Examine individual changes

'[[File:Kladderadatsch 1875 - Zwischen Berlin und Rom.png|thumb|300px|''Between Berlin and Rome'', [[Kladderadatsch]], 1875]] The [[German language|German]] term {{Audio|De-Kulturkampf.ogg|'''Kulturkampf'''}} (literally, "culture struggle") refers to German policies in relation to [[secularity]] and the influence of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of [[Prussia]], [[Otto von Bismarck]]. The Kulturkampf did not extend to the other German states such as [[Bavaria]]. negative @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@####$#$#$343433333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 The Catholic Church comprised one third of the population of Prussia. In the newly founded German Empire, Bismarck sought to appeal to liberals and Protestants by reducing the political and social influence of the Catholic Church. Priests and bishops who resisted the Kulturkampf were arrested or removed from their positions. By the height of [[anti-Catholic]] legislation, half of the Prussian bishops were in prison or in exile, a quarter of the parishes had no priest, half the monks and nuns had left Prussia, a third of the monasteries and convents were closed, 1800 parish priests were imprisoned or exiled, and thousands of laypeople were imprisoned for helping the priests.<ref name="books.google.com">Helmstadter, Richard J., [http://books.google.com/books?id=aw_1aaE0Fb4C&pg Freedom and religion in the nineteenth century], p. 19, Stanford Univ. Press 1997</ref> Bismark's program backfired, as it energized the Catholics to become a political force in the Centre party. With a new pope willing to negotiate, and with the loss of the anti-Catholic Liberals on other issues, Bismarck dropped the Kulturkampf. Bismarck then gained the Centre party support on most policy positions, especially his attacks against Socialism. ==Background== Prussia had greatly expanded and by 1871 included 16,000,000 Protestants, both Reformed and Lutheran, and 8,000,000 Catholics. They were generally segregated into their own worlds, living in rural districts or city neighborhoods that were overwhelmingly of the same religion, and sending their children to separate public schools where their religion was taught. There was little interaction or intermarriage. On the whole, the Protestants had a higher social status, and the Catholics were more likely to be peasant farmers or unskilled or semiskilled industrial workers. In 1870, the Catholics formed their own political party, the [[Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]], which generally supported unification and most of Bismarck's policies. However, Bismarck, a devout pietistic Protestant, distrusted parliamentary democracy in general and opposition parties in particular, especially when the Centre Party showed signs of gaining support among dissident elements such as the Polish Catholics in Silesia. A powerful intellectual force of the time was anti-Catholicism, led by the liberal intellectuals who formed a vital part of Bismarck's coalition. They saw the Catholic Church as a powerful force of reaction and anti-modernity, especially after the proclamation of papal infallibility in 1870, and the tightening control of the Vatican over the local bishops.<ref>Lamberti, (2001)</ref> The Kulturkampf launched by Bismarck in 1872 affected Prussia; although there were similar movements in Baden and Hesse the rest of Germany was not affected. According to the new imperial constitution, the states were in charge of religious and educational affairs; they funded the Protestant and Catholic schools. In July 1871 Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of ecclesiastical and educational affairs, depriving Catholics of their voice at the high highest level. The system of strict government supervision of schools was applied only in Catholic areas; the Protestant schools were left alone.<ref>Lamberti, (2001) p 177</ref> The Kulturkampf measures also targeted the Catholic Poles in Silesia.