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'{{Infobox language |name=Afrikaans |pronunciation={{IPA-nl|ɐfriˈkɑːns|}} |familycolor=Indo-European |states={{Flagicon|South Africa}}''' [[South Africa]]''' <br />{{Flagicon|Namibia}}''' [[Namibia]]'''<br /> Elsewhere in Africa, notably [[Botswana]], [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Lesotho]] and [[Swaziland]].<br /> Emigrant and expatriate communities worldwide, notably [[Canada]], [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], [[New Zealand]], [[Argentina]], [[Ireland]], [[Brazil]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]. |region=[[Southern Africa]] |speakers=over 7 million (native)<br>between 15–23 million (total)<ref name="speakers" group="n"/> |fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |fam4=[[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] |fam5=[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |nation={{RSA}} |map=[[File:Afrikaans ETN15 Spread.svg|250px]] |agency=[[Die Taalkommissie]] |iso1=af|iso2=afr|iso3=afr|lingua=52-ACB-ba}} '''Afrikaans''' is a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]], spoken natively in [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]]. It is sometimes referred to as a daughter or sister language of [[Dutch language|Dutch]], both modern Dutch and Afrikaans having evolved from 17th century Dutch dialects.<ref group="n">Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see {{harvnb|Booij|1995|p=2}}, {{harvnb|Jansen|Schreuder|Neijt|2007|p=5}}, {{harvnb|Mennen|Levelt|Gerrits|2006|p=1}}, {{harvnb|Booij|2003|p=4}}, {{harvnb|Hiskens|Auer|Kerswill|2005|p=19}}, {{harvnb|Heeringa|de Wet|2007|pp=1, 3, 5}}. <br>Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}, {{harvnb|Conradie|2005|p=208}}, {{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=160}}, {{harvnb|Langer|Davies|2005|p=144}}, {{harvnb|Deumert|2002|p=3}}, {{harvnb|Berdichevsky|2004|p=130}}. <br>Afrikaans is rooted in seventeenth century dialects of Dutch; see {{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=338}}, {{harvnb|Geerts|Clyne|1992|p=71}}, {{harvnb|Mesthrie|1995|p=214}}, {{harvnb|Niesler|Louw|Roux|2005|p=459}}. <br>Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a variety of Dutch; see {{harvnb|Sebba|2007|p=116}}.</ref> Although Afrikaans adopted words from languages such as [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], the [[Bantu languages]] and the [[Khoisan languages]], an estimated 90 to 95&nbsp;percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.{{#tag:ref|Afrikaans borrowed from other languages such as Portuguese, Malay, Bantu and Khoisan languages; see {{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=160}}, {{harvnb|Niesler|Louw|Roux|2005|p=459}}. <br>90 to 95&nbsp;percent of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin; see {{harvnb|Mesthrie|1995|p=214}}, {{harvnb|Mesthrie|2002|p=205}}, {{harvnb|Kamwangamalu|2004|p=203}}, {{harvnb|Berdichevsky|2004|p=131}}, {{harvnb|Brachin|Vincent|1985|p=132}}|group="n"}} Therefore, [[Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch|differences with Dutch]] often lie in a more regular morphology, grammar, and spelling of Afrikaans.{{#tag:ref|For morphology; see {{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=338}}, {{harvnb|Geerts|Clyne|1992|p=72}}. For grammar and spelling; see {{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=161}}.|group="n"}} There is a large degree of [[mutual intelligibility]] between the two languages—especially in written form—although it is easier for Dutch-speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around.{{#tag:ref|Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see {{harvnb|Gooskens|2007|p=453}}, {{harvnb|Holm|1989|p=338}}, {{harvnb|Baker|Prys Jones|1997|p=302}}, {{harvnb|Egil Breivik|Håkon Jahr|1987|p=232}}.<br>For written mutual intelligibility; see {{harvnb|Sebba|2007|p=116}}, {{harvnb|Sebba|1997|p=161}}.<br>It is easier for Dutch-speakers to understand Afrikaans than the converse; see {{harvnb|Gooskens|2007|p=454}}.|group="n"}} With about 6 million native speakers in South Africa, or 13.3&nbsp;percent of the population, it is the third most spoken mother tongue in the country.<ref name="statssa-2001-language-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/Report-03-02-042001/html/Report-03-02-042001_18.html?gInitialPosX=10px&gInitialPosY=10px&gZoomValue=100|title=Census 2001 - Home language|publisher=[[Statistics South Africa]]|accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="statistics">{{cite web |ref=harv |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/RSAPrimary.pdf |year=2001 |title=Census 2001: Primary tables South Africa: Census 1996 and 2001 compared |work=Statistics South Africa |page=19 |publisher=[[Statistics South Africa]]}}</ref> It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the official [[languages of South Africa]], and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language.{{#tag:ref|It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the official languages of South Africa; see {{harvnb|Webb|2003|pp=7, 8}}, {{harvnb|Berdichevsky|2004|p=131}}. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see {{harvnb|Alant|2004|p=45}}.<br>It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}, {{harvnb|Kamwangamalu|2004|p=207}}, {{harvnb|Myers-Scotton|2006|p=389}}, {{harvnb|Simpson|2008|p=324}}, {{harvnb|Palmer|2001|p=141}}, {{harvnb|Webb|2002|p=74}}, {{harvnb|Herriman|Burnaby|1996|p=18}}, {{harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=7}}, {{harvnb|Brook Napier|2007|pp=69, 71}}.<br>An estimated 40&nbsp;percent have at least a basic level of communication; see {{harvnb|Webb|2003|p=7}} {{harvnb|McLean|McCormick|1996|p=333}}.|group="n"}} It is the majority language of the western half of South Africa—the provinces of the [[Northern Cape]] and [[Western Cape]]—and the primary language of the [[coloured]] and [[White South African|white communities]].<ref group="n">According to the [http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/RSAPrimary.pdf 2001 census], 79.5% of the so-called [[Coloured|coloured community]] used Afrikaans as home language, 59.1% of the [[White South African|white population]], 1.7% of the [[Asian South African|Indian population]] and 0.7% of the black population.<br />For the geographical distribution of Afrikaans; see also [[Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa]].</ref> In neighbouring [[Namibia]], Afrikaans is spoken in 11&nbsp;percent of households, mainly concentrated in the capital [[Windhoek]] and the southern regions of [[Hardap Region|Hardap]] and [[Karas Region|Karas]].