Examine individual changes

'[[File:The Famous Bluenose.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bluenose]]]] [[Nova Scotia]] (also known as Mi'kma'kijjjjjjjjjjj and [[Acadia]]) no one cares is a Canadian [[Provinces of Canada|province]] located in [[Canada]]'s [[Maritimes]]. The region was initially occupied by your mom. During the first 150 years of European settlement, the colony was primarily made up of Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. This time period involved [[French and Indian Wars|four colonial wars]] between New England and New France as well as two local wars ([[Dummer's War]] and [[Father Le Loutre's War]]) before Britain defeated France in North America. Throughout these wars, Nova Scotia was the site of numerous battles, raids and skirmishes. The [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] happened in 1710. Just prior to the last colonial war - the [[French and Indian War]] - the capital was moved from [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia]] to the newly founded [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. After the colonial wars, [[New England Planters]] and [[Foreign Protestants]] settled Nova Scotia. After the [[American Revolution]], the colony was settled by Loyalists. During the nineteenth century, Nova Scotia became [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] in 1848 and joined the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867. This history of Nova Scotia includes the Canadian Maritime provinces, all of which were at one time part of Nova Scotia. In 1763 Cape Breton Island and St. John's Island (now [[Prince Edward Island]]) became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769, St. John's Island became a separate colony. Nova Scotia included present-day [[New Brunswick]] until that province was established in 1784.<ref>In 1765, the county of [[Sunbury County, Nova Scotia|Sunbury]] was created, and included the territory of present-day [[New Brunswick]] and eastern [[Maine]] as far as the Penobscot River.</ref> == your mom == The oldest evidence of humans in Nova Scotia indicates the [[Paleo Indians|Paleo-Indians]] were the first, approximately 11,000&nbsp;years ago. [[Archaic stage|Natives]] are believed to have been present in the area between 11,000 and 5,000&nbsp;years ago. [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]], the [[First Nations]] of the province and region, are their direct descendants. [[Image:The Mi'kmaq.png|thumb|right|200px|Mi'kmaq Territory]] The '''Mi'kmaq''' (previously spelled ''Micmac'' in English texts) are a First Nations people, indigenous to the [[Maritime Provinces]], the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] [[Quebec]] and northeastern [[New England]]. '''Míkmaw''' is the singular form of Mí'kmaq. In 1616 Father Biard believed the Mi'kmaq population to be in excess of 3,000. However, he remarked that, because of European diseases, including [[smallpox]] and alcoholism, there had been large population losses in the previous century. The Mi'kmaq were originally allies with other nearby Algonquian nations including the [[Abenaki]], forming the seven nation [[Wabanaki Confederacy|''Wabanaki'' Confederacy]], pronounced {{IPA-alg|wɑbɑnɑːɣɔdi|}}; this was later expanded to eight with the ceremonial addition of Great Britain at the time of the 1749 treaty. At the time of contact with the French (late 16th century) they were expanding from their Maritime base westward along the Gaspé Peninsula /St. Lawrence River at the expense of Iroquioian Mohawk tribes, hence the Mi'kmaq name for this peninsula, ''Gespedeg'' ("last-acquired"). They were amenable to limited French settlement in their midst. Between the loss of control of Acadia by France in the early 18th century and the deportation of the Acadians in the mid-eighteenth century an uneasy stalemate existed between the Mi’kmaq and English. With the complete loss by France during the Seven Years War of its North American territories, the Mi’kmaq lost their primary ally. The Mi’kmaq continued to suffer a population collapse and with the influx of Planters in the 1760s and Loyalists in the 1780s, soon found themselves overwhelmed. Later on the Mi'kmaq also settled Newfoundland as the unrelated [[Beothuk]] tribe became extinct. == Seventeenth Century == === Port Royal established === {{Main|Port Royal, Nova Scotia}} The first European settlement in Nova Scotia was established in 1605. The [[France|French]], led by [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts]] established the first capital for the colony [[Acadia]] at [[Port Royal, Nova Scotia|Port Royal]].<ref>Also, that same year, French fishermen established a settlement at [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]].</ref> Other than a few trading posts around the province, for the next seventy-five years, Port Royal was virtually the only European settlement in Nova Scotia. Port Royal (later renamed Annapolis Royal) remained the capital of Acadia and later Nova Scotia for almost 150 years, prior to the founding of Halifax in 1749. Approximately seventy-five years after Port Royal was founded, [[Acadians]] migrated from the capital and established what would become the other major Acadian settlements before the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]]: [[Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia|Grand Pré]], [[Isthmus of Chignecto|Chignecto]], [[Cobequid]] and [[Pisiguit]]. Until the poop [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]], the English made six attempts to conquer Acadia by defeating the capital. They finally defeated the French in the [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)]]. Over the following fifty years, the French and their allies made six unsuccessful military attempts to regain the capital.<ref>Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus Publishing, 2004</ref> === Scottish Colony === From 1629-1632, Nova Scotia briefly became a [[Scottish colonization of the Americas|Scottish colony]]. [[William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling|Sir William Alexander]] of [[Menstrie Castle]], [[Scotland]] claimed mainland Nova Scotia and settled at Port Royal, while Ochiltree claimed Ile Royale (present-day [[Cape Breton Island]]) and settled at [[Baleine, Nova Scotia]]. There were three battles between the Scottish and the French: the Raid on [[Saint John, New Brunswick|St. John]] (1632), the Siege of [[Baleine, Nova Scotia|Baleine]] (1629) as well as Siege of Cap de Sable (present-day [[Port La Tour, Nova Scotia]]) (1630). Nova Scotia was returned to France through a treaty.