<ref name="Davies">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Norman Davies]] | coauthors = | title =God's Playground | year =1982 | publisher =[[Columbia University Press]] | location =New York | isbn =0-231-05353-3 }}</ref><ref name="Zamoyski">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Adam Zamoyski]] | title =The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture | year =1993 | publisher =Hippocrene Books | location = | isbn =0-7818-0200-8}}</ref><ref name="Milczarczyk">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Maciej Milczarczyk]] | coauthors =[[Andrzej Szolc]] | title =Historia; W imię wolności | year =1994 | editor = | pages =196–198 | publisher =[[WSiP]] | location =Warsaw | isbn =83-02-05454-2 }}</ref><ref name="Chwalba">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Andrzej Chwalba]] | title =Historia Polski 1795-1918 | year =2000 | page =671 | publisher =Wydawnictwo Literackie | location =Kraków | isbn =83-08-03053-X }}</ref><ref name="Szlanta">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author=Piotr Szlanta | title=Admirał Gopła | journal=Mówią wieki | year=2001 | volume=501 | issue=09/2001 | url=http://www.mowiawieki.pl/artykul.html?id_artykul=200 }}</ref><ref name="Catholic Insight">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author = | coauthors = | title =New Catholic Dictionary | year =1910 | editor = | pages = | chapter =Kulturkampf | chapterurl =http://www.catholic-forum.com/SAINTS/ncd04572.htm | publisher = | location = | id = | url =http://www.catholic-forum.com/SAINTS/indexncd.htm | accessdate = | quote=It was the distinguished Liberal politician and scientist, Professor Rudolph Virchow, who first called it the Kulturkampf, or struggle for civilization.}}</ref><ref name="Koschnick">{{en icon}} {{cite web | author=Leonore Koschnick, Agnete von Specht| year=2001| title=The Social Dimension: "Founders" and "Enemies of the Empire" | work=Bismarck: Prussia, Germany, and Europe | url=http://www.dhm.de/ENGLISH/ausstellungen/bismarck/169.htm | accessdate=2006-02-16 }}</ref> The Kulturkampf failed because the Catholics were unanimous in their resistance and organized themselves to fight back politically, using their strength in other states besides Prussia. There was no violence, but the new Catholic [[Centre Party (Germany)|Center Party]] became a major force in the Imperial Parliament. The culture war gave secularists and socialists an opportunity to attack all religions, an outcome that distressed the Protestants, including Bismarck, who was a devout pietistic Protestant.<ref name="Christopher Clark 2006 pp 568-576">Christopher Clark, ''Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947'' (2006) pp 568-576</ref> == Restrictions on Catholics == The 1871 ''[[Kanzelparagraph]]'' introduced a series of sanctions against Catholicism imposed by Bismarck throughout 1875. To characterize Bismarck's politics toward the Catholic Church, the pathologist and member of the parliament of the ''[[German Progress Party|Deutsche Fortschrittspartei]]'' (Progressive Liberals) [[Rudolf Virchow]] used the term ''Kulturkampf'' the first time on January 17, 1873 in the Prussian house of representatives.<ref name="Catholic Dict">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author = | coauthors = | title =New Catholic Dictionary | year =1910 | editor = | pages = | chapter =Kulturkampf | chapterurl =http://www.catholic-forum.com/SAINTS/ncd04572.htm | publisher = | location = | id = | url =http://www.catholic-forum.com/SAINTS/indexncd.htm | accessdate = | quote=It was the distinguished liberal politician and scientist, Professor Rudolph Virchow, who first called it the Kulturkampf, or struggle for civilization.}}</ref> Since this [[Group conflict|conflict]] brought him an ever growing political defeat, he moderated his struggle with the Catholic Church and in the wake of [[Pius IX]]'s death on February 7, 1878, reconciled with the new Pope, [[Leo XIII]], lifting some sanctions. The Kanzelparagraph remained in force until 1953, several religious orders like the Jesuits remained banned from the German Empire, confiscated properties were not returned, a ''de facto'' discrimination against the Catholic minority continued in Civil Service positions and [[civil marriage]] remained mandatory. Since the [[Protestant Reformation]], the German states were divided into [[Protestant]] states, chiefly in the north and [[Roman Catholic]] states, largely to the south. When the [[German Empire]] was founded in 1871, the bulk of the empire was constituted from the [[Prussia]]n-led Protestant states of the former [[North German Confederation]]. Catholic South German states also joined the empire, but