka]], a dialect continuum spoken by 2–3 million people. Dinka is a [[Western Nilotic languages|Western Nilotic language]]; closely related to Southern Sudan's second most populous language, [[Nuer language|Nuer]], and a bit more distant is [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]]. Major [[Eastern Nilotic languages]] are [[Bari language|Bari]] and [[Otuho language|Otuho]]. Besides the Nilotic family, [[Zande language|Zande]], Southern Sudan's third most populous language, is [[Ubangian languages|Ubangian]]. [[Jur Modo language|Jur Modo]] is of the [[Bongo-Bagirmi languages|Bongo-Bagirmi]] family.{{Awkward}} ===Population=== ====2008 census==== The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", of Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. However the census results of Southern Sudan were rejected by Southern Sudanese officials as reportedly "the central bureau of statistics in [[Khartoum]] refused to share the national Sudan census raw data with southern Sudan centre for census, statistic and evaluation."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|title=South Sudan parliament throw outs census results|work=SudanTribune|date=8 July 2009}}</ref> The census showed the Southern Sudan population to be 8.26 million,<ref name="n24"/><ref name="epro">{{Cite news|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy|title=S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy|work=!enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity|date=8 June 2009|first=Maggie|last=Fick}}</ref> however President [[Salva Kiir]] had "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally "unacceptable"."<ref name="newvis">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|title=South Sudanese officials decry ‘unfortunate’ announcement of census results|work=The New Sudan Vision|date=10 May 2009|first=Marvis|last=Birungi}}</ref> He also claimed the Southern Sudanese population to really be one-third of Sudan, while the census showed it to be only 22%.<ref name="epro"/> Many Southern Sudanese were also said to not have been counted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transportation networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many Southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities."<ref name="newvis"/> The chief American technical adviser for the census in the South said the census-takers probably reached 89% of the population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761|title=Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census|work=NPR|first=Gwen|last=Thompkins|date=15 April 2009}}</ref> ====2009 census==== In 2009 Sudan started a new Southern Sudanese census ahead of the [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|2011 independence referendum]], which is said to also include the Southern Sudanese diaspora. However this initiative was criticised as it was to leave out countries with a high share of the Southern Sudanese diaspora, and rather count countries where the diaspora share was low.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|title=South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest|work=Radio Nederland Wereldomroep|date=6 November 2009}}</ref> === IDPs and returnees === One of the most significant challenges facing Southern Sudan is the integration of [[internally displaced persons]] (IDPs) who have returned since the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA) and others who are continuing to return.<ref name=ODI4>Risk: [http://www.odi.org.uk/news/details.asp?id=334&title=risk-long-road-home-sudan The long road home in Sudan]. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> Over 2 million people IDPs have so far returned and 200,000 more [[refugees]], which has not only placed strain on basic services (such as heath, education and water), but also led to other fundamental challenges: unemployment, language barriers (many speak only English and no Arabic and visa versa) and conflict over land.<ref name=ODI4/> Conflict over land is particularly complex as over years of conflict and forced migration, some land abandoned or illegally seized has been occupied by new owners who cannot return the land to former owners who are now returning.<ref name=ODI3>Sara Pantuliano and Samir Elhawary 2009. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=4409&title=uncharted-territory-land-conflict-humanitarian-action Uncharted territory: land, conflict and humanitarian action]. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> Many have occupied land after having been themselves forced out of their former land and have been settled in their new homes for significant periods of time.<ref name=ODI3/> [[Property rights]] are also difficult to prove when entire communities have been displaced and traditional methods for proving land rights are no longer possible.<ref name=ODI3/> Even if returnees are able to claim back former property, the community will have changed and returnees may find themselves socially excluded.