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'Network science is a new and emerging scientific discipline that examines the interconnections among diverse physical, informational, biological, cognitive, and social networks. This field of science seeks to discover common principles, algorithms and tools that govern network behavior. The National Research Council defines Network Science as "the study of network representations of physical, biological, and social phenomena leading to predictive models of these phenomena." == Overview == Society depends on a diversity of complex networks for its very existence. In the physical sphere, these include air trans i love giraffes!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! portation, highways, railroads, global shipping, power grids, water distribution, global finance, telephone systems, and the internet. In the biological arena, they include genetic expression networks, metabolic networks, human bodies, ant colonies, herds, food webs, river basins, and the global ecological web of Earth itself. In the social domain, they include governments; businesses; families; social, religious, and cultural groups; formal and informal military organizations; and insurgent and terrorist networks. The key to understanding and advancing Network Science is the recognition of the interplay between, and integration among, these networks. They can also be categorized as: information networks, social/cognitive networks, and communication networks. The United States Army has embarked on an extraordinary process of change called Transformation. This change is based on the development of a Future Force that is smaller, lighter, faster, more lethal, and smarter than its predecessor. The backbone of this force is a dynamic network that links together Soldiers i love joe jonas!!!!!!!!!!!! and air and ground platforms with highly distributed sensor systems to provide information for decisionmaking and the execution of fast distributed precision fires in real time and while “on-the-move”. This military capability, called Network-Centric Operations, will integrate command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities to an unprecedented degree. The U.S. military became interested in network-centric warfare as an operational concept based on network science in 1996. To begin addressing these highly complex network issues, [[John A. Parmentola]], the U.S. Army Director for Research and Laboratory Management, proposed to the Army’s Board on Science and Technology (BAST) on December 1st, 2003 that Network Science become a new Army research area. The BAST, the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences for the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, serves as a convening authority for the discussion of science and technology issues of importance to the Army and oversees independent Army-related studies conducted by the National Academies. The BAST conducted a study to find out whether identifying and funding a new field of investigation in basic research, Network Science, could help close the gap between what is needed to realize Network-Centric Operations and the current primitive state of fundamental knowledge of networks. As a result, the BAST issued the NRC study in 2005 titled Network Science (referenced above) that defined a new field of basic research in Network Science for the Army. Based on the findings and recommendations of that study and the subsequent 2007 NRC report titled Strategy for an Army Center for Network Science, Technology, and Experimentation, Army basic research resources were redirected to initiate a new basic research program in Network Science. To build a new theoretical foundation for complex networks, some of the key Network Science research efforts now ongoing in Army laboratories address: • Mathematical models of network behavior to predict performance with network size, complexity, and environment • Optimized human performance required for network-enabled warfare • Networking within ecosystems and at the molecular level in cells. == Department of Defense Initiatives == As initiated in 2004 by [[Frederick I. Moxley]] with support provided by [[David S. Alberts]], the Department of Defense helped to establish the first Network Science Center in conjunction with the U.S. Army at the United States Military Academy. Subsequently, the U.S. Department of Defense has funded numerous research projects in the area of Network Science. Whats more in 2006, the U.S. Army and the United Kingdom (UK) formed the Network and Information Science [[International Technology Alliance]], a collaborative partnership among the Army Research Laboratory, UK Ministry of Defense and a consortium of industries and universities in the U.S. and UK. The goal of the alliance is to perform basic research in support of Network- Centric Operations across the needs of both nations. In addition, the Army is in the process of establishing a Network Science and Technology Research Center (NSTRC). The NSTRC will conduct research across the technical areas of information networks, social/cognitive networks, communication networks, and integration research and experiments which will bring the three other technical areas together