<ref>Nicholls, Andrew. A Fleeting Empire: Early Stuart Britain and the Merchant Adventures to Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2010.</ref> The French quickly defeated the Scottish at [[Baleine, Nova Scotia|Baleine]] and established settlements on Ile Royale at present day [[Englishtown, Nova Scotia|Englishtown]] (1629) and [[St. Peter's, Nova Scotia|St. Peter's]] (1630). These two settlements remained the only settlements on the island until they were abandoned by [[Nicolas Denys]] in 1659. Ile Royale then remained vacant for more than fifty years until the communities were re-established when [[Louisbourg]] was established in 1713. === Civil War === [[File:Madame La Tour Defending Fort St.Jean.jpg|thumb|right|Siege of [[Saint John, New Brunswick|St. John]] (1745) - d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia]] Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a [[civil war]] in Acadia (1640–1645). The war was between Port Royal, where Governor of Acadia [[Charles de Menou d'Aulnay]] de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], where Governor of Acadia. [[Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour]] was stationed.<ref>M. A. MacDonald, ''Fortune & La Tour: The civil war in Acadia'', Toronto: Methuen. 1983</ref> In the war, there were four major battles. la Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal in 1640.<ref>Brenda Dunn, p. 19</ref> In response to the attack, D'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five month blockade of La Tour's fort at Saint John, which La Tour eventually defeated (1643). La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in 1643. d'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John.<ref>Brenda Dunn. A History of Port Royal, Annapolis Royal: 1605-1800. Nimbus Publishing, 2004. p. 20</ref> After d'Aulnay died (1650), La Tour re-established himself in Acadia. === King William's War === There were four colonial wars - the [[French and Indian Wars]] - between [[New England]] and [[New France]] before the British defeated the French in North America. During these wars, Nova Scotia/ Acadia was on the border and experienced many military conflicts. The first colonial war was King William's War. During [[King William's War]], military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: [[Battle of Port Royal (1690)]]; [[Battle at Chedabucto (Guysborough)|Battle at Guysborough]]; a naval battle in the Bay of Fundy ([[Action of 14 July 1696]]); [[Raid on Chignecto (1696)]] and the [[Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696)]]. At the end of the war England returned the territory to France in the [[Treaty of Ryswick]]. == Eighteenth Century == === Queen Anne's War === The second colonial war was Queen Anne's War. During [[Queen Anne's War]], military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: [[Raid on Grand Pre]]; [[Siege of Port Royal (1707)]]; and the [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)]] and the [[Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)]]. During [[Queen Anne's War]], the [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] (1710) was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713. At this time the British Empire considered present-day New Brunwick as part of Nova Scotia. France retained possession of Île St Jean ([[Prince Edward Island]]) and Île Royale (Cape Breton Island), on which it established a fortress at [[Louisbourg]] to guard the sea approaches to Quebec. === Dummer's War === During the excalation that proceeded [[Dummer's War]] (1722–1725), Mi'kmaq raided the new fort at [[Canso, Nova Scotia]] (1720). Under potential siege, in May 1722, Lieutenant Governor [[John Doucett]] took 22 Mi'kmaq hostage at Annapolis Royal to prevent the capital from being attacked.<ref>Grenier, p. 56</ref> In July 1722 the [[Abenaki people|Abenaki]] and [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]] created a blockade of [[Annapolis Royal]], with the intent of starving the capital.<ref>Beamish Murdoch. History of Nova Scotia or Acadia, p. 399</ref> The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from present-day [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia|Yarmouth]] to [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]]. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the [[Bay of Fundy]]. [[Image:Samuel Scott - Action Between Nottingham And Mars 1746.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Duc d'Anville Expedition]]: ''Action between [[HMS Nottingham (1703)|HMS Nottingham]] and the Mars.'' ]] As a result of the escalating conflict, Massachusetts Governor [[Samuel Shute]] officially declared war on July 22, 1722.<ref>''A history of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie'', Volume 1, by Beamish Murdoch, p. 398</ref> The first battle of Dummer's War happened in the Nova Scotia theatre.<ref>The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Mi'kmaq-Maliseet War" by John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760''. University of Oklahoma Press. 2008.</ref> In response to the blockade of Annapolis Royal, at the end of July 1722, New England launched a campaign to end the blockade and retrieve over 86 New England prisoners taken by the natives. One of these operations resulted in the [[Battle at Winnepang (Jeddore Harbour)|Battle at Jeddore]].<ref>Beamish Murdoch. A history of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie, Volume 1, p. 399; Geoffery Plank, An Unsettled Conquest, p. 78</ref> The next was a raid on [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]] in 1723.<ref>Benjamin Church, p. 289; John Grenier, p. 62</ref> Then in July 1724 when a group of sixty Mikmaq and Maliseets raided [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia|Annapolis Royal]].<ref>Faragher, John Mack, A Great and Noble Scheme New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 164-165; Brenda Dunn, p. 123</ref> The treaty that ended the war marked a significant shift in European relations with the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet. For the first time a European Empire formally acknowledged that its domininion over Nova Scotia would have to be negotiated with the region's indigenous inhabitants. The treaty was invoked as recently as 1999 in the [[R. v. Marshall|Donald Marshall case]].<ref>William Wicken. Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial. 2002. pp. 72-72.