they were outnumbered by Protestants as [[Austria]], the largest Catholic South German state, was excluded from the empire. Bismarck saw the addition of the southern states (especially Catholic [[Bavaria]]) as a possible threat to the Empire's stability. Tensions were also increased by the 1870 [[First Vatican Council|Vatican Council]] proclamation on [[papal infallibility]]. There were also significant Catholic populations in eastern parts of Germany (mainly [[Poles]]), the [[Rhineland]] and in [[Alsace-Lorraine]]. Moreover, Bismarck had deliberately formed the German Empire against interference from [[Austria]], a more powerful Catholic country than those previously mentioned. Among the measures taken to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church was the addition in 1871 of §&nbsp;130a to the German Criminal Code ''(Strafgesetzbuch)'', which threatened [[clergy]] who discussed [[politics]] from the [[pulpit]] with two years of [[prison]]; this article was dubbed the ''Kanzelparagraph'' (from the German ''Kanzel'' — "[[pulpit]]"). In March 1872 religious schools were forced to undergo official government inspection and in June religious [[teacher]]s were banned from government schools. In 1872, the [[Jesuits]] were banned (and remained banned in Germany until 1917) and in December the German government broke off diplomatic relations with the [[Holy See|Vatican]]. In addition, under the May Laws of 1873 administered by [[Adalbert Falk]], the state began to supervise the [[education]] of clergy closely, created a [[secular]] [[court]] for cases involving the clergy, and required notification of all clergy [[employment]]. The Papal encyclical [[Etsi multa]] of [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1873 claimed that [[Anticlericalism and Freemasonry|Freemasonry]] was the motivating force behind the Kulturkampf.<ref name="synagogue">"Some of you may perchance wonder that the war against the Catholic Church extends so widely. Indeed each of you knows well the nature, zeal, and intention of sects, whether called Masonic or some other name. When he compares them with the nature, purpose, and amplitude of the conflict waged nearly everywhere against the Church, he cannot doubt but that the present calamity must be attributed to their deceits and machinations for the most part. For from these the synagogue of Satan is formed which draws up its forces, advances its standards, and joins battle against the Church of Christ." Para 28, [http://www.ewtn.com/library/encyc/p9etsimu.htm Etsi Multa]</ref> The [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] also claims that the Kulturkampf was instigated by Masonic lodges.<ref name="KulturCE">"They also instigated the "Kulturkampf". The celebrated jurisconsult and Mason, [[Grandmaster Bluntschli]], was one of the foremost agitators in this conflict; he also stirred up the Swiss "Kulturkampf"." From [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09771a.htm Masonry (Freemasonry)] in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] and "German Freemasons fostered the Kulturkampf and helped further the dominance of the Prussian state." ''[http://www.trosch.org/bks/freemasonry.html Freemasonry]', ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1967 ed, Volume 6, p 135, McGraw-Hill, New York.</ref> On July 13, 1874 in the [[town]] of [[Bad Kissingen]] [[Eduard Kullmann]] attempted to [[assassinate]] Bismarck with a [[pistol]], but only hit his hand. Kullmann cited church laws as the reason why he had to shoot Bismarck. === May Laws === The “May Laws”, ''Maigesetze'', or [[Falk Laws]] of 1873 gave responsibility for the training and appointment of clergy to the state, which resulted in the closing of nearly half of the seminaries in Prussia by 1878. During the discussion of these laws, [[Rudolf Virchow]] first used the word "Kulturkampf."<ref>Norman Livergood, ''The Triumph of Civilization'', http://www.hermes-press.com/triumph_civ.htm</ref> === Congregations Law 1875 === The [[Congregations Law]] of 1875 abolished religious orders, stopped state subsidies to the Catholic Church, and removed religious protections from the Prussian constitution. In 1875, [[marriage]] became a mandatory ''[[Civil marriage|civil]]'' [[ceremony]], removed from the control of the Church. Many clerics resisted the laws and were imprisoned or removed from their positions by the state.