{{#tag:ref|Afrikaans is spoken in 11&nbsp;percent of Namibian households; see {{harvnb|Namibian Population Census|2001}}. In the Hardap Region it is spoken in 44&nbsp;percent of households, in the Karas Region by 40&nbsp;percent of households, in the Khomas Region by 24&nbsp;percent of households; see [http://www.npc.gov.na/census/index.htm Census Indicators, 2001] and click through to "Regional indicators". |group="n"}} Widely spoken as a second language, it is a [[lingua franca]] of Namibia.{{#tag:ref|Some 85&nbsp;percent of Namibians can understand Afrikaans; see {{harvnb|Bromber|Smieja|2004|p=73}}. <br />There are 152,000 native speakers of Afrikaans in Namibia; see {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}. <br />Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see {{harvnb|Deumert|2004|p=1}}, {{harvnb|Adegbija|1994|p=26}}, {{harvnb|Batibo|2005|p=79}}, {{harvnb|Donaldson|1993|p=xiii}}, {{harvnb|Deumert|Vandenbussche|2003|p=16}}, {{harvnb|Baker|Prys Jones|1997|p=364}}, {{harvnb|Domínguez|López|1995|p=399}}, {{harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=8}}, {{harvnb|CIA|2010}}.|group="n"}} While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million.<ref name="speakers" group="n">What follows are estimations. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see {{harvnb|de Swaan|2001|p=216}}. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see {{harvnb|Machan|2009|p=174}}. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see {{harvnb|Alant|2004|p=45}}, {{harvnb|Proost|2006|p=402}}. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see {{harvnb|Réguer|2004|p=20}}. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see {{harvnb|Domínguez|López|1995|p=340}}. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans, of which a third are first-language speakers; see {{harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=7}}. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see {{harvnb|Stell|2008-11|p=1}}.</ref> ==Vowel sounds<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lass|1984|p=93}}</ref>== {| class="IPA wikitable" |- ! rowspan=2| ! colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]] ! rowspan=2|[[Central vowel|Central]] ! rowspan=2|[[Back vowel|Back]] |- !<small>plain</small> !<small>[[labialization|lab.]]</small> |- align=center ![[Close vowel|Close]] | i | yː | | u |- align=center ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] | ɛ, ɛː || œ || ə || ɔ, ɔː |- align=center ![[Open vowel|Open]] | | | ɐ || ɑː |} ==Orthography== There are many parallels to the [[Dutch orthography]] conventions and those used for Afrikaans. There are 26 letters. In Afrikaans, many consonants are dropped from the earlier Dutch spelling. For example, ''slechts'' ('only') in Dutch becomes ''slegs'' in Afrikaans. Part of this is because the spelling of Afrikaans words is considerably more phonemic than that of Dutch. For example, Afrikaans and some Dutch dialects make no distinction between {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}, having merged the latter into the former; while the word for "south" is written ‹{{lang|nl|zuid}}› in Dutch, it is spelled ‹{{lang|af|suid}}› in Afrikaans to represent this merger. Similarly, the Dutch digraph ‹[[IJ (digraph)|ij]]› is written as ‹y›, except where it replaces the Dutch [[affix|suffix]] ''–lijk'', as in ''{{lang|nl|waarschijnlijk}} > {{lang|af|waarskynlik}}''. Another difference is the indefinite article, ''{{lang|af|'n}}'' in Afrikaans and {{lang|nl|''een''}} in Dutch. 'A book' is ''{{lang|af|'n boek}}'' in Afrikaans, whereas it is either ''{{lang|nl|een boek}}'' or ''{{lang|nl|'n boek}}'' in Dutch. This ''{{lang|af|'n}}'' is usually pronounced as just a [[weak vowel]], {{IPA|[ə]}}. The [[diminutive]] suffix in Afrikaans is ‹-tjie›, whereas in Dutch it is ‹-tje›, hence a "bit" is {{Lang|af|''bie'''tjie'''''}} in Afrikaans and {{Lang|nl|''bee'''tje'''''}} in Dutch. The letters ‹c›, ‹q›, ‹x›, and ‹z› occur almost exclusively in borrowings from [[French language|French]], [[English language|English]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin language|Latin]]. This is usually because words that had ‹c› and ‹ch› in the original Dutch are spelled with ‹k› and ‹g›, respectively, in Afrikaans. Similarly original ‹qu› and ‹x› are spelt ‹kw› and ‹ks› respectively. For example ‹{{lang|af|ekwatoriaal}}› instead of ‹equatoriaal›, and ‹{{lang|af|ekskuus}}› instead of ‹excuus›. The vowels with diacritics in non-loanword Afrikaans are: ‹á, é, è, ê, ë, í, î, ï, ó, ô, ú, û, ý›. Diacritics are ignored when alphabetising, though they are still important, even when typing the diacritic forms may be difficult. ===Initial apostrophes=== A few short words in Afrikaans take initial apostrophes. In modern Afrikaans, these words are always written in lower case (except if the entire line is uppercase), and if they occur at the beginning of a sentence, the next word is capitalised. Three examples of such apostrophed words are ''{{lang|af|'k, 't, 'n}}''. The last (the indefinite article) is the only apostrophed word that is common in modern written Afrikaans, since the other examples are shortened versions of other words (''{{lang|af|ek}}'' and ''{{lang|af|het}}'' respectively) and are rarely found outside of a poetic context.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.101languages.net/afrikaans/grammar.html |title=Retrieved 12 April 2010 |publisher=101languages.net |date=2007-08-26 |accessdate=2010-09-22}}</ref> Here are a few examples: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Apostrophed Version!! Usual Version !! Translation !! Notes |- | 'n Man loop daar || || A man walks there || Standard Afrikaans pronounces "'n" as a [[schwa]] vowel. |- | 'k 't Dit gesê|| Ek het dit gesê || I said it ||Uncommon, more common: Ek't dit gesê |- | 't Jy dit geëet?