Examine individual changes

'{{Copy edit|date=August 2011}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2011}} {{Infobox | above = Klondike Gold Rush | image = [[File:Klondike Routes Map.png|border|300px|alt=Route to the Klondike]] | caption = Map of routes to the Klondike | header1 = Klondike basically | label1 = | data1 = | header2 = | label2 = Other names | data2 = [[Alaska Gold Rush]], [[Yukon Gold Rush]] | header3 = | label3 = Center | data3 = [[Dawson City]], [[Klondike River]], [[Yukon]] | header4 = | label4 = Time | data4 = 1896–1899 | header5 = Notable names and places | label5 = | data5 = | header6 = | label6 = Towns | data6 = Dawson, [[Dyea]], [[Skagway]] | header7 = | label7 = Trails | data7 = [[Chilkoot]], [[White Pass]] | header8 = | label8 = Persons | data8 = [[Jack London]] (author), [[Kate Rockwell]] (dancer) | header9 = | label9 = | data9 = | header10 = | label10 = | data10 = }} The '''Klondike Gold Rush''', sometimes referred to as the '''Yukon gold rush''', was a gold rush that drew people from all over the world to the Klondike River near [[Dawson City]], [[Yukon]], Canada after gold was discovered there in 1896. The gold rush lasted only a few years, essentially ending in 1899. Spurred on by newspaper campaigns, at its height in late 1897 to mid 1898, about one hundred thousand people, mostly novices to prospecting, headed for the Klondike. Of the many, who set out, only a fraction got rich. Ironically, it is estimated that the money spent getting there exceeded the value of gold found during the rush. The fact that gold was found in Canada may lead to confusion since the Klondike Gold Rush is often called the '''Alaska Gold Rush'''. This is so because the gold field belonged to the Alaskan peninsula and that a majority of the prospectors disembarked at Alaskan ports. The biggest gold rush with center in Alaska was the [[Nome gold rush]] (1899–1909) for which many Klondikers left. Yet another name sometimes given to the Klondike is the '''Last Great Gold Rush'''. The name is a reference to the big gold rushes of the 19s century like the [[California Gold Rush]], (1848–1852) and the [[Victorian gold rush|Australian Gold Rush]] (1851–1869), among the biggest of all time. Apart from being the last great rush, the Klondike is mostly remembered for the hardship endured by the would-be prospectors, immortalized by pictures of their ascending of the [[Chilkoot Pass]] and by books like ''[[The Call of the Wild]]'' or films like ''[[The Gold Rush]]''. Since the rush, the Klondike area has continued to be mined, with pauses depending on fluctuations in the gold price. Big scale mining has been used, but even today there are small family-run gold [[Placer mining|placer mines]], with an annual production of approximately 100,000 [[Troy ounce|oz]].<ref name="yukonemr" /> In total, about 12,500,000 oz of gold have been taken from the area over the years. The Klondike rush didn't lead to an increase in population in the same way as the California and Australian gold rushes, but has meant an influx of tourists in towns and locations connected to it. Some places, like Skagway, receive even more people now than they did during the rush. ==Before discovery== The size and fame of the Klondike gold rush could led to believe that this was the first time gold or any other precious metal was discovered in Yukon or Alaska, however this was not so. Before Europeans came to Yukon the aboriginal people had mined copper to make arrowheads and to trade. Prospecting for gold in Yukon by white settlers began around 1850 at Fortymile River not far from Klondike.<ref name="yukonemr">{{cite web | url = http://www.emr.gov.yk.ca/mining/history.html | title = Yukon Energy, Mines and Resources | publisher = Emr.gov.yk.ca | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> At the same time, at the other end of the Alaskan peninsula, gold was found by the Russians.<ref name="goldrushstories" /> In southeast Alaska, which was later to become on the main route to Klondike, gold was discovered near Wrangell in 1861, Sitka 1871 and Juneau 1880. These towns boomed long before the great rush. In the latter year, the trail through the Chilkoot Pass, made famous by the rush, was opened by the Indians for prospectors. Seven years later, White Pass, another important pass, was discovered by white people.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.skagway.com/history.html | title = Skagway, Alaska | publisher = Skagway.com | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> The first rush near Klondike came on the before mentioned Fortymile River in 1886 on the Alaskan side of the border.<ref name="goldrushstories" /> Forty Mile City peaked with a population of 700. Prospectors from here were the first to arrive at Klondike when gold was discovered.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/fortymile.html | title = Yukon: Department of Tourism and Culture | publisher = Tc.gov.yk.ca | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> [[File:Discovery Claim Bonanza Creek.jpg|thumb|left|Discovery Claim on [[Bonanza Creek]] (2009.)]] ==Discovery== In August 1896, a party led by Keish ([[Skookum Jim Mason]]), a member of the [[Tagish]] [[First Nations]], headed north, down the [[Yukon River]] from the [[Carcross, Yukon|Carcross]] area, looking for his sister [[Kate Carmack|Kate]] and her husband [[George Carmack]]. The party consisted of Skookum Jim, his cousin, known as [[Dawson Charlie]] (or sometimes Tagish Charlie), and his nephew Patsy Henderson. After meeting up with George and Kate, who were fishing for salmon at the mouth of the Klondike River, they ran into [[Nova Scotia]]n Robert Henderson, who had been mining gold on the [[Atlas of the Klondike Gold Rush#Map of Kondike Gold Fields|Indian River, just south of the Klondike]]. On August 16,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/exhibits/klondike/ | title = University of Washington Special Collections&nbsp;— Klondike Gold Rush | accessdate = August 16, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/209_feature.html | title = History Detectives&nbsp;. Investigations&nbsp;. Feature&nbsp;— Klondike Gold Rush | accessdate = August 16, 2008 }}</ref> the Skookum party discovered rich [[Placer mining|placer]] gold deposits on [[Bonanza Creek]] (also called Rabbit Creek). It is not clear who made the actual discovery, with some accounts saying that it was Kate Carmack, while others credit Skookum Jim. George Carmack was officially credited for it because the actual claim was staked in his name. The group agreed to this because they felt that other miners would be reluctant to recognize a claim made by an Indian, given the strong racist attitudes of the time.