<ref name=ODI3/> Inevitably, many returnees are not returning to former homes and instead are migrating to [[Juba]], where they hope to find employment, increased security and access to services, though these aspirations, however, are rarely realised.<ref name=ODI2/> Further concerns are arising as the 1.5 million Southern Sudanese still resident in [[Khartoum]] may now seek to return after independence.<ref name=ODI2>Ellen Martin 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5072&title=gender-violence-survival-juba-southern-sudan Gender, violence and survival in Juba, Southern Sudan]. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> ===Religion=== Scholarly<ref>Kaufmann, E.P. ''Rethinking ethnicity: majority groups and dominant minorities''. Routledge, 2004, p. 45.</ref><ref>Minahan, J. ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z''. Greenwood Press, 2002, p. 1786.</ref><ref>Arnold, G. ''Book Review: Douglas H. Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars''. African Journal of Political Science Vol.8 No. 1, 2003, p. 147.</ref> and [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] sources<ref name="US_State_Dept">[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm "Background Note: Sudan"] U.S. Department of State 9 November 2010 Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> state that a majority of southern Sudanese maintain traditional/indigenous beliefs with those following Christianity in a minority (albeit an influential one). However, some news organizations claim a Christian majority<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/01/07/f-sudan-timeline.html "Southern Sudan votes for separation Formal declaration of independence set for July 9"] CBC News 9 February 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=72dc4ff98fdd3210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default "More than 100 dead in south Sudan attack-officials"] SABC News 21 September 2009 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref><ref>Hurd, Emma [http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/South-Sudan-Vote-Result-Overwhelming-Support-For-Indepence-From-North/Article/201102115925377?lid=ARTICLE_15925377_SouthSudanVoteResultOverwhelmingSupportForIndepenceFromNorth&lpos=searchresults "Southern Sudan Votes To Split From North"] Sky News 8 February 2011 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> and the US Episcopal Church claims the existence of large numbers of [[Anglican Communion|Anglican adherents]] from the [[Episcopal Church of the Sudan]]: 2 million members in 2005,<ref>[http://www.fwepiscopal.org/downloads/howmanyanglicans.pdf "How many Anglicans are there in the Anglican Church in North America?"]</ref> 4 million, or almost half of the nation's population, in 2011.<ref>[http://www.episcopalchurch.org/79425_127406_ENG_HTM.htm ''Episcopal News Service'' 3 March 2011]</ref> Animist beliefs are often blended with Christian beliefs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} According to the Federal Research Division of the US [[Library of Congress]]: "In the early 1990s possibly no more than 10 percent of southern Sudan's population was Christian".<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html Sudan: A Country Study] Federal Research Division, Library of Congress – Chapter 2, Ethnicity, Regionalism and Ethnicity</ref> ==Economy== Sudan also exports timber to the international market. Some of the states with the best known teaks and natural trees for timber are Western Equatoria and Central Equatoria. One of the major natural features of the Southern Sudan is the [[Nile|River Nile]] whose many tributaries have sources in the country. The region also contains many natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[iron ore]], [[copper]], [[chromium]] ore, [[zinc]], [[tungsten]], [[mica]], [[silver]], [[gold]], and [[hydropower]]. The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture. Some of the agricultural produce include [[cotton]], groundnuts ([[peanut|peanuts]]), [[sorghum]], [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[gum arabic]], [[sugarcane]], [[cassava]] (tapioca), [[mango]]s, [[papaya]], [[banana]]s, [[sweet potatoes]], and [[sesame]]. In Central Equatoria some teak plantations are at Kegulu, the other, oldest planted forest reserves are Kawale, Lijo, Loka West and Nuni. Western Equatoria timber resources include Mvuba trees at Zamoi. [[Image:Loka west teak.jpg|thumb|right|Loka [[teak]]s is the largest teak [[plantation]] in [[Africa]].]] ===Oil=== Southern Sudan produces 85% of Sudanese oil output. The oil revenues according to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), are to be split equally for the duration of the agreement period. Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan's budget.