|| Het jy dit geëet? || Did you eat it? || Extremely uncommon |} The apostrophe and the following letter are regarded as two separate characters, and are never written using a single glyph, although a single character variant of the indefinite article appears in Unicode, {{Unicode|ʼn}}. ===Table of characters=== For more on the pronunciation of the below letters, see ''[[Wikipedia:IPA for Dutch and Afrikaans]]''. {| class="wikitable" |+Afrikaans letters and pronunciation |- ! Grapheme !! IPA !! Examples |- | a || {{IPA|/ɐ/}} || ''appel'' ('apple') |- | aa || {{IPA|/ɑː/}} || ''aap'' ('ape') |- | aai || {{IPA|/ɑːi/}} || ''draai'' ('turn') |- | ai || {{IPA|/aj/}} || ''baie'' ('many', 'much' or 'very') |- | b || {{IPA|/b/}} || ''boom'' ('tree') |- | c || {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} || (found mainly in borrowed words; the former pronunciation occurs before 'e', 'i', or 'y'; featured in the plural form -ici, as in the plural of ''medikus'' (medic), ''medici'') |- | ch || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/x/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} || ''chirurg'' ('surgeon'; {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, typically 'sj' is used instead), ''chemie'' ('chemistry'; {{IPA|/x/}}), ''chitien'' ('chitin'; {{IPA|/k/}}). Found only in loanwords and proper names |- | d || {{IPA|/d/}}|| ''dae'' ('days') , ''dag'' ('day') |- | dj || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} || ''djati'' ('teak') (used to transcribe foreign words) |- | e || {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/iˑe/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}} || ''se'' (indicates possessive, for example 'Jan se boom', meaning 'John's tree') |- | ê || {{IPA|/ɛː/}} || ''sê'' ('say' or 'says') |- | ë || {{IPA|/i/}} || ''oë'' ('eyes') |- | ee || {{IPA|/eə/}} || ''weet'' ('know' or 'knows') , ''eet'' ('eat') , ''een'' ('one') |- | eeu || {{IPA|/iu/}} || ''sneeu'' ('snow') , ''eeu'' , ('century') |- | ei || {{IPA|/ɛi/}} || ''Mei'' ('May") |- | eu || {{IPA|/eø/}} || ''seun'' ('son' or 'lad') |- | f || {{IPA|/f/}} || ''fiets'' ('bicycle') |- | g || {{IPA|/x/}}|| ''goed'' ('good') , ''geel'' ('yellow') |- | gh || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} || ''gholf'' ('golf'). Used for {{IPA|/ɡ/}} when it is not an allophone of {{IPA|/x/}}; found only in borrowed words |- | h || {{IPA|/ɦ/}} || ''hael'' ('hail'), ''hond'' ('dog') |- | i || {{IPA|/i/}} || ''kind'' ('child') ''ink'' ('ink') |- | ie || {{IPA|/i/}} || ''iets'' ('something') |- | j || {{IPA|/j/}} || ''jonk'' ('young') |- | k || {{IPA|/k/}} || ''kat'' ('cat') , ''kan'' ('can' (verb) or 'jug') |- | l || {{IPA|/l/}} || ''lag'' ('laugh') |- | m || {{IPA|/m/}} || ''man'' ('man') |- | n || {{IPA|/n/}} || ''nael'' ('nail') |- | ng || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || ''sing'' ('sing') |- | o || {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || ''op'' ('on' or 'up') |- | ô || {{IPA|/ɔː/}} || ''môre'' ([[wikt:morrow|'morrow']]) |- | oe || {{IPA|/u/}} || ''boek'' ('book'), ''koel'' ('cool') |- | oei || {{IPA|/ui/}} || ''koei'' ('cow') |- | oi || {{IPA|/oj/}} || ''mooi'' ('pretty' or 'beautiful') - Sometimes spelled 'oy' in loanwords and surnames |- | oo || {{IPA|/oə/}} || ''oor'' ('ear' or 'over') |- | ooi || {{IPA|/ɔːi/}} || ''nooi'' (saying for little girl) |- | ou || {{IPA|/ɵu/}} || ''oupa'' ('grand(pa/father), ''koud'' ('cold') |- | p || {{IPA|/p/}} || ''pot'' ('pot'), ''pers'' ('purple') |- | q || {{IPA|/k/}} || (found only in foreign words with original spelling maintained; typically ‹k› is used instead) |- | r || {{IPA|/r/}} || ''rooi'' ('red') |- | s || {{IPA|/s/}} || ''ses'' ('six') , ''stem'' ([[wikt:steven|'steven']]) |- | sj || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} || ''sjaal'' ('shawl') |- | t || {{IPA|/t/}} || ''tafel'' ('table') |- | tj || {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}} || ''tjank'' ('whine like a dog' or 'to cry incessantly'). (The former pronunciation occurs at the beginning of a word and the latter in [[Diminutive#Afrikaans|‹-tjie›]]) |- | u || {{IPA|/œ/}} || ''kus'' ('coast') |- | û || {{IPA|/œː/}} || ''brûe'' ('bridges') |- | ui || {{IPA|/œj/}} || ''uit'' ('out') |- | uu || {{IPA|/y/}} || ''uur'' ('hour') |- | v || {{IPA|/f/}} || ''vis'' ('fish'), ''vir'' ('for') |- | w || {{IPA|/v/}} || ''water'' ('water') |- | x || {{IPA|/ks/}} || ''xifoïed'' ('xiphoid') |- | y || {{IPA|/ɛi/}} || ''byt'' ('bite') |- | z || {{IPA|/z/}} || ''Zoeloe'' ('Zulu'). Found only in onomatopoeia and loanwords |} ==History== The Afrikaans language originated mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm |title = Retrieved 12 April 2010 |publisher = Omniglot.com |accessdate = 2010-09-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/8437/Afrikaans-language |title = Retrieved 12 April 2010 |publisher = Britannica.com |accessdate = 2010-09-22 }}</ref> and developed in South Africa. The Afrikaans language was also known as the ''Kitchen Language'' (Kombuistaal) nearly sixty years ago.<ref>Alatis, Hamilton, Ai-Hui Tan (2002). ''Linguistics, language and the professions: education, journalism, law, medicine, and technology''. Washington, DC: University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-373-8.</ref> It is commonly said that Dutch and Afrikaans are [[mutually intelligible]]; however, this is often not true<ref>{{cite book |url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a907115517&db=all |title = The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages |accessdate = 2010-05-29 |first = Charlotte |last = Gooskens |publisher = [[Routledge]] |year = 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/afrikaans.html |title = Retrieved 12 April 2010 |publisher = Kwintessential.co.uk |accessdate = 2010-09-22 }}</ref> as Afrikaans tends to have inherited a lot of its vocabulary and language characteristics from other languages such as [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Bantu languages]] and [[Khoisan languages]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.worldlanguage.com/languages/afrikaans.htm |title = Retrieved 3 April 2010 |publisher = Worldlanguage.com |accessdate = 2010-09-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.omniglot.com/writing/afrikaans.htm |title = Afrikaans language, alphabet and pronunciation |publisher = Omniglot.com |accessdate = 2010-09-22 }}</ref> A large number of [[List of South African slang words|unique slang words]] are present in Afrikaans as well. Despite this, it is still possible for a Dutch speaker to reasonably understand an Afrikaans speaker, and ''vice versa''. It was considered a Dutch [[dialect]] in [[South Africa]] up until the late 19th century when it became recognised as a distinct language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keylanguages.com/new_english/afrikaans.html |title=Retrieved 12 April 2010 |publisher=Keylanguages.