<ref>Julie Cruikshank. ''Reading Voices. Oral and Written Interpretations of the Yukon's Past''. Vancouver & Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre, 1991, p. 124.</ref> The news spread to other mining camps in the Yukon River valley. The Bonanza, Eldorado, and Hunker Creeks were rapidly staked by miners and prospectors from the [[Fortymile River|Fortymile]] and [[Stewart River|Stewart]] Rivers, [[Atlas of the Klondike Gold Rush#Map of Discovery Area|only 50–100 miles from the Klondike]].{{sfn|Berton|2001|p=}}{{page needed|date=August 2011}} ==The stampede begins== [[File:Seattle-klondike-1897.jpg|thumb|Seattle, Aug. 1897. Steamship ready to leave for Klondike.]] ===Prospectors=== News reached the [[United States]] in July 1897 at the height of a significant series of financial recessions and bank failures in the 1890s. The American economy had been hard hit by the Panics of [[Panic of 1893|1893]] and [[Panic of 1896|1896]], which caused widespread unemployment. When the first successful prospectors returned to [[San Francisco]] and [[Seattle#Gold Rush, World War I, and the Great Depression|Seattle]] from Klondike on July 15 and 17, bringing with them large amounts of gold, they set off a stampede. Men from all walks of life headed for the Yukon from as far away as [[New York City|New York]], [[South Africa]],<ref name="scouting">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell | title = Scouting on Two Continents | publisher = Doubleday, Page & company | year = 1926 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=h7rie_q9FmoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Scouting%20on%20Two%20Continents.&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | oclc = 407686 | isbn = 9781417923182 }}</ref> the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>[[Micí Mac Gabhann]]&nbsp;– ''Hard Road to Klondike'' ISBN 1903464358 and other editions.</ref> and [[Australia]]. [[Frederick Russell Burnham|Frederick Burnham]], an American scout and explorer arrived from Africa, only to be called back to take part in the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name="HealthJuly1912">{{cite journal | last = Percival | first = C Gilbert | year = 1912 | month = July | title = North of 62 Degrees by Automobile :A Story of a Trip in Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon Territory and the Klondike ALASKA HAS A GREAT AREA AND RESOURCES. AGRICULTURE IN ALASKA | journal = Health | page = 150 | volume = 62 | issue = 7 }}</ref> A large proportion were professionals, such as teachers and doctors.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ubscure.com/Art/54927/226/The-Klondike-Gold-Rush.html | title = Ubscure | publisher = Ubscure | date = 2011-03-23 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> Not all of these, however, went as prospectors; some joined the stampede in order to supply them. William D. Wood, the mayor of [[Seattle]] for instance, heard the news of the gold rush when he was in [[San Francisco]] for a convention; he wired his resignation and formed the Seattle and Yukon Trading Company to transport prospectors.{{sfn|Berton|2001|p=}}{{page needed|date=August 2011}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=1169 | title = Wood, William D. (1858–1917) | last = Fiset | first = Louis | publisher = [[HistoryLink]] | date = May 30, 1999 | accessdate = July 14, 2011 }}</ref> In general, Seattle as a city prospected well from the gold rush. A world wide publicity campaign engineered largely by [[Erastus Brainerd]] helped establishing Seattle as a supply center and the main point for transportation to and from the gold fields.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/klse/hrs/hrs5b.htm Chapter 5: Interpreting the Klondike Gold Rush]{{dead link|date=August 2011 }}</ref> Guidebooks of a more or less serious nature were published in the same event. They gave advice about routes, equipment, mining and capital necessary for the whole enterprise.<ref name="chicagorec">{{cite book | title = Klondike: The Chicago Record's Book for Gold-Seekers | year = 1897 | publisher = | location = | isbn = | page = 94 | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/klondikechicagor00chic#page/94/mode/1up/search/capital }}</ref><ref name="historynet" /> As to the latter, it was later estimated that each prospector spent $1,200 on the trip,<ref name="unilibwash" /> about 3 year's worth of wages for a worker.<ref name="wages">{{cite web | url = http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2285.pdf | title = Real Wages in Manufacturing, 1890–1914 |format=PDF | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> In order to raise the money, some people mortgaged their homes or borrowed.<ref name="historynet" /> [[File:Miners climb Chilkoot.jpg|thumb|left|Prospectors ascend the Chilkoot Trail 1898. By the time a miner got his whole outfit to the far side of the pass, he might have walked the 40-mile trail 30 or 40 times in three months, carrying perhaps {{convert|100|lb}} at a time in stages.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web | url = http://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush.htm/ | title = Klondike Gold Rush | publisher = historynet.com | date = June 12, 2006 }}</ref> A single climb could take six hours. Going back down, they slid on the snow.<ref name="postalmuseum" />]] ===Routes=== {{See also|Atlas of the Klondike Gold Rush}} There were not enough ships to handle the stampede. In a single week, 2,800 people left from Seattle alone. Still poorer vessels were taken into service: [[Paddle steamer|paddlewheelers]], fishing boats, [[barge]]s and coal ships full of dust. All were overloaded and many sank.<ref name="historynet" /> To begin with, a ticket from Seattle to Dyea cost $40 for a cabin and $25 for lower deck. However, premiums of $100 were soon paid and the steamship companies hesitated to post their rates in advance, since they could go up every day.<ref name="chicagorec" /> Most of the hopeful prospectors landed at the Alaskan towns of [[Dyea, Alaska|Dyea]] and [[Skagway, Alaska|Skagway]], both located at the head of the [[Lynn Canal]]. From Dyea, they traveled the [[Chilkoot Trail]], crossed the [[Chilkoot Pass]] to reach Lake Lindemann at the head of Yukon River. From Skagway they followed a parallel trail through [[White Pass]] to Yukon River either at Lake Bennett or rarer Lake Tagish. The White Pass trail had been advertised as an all-wagon trail, and in the beginning, it looked so. However, at the summit, it narrowed and became slick. About 3,000 horses, most of poor quality to begin with, died from accidents, mistreatment, being overburdened or harsh weather, giving the trail its nickname Dead Horse Trail.