<ref>[http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Kulturka Kulturkampf] Columbia Encyclopedia (on Yahoo),6th Ed. 2006</ref> Bismarck's attempts to restrict the power of the Catholic Church, represented in politics by the [[Catholic Centre Party]], were not entirely successful. In the 1874 elections, these forces doubled their [[Representation (politics)|representation]] in the parliament. Needing to counter the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]], Bismarck softened his stance, especially with the [[election]] of the new [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1878, and tried to justify his actions to the now numerous Catholic representatives by stating that the presence of [[Poles]] (who are predominantly Catholic) within German borders required that such measures be taken. The general ideological enthusiasm among the liberals for the Kulturkampf<ref name="PI1">"Liberals were the most enthusiastic champions of the general policy, because it satisfied a tradition of passionate anti-clericalism. It was, in fact, a [[Progressive party]] deputy in the Prussian [[legislature]] - the distinguished [[medical scientist]] and pioneer of [[public health]] methods, [[Rudolf Virchow]] - who coined the term "Kulturkampf" to describe the stakes. Virchow meant it as a term of praise, signifying the [[liberty|liberation]] of public life from [[sectarian]] impositions (though the term was later taken up by Catholic leaders in a spirit of bitter derision)." From [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n125/ai_18798593 A Supreme Court in the culture wars] by Jeremy Rabkin in the Fall edition of the Public Interest</ref> was in contrast to Bismarck's [[wikt:pragmatic|pragmatic]] attitude towards the measures<ref name="PI2">"Even Bismarck - who initially saw a variety of tactical political advantages in these measures - took pains to distance himself from the rigors of their enforcement." From [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n125/ai_18798593 A Supreme Court in the culture wars] by Jeremy Rabkin in the Fall edition of the Public Interest</ref> and growing disquiet from the Conservatives.<ref name="PI3">"Conservative political forces, centering on the old Prussian aristocracy, became increasingly critical of these measures, fearing that they would jeopardize the status of their own [[Protestant]] [[Evangelical Church]]."From [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0377/is_n125/ai_18798593 A Supreme Court in the culture wars] by Jeremy Rabkin in the Fall edition of the Public Interest</ref> Kulturkampf was hardly a success of Bismarck's government, despite temporary gains within the government itself.<ref name="Wandycz">{{en icon}} {{cite book | author =[[Piotr Stefan Wandycz]] | title =The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe | year =2001 | pages =185–186 | publisher =Routledge | location =London | isbn =0-415-25491-4 | url =http://books.google.com/?id=vdS_WBHGBcYC&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186&dq=Kulturkampf+isbn=0415254914}}</ref> === Germanisation of Poznan region === {{Main|Germanisation of Posen}} The Kulturkampf had a major impact on the regions of [[Prussia]] with a Polish population by instituting a policy of Germanisation of Poznan. ==Long term results== Nearly all German bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant in the face of heavier and heavier penalties and imprisonments in closed by Bismarck's government by 1876, all the Prussian bishops were imprisoned or in exile, and a third of the Catholic parishes were without a priest. In the face of systematic defiance, the Bismarck government increased the penalties and its attacks, and were challenged in 1875 when a papal encyclical declared the whole ecclesiastical legislation of Prussia was invalid, and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who obeyed. There was no violence, but the Catholics mobilized their support, set up numerous civic organizations, raised money to pay fines, and rallied behind their church and the Center Party. The government had set up a capital [[Old Catholic]] Church, which attracted only a few thousand members. Bismarck realized his Kulturkampf was a failure when secular and socialist elements used the opportunity to attack all religion. In the long run, the most significant result was the mobilization of the Catholic voters, and their insistence on protecting their church. In the elections of 1874, the Center party doubled its popular vote, and became the second-largest party in the national parliament—and remained a powerful force for the next 60 years, so that after Bismarck it became difficult to form a government without their support.