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-22}}</ref> A relative majority of the first settlers whose descendants today are the [[Afrikaner]]s were from the [[Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands|United Provinces]] (now [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]), though there were also many from [[Germany]], a considerable number from [[France]], and some from [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Scotland]], and various other countries. The workers and slaves who contributed to the development of Afrikaans were [[Asian people|Asians]] (especially [[Malay race|Malay]]s), [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]s, as well as the [[Khoi]], [[Bushmen]] and [[Bantu people|Bantu]] peoples who also lived in the area. [[Creole peoples|African creole]] people in the early 18th century — documented on the cases of Hendrik Bibault and patriarch [[Oude Ram Afrikaner|Oude Ram]] — were the first to call themselves ''Afrikaner'' (Africans). This is where Afrikaans got its name from.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web |title=Slavery in the Cape |publisher=Institute for the Study of Slavery and its Legacy – South Africa |url=http://slaveryinstitute.wordpress.com/slavery-in-the-cape/ |accessdate=8 July 2010}}</ref> Only much later in the second half of the 19th century did the [[Boer]]s adopt this attribution, too.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Orlams Afrikaners - the Creole Africans of the Garieb |publisher=Cape Slavery Heritage |url=http://cape-slavery-heritage.iblog.co.za/category/new-creole-identities/page/4/ |accessdate=8 July 2010}}</ref> The Khoi and mixed-race groups became collectively referred to as ''Coloureds''.<ref name="Slavery"/> ===Dialects=== Following early dialectical studies of Afrikaans, it was theorised that three main historical dialects probably existed after the [[Great Trek]] in the 1830s. These dialects are defined as the [[Afrikaans (Northern Cape dialect)|Northern Cape]], [[Afrikaans (Western Cape dialect)|Western Cape]] and [[Afrikaans (Eastern Cape dialect)|Eastern Cape]] dialects. Remnants of these dialects still remain in present-day Afrikaans although the standardising effect of Standard Afrikaans has contributed to a great levelling of differences in modern times.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} There is also a prison [[cant (language)|cant]] known as soebela, or sombela which is based on Afrikaans yet heavily influenced by [[Zulu language|Zulu]]. This language is used as a secret language in prison and is taught to initiates.<ref>Afrikaans 101 http://www.101languages.net/afrikaans/history.html Retrieved 24 April 2010</ref> ====Expatriate geolect==== Although mainly spoken in [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]], smaller Afrikaans-speaking populations live in [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Botswana]], [[Canada]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malawi]], [[New Zealand]], [[Swaziland]], the [[United States]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="ethnologue">{{Harvcoltxt|Lewis|2009}}</ref> Most, if not all, Afrikaans speaking people living outside of Africa are emigrants who have left South Africa or their descendants. Because of [[emigration]] and migrant labour, there are possibly over 100,000 Afrikaans speakers in the [[United Kingdom]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} ===Standardisation=== The linguist Paul Roberge suggests that the earliest 'truly Afrikaans' texts are [[doggerel|doggerel verse]] from 1795 and a dialogue transcribed by a Dutch traveller in 1825. Printed material among the Afrikaners at first used only standard European Dutch. By the mid-19th century, more and more were appearing in Afrikaans, which was very much still regarded as a set of regional dialects. In 1861, L.H. Meurant published his ''{{lang|af|Zamenspraak tusschen Klaas Waarzegger en Jan Twyfelaar}}'' ("Conversation between Claus Truthsayer and John Doubter"), which is considered by some to be the first authoritative Afrikaans text. [[Abu Bakr Effendi]] also compiled his [[Arabic Afrikaans]] [[Islamic]] instruction book between 1862 and 1869, although this was only published and printed in 1877. The first Afrikaans grammars and dictionaries were published in 1875 by the ''{{lang|af|[[Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaners]]}}'' ('Society for Real Afrikaners') in [[Cape Town]]. The [[First Boer War|First]] and [[Second Boer War|Second]] Boer Wars further strengthened the position of Afrikaans. The [[official language]]s of the [[Union of South Africa]] were English and Dutch until Afrikaans was subsumed under Dutch on 5 May 1925. The main Afrikaans dictionary is the [[Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT)]] (Dictionary of the Afrikaans Language), which is as yet incomplete owing to the scale of the project, but the one-volume dictionary in household use is the [[Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal]] (HAT). The official [[orthography]] of Afrikaans is the ''Afrikaanse Woordelys en Spelreëls'', compiled by [[Die Taalkommissie]]. ===The Afrikaans Bible=== {{Main|Bible translations (Afrikaans)}} A major landmark in the development of Afrikaans was the full translation of the [[Bible]] into the language. Prior to this most Cape Dutch-Afrikaans speakers had to rely on the Dutch [[Statenbijbel]]. The aforementioned [[Statenvertaling]] had its origins with the [[Synod of Dordrecht]] of 1618 and was thus in an [[Archaism|archaic]] form of Dutch. This rendered understanding difficult at best to Dutch and Cape Dutch speakers, moreover increasingly unintelligible to Afrikaans speakers. C. P. Hoogehout, [[:af:Arnoldus Pannevis|Arnoldus Pannevis]], and [[Stephanus Jacobus du Toit]] were the first [[Bible translations (Afrikaans)|Afrikaans Bible]] translators. Important landmarks in the translation of the Scriptures were in 1878 with C. P. Hoogehout's translation of the ''Evangelie volgens Markus'' ([[Gospel of Mark]], lit. Gospel according to Mark), however this translation was never published. The manuscript is to be found in the South African National Library, Cape Town. The first official Bible translation of the entire Bible into Afrikaans was in 1933 by [[Totius (poet)|J. D. du Toit]], E. E. van Rooyen, J. D. Kestell, H. C. M. Fourie, and [[BB Keet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enigstetroos.org/bybelstudie.htm |title=Bybelstudies |accessdate=2008-09-23 |last=Bogaards |first=Attie H. |language=af}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bybelgenootskap.co.za/afr/bybelgenootskap/jongste_nuus.asp |title=Afrikaanse Bybel vier 75 jaar |accessdate=2008-09-23 |date=2008-08-25 |publisher=Bybelgenootskap van Suid-Afrika |language=af |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080609161131/http://www.bybelgenootskap.co.za/afr/bybelgenootskap/jongste_nuus.