<ref name="unilibwash" /> In camps at Lake Bennett and Lindemann, some {{convert|30|mi|km}} from where they landed, the prospectors built rafts and boats that would take them the final 500 miles (800&nbsp;km) down the Yukon to Dawson City. The first part of the river until [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]] was dangerous, with several rapids. As a result, the Northwest Mounted Police forbade people to continue until they had an experience pilot onboard.<ref name="postalmuseum">{{cite web | url = http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/gold/rapids.html | title = Running the Rapids | publisher = [[National Postal Museum]] }}</ref> [[File:Klondike camp Yukon head.jpg|thumb|Miners at a tent camp at [[Bennett Lake]], May 1898. After having traversed the Chilkoot or White Pass trails, they built boats and waited for the ice on the Yukon River to break up. This camp was just one of many along the trails.]] There were a few more trails from southeastern Alaska to the Yukon River. One was the Dalton trail, starting from Pyramid Harbor, close to Dyea, then it went across the [[Chilkat Pass]] some miles west of Chilkoot and turned north to the Yukon River. It was available for cattle and horses and went around the rapids; however prospectors had to walk all the way, a distance of about {{convert|350|mi}}.<ref name="postalmuseum" /> Another was the [[Atlas of the Klondike Gold Rush#Map of Stikine and Takou Routes|Takou route]] starting from Juneau and going northeast to Teslin Lake. From here it was down the river to the Yukon where it met the Dyea/Skagwag route at a point halfway to the Klondike.<ref name="chicagorec" /> The all-water route via [[St. Michael, Alaska#History|St. Michael]] and the Yukon River was the easiest, but also the most expensive.<ref name="journeysend" /> Further, due to ice, it could only be taken from June to September.<ref name="postalmuseum" /> The worst trail among those that had been promoted by the newspapers was the half Canadian, half southeast Alaska [[Atlas of the Klondike Gold Rush#Map of Stikine and Takou Routes|Stikine route]]. It could be taken from the southeast Alaskan port of Wrangell or as an all-Canadian route starting from Ashcroft in British Columbia. Before getting to Yukon and joining the pure southeast Alaska routes it would cross swamps, river gorges and mountains. Half the horses drowned in mud holes. Though poor, it had been advertised as the easy back door route. Of 7,000, who took this route, more than half turned back.<ref name="hougen" /> There were also some all-Canadian trails. However, they were all inferior to and less used than the routes through Alaska. One route led from Edmonton over the mountains to the Yukon River and Dawson. Of the approximately 2,000, who went out these trails, most gave up and turned back. A few persevered, but could take almost two years to reach their destination.<ref name="hougen" /> Maybe worse, however, were non-existent routes going from the Alaskan Gulf coast across mountains and glaciers. A route promoted as the all-American route went up the [[Copper River (Alaska)|Copper River]] and across the Valdez Glacier. 4,000 people were fooled into trying it. The best that came out of it were accounts of journeys made by those who survived.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.alaskagold.com/goldrush1898.html | title = Alaska Gold Travelers Guide | publisher = Alaskagold.com | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> One unfortunate party departed from [[Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska|Yakutat]] on the same coast and tried to cross some of the highest mountains and biggest glaciers in North America. None of them made it through. Only four out of nineteen survived.<ref name="yukonmedia">{{cite web | url = http://travelyukon.com/media/Discover%20Yukon/Fascinating%20Yukon%20Trivia/Sensational%20Tales%20of%20the%20Klondike%20Gold%20Rush#desparate | title = Yukon Media | publisher = Travelyukon.com | date = 2010-10-29 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> ===Border control=== [[File:ChilkootPass BoundaryLine.jpg|thumb|Border control at Chilkoot Pass summit, 1898. This wasn't the official border at that time, however, accidentally, it later became.]] On September 30, 1897, when the last steamship of the season had unloaded its cargo at Dawson, officials determined that there would not be enough food for everyone that winter. Canada's [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police#Klondike Gold Rush|North-West Mounted Police]] (NWMP, now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) found it necessary to move prospectors without supplies to [[Fort Yukon, Alaska|Fort Yukon]], Alaska. Further, the Canadian government required that new prospectors had to carry a year's supply of goods (about a ton, more than half of it food) over the passes to be allowed to enter Canada. At the top of the passes or end of the trails, prospectors encountered an NWMP post, where that regulation, as well as customs and duties, was enforced. Besides preventing shortages, it restricted the entry of guns and prevented the entry of criminal elements into Canadian territory. Presence of the mounted police also secured Canadian interests in the area, then still claimed by both Canada and the United States, as well as prevented a possible armed takeover of the goldfields as American territory.{{sfn|Berton|2001|p=}}{{page needed|date=August 2011}} The border at Dawson was never disputed, even though the majority of people there were Americans.<ref name="Farr-Canadian Encyclopedia" /> The border of southeastern Alaska would be revised later. Starvation did take human lives in the Klondike, despite all precautions. In the first few years after the discovery, over 2000 people died in the goldfields, most from starvation.<ref>{{cite web | last = Ralph | first = Chris | url = http://nevada-outback-gems.com/prospecting_info/Klondike_rush.htm | title = Nevada outback | publisher = Nevada-outback-gems.com | date = 2007-05-15 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> On the trails too, people suffered, some so desperately that they died from eating meat of dead horses at White Pass trail.