<ref name="Christopher Clark 2006 pp 568-576"/><ref>Hajo Holborn, ''A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945'' (1969), 258-260</ref> == Origin and character of the Kulturkampf == In the decades before the Kulturkampf began, the 1850s and 1860s, there existed extensive and entrenched anti-Jesuit paranoia, [[anti-Catholicism]], anti-monasticism and [[anti-clericalism]].<ref>Gross, Michael B., [http://books.google.com/books?id=fnCzk2fI9Z4C&pg The War Against Catholicism], p. 11, Univ. of Michigan Press 2004</ref> Since 1848, the German states saw a resurgence of Catholic monastic life and a growth in the number of monasteries and convents.<ref>Gross, Michael B., [http://books.google.com/books?id=fnCzk2fI9Z4C&pg The War Against Catholicism], p. 128-129, Univ. of Michigan Press 2004</ref> German liberals monitored and tabulated a dramatic rise in the numbers and types of monasteries, convents and clerical religious, a fact which made for convenient propaganda, the monastic life being cast as the epitome of a backward Catholic medievalism.<ref>Gross, Michael B., [http://books.google.com/books?id=fnCzk2fI9Z4C&pg The War Against Catholicism], p. 129, Univ. of Michigan Press 2004</ref> Prussian authorities were particularly suspect of the spread of monastic life east and west into the Polish and French ethnic areas.<ref>Gross, Michael B., [http://books.google.com/books?id=fnCzk2fI9Z4C&pg The War Against Catholicism], p. 130, Univ. of Michigan Press 2004</ref> The Diocese of Cologne, for example, saw a tenfold increase of monks and nuns between 1850 and 1872, and other areas saw similar increases.<ref>Gross, Michael B., [http://books.google.com/books?id=fnCzk2fI9Z4C&pg The War Against Catholicism], p. 130-131, Univ. of Michigan Press 2004</ref> A wave of anti-Catholicism and anti-Catholic propaganda accompanied the Kulturkampf, accompanied by “outright hatred” by the liberals who considered Catholics the enemy of the modern German nation.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The Kulturkampf was not, however, a spontaneous popular occurrence, but “a campaign against the Catholic Church conducted through the law, with the police and bureaucracy as its principal agents”, the legality of which gave it its “sinister character”: <blockquote> Clergy arrested, humiliated, and marched through the streets by the police; house searches conducted by the police looking for evidence of disloyalty; the Catholic press suppressed; the civil service cleansed of Catholics; the Army used to disperse a Catholic crowd gathered to witness the appearance of the Virgin; nuns and monks and clergy fleeing the country; official support for popular harassment and intimidation of Catholics.<ref name="books.google.com"/> </blockquote> No one however was killed and few were injured, as Bismarck did not seek to extinguish Catholicism in his land, but rather sought to assimilate the Polish peasants and saw international Catholicism as an enemy of the "still fragile German Reich".<ref name="books.google.com"/> == Use of the term Kulturkampf or Culture War in the USA == The word '''Kulturkampf''' has also been used to refer to similar cultural conflicts in other times and places. In the [[United States]], the term '''[[culture war]]''' has been used by [[Patrick Buchanan]], among others, to describe an analogous conflict starting in the 1960s and continuing to the present between religious [[social conservative]]s and secular [[liberalism|social liberal]]s (Buchanan used the English "culture war," though in the context Buchanan used it, as a war between traditional morality and avant-garde liberalism, it clearly evoked memories of the earlier German experience). Coincidentally, Buchanan himself is descended from German Catholics on his mother's side. This theme of "culture war" was the basis of Buchanan's keynote speech at the [[1992 Republican National Convention]].