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-06-09}}</ref> This monumental work established Afrikaans as ''{{lang|af|'n suiwer en oordentlike taal}}'', that is "a pure and proper language" for religious purposes, especially amongst the deeply [[Calvinist]] Afrikaans religious community that had hitherto been somewhat sceptical of a [[Bible translation]] out of the original Dutch language to which they were accustomed. In 1983 there was a fresh translation in order to mark the 50th anniversary of the original 1933 translation and provide much needed revision. The final editing of this edition was done by E. P. Groenewald, A. H. van Zyl, P. A. Verhoef, J. L. Helberg and W. Kempen. '''Afrikaans Version of the Lord's Prayer. {{lang|af|Onse Vader}}.'''<ref>[http://www.prayer.su/afrikaans/version/ Onse Vader : Afrikaans<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> <blockquote> '''Onse Vader wat in die hemele is,''' '''laat U naam geheilig word.''' '''Laat U koninkryk kom,''' '''laat U wil geskied,''' '''soos in die hemel net so ook op die aarde.''' '''Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood,''' '''en vergeef ook al ons sonde,''' '''soos ons ook ons skuldenaars vergewe.''' '''En lei ons nie in versoeking nie,''' '''maar verlos ons van die bose.''' '''Want aan U behoort die Koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid, tot in ewigheid.''' '''Amen.''' </blockquote> ==Grammar== {{Main|Afrikaans grammar}} In Afrikaans grammar, there is no distinction between the [[infinitive]] and present forms of verbs, with the exception of the verbs 'to be' and 'to have': {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! infinitive form ! present indicative form ! Dutch ! English ! German |- |wees || is || zijn ([[imperative mood|imperative]]: wees) || be || sein |- |hê || het || hebben || have || haben |} In addition, verbs do not [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugate]] differently depending on the subject. For example, {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Afrikaans || Dutch || English || German |- |ek is || ik ben || I am || ich bin |- |jy/u is || jij/u bent || you are (sing.) || du bist (informal sing.) |- |hy/sy/dit is || hij/zij/het is || he/she/it is || er/sie/es ist |- |ons is || wij zijn || we are || wir sind |- |julle is || jullie zijn || you are (plur.) || ihr seid (informal pl.) |- |hulle is || zij zijn || they are || Sie (formal sing. & pl.)/sie sind |} The [[preterite]] looks exactly like the present but is indicated by adverbs like ''toe'' (when), the exceptions being 'to be', 'to be able to', 'to have to', 'to want to', and the modal verb 'shall'. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Afrikaans || Dutch || English || German |- |ek was (present: is) || ik was || I was || ich war |- |ek kon (present: kan) || || I could || |- |ek moes (present: moet) || || I had to || |- |ek wou (present: wil) || || I wanted to || |- |ek sou (present: sal) || || I would || |} The perfect is sometimes preferred over the preterite in literature where the preterite would be used in Dutch or English, for example, in the case of the verb ''to drink'': {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Afrikaans || Dutch || English || German |- |ek het gedrink. || ik dronk. || I drank. || ich trank. |} In other respects, the perfect in Afrikaans follows Dutch and English. {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ffdead;" ! Afrikaans || Dutch || English || German |- |ek het gedrink || ik heb gedronken. || I have drunk. || ich habe getrunken. |} ==Afrikaans phrases== {{IPA notice}} Afrikaans is a very centralised language, meaning that most of the vowels are pronounced in a very centralised (i.e. very [[schwa]]-like) way. Although there are many different dialects and accents, the transcription should be fairly standard. {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:28%;"| Afrikaans ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] || [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[English language|English]] || [[German language|German]] |- |'''{{lang|af|Hallo! Hoe gaan dit?}}''' || {{IPA|[ɦaləu ɦu xaˑn dət]}} || Hallo! Hoe gaat het (met je/jou/u)? <br /><small>Also used: ''Hallo! Hoe is het?''</small> || Hello! How is it going? (Hello! How are you?) </small> || Hallo! Wie geht's? |- |'''{{lang|af|Baie goed, dankie.}}''' || {{IPA|[bajə xuˑt danki]}} || Heel goed, dank je. ||Very well, thank you. || Mir geht's gut, danke. |- |'''{{lang|af|Praat jy Afrikaans?}}''' || {{IPA|[prɑˑt jəi afrikɑ̃ˑs]}} || Spreek je Afrikaans? || Do you speak Afrikaans? || Sprichst du Afrikaans? |- |'''{{lang|af|Praat jy Engels?}}''' || {{IPA|[prɑˑt jəi ɛŋəls]}} || Spreek je Engels? || Do you speak English? || Sprichst du Englisch? |- |'''{{lang|af|Ja.}}''' || {{IPA|[jɑˑ]}} || Ja. || Yes. || Ja. |- |'''{{lang|af|Nee.}}''' || {{IPA|[neˑə]}} || Nee. || No. || Nein. |- |'''{{lang|af|'n Bietjie.}}''' || {{IPA|[ə biki]}} || Een beetje. || A bit. || Ein Bisschen. |- |'''{{lang|af|Wat is jou naam?}}''' || {{IPA|[vat əs jəu nɑˑm]}} || Hoe heet je? <br/> <small> Less common: ''Wat is jouw naam?''</small>|| What is your name? || Wie heißt du? <br /><small> ''Was ist dein Name?''</small> |- |'''{{lang|af|Die kinders praat Afrikaans.}}''' || {{IPA|[di kənərs prɑˑt afrikɑˑns]}} || De kinderen spreken Afrikaans. || The children speak Afrikaans. || Die Kinder sprechen Afrikaans. |- |'''{{lang|af|Ek is lief vir jou.}}'''<br /><small>Less common: ''Ek het jou lief''. </small>|| {{IPA|[æk əs lif vɯr jəʊ]}} || Ik hou van je/jou.<br /><small>Common in Flanders: ''Ik heb je/jou/u lief''.</small>|| I love you. || Ich liebe dich. <br /><small> Also: ''Ich habe dich lieb.''</small> |} Note: The word Afrikaans means [[African]] (in the general sense) in the [[Dutch language]]. Since ''Afrikaans'' means ''African'' in Dutch, 'Zuid-Afrikaans' is a more common word for it, but is considered wrong, because in Afrikaans/Zuid-Afrikaans the only right word is ''Afrikaans''. This problem also occurs in Afrikaans itself, resolved by using the words Afrika and Afrikaan to distinguish from Afrikaans(e) and Afrikaner respectively. Some Afrikaans sentences having the same meaning and written identically in English are: * '''My hand is in warm water.''' ({{IPA|[məi hɑnt əs ən varəm vɑˑtər]}}) * '''My pen is in my hand.''' ==Sample text in Afrikaans== [[Psalm 23]]. 