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">Hamilton, Rebecca [http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life "Awaiting Independence Vote, Southern Sudan Has High Hopes"], ''Washington Post'', Nov. 28, 2010, via Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.</ref> The oil and other mineral resources can be found throughout Southern Sudan, but the Bentiu is commonly known as being especially rich in oil, while Jonglei, Warap and Lakes states have potential reserves. In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in Southern Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. Khartoum has partitioned much of Sudan into blocks, with about 85% of the oil coming from the South. Blocks 1, 2, and 4 are controlled by the largest overseas consortium, the [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]] (GNPOC). GNPOC is composed of the following players: [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC, [[People's Republic of China]]), with a 40% stake; [[Petronas]] ([[Malaysia]]), with 30%; [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] ([[India]]), with 25%; and [[Sudapet]] of the central Sudan government with 5%.<ref name="Amnesty">[http://www.amnestyusa.org/business-and-human-rights/oil-in-sudan/the-big-4/page.do?id=1081006 "The 'Big 4' – How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum"] Amnesty International Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> The other producing blocks in the South are blocks 3 and 7 in Eastern Upper Nile. These blocks are controlled by [[Petrodar]] which is 41% owned by CNPC, 40% by Petronas, 8% by Sudapet, 6% by [[Sinopec|Sinopec Corp]] and 5% by [[Al Thani]].<ref name="Amnesty"/> Another major block in the South, called Block B by Khartoum, is claimed by several players. [[Total S.A.|Total]] of [[France]] was awarded the concession for the 90,000 square kilometre block in the 1980s but has since done limited work invoking "[[force majeure]]". Various elements of the SPLM handed out the block or parts thereof to other parties of Southern Sudan. Several of these pre-Naivasha deals were rejected when the SPLM/A leader Dr. John Garang de Mabior lost power. The wealth-sharing section of the CPA states that all agreements signed prior to the CPA would hold; they would not be subject to review by the National Petroleum Commission (NPC), a commission set up by the CPA and composed of both Khartoum and Southerners and co-chaired by both President [[Omar Hassan al-Bashir|al-Bashir]] of Khartoum and President Kiir of Southern Sudan. However, the CPA does not specify who could sign those pre-CPA agreements. ==Games and sports== Southern Sudan is notable for the popularity of many traditional and modern games and sports, particularly [[wrestling]] and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. The wrestlers were generally strong, well-trained young men. During the matches, they smeared themselves with [[ochre]] – perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment. At the conclusion, people feasted and generally made merry. In the modern era, Southern Sudanese have excelled in international sports. [[Luol Deng]] is a basketball star with the [[Chicago Bulls]] in the [[National Basketball Association]]. Other leading international basketball players from Southern Sudan have included [[Ajou Deng]], [[Kueth Duany]], [[Deng Gai]], [[Ater Majok]], and the late [[Manute Bol]]. [[Majak Daw]] is on track to become the first Sudanese-born professional [[Australian rules football]] player, having been signed to the [[North Melbourne Kangaroos]] in the [[Australian Football League|AFL]] in late 2009.<ref>Lavell, Steve [http://www.afl.com.au/news/newsarticle/tabid/208/newsid/88197/default.aspx "North punts on a touch of Majak"] AFL.com.au 15 December 2009 Retrieved 5 April 2011</ref> [[Association football]] is also becoming popular in Southern Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of Southern Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. It is envisaged that superior players will emerge from these dusty make-shift football fields in both the short and long term. In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the [[Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations|CECAFA]] youth football competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments. ==Humanitarian situation== Southern Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.<ref name=sudantribune>Ross, Emma (28 January 2004). [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 Southern Sudan as unique combination of worst diseases in the world]. ''[[Sudan Tribune]]''.</ref><ref>Moszynski, Peter (23 July 2005). [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/331/7510/179 Conference plans rebuilding of South Sudan's health service]. ''[[BMJ]]''.</ref><ref name=SSMJ>[http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf Southern Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS) December 2007]. ''[South Sudan Medical Journal]''.</ref> The under-five [[infant mortality]] rate is 112 per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.