<ref name="unilibwash" /> ==Life in the Klondike== [[File:Dyea Waterfront March 1898 (Maslan) 1.jpg|thumb|left|Dyea waterfront, 1898.]] ===The boom towns=== Many prospectors passed the two ports of Dyea and Skagway and some of them, realizing how difficult it would be to reach Dawson, chose to stay behind to supply goods and services to miners. Within weeks, stores, saloons, and offices lined the muddy streets of Skagway. By June 1898, with a population between 8,000 and 10,000, Skagway was the largest city in Alaska.<ref name="alaskatrekker">{{cite web | url = http://alaskatrekker.com/skagway.htm | title = Alaska Trekker | publisher = Alaska Trekker | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> At the same time, it was also lawless. Fights, prostitutes<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/klgo/parkmgmt/upload/Verbauwhede's-2.pdf | title = Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park |format=PDF | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> and liquor were ever present on its streets.<ref name="historynet" /> The most colorful resident of this period was [[Soapy Smith|Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith]]. He was a con man who gave money to widows and stopped lynchings, while at the same time operating a ring of thieves who swindled prospectors. Smith was killed in Skagway during a [[shootout on Juneau Wharf]] in July 1898.<ref name="hougen" /> Because there were no docking facilities at Dyea, ships unloaded cargo directly onto the beach, where people scrambled to get away their goods before high tide. Men were available for hire to help move crates and boxes off the beach. The going rate was $20 an hour at low tide, but the rate rose with the tide to $50.<ref name="postalmuseum" /> Due to the shallow harbor of Dyea some prospectors, who were going via Chilkoot, landed in Skagway and found other transport to Dyea. Thereby Skagway got the bigger influx of the two and Dyea never had more than 8,000 inhabitants during the rush.<ref name="postalmuseum" /> The port of St. Michael at the Yukon delta reached 10,000 people at most, compared to a modern population of less than 1,000.<ref name="alaskatrekker" /> The towns of Juneau and Wrangell, southeast of Skagway, also got their share of prospectors as mentioned earlier.<ref name="goldrushstories">{{cite web | url = http://www.library.state.ak.us/goldrush/stories/joejunea.htm | title = Gold rush stories | publisher = Library.state.ak.us | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> ===Dawson City=== [[File:Dawson-1899-st.jpg|thumb|Third Street, Dawson City, ca. 1899]] Before gold was discovered in the fall of 1896, [[Dawson City]] didn’t exist. Soon a tent camp went up at the junction of the Klondike and Yukon rivers. A year later the population was 5,000<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.klondike-gold.com/klondikegoldrush.htm | title = Klondike Gold | publisher = Klondike Gold | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> and by 1898 it had reached 30,000,<ref name="journeysend">{{cite web | url = http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/archives/klondike/en/journey.html | title = Journey's End | publisher = Yukon Department of Tourism and Culture | accessdate = June 8, 2011 }}</ref> making it the largest Canadian city west of [[Winnipeg]].<ref name="CBC">{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP11CH1PA1LE.html | title = Klondike Gold Rush | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | accessdate = June 8, 2011 }}</ref> To cope with the onslaught, the NWMP send a force of 200 men to Dawson in the summer of 1898.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fishingyukon.com/goldrush_timeline.html | title = The Klondike gold rush timeline | publisher = FishingYukon.com | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-28 }}</ref><ref name="RCMP">{{cite web | url = http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/hist/ori-deb/debuts10-eng.htm | title = Klondike Gold Rush | publisher = Royal Canadian Mounted Police official website | accessdate = June 8, 2011 }}</ref> The police kept Dawson a very law-abiding place. In 1898, there were no murders and only a few major thefts; in all, only about 150 arrests were made in the Yukon for serious offenses that year, over half for prostitution.{{sfn|Berton|2001|p=}}{{page needed|date=August 2011}} The [[blue law]]s were strictly enforced. Saloons and other establishments closed promptly at midnight on Saturday. Anyone caught working on Sunday was liable to be fined or set to chopping firewood for the NWMP. [[File:Klondike-dawson-dogs.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Dogs in the Klondike. A dog could pull as much as a man and much faster. Some were pets from outside; native dogs, however, were better. They had bred with wolves, but were kind and easily handled.<ref name="NYTimes1899-01-01" /> (Dawson, 1898. Dogs like these were the inspiration for ''[[#Culture|Call of the Wild]]''.)]] Prices were high in Dawson that year. A meal that cost 15 cents in Seattle was $2.50 in Dawson and much inferior. Five dollars usually bought a meal of beans, stewed apples, bread and coffee.<ref name="explorenorth" /> Supplies were so short that the police would not care to arrest people unless they had their own provisions.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://info.goldavenue.com/info_site/in_arts/in_civ/in_rush_canada.html | title = Gold avenue | publisher = Info.goldavenue.com | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> A common disease in Klondike, especially during the winter, was [[scurvy]], a consequence of lack of fresh food. It struck, among others, writer [[Jack London]]. It could be fatal, but was not in his case.<ref name="arcticwebsite">{{cite web | url = http://www.arcticwebsite.com/LondonJackKlond.html | title = Jack London's Klondike Adventure 1897–1898 | last = McSherry | first = Jack L., III | publisher = arcticwebsite.com | accessdate = August 10, 2011 }}</ref> [[File:Dawsonfire98.jpg|thumb|Dawson burned twice during the rush. This picture is from the first fire in 1898.]] With currency being in short supply too (and actually commanding a premium), most payments were made in gold dust. In places like saloons, there was enough spilled gold to make it worthwhile to extract it. Harry Ash, owner of the Northern Saloon, had a boy sift the sawdust on the floor; in two hours, he got $273 worth of gold.{{sfn|Berton|2001|p=84}} Two children obtained enough from the area under the front bar of the Monte Carlo Saloon to make $20 a day.