1983 Translation: # Die Here is my Herder, ek kom niks kort nie. # Hy laat my in groen weivelde rus. Hy bring my by waters waar daar vrede is. # Hy gee my nuwe krag. Hy lei my op die regte paaie tot eer van Sy naam. # Selfs al gaan ek deur donker dieptes, sal ek nie bang wees nie, want U is by my. In U hande is ek veilig. Translation dependant: {{Lang:Af| # Die Here is my Herder, niks sal my ontbreek nie. # Hy laat my neerlê in groen weivelde; na waters waar rus is, lei Hy my heen. # Hy verkwik my siel; Hy lei my in die spore van geregtigheid, om sy Naam ontwil. # Al gaan ek ook in 'n dal van doodskaduwee, ek sal geen onheil vrees nie; want U is met my: u stok en u staf die vertroos my. # U berei die tafel voor my aangesig teenoor my teëstanders; U maak my hoof vet met olie; my beker loop oor. # Net goedheid en guns sal my volg al die dae van my lewe; en ek sal in die huis van die HERE bly in lengte van dae. }} # ''The Lord is my shepherd I shall not be in want.'' # ''He makes me lie down in green pastures, he leads me beside quiet waters.'' # ''He restores my soul. He guides me in paths of righteousness for his name's sake.'' # ''Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil for you are with me; your rod and staff they comfort me.'' {| class="wikitable" |- ! Lord's prayer (Afrikaans New Living translation) |- | Ons Vader in die hemel, laat U Naam geheilig word. Laat U koningsheerskappy spoedig kom. Laat U wil hier op aarde uitgevoer word soos in die hemel. Gee ons die porsie brood wat ons vir vandag nodig het. En vergeef ons ons sondeskuld soos ons ook óns skuldenaars vergewe het. Bewaar ons sodat ons nie aan verleiding sal toegee nie; en bevry ons van die greep van die Bose. Want van U is die koninkryk, en die krag, en die heerlikheid, tot in ewigheid. Amen |} '''Original (Suiwer Afrikaans) Onse Vader:''' Onse Vader wat in die hemel is, laat U Naam geheilig word; laat U koninkryk kom; laat U wil geskied op die aarde, net soos in die hemel. Gee ons vandag ons daaglikse brood; en vergeef ons ons skulde soos ons ons skuldenaars vergewe en laat ons nie in die versoeking nie maar verlos ons van die Bose Want aan U behoort die koninkryk en die krag en die heerlikheid tot in ewigheid. Amen ==Sociolinguistics== [[File:South Africa Afrikaans speakers proportion map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks Afrikaans at home. {{Columns |col1= {{legend|#eff3ff|0–20%}} {{legend|#bdd7e7|20–40%}} {{legend|#6baed6|40–60%}} |col2= {{legend|#3182bd|60–80%}} {{legend|#08519C|80–100%}}}}]] [[File:South Africa Afrikaans speakers density map.svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of Afrikaans in South Africa: density of Afrikaans home-language speakers. {{Columns |col1= {{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}} {{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}} {{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}} {{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}} {{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}} |col2= {{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}} {{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}} {{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}} {{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}}}]] Afrikaans is the first language of over 80% of [[Coloured]] South Africans (3.5 million people) and approximately 60% of White South Africans (2.7 million). Around 200,000 black South Africans speak it as their first language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/CinBrief/CinBrief2001.pdf |title=South African Census |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> Large numbers of [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking and [[Anglo-African|English-speaking]] South Africans also speak it as their second language. Some state that the term '''''Afrikaanses''''' should be used as a term for all people who speak Afrikaans, without respect to ethnic origin, instead of "Afrikaners", which refers to an ethnic group, or "Afrikaanssprekendes" (lit. people that speak Afrikaans). Linguistic identity has not yet established that one term be favoured above another and all three are used in common parlance.<ref>[http://vryeafrikaan.co.za/lees.php?id=115 Die dilemma van ‘n gedeelde Afrikaanse identiteit: Kan wit en bruin mekaar vind?<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> [[File:Distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia.png|thumb|left|Geographical distribution of Afrikaans in Namibia.]] It is also widely spoken in Namibia, where it has had constitutional recognition as a national, but not official, language since independence in 1990. Prior to independence, Afrikaans had equal status with German as an official language. There is a much smaller number of Afrikaans speakers among Zimbabwe's white minority, as most have left the country since 1980. Afrikaans was also a medium of instruction for schools in [[Bophuthatswana]] [[Bantustan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Armoria patriæ - Republic of Bophuthatswana|url=http://www.geocities.com/haigariep/BopE.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kmVdolSf|archivedate=2009-10-25|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Many South Africans living and working in Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States and [[Kuwait]] are also Afrikaans-speaking. There are Afrikaans websites, among them, news sites such as [http://www.nuus24.com/ Nuus24.com] and [http://www.sake24.com/ Sake24], and radio broadcasts over the web, such as those from [[Radio Sonder Grense]] and [[Radio Pretoria]]. Afrikaans has been influential in the development of [[South African English]]. Many Afrikaans loanwords have found their way into South African English, such as '[[bakkie]]' ("pickup truck"), '[[braai]]' ("barbecue"), 'tekkies' (AE "sneakers"/BE "trainers"). A few words in standard English are derived from Afrikaans, such as '[[aardvark]]' (lit. "earth pig"), '[[trek]]' ("pioneering journey", in Afrikaans lit. "pull" but used also for "migrate"), "spoor" ("animal track"), "veld" ("Southern African grassland" in Afrikaans lit. "field"), "commando" from Afrikaans "kommando" meaning small fighting unit, "boomslang" ("tree snake") and [[apartheid]] ("segregation"; more accurately "apartness" or "the state or condition of being apart"). In 1976, high school students in [[Soweto]] began [[Soweto riots|a rebellion]] in response to the government's decision that Afrikaans be used as the language of instruction for half the subjects taught in non-White schools (with English continuing for the other half). Although English is the mother tongue of only 8.2% of the population, it is the language most widely understood, and the second language of a majority of South Africans.