<ref name=SSMJ/> In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one [[Physician|doctor]] for every 500,000 people.<ref name=sudantribune/> The epidemiology of [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] in the Southern Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is thought to be around 3.1%.<ref>Hakim, James (August 2009). [http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment. ''[South Sudan Medical Journal]''.</ref> At the time of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the [[United Nations]] [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200.<ref>[http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism Support freedom for Southern Sudan and fight for workers' unity against imperialism]. Sean Ambler. [[League for the Fifth International]]. 10 January 2011.</ref> In 2007, the OCHA (under the leadership of [[Éliane Duthoit]]) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 SUDAN: Peace bolsters food security in the south]. [[IRIN]]. 18 April 2007.</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Southern Sudan}} * [[Sudan]] * [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]], the autonomous government that existed between 1972 and 1983. * [[List of presidents of the Government of Southern Sudan]] * [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement]] * [[John Garang de Mabior]] * [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] * [[Dominic Dim Deng]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== *{{Cite book|last=Biel |first=Melha Rout |title=South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement |year=2007 |publisher=Netzbandt Verlag |location=Jena |isbn=9783937884011 |postscript=<!--None--> }} * Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols), 2nd. ed., [[I.B. Tauris]]: London/New York ==External links== {{Commons category|South Sudan}} ;Overview * [http://www.sudanesesoul.org Sudanese Soul] (English and German) ;Government * [http://www.goss.org/ Government of Southern Sudan] * [http://www.sslagoss.org/ Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly] * [http://www.mewctgoss.org/ Ministry of Environment, Tourism and Wildlife Conservation] * [http://www.commerce-goss.org/trade.htm Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Supplies] * [http://gossmrc.com/ Ministry of Regional Cooperation] *[http://www.facebook.com/pages/GOSS-Government-of-Southern-Sudan/292935125286 Government of Southern Sudan - Official facebook group] ;Missions * [http://www.gossmission.org/goss/ Government of Southern Sudan – USA and UN Mission] * [http://www.goss-london.com/ Government of Southern Sudan – UK Mission] * [http://www.goss.org.za/ Government of Southern Sudan – South Africa Mission] ;Political parties * [http://www.splmtoday.com/ SPLM Official Site] * [http://www.sslp.net/ South Sudan Liberal Party Official Site] * [http://www.helpsudaninternational.org/ HELP Sudan International] ;Think Tanks * [http://www.odi.org.uk/work/regions-countries/details.asp?id=195&title=sudan Overseas Development Institute] ;Quick Facts * [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2011/01/07/f-sudan-timeline.html Southern Sudan (on a timeline about Sudan) - CBC News, 2011 Feb. 9] {{Countries of Africa}} {{Coord|05|N|032|E|region:SD|display=title}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}} [[Category:Southern Sudan| ]] [[Category:Politics of Sudan]] [[Category:History of Sudan]] [[Category:Secession in Sudan]] [[Category:Regions of Sudan]] [[Category:Autonomous regions]] [[Category:States and territories established in 2005]] [[af:Suid-Soedan]] [[ar:جنوب السودان]] [[an:Sudán d'o Sud]] [[ast:Sudán del Sur]] [[az:Cənubi Sudan]] [[be:Паўднёвы Судан]] [[be-x-old:Паўднёвы Судан]] [[bs:Južni Sudan]] [[br:Soudan ar Su]] [[bg:Южен Судан]] [[ca:Sudan del Sud]] [[cs:Jižní Súdán]] [[cy:De Sudan]] [[da:Sydsudan]] [[de:Südsudan]] [[et:Lõuna-Sudaan]] [[el:Νότιο Σουδάν]] [[es:Sudán del Sur]] [[eo:Suda Sudano]] [[eu:Hego Sudan]] [[fa:سودان جنوبی]] [[fr:Sud-Soudan]] [[fy:Súd-Sûdan]] [[gl:Sudán do Sur]] [[ko:남수단]] [[hr:Južni Sudan]] [[io:Sud-Sudan]] [[id:Sudan Selatan]] [[ie:Sud-Sudan]] [[it:Sudan del Sud]] [[he:דרום סודאן]] [[jv:Sudan Kidul]] [[ka:სამხრეთი სუდანი]] [[sw:Sudan Kusini]] [[la:Sudania Australis]] [[lv:Dienvidsudāna]] [[lt:Pietų Sudanas]] [[hu:Dél-Szudán]] [[mk:Јужен Судан]] [[arz:جنوب السودان]] [[mzn:جنوب سودان]] [[ms:Sudan Selatan]] [[nl:Zuid-Soedan]] [[ja:南部スーダン]] [[no:Sør-Sudan]] [[nn:Sør-Sudan]] [[oc:Sodan del Sud]] [[nds:Süüdsudan]] [[pl:Sudan Południowy]] [[pt:Sudão do Sul]] [[ksh:Südsudan]] [[ro:Sudanul de Sud]] [[ru:Южный Судан]] [[simple:South Sudan]] [[sk:Južný Sudán]] [[sl:Južni Sudan]] [[so:Koonfur Suudaan]] [[sr:Јужни Судан]] [[sh:Južni Sudan]] [[fi:Etelä-Sudan]] [[sv:Sydsudan]] [[ta:தெற்கு சூடான்]] [[th:ซูดานใต้]] [[tr:Güney Sudan]] [[uk:Південний Судан]] [[vi:Miền Nam Sudan]] [[war:Salatan nga Sudan]] [[yo:Apágúúsù Sudan]] [[zh-yue:南蘇丹]] [[zh:南蘇丹]]'