{{sfn|Berton|2001|p=353}} [[Typhoid]], a normal consequence of many people crammed together under poor hygienic conditions, broke out in July and ran rampant throughout the summer. The town's two small hospitals were filled to capacity. In the spring of 1899, when the river ice was due to break up, government officials ordered the town's garbage piled out on the ice. At breakup, the Yukon River swallowed some of it and took the rest downstream.<ref name="explorenorth">{{cite web | url = http://explorenorth.com/yukon/dawson-history.html | title = The History of Dawson City, Yukon Territory | last = Spotswood | first = Ken | publisher = ExploretheYukon.com }}</ref> There was a great demand for news. In 1897, it was said that no news was too old to be read.<ref name="chicagorec" /> The next year, among others the ''Klondike Nugget'' was published. It covered both local and outside stories, the latter mostly obtained from newly arrived prospectors. It did not survive the rush.<ref name="hougen">{{cite web | url = http://www.hougengroup.com/yukonhistory/nuggets_year/2000s.aspx?nugget=1898 | title = Yukon Nuggets: 1898 | publisher = Hougen Group of Companies }}</ref> ==Postal service== [[File:Crowd Assembled at Dawson Post Office, Yukon 1899.jpg|thumb|Crowd outside the post office in Dawson, 1899.]] The U.S. Postal would bring mail as far as [[Chilkoot Trail#Sheep Camp|Sheep Camp]], a place 3 miles from Chilkoot Pass, during the gold rush. From there to Dawson, or camps along the way, mail had to be brought by freelance carriers. In a more improvised manner letters could be send along the trails by people who were going in the opposite direction. Letters were important to the prospectors and mail carriers were able to earn a small fortune for a single trip between Dawson and Skagway.<ref name="hougen" /> There were stories about carriers who would risk life and health to deliver the mail. On the other hand there were also stories about some who would use letters to set up a fire.<ref name="postalmuseum" /> People waited months for their mail, especially during winter. When the steamship or dog sled finally arrived, miners could stand in line for hours, sometimes days, at the post office. Those who were unable to leave their claims hired others to stand in line for them. Because of inadequate arrangements between U.S. and Canadian postal officials, bags of mail addressed to Klondikers could be seriously delayed especially for Dawson.<ref name="postalmuseum" /> In Dawson City the first post office was operated by the Northwest Mounted Police from a tent on Front Street. In 1897, Frank Harper was appointed the first post master; but the Mounties still staffed the office. During the summer, the Dawson post office was moved to a building on Front Street. However, on October 14, 1898 it burned during the first great Dawson fire. Instead a saloon was leased. In the late fall of 1898, the Federal Post Office Department agreed to take over the mail service from the Mounties. In January 1899, it was decided by the government to build a real post office. Building costs in Dawson City were astronomical compared with the rest of Canada, and further, skilled carpenters together with building materials had to be imported from outside. In November 1900 it was opened in two floors housing post office, as well as customs and telegraph services. The prominent building even had an elevator.<ref name="hougen" /> ==Notable persons== People came to Dawson or other boom towns to make their fortune. Some like American Jack London did not get rich during the rush, but later gained fame and fortune by help of the Klondike. London did make some money during the rush, not in Dawson however, but as a pilot for prospectors going down the rapids of the Yukon River.<ref name="historynet" /> British author [[Robert W. Service]] never really joined the rush, but happened to be in Whitehorse at the time; he wrote his popular poems about the Klondike well before he finally visited Dawson City in 1908.<ref>{{cite news | title = 1905 R.W. Service: Bard of the Yukon | newspaper = [[Whitehorse Star]] | date = September 11, 2008 | url = http://whitehorsestar.com/archive/print/25045/ Whitehorse Star }}</ref> [[File:Klondike kate rockwell portrait.jpg|thumb|left|upright|"Klondike Kate" Rockwell, 1900–01]] One of the more colorful persons who actually found gold was [[Swiftwater Bill Gates]], a gambler and ladies man. He lost $50,000 playing pool in Dawson and rarely went anywhere without wearing silk and diamonds. To spite a woman, who was fond of eggs, he bought all the eggs in Dawson, had them boiled and fed them to dogs. At the time, eggs were an expensive luxury at $2 apiece.<ref name="hougen" /> He later found gold elsewhere and was arrested for bigamy.<ref name="hougen" /> Eric A. Hegg, who took the iconic Chilkoot Pass picture, was a largely self-taught Swedish-American photographer. He went to Dawson in 1897 to take and sell pictures. He later left for Nome in 1900.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/yukon_photo/01francais/01bios/01hegg/01hegg-bio.html | title = Eric A. Hegg | publisher = Musée Virtuel Canada}} (in French)</ref> A business woman, Belinda Mulroney, was called Queen of the Klondike. She arrived in the Klondike in the spring of 1897 with $5,000 worth of cotton clothing and hot-water bottles, which she sold for $30,000. For the money she started to build hotels, cabins and roadhouses all very successful. She went on to run a mining company as the only woman in Yukon. Later, she married a fake French count and lived in style for several years. Unfortunately, he invested her money in a European steamship company just before World War I, which put an end to merchant shipping. Like so many other Klondikers she died poor.<ref name="historynet" /> Some ran or worked in various establishments, like [[Tex Rickard]], the later manager of Madison Square Gardens in New York, who ran a gaming hall,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fri15 | title = Rickard, George Lewis | publisher = [[Texas State Historical Association]] }}</ref> and Soapy Smith, the crime kingpin of the Alaskan coastal town of Skagway who operated out of Jeff Smith's Parlor which is currently being restored by the National Park Service.<ref>{{cite news | title = Restoration begins on Alaska’s first YMCA bldg., Jeff Smith’s Parlor | last = Emmets | first = Katie | newspaper = [[The Skagway News]] | date = July 23, 2010 | url = http://www.skagwaynews.com/072310NPSbuildingRestorationFeature.html }}</ref> [[Wyatt Earp]] never got to Dawson, but end up in Nome in 1899,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nomealaska.org/department/?fDD=12-0 | title = Discover Nome's Unique History | publisher = City of Nome, Alaska Carrie M. McLain Memorial Museum | accessdate = August 19, 2011 }}</ref> where he and his wife Josie ran the Dexter Saloon.