</ref> === King Georges War === The third colonial war was King Georges War. During [[King Georges War]], military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: [[Raid on Canso]]; [[Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)]]; [[Siege of Port Toulouse]] (St. Peter's); the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)]]; the [[Duc d'Anville Expedition]] and the [[Battle of Grand Pré]]. During [[King Georges War]], fortress Louisbourg was [[Siege of Louisbourg (1745)|captured]] by [[American colonial forces]] in 1745, then returned by the British to France in 1748.<ref>John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press.2008</ref> === Halifax established === Despite the British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia|Shelburne]] (1715) and [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]] (1720). A generation later, [[Father Le Loutre's War]] began when [[Edward Cornwallis]] arrived to establish [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.<ref> The framework Father Le Loutre's War is developed by John Grenier in his books ''The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760''. (University of Oklahoma Press, 2008) and ''The first way of war: American war making on the frontier, 1607-1814'' (Cambridge University Press, 2005). He outlines his rational for naming these conflicts as Father Le Loutre's War; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7</ref> By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after [[Dummer's War]].<ref>Wicken, p. 181; Griffith, p. 390; Also see http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html</ref> The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax [[Citadel Hill (Fort George)|(Citadel Hill)]] (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1751), [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia|Lunenburg]] (1753) and [[Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia|Lawrencetown]] (1754).<ref>John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.'' Oklahoma University Press.</ref> There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these villages such as the [[Raid on Dartmouth (1751)]]. Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British also took firm control of peninsula Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor ([[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)|Fort Edward)]]; Grand Pre ([[Fort Vieux Logis]]) and Chignecto ([[Fort Lawrence]]). (A British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia]]. Cobequid remained without a fort.)<ref>John Grenier. ''The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760.'' Oklahoma University Press.</ref> There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these fortifications such as the [[Siege of Grand Pre]]. === French and Indian War === [[File:A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grymross, by Thomas Davies, 1758.JPG|300px|thumb|right|[[St. John River Campaign]]: Raid on Grimrose (present day [[Gagetown, New Brunswick]]). This is the only contemporaneous image of the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]]]] The forth and final colonial war was the [[French and Indian War]]. During the war, military conflicts in Nova Scotia included: [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour]]; [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)]]; the [[Battle of Petitcodiac]]; the [[Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1756)|Raid on Lunenburg (1756)]]; the [[Louisbourg Expedition (1757)]]; [[Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)]]; [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]], [[Petitcodiac River Campaign]], [[Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758)]], [[St. John River Campaign]], and [[Battle of Restigouche]].<ref>John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press.2008</ref> [[File:British burninng warship Prudent and capturing Bienfaisant. Siege of Louisbourg 1758. Maritime Museum of the Atlantic, M55.7.1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|[[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]]] The British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|Conquest of Acadia]] happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.<ref>John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710-1760. Oklahoma Press. 2008</ref> During the [[French and Indian War]], the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.<ref>Stephen E. Patterson. "Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction." Buckner, P, Campbell, G. and Frank, D. (eds). The Acadiensis Reader Vol 1: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998. pp.105-106.; Also see Stephen Patterson, Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples, p. 144.</ref> The British began the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]] with the [[Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)]]. Over the next nine years over 12,000 Acadians were removed from Nova Scotia.<ref>Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc (2005). ''Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: Nouvelles Perspectives Historiques'', Moncton: Université de Moncton, 465 pages ISBN 1897214022 (book in French and English). The Acadians were scattered across the Atlantic, in the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, Quebec, Britain and France. (See Jean-François Mouhot (2009) ''Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758-1785): L'Impossible Réintégration?'', Quebec, Septentrion, 456 p. ISBN 2894485131; Ernest Martin (1936) ''Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur établissement dans le Poitou'', Paris, Hachette, 1936). Very few eventually returned to Nova Scotia (See John Mack Faragher (2005). ''A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland'', New York: W.W. Norton, 562 pages ISBN 0-393-05135-8 [http://books.google.ca/books?id=dZiRciF_rbMC online excerpt]).</ref> During the various campaigns of the expulsion, the Acadian and Native resistance to the British intensified. The war ended and Britain had gained control over the entire Maritime region. === New England Planters === Between 1759 and 1768, about 8,000 [[New England Planters]] responded to Governor [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]]'s request for settlers from the New England colonies. === American Revolution === [[File:Bataille nav. de Luisbourg 1781.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Naval battle off Cape Breton]]]] Throughout the war, American [[privateers]] devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities. There were constant attacks by