<ref>[http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/public_sector/govt_info_available_online_in_all_official_languages.html Govt info available online in all official languages - South Africa - The Good News<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> Afrikaans is more widely spoken than English in the Northern and Western Cape provinces, several hundred kilometers from Soweto. The Black community's opposition to Afrikaans and preference for continuing English instruction was underscored when the government rescinded the policy one month after the uprising: 96% of Black schools chose English (over Afrikaans or native languages) as the language of instruction.<ref>Black Linguistics: Language, Society and Politics in Africa and the Americas, by Sinfree Makoni, p. 120S.</ref> Under [[Constitution of South Africa|South Africa's Constitution]] of 1996, Afrikaans remains an official language, and has equal status to English and nine other languages. The new policy means that the use of Afrikaans is now, in effect, often reduced in favour of English, or to accommodate the other official languages. In 1996, for example, the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] reduced the amount of television airtime in Afrikaans, while [[South African Airways]] dropped its Afrikaans name ''{{lang|af|Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens}}'' from its [[livery]]. Similarly, South Africa's [[diplomatic mission]]s overseas now only display the name of the country in English and their host country's language, and not in Afrikaans. In spite of these moves, the language has remained strong, and Afrikaans newspapers and magazines continue to have large circulation figures. Indeed, the Afrikaans-language general-interest family magazine ''[[Huisgenoot]]'' has the largest readership of any magazine in the country.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In addition, a pay-TV channel in Afrikaans called [[KykNet]] was launched in 1999, and an Afrikaans music channel, [[MK (channel)|MK]], in 2005. A large number of Afrikaans books are still published every year, mainly by the publishers Human & Rousseau, Tafelberg Uitgewers, Struik, and Protea Boekhuis. Afrikaans has two monuments erected in its honour. The first was erected in [[Burgersdorp]], South Africa, in 1893, and the second, better-known [[Afrikaans Language Monument]] (''{{lang|af|Afrikaanse Taalmonument}}'') was built in [[Paarl]], South Africa, in 1975. When the British design magazine ''[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper<!--"Wallpaper" per WP:MOSTM-->]]'' described Afrikaans as "one of the world's ugliest languages" in its September 2005 article about the Monument, South African [[billionaire]] [[Johann Rupert]] (chairman of the [[Richemont|Richemont Group]]), responded by withdrawing advertising for brands such as [[Cartier SA|Cartier]], [[Van Cleef & Arpels]], [[Montblanc (pens)|Montblanc]] and [[Alfred Dunhill]] from the magazine.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=vn20051210111130476C571280 Afrikaans stars join row over 'ugly language']{{dead link|date=May 2011}} ''[[Cape Argus]]'', December 10, 2005.</ref> The author of the article, Bronwyn Davies, was an [[English South African|English-speaking South African]]. Modern Dutch and Afrikaans share 85-plus per cent of their vocabulary. Afrikaans speakers are able to learn Dutch within a comparatively short time. Native Dutch speakers pick up written Afrikaans even more quickly, due to its simplified grammar, whereas understanding spoken Afrikaans might need more effort. Afrikaans speakers can learn Dutch pronunciation with little training. This has enabled Dutch and Belgian companies to [[outsourcing|outsource]] their [[call centre]] operations to South Africa.<ref>[http://www.eprop.co.za/news/article.aspx?idArticle=4739 "SA holds its own in global call centre industry"], eProp Commercial Property News in South Africa.</ref> ==Future of Afrikaans== [[Post-apartheid South Africa]] has seen a loss of preferential treatment by the government for Afrikaans, in terms of education, social events, media (TV and Radio), and general status throughout the country, given that it now shares its place as official language with ten other languages. Nevertheless, Afrikaans remains more prevalent in the media - radio, newspapers and television<ref>Oranje FM, Radio Sonder Grense, Jacaranda FM, Radio Pretoria, Rapport, Beeld, Die Burger, Die Son, Afrikaans news is run everyday; the PRAAG website is a web-based news service. On pay channels it is provided as second language on all sports, Kyknet</ref> - than all the other official languages, except for English. More than 300 titles{{Clarify|date=April 2010}} in Afrikaans are published per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oulitnet.co.za/taaldebat/multilin.asp |title=Hannes van Zyl |publisher=Oulitnet.co.za |date= |accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> Through all the problems of depreciation and migration that Afrikaans faces today, the language still competes well, with Afrikaans [[DSTV]] channels (pay channels) and high newspaper and CD sales as well as popular internet sites. A resurgence in Afrikaans popular music (from the late 1990s) has added new momentum to the language especially among the younger generations in South Africa. The latest contribution to building the Afrikaans language is the availability of pre-school educational CDs and DVDs. These are also popular with large Afrikaans-speaking expatriate communities seeking to retain the language in family context. After years of inactivity, the Afrikaans language cinema is also starting to reactivate. With the 2007 film ''Ouma se slim kind'', the first full length Afrikaans movie since [[Paljas]] from 1998, a new era for Afrikaans cinema started. Several short-films have been created and more feature-length movies such as ''Poena is Koning'' and ''Bakgat'', both from 2008, have been produced. Afrikaans also seems to be returning to the [[SABC]]. SABC3 stated in the beginning of 2009 that it will increase Afrikaans programming because of the needs of the "growing Afrikaans-language market and their need for working capital as Afrikaans advertising is the only advertising that sells in the current South African television market". In April 2009, SABC3 started showing several Afrikaans-language programmes.<ref>[http://www.screenafrica.com/news/industry/997616.htm SABC3 “tests” Afrikaans programming], ''Screen Africa'', April 15, 2009</ref> Further latent support for the language is the de-politicised view of younger-generation South Africans: it is less and less viewed as "the language of the oppressor".