<ref>[http://www.buchanan.org/pa-92-0817-rnc.html ]{{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> The term ''culture war'' had by 2004 become commonly used in the United States by both liberals and conservatives. However, Buchanan's opinions have no relevance to the actual Kulturkampf as it was conducted in Germany in the 1800s. Justice [[Antonin Scalia]] referenced the term in the Supreme Court case ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'', [[judicial citation|517 U.S. 620]] (1996), saying "The Court has mistaken a Kulturkampf for a fit of spite." The case concerned an amendment to the [[Colorado]] state constitution that prohibited any subdepartment from acting to protect individuals on the basis of sexual orientation. Scalia believed that the amendment was a valid move on the part of citizens who sought "recourse to a more general and hence more difficult level of political decision making than others." The majority disagreed, holding that the amendment violated the Equal Protection clause of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]]. ==See also== * [[Cultural hegemony]] * [[Culture war]] * [[Kirchenkampf]] ===German Empire=== * [[Otto von Bismarck]] * [[German Empire]] ===Austria=== * [[Away from Rome!]] ===Catholicism=== * [[Anti-Catholicism]] * [[Culture war]] * [[Liberalism in Germany]] * [[Papal Infallibility]] * [[Religion in Germany]] * [[Separation of church and state]] * [[Holy See – Germany relations]] * [[Ultramontanism]] ===Poland=== * [[History of Poland (1795–1918)]] * [[Anti-Polonism]] * [[Deutscher Ostmarkenverein]] * [[Drzymała's wagon]] * [[Germanization]] * [[Rota (Oath)|Rota]] * [[Settlement Commission]] ===USA=== * [[Culture war]] ==Notes== <!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php --> <div class="references-small"> <references/> ==Further reading== * Blackbourn, David. ''Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany'' (Oxford, 1993) * Gross, Michael B. ''The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany'' (2005) * Hope, Nicholas, "Prussian Protestantism," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. ''Modern Prussian History: 1830-1947'' (2001) pp.&nbsp;188–208 *Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866-1914," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. ''Modern Prussian History: 1830-1947'' (2001) pp.&nbsp;169–187 * Ronald J. Ross, ''The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871-1887'', (Washington, D.C., 1998) </div> ==External links== *{{CathEncy|wstitle=Kulturkampf}}, very long description *{{Cite NIE|year=1905|Kulturkampf}} *[http://members.aol.com/megxyz/heather.html “Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf”] long description *[http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/bisdom.htm Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890] Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin *[http://www.wlajournal.com/12_1/Boxwell.pdf Kulturkampf Now and Then] 13-paged essay in [[Portable Document Format|pdf]] by a Professor of the [[United States Air Force Academy]] *[http://h-net.org/~german/gtext/kaiserreich/windhorst.html Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873)] speech of [[Ludwig Windthorst]] following its analysis *[http://www.zum.de/psm/imperialismus/bismarck3e.php Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf] Speech in the Prussian House of Lords, March 10, 1873 * [http://www.litdok.de/cgi-bin/litdok?lang=en&t_multi=x&v_0=THS&q_0=kulturkampf+(1871-1887)%0F Kulturkampf: Bibliography by] LitDok East-Central Europe [[Herder-Institut (Marburg)]] {{Religious persecution|right}} [[Category:History of Catholicism in Germany]] [[Category:Anti-Catholicism in Germany]] [[Category:German Empire]] [[Category:Religion and politics]] [[Category:1870s]] [[Category:Human rights abuses]] [[Category:Religious persecution]] [[Category:19th-century Christianity]] [[Category:German words and phrases]] [[als:Kulturkampf]] [[be:Культуркампф]] [[bg:Културкампф]] [[cs:Kulturkampf]] [[da:Kulturkamp]] [[de:Kulturkampf]] [[es:Kulturkampf]] [[eo:Kulturbatalo]] [[fr:Kulturkampf]] [[hr:Kulturkampf]] [[id:Kulturkampf]] [[it:Kulturkampf]] [[li:Kulturkampf]] [[nl:Kulturkampf]] [[ja:文化闘争]] [[no:Kulturkampf]] [[pl:Kulturkampf]] [[pt:Kulturkampf]] [[ru:Культуркампф]] [[sl:Kulturni boj]] [[sr:Културкампф]] [[sv:Kulturkampf]] [[uk:Культуркампф]] [[wa:Kulturkampf]]'