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.visitnomealaska.com/PDF%27s/WYATT%20EARP.pdf | title = Wyatt Earp | publisher = Nome Convention and Visitors Bureau | accessdate = August 19, 2011 }}</ref> [[Kate Rockwell]], famous as "Klondike Kate", became a famous dancer in Dawson and remained popular in America until her death. Dawson City also was where [[Alexander Pantages]], her business partner and lover, started.{{sfn|Berton|2001|p=402–3}} He went on to become one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Another Wild West notable, [[Calamity Jane]], ran a boarding house in the Klondike.<ref name="hougen" /> ==Mining== [[File:Miners register claims.jpg|thumb|Miners wait to register their claim, Dawson 1898.]] The richest findings of gold were made on the Klondike creeks of Bonanza, Eldorado and Hunker with Eldorado as the richest of them all. Gold was also found in the hills above leading to [[open-pit mining]] in benches.<ref name="hougen" /> Under Canadian regulations miners first had to get a license. They could then stake a claim, which normally had to be registered within three days, and only one claim per person was allowed in a district. The right to mine the claim was free for a year, after that it cost $100 per year. Should they leave the claim for more than three days, someone else could take over. In contrast to the California Gold Rush of 1848–52, where the influx of prospectors led to a reduction in size of existing claims, Klondike claims were secure, with a maximum width of {{convert|500|ft}}. When government surveyor [[William Ogilvie (surveyor)|William Ogilvie]] was asked to conduct a survey to settle disputes, he found some claims exceeded that limit. The excess fractional claims, as small as a few inches wide, thus became available.<ref>In the [[Nome Gold Rush#Claim Jumping|Nome Gold Rush]] late-comers tried to claim ground already claimed by others, however this didn't happen in Klondike.</ref> Claims could be traded and claim owners would hire others to work for them.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sfu.ca/~allen/klondike.pdf | title = Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush | last = Allen | first = Douglas W. | publisher = [[Simon Fraser University]] }}</ref> In this way, enterprising miners such as [[Alex McDonald (prospector)|Alex McDonald]], the "King of the Klondike", could amass numerous claims. [[File:Klondike mining camp.jpg|thumb|left|[[Gold mining]] on Bonanza Creek, 1899.]] It took a great deal of work to extract the gold. Most of it was not at the surface, but rather {{convert|10|ft}} or more below. All digging had to be done during the summer, as in winter temperatures could reach {{convert|-60|°F}}.<ref name="QuestConnect">{{cite web | url = http://www.questconnect.org/ak_klondike.htm | title = Klondike Gold Rush, Yukon Territory 1897 | publisher = QuestConnect.org | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> Even then, to reach the gold, the miners first had to thaw the [[permafrost]] (the layer of permanently frozen ground) before they could dig. Then the dirt had to be sluiced to separate out the gold. In some places shafts were dug into the ground until the gold or "pay streak" was reached. A fire burning all night was used to soften the ground. This would then thaw to a depth of about 14&nbsp;inches and the gravel could be removed. The process was repeated until the gold was reached. No support of the shaft was necessary because of the permafrost. However, the fire could produce noxious gas which had to be removed by bellows or other tools.<ref name="chicagorec" /> Dawson wasn't the only community in the Klondike area. Along the creek were mining towns like Granville on Dominion Creek and Gand Forks on Bonanza. They were complete with hotels, stores, restaurants and schools. Grand Forks had in 1899 more than 3,000 residents, the last of whom left in the 20's before the ground was mined by machines.<ref name="hougen" /> From 1900–50, after the rush, most of the mining was done by [[Dredging|dredges]], floating machines that would dig up mud and recover gold from it.<ref name="QuestConnect" /> A total of about {{convert|12500000|ozt|kg lb|lk=in}} gold have been taken from the [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] area since its discovery.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emr.gov.yk.ca/mining/history.html | title = History of Mining in Yukon | accessdate = February 9, 2010 }}</ref> [[File:Klondike-nome-1899.jpg|thumb|People leaving Dawson for Nome, Sep. 1899]] ==The end== By the time the majority of the prospectors managed to get to Dawson City, they found most of the major mining claims already taken.<ref name=CBC/> Some returned after having made the whole journey others waited for a better opportunity.<ref name="yukonmedia" /> In winter 1898–99, news had reached Dawson about gold found in Nome at the other end of Yukon River, prompting hundreds to head out along the frozen river. Many more waited until the opening of navigation, and the first steamboats of 1899 left Dawson full of passengers.<ref name="explorenorth" /> The Klondike gold rush was over.<ref name="CBC" /> [[File:Whitepass-train-1899-2.jpg|thumb|left|In the late rush a railway was built through White Pass. It came too late to play a role. 1899<ref>A year later the railway was completed to Yukon River at Whitehorse.[http://www.fishingyukon.com/goldrush_timeline.html The Klondike gold rush timeline]</ref>]] Some 100,000 people went off to Klondike, but only 40,000 actually got there. The rest either returned or stayed along the way to supply the prospectors. Only about 4,000 got any gold, and even fewer became wealthy, many of whom gambled or drank it away. Tagish Charley sold his claim, spent the money lavishly, and died an alcoholic. Skookum Jim and George Carmack managed to keep their fortune.<ref name="historynet" /> It is estimated that the gold seekers had spent some $50 million reaching the Klondike, a sum about equal to the amount taken from the diggings in the 5 years following discovery.<ref name="Berton-Canadian Encyclopedia" /> It is also estimated that more fortunes were made by selling goods and services to the miners, than in the goldfields.<ref name="yukonmedia" /> The steamboat companies, equipment suppliers and gambling halls are already mentioned. Of other enterprising people who seized their opportunity were merchants in Seattle who named their products after Klondike like "Klondike Cigars".