as a single entity. The NSTRC will conduct these activities in partnership with other Department of Defense and government agencies, industry and academia to find solutions to the hard problems associated with developing adaptable and scalable mobile ad-hoc networks for the Army. == Background and history == The study of networks has emerged in diverse disciplines as a means of analyzing complex relational data. The earliest known paper in this field is the famous [[Seven Bridges of Königsberg]] written by [[Leonhard Euler]] in 1736. Euler's mathematical description of vertices and edges was the foundation of [[graph theory]], a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of pairwise relations in a network structure. The field of [[graph theory]] continued to develop and found applications in chemistry (Sylvester, 1878). In the 1930s [[Jacob Moreno]], a psychologist in the Gestalt tradition, arrived in the United States. He developed the sociogram and presented it to the public in April 1933 at a convention of medical scholars. Moreno claimed that "before the advent of sociometry no one knew what the interpersonal structure of a group 'precisely' looked like (Moreno, 1953). The sociogram was a representation of the social structure of a group of elementary school students. The boys were friends of boys and the girls were friends of girls with the exception of one boy who said he liked a single girl. The feeling was not reciprocated. This network representation of social structure was found so intriguing that it was printed in the [[The New York Times]](April 3, 1933, page 17). The sociogram has found many applications and has grown into the field of [[social network analysis]]. Probabilistic theory in network science developed as an off-shoot of [[graph theory]] with [[Paul Erdős]] and [[Alfréd Rényi]]'s eight famous papers on [[random graphs]]. For [[social networks]] the [[exponential random graph model]] or p* graph is a notational framework used to represent the probability space of a tie occurring in a [[social network]]. An alternate approach to network probability structures is the [[network probability matrix]], which models the probability of edges occurring in a network, based on the historic presence or absence of the edge in a sample of networks. In the 1998, David Krackhardt and [[Kathleen Carley]] introduced the idea of a meta-network with the PCANS Model. They suggest that "all organizations are structured along these three domains, Individuals, Tasks, and Resources. Their paper introduced the concept that networks occur across multiple domains and that they are interrelated. This field has grown into another sub-discipline of network science called [[dynamic network analysis]]. More recently other network science efforts have focused on mathematically describing different network topologies. Duncan Watts reconciled empirical data on networks with mathematical representation, describing the [[small-world network]]. [[Albert-László Barabási]] and Reka Albert developed the [[scale-free network]] which is a loosely defined network topology that contains hub vertices with many connections, that grow in a way to maintain a constant ratio in the number of the connections versus all other nodes. Although many networks, such as the internet, appear to maintain this aspect, other networks have long tailed distributions of nodes that only approximate scale free ratios. Today, network science is an exciting and growing field. Scientists from many diverse fields are working together. Network science holds the promise of increasing collaboration across disciplines, by sharing data, algorithms, and software tools. ==References== * "Network Science," http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11516 * "Connected: The Power of Six Degrees," http://ivl.slis.indiana.edu/km/movies/2008-talas-connected.mov == Further reading== * "Understanding Network Science," http://www.zangani.com/blog/2007-1030-networkingscience * ''Linked: The New Science of Networks'', A.-L. Barabási (Perseus Publishing, Cambridge (2002). * ''[http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11516 Network Science]'', Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications, National Research Council. 2005. The National Academies Press (2005)ISBN 0-309-10026-7 * ''Network Science Bulletin'', USMA (2007) ISBN 978-1-934808-00-9 * ''The Structure and Dynamics of Networks'' Mark Newman, Albert-László Barabási, & Duncan J. Watts (The Princeton Press, 2006) ISBN 0-691-11357-2 ==See also== * [[Network theory]] * [[Complex network]] * [[Collaborative innovation network]] * [[Dynamic network analysis|Dynamic Network Analysis]] * [[Higher category theory]] * [[Polytely]] * [[Systems Theory]] * [[Irregular Warfare]] == External links== * http://www.netscience.usma.edu/NSW/Papers/Network_Science_Report_Vol1No1.pdf * http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8114.html * http://www.cra.org/ccc/NSE.ppt.pdf * http://www.ifr.ac.uk/netsci08/ * http://www.netsci09.net/ * [http://cns.slis.indiana.edu/cyber.html Cyberinfrastructure] * [http://gephi.org/2008/how-kevin-bacon-cured-cancer/ How Kevin Bacon cured cancer] [[Category:Cybernetics]] [[Category:Networks]] [[fr:Science des réseaux]]'