{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} ==See also== * [[Aardklop]] Arts Festival * [[Arabic Afrikaans]] * [[Languages of South Africa]] * [[List of Afrikaans language poets]] * [[List of English words of Afrikaans origin]] * [[Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa]] * [[South African Translators' Institute]] * [[Differences between Afrikaans and Dutch]] * [[Afrikaans literature]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|2|group="n"}} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.be/books?id=Ghqf-m6ILIgC |title=Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Sociolinguistic Overview |accessdate=2008-11-10 |first=Efurosibina E. |last=Adegbija |publisher=Multilingual Matters |year=1994 }} * {{Citation |ref=harv |language=French |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=NKjBVF8krYIC |title=Parlons Afrikaans |accessdate=2010-06-03 |first=Jaco |last=Alant |publisher=Éditions L'Harmattan |year=2004}} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC |title=Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education |accessdate=2010-05-19 |first1=Colin |last1=Baker |first2=Sylvia |last2=Prys Jones |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd. |year=1997}} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_q14xoaXj1UC |title=Nations, language, and citizenship |first=Norman |last=Berdichevsky |year=2004 |publisher=Norman Berdichevsky |accessdate=2010-05-31}} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yoZ_fU_B0KgC |title=Language decline and death in Africa: causes, consequences, and challenges |first=Herman |last=Batibo |work=Oxford Linguistics |year=2005 |publisher=Multilingual Matters Ltd |accessdate=2010-05-24}} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LT6E6YdAh-MC&dq |title=The Phonology of Dutch. |first=Geert |last=Booij |work=Oxford Linguistics |year=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |accessdate=2010-05-24}} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://cs.engr.uky.edu/~gstump/periphrasispapers/Progressive.pdf |title=Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch. |first=Geert |last=Booij |work=Paradigms and Periphrasis |year=2003 |publisher=[[University of Kentucky]] |accessdate=2010-05-19}} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GeUUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dutch Language: A Survey |accessdate=2008-08-23 |first=Pierre |last1=Brachin |first2=Paul |last2=Vincent |publisher=Brill Archive |accessdate=2008-11-03 |year=1985 }} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lxjtToDh_g4C |title=Globalisation and African languages: risks and benefits |accessdate=2010-05-28 |first1=Katrin |last1=Bromber |first2=Birgit |last2=Smieja |work=Trends in Linguistics |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2004 }} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=AYfRwLd8LCEC |title=Language of the land: policy, politics, identity |contribution=Languages, language learning, and nationalism in South Africa |accessdate=2010-05-19 |first=Diane |last=Brook Napier |editor1-first=Katherine |editor1-last=Schuster |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Witkosky |work=Studies in the history of education |publisher=Information Age Publishing |year=2007}} * {{Citation |ref=harv |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=3fSsa7DPlNQC |title=The final stages of deflection - The case of Afrikaans "het" |work=Historical Linguistics 2005 |accessdate=2010-05-29 |first=C. 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T. |year=2002 |chapter=Afrikaans – considering origins |title=Language in South Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |isbn=0-521-53383-X }}. ==External links== {{InterWiki|code=af}} {{Wikibooks|Afrikaans}} * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=afr The Ethnologue: Afrikaans] * [http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/ger/afr/index.htm Wordgumbo: Afrikaans] * [http://www.roepstem.net/engels.html An introduction to Afrikaans] * [http://www.openlanguages.net/afrikaans Learn Afrikaans Online] * [http://www.fak.org.za/ Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge (FAK)] – Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Associations * [http://www.atkv.org.za/ Afrikaanse Taal- en Kultuurvereniging (ATKV)] – Afrikaans Language and Cultural Association * [http://nederlandsvirafrikaanses.weebly.com/ Nederlands vir (Afrikaanse) dommies] 'n Webblad vir Afrikaanssprekendes wat wil Nederlands leer {{Germanic languages}} {{Languages of Namibia}} {{Languages of South Africa}} {{African Union languages}} [[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]] [[Category:Dutch-based pidgins and creoles]] [[Category:Afrikaans| ]] [[Category:Languages of Namibia]] [[Category:Languages of South Africa]] [[Category:Low Franconian languages]] {{Link GA|de}} {{Link GA|ru}} {{Link FA|af}} [[af:Afrikaans]] [[ang:Affricanisc sprǣc]] [[ar:لغة أفريقانية]] [[an:Afrikaans]] [[arc:ܠܫܢܐ ܐܦܪܝܩܐܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Afrikaans]] [[az:Afrikaans]] [[bn:আফ্রিকান্স ভাষা]] [[be:Афрыкаанс]] [[be-x-old:Афрыкаанс]] [[bar:Afrikaans]] [[br:Afrikaneg]] [[bg:Африканс]] [[ca:Afrikaans]] [[cv:Африкаанс]] [[cs:Afrikánština]] [[cy:Afrikaans]] [[da:Afrikaans]] [[de:Afrikaans]] [[et:Afrikaani keel]] [[el:Αφρικάανς γλώσσα]] [[eml:Afrikaans]] [[es:Afrikáans]] [[eo:Afrikansa lingvo]] [[eu:Afrikaans]] [[fa:زبان آفریکانس]] [[hif:Afrikaans bhasa]] [[fo:Afrikaans mál]] [[fr:Afrikaans]] [[fy:Afrikaansk]] [[ga:An Afracáinis]] [[gd:Afrikaans]] [[gl:Lingua africáner]] [[ko:아프리칸스어]] [[hy:Աֆրիկանս]] [[hi:अफ्रीकांस भाषा]] [[hr:Afrikaans]] [[id:Bahasa Afrikaans]] [[xh:IsiBhulu]] [[zu:IsiBhunu]] [[is:Afríkanska]] [[it:Lingua afrikaans]] [[he:אפריקאנס]] [[krc:Африкаанс тил]] [[ka:აფრიკაანსი]] [[kw:Afrikaans]] [[rw:Ikinyafurikansi]] [[sw:Kiafrikaans]] [[lad:Lingua afrikaans]] [[la:Lingua Africana]] [[lv:Afrikandu valoda]] [[lt:Afrikanų kalba]] [[lij:Lèngoa afrikaans]] [[li:Afrikaans]] [[hu:Afrikaans nyelv]] [[mk:Африкаанс]] [[mg:Fiteny afrikaans]] [[mr:आफ्रिकान्स भाषा]] [[arz:لغه افريكانس]] [[ms:Bahasa Afrikaans]] [[nah:Afrikaantlahtōlli]] [[nl:Afrikaans]] [[nds-nl:Afrikaans]] [[ja:アフリカーンス語]] [[no:Afrikaans]] [[nn:Afrikaans]] [[nov:Afrikansum]] [[oc:Afrikaans]] [[pnb:افریقان]] [[pap:Afrikaans]] [[nds:Afrikaans]] [[pl:Język afrikaans]] [[pt:Língua africâner]] [[ro:Limba afrikaans]] [[qu:Afrikans simi]] [[ru:Африкаанс]] [[se:Afrikánsagiella]] [[sco:Afrikaans leid]] [[stq:Afrikoansk]] [[sq:Gjuha afrikane]] [[scn:Afrikaans]] [[simple:Afrikaans]] [[sk:Afrikánčina]] [[sl:Afrikanščina]] [[szl:Godka afrikaans]] [[sr:Африканс]] [[sh:Afrikaans]] [[fi:Afrikaans]] [[sv:Afrikaans]] [[ta:ஆபிரிக்கான மொழி]] [[tt:Африкаанс]] [[th:ภาษาแอฟริคานส์]] [[tr:Afrikaanca]] [[uk:Африкаанс]] [[ug:ئاڧرىقانچە]] [[vec:Afrikaans]] [[vi:Afrikaans]] [[yo:Èdè Áfríkáánì]] [[zea:Afrikaons]] [[bat-smg:Afrėkanu kalba]] [[zh:南非語]]'