<ref name="unilibwash">{{cite web | url = http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/advert&CISOPTR=265&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 | title = Uni. Lib. Wash. Klondike Gold Rush | publisher = Content.lib.washington.edu | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> Several roadhouses were built along the trails many of them no more than big tents. At the ascent of the Chilkoot Pass men chopped 1500 steps into the hard snow and charged stampeders for using them. They were called The Golden Stairs.<ref name="historynet" /> In the same manner someone build a tramway around the rapids of Yukon for those who didn't dare going by boat and could afford the fee.<ref name="postalmuseum" /> A number of less serious products or services were also offered to prospectors like an X-ray gold detector or help from clairvoyants to point out gold lodes.<ref name="historynet" /> ==Legacy== [[File:TheGoldRush.jpg|thumb|[[Charlie Chaplin]] carving up a boot in ''[[The Gold Rush]]''. The scene is based on a true Yukon story, however not from the gold rush.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/BishopStringer/english/fullstory.html | title = Virtual Museum | publisher = VirtualMuseum.ca | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> (1925)]] The '''Klondike Gold Rush''' has a rich legacy in culture and tourism perhaps more than any other gold rush. ===Culture=== {{main|Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush}} The most notable cultural legacy of the Klondike gold rush is probably the writings of Jack London whose most read novel ''[[The Call of the Wild]]'' is about a [[#Dawson City|Klondike sledge dog]]. Famous is also ''[[The Gold Rush]]'' by [[Charlie Chaplin]], one of the best selling silent movies ever. Following is an alphabetic list of contributions to the cultural legacy of Klondike. [[File:Jack London`s cabin.JPG|thumb|left|Jack London's cabin, Dawson. (Aug. 2005)]] * '''Comics:''' The figure [[Scrooge McDuck]] (created c. 1950 by [[Carl Barks]]) started his fortune in Klondike. * '''Dances:''' ''The Klondyke march and two step'' (c. 1897, music by [[Oscar Telgmann]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca/m5-bin/Main/ItemDisplay?l=0&l_ef_l=-1&id=544315.1058422&v=1&lvl=1&coll=17&rt=1&itm=23831798&rsn=S_WWWbeaPPbvVu&all=1&dt=AW+%7CTelgmann%7C&spi=-&rp=1&vo=1 | title = ''Klondyke march and two step'' | publisher = Amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca | date = October 18, 2007 | accessdate = February 18, 2011 }}</ref> * '''Documentaries:''' ''[[City of Gold (1957 film)|City of Gold]]'' (1957, price winning and narrated by [[Pierre Berton]]) * '''Films:''' ''The Gold Rush'' (1925, created by Charlie Chaplin, silent farce set in Klondike,) ''By the Law'' (1926, Russian silent movie based on Jack London's ''The Unexpected'',) ''The Trail of '98'' (1928, silent epic,) ''[[Klondike Annie]]'' (1936, starring [[Mae West]]) and ''[[The Far Country]]'' (1955, starring [[James Stewart]], western set in Skagway and Dawson City.) (Please notice that the [[John Wayne]]-films ''[[The Spoilers (1942 film)|The Spoilers]]'' (1942) and ''[[North to Alaska]]'' (1960) are about the Nome gold rush.) * '''Games:''' [[The Yukon Trail]] created by [[MECC]] in 1994. [[Klondike (solitaire)|Klondike solitaire]], known as Solitaire on Windows based computers. * '''Literature:''' Writers of fiction connected to Klondike: Jack London: ''[[White Fang]]'', ''The Call of the Wild'', and ''[[To Build a Fire]]''. Folk-lyricist [[Robert W. Service]]: ''[[The Shooting of Dan McGrew]]'' and ''[[The Cremation of Sam McGee]]''. Nonfiction: Pierre Berton: ''The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896–1899'' (1958; Berton grew up in Dawson City where his father had been a prospector.) Canadian author [[Vicki Delany]] writes the Klondike Gold Rush series of mystery novels from Dundurn Press, which include '''Gold Digger''' (2009) and '''Gold Fever'''(2010) and '''Gold Mountain''' (May 2012) [[File:ChilkootTrailGoldenStairs.jpg|thumb|The Chilkoot Pass. (Route marked by red sticks. June 2004)]] * '''Radio and TV:''' ''[[Challenge of the Yukon]]'' (radio series) and ''[[Dudley Do-Right]]'' (TV comedy.) * '''Slang:''' Experienced miners were known as Sourdoughs, potential miners as Cheechakos.<ref name="merriamwebster">{{cite web | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary | title = Merriam-Webster online | publisher = Merriam-webster.com | date = August 13, 2010 | accessdate = February 18, 2011 }}</ref> * '''Songs:''' ''[[Saginaw, Michigan]]'' (1964, [[Lefty Frizzell]]) mentions Klondike. (Please notice the song ''[[North to Alaska (song)|North to Alaska]]'' by [[Johnny Horton]] is about the Nome gold rush.) [[File:Skagway aerial view.jpg|thumb|left|Skagway with cruise ships. Some ships can have more people than the city.<ref>[http://www.skagway.com/cruiseshipcalendar.html Skagways cruise calender] About 2000 people in the tourist season.</ref> (July 2009)]] ===Tourism and celebration=== [[Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park]] is commemorating the rush. The park was created on June 30, 1976 and consists of four units: three in the Municipality of Skagway Borough, Alaska and a fourth in the [[Pioneer Square, Seattle, Washington|Pioneer Square National Historic District]] in Seattle, Washington. The port of [[Skagway]] each year receives 900,000 cruise tourists,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.skagwaychamber.org/community.html | title = Skagway Chamber of Commers | publisher = Skagwaychamber.org | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> meaning the legacy of the rush gives a greater influx to the town than the rush itself did. As a contrast, [[Dyea]], Skagways neighbor, is now a ghost town. The railway built for prospectors through White Pass in the last year of the rush is now only used by tourists. It served 360,000 passengers during the 2010 season. The railroad is steep and has numerous cliffhanging bridges and turns.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wpyr.com/history/ | title = White Pass Yukon Route | publisher = Wpyr.com | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> Tourism also plays an important role in Dawson. Here, many buildings in the center of town reflect the style of the Klondike era.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=6253 | title = Canada's Historic Places | publisher = Historicplaces.ca | date = 1959-05-25 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> Whitehorse, the capital of Yukon, offers round trips between Whitehorse and Dawson City.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.yukonriveradventure.com | title = Yukon River Adventure | publisher = Yukon River Adventure | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> The Chilkoot Trail is a popular recreational trail among residents of Southeast Alaska and Yukon Territory and also attracts many tourists from abroad. To manage demand, and prevent overuse, access is restricted.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/klgo/planyourvisit/beforeyouhike.htm | title = National Park Service | publisher = Nps.gov | date = 2011-06-02 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> Hikers here can still visit some of the old camps from the gold rush like Sheep Camp, Canyon City and Camp Lake Lindemann.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/klgo/planyourvisit/images/BIGtrailmap.jpg | title = Map of Chilkoot tourist trail | date = | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }}</ref> As a gateway to Klondike, the gold rush was celebrated in the city of [[Edmonton]], with an annual summer fair.<ref>[http://www.klondiketrail.ca/chalmersprint.htm Chalmers Trail]{{dead link|date=August 2011 }}</ref> Discovery Day, August 16 is a holiday in Yukon commemorating the Klondike gold rush.<ref name="Kudelik-Canadian Encyclopedia" /> [[Mount London]], also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the [[Alaska]]-[[British Columbia]] boundary is named for Jack London.<ref>{{Cite bcgnis|id=21180 | title = London, Mount }}</ref> {{-}} ==References== {{reflist | colwidth =30em | refs = <ref name="NYTimes1899-01-01"> {{cite news | title = Dogs in the Klondike | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = January 1, 1899 | url = http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F10B12FE3C5C12738DDDA80894D9405B8985F0D3 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 }} </ref> <ref name="Farr-Canadian Encyclopedia"> {{cite web | last = Farr | first = D.M.L. | date = 1903-10-20 | title = Alaska Boundary Dispute | work = TheCanadianEncyclopedia.com | publisher = Canadian Encyclopedia | url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000107 | accessdate = 2011-08-28 }} </ref> <ref name="Berton-Canadian Encyclopedia"> {{cite web | last = Berton | first = Pierre | date = | title = Klondike Gold Rush | work = TheCanadianEncyclopedia.com | publisher = Canadian Encyclopedia | url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004349 | accessdate = 2011-08-28 }} </ref> <ref name="Kudelik-Canadian Encyclopedia"> {{cite web | last = Kudelik | first = Gail | date = | title = Discovery Day | work = TheCanadianEncyclopedia.com | publisher = Canadian Encyclopedia | url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0010623 | accessdate = 2011-08-28 }} </ref> }} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | last = Berton | first = Pierre | authorlink = Pierre Berton | year = 2001 | title = Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush 1896–1899 | publisher = Anchor Canada | isbn = 0385658443 | url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=-_TLniSbUJsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Mole | first = Rich | coauthor = | year = 2009 | title = Gold Fever: Incredible Tales of the Klondike Gold Rush | url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=XQrw2BOWuKoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | publisher = Heritage House | isbn = 9781894974691 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Morse | first = Kathryn Taylor | coauthor = | year = 2003 | title = The nature of gold : an environmental history of the Klondike gold rush | url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=6-UsZcFDDfkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 0295983299 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Porsild | first = Charlene | coauthor = | year = 1998 | title = Gamblers and dreamers: women, men, and community in the Klondike | url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=de4S9o3y6wQC&lpg=PA24&dq=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | isbn = 0774806508 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Tappan | first = Adney | coauthor = | year = 1994 | title = The Klondike stampede | url = http://books.google.ca/books?id=-33tYlV9T5sC&lpg=PR15&dq=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | publisher = University of British Columbia Press | isbn = 0774804890 | ref = harv }} {{refend| ref = harv }} ==External links== {{Commons category|Klondike Gold Rush}} {{Portal|Folklore}} * [http://www.archive.org/stream/klondikechicagor00chic#page/n5/mode/2up Klondike. The ''Chicago Record'''s book for gold seekers (1897)] (A guide meant for people thinking of going to Klondike during the rush) * [http://www.whitepinepictures.com/seeds/ii/14/sidebar.html Women of the Klondike] (About women, who joined the Klondike gold rush) * [http://www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/exhibits/klondike/ University of Washington Libraries Exhibit] (Text and photos about Klondike gold rush) * [http://content.lib.washington.edu/index.html University of Washington Libraries, Digital Collections] (Search engine for historical photos) * [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lac-bac/search/images Library and Archives Canada] (Image search in Library and Archives Canada) * [http://www.miningswindles.com/html/klondike_gold_rush.html Klondike Gold Rush] (Photos of the land trail between Skagway/Dyea and Yukon River) * [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displayPage=klondike/clips.cfm History Link] (Photos and newspaper article search engine) {{Canada History}} {{Alaska history footer|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Klondike Gold Rush| ]] [[Category:Canadian gold rushes]] [[Category:American gold rushes]] [[Category:History of Yukon]] [[Category:Mining in Yukon]] [[Category:Canadian folklore]] [[Category:Economic history of Canada]] [[Category:History of mining]] {{Link GA|de}} {{Link FA|eo}} [[ca:Febre de l'or de Klondike]] [[cs:Zlatá horečka na Klondiku]] [[da:Guldfeberen i Klondike]] [[de:Klondike-Goldrausch]] [[es:Fiebre del oro de Klondike]] [[eo:Alaska orimpetego]] [[fr:Ruée vers l'or du Klondike]] [[id:Demam Emas Klondike]] [[it:Corsa all'oro del Klondike]] [[hu:Klondike-i aranyláz]] [[nl:Goudkoorts van Klondike]] [[no:Klondike-gullrushet]] [[pl:Gorączka złota nad Klondike]] [[ro:Goana după aur din Klondike]] [[ru:Золотая лихорадка на Аляске]] [[simple:Klondike Gold Rush]] [[sk:Zlatá horúčka na Klondiku]] [[fi:Klondiken kultaryntäys]] [[sv:Guldrushen i Klondike]] [[uk:Клондайкська золота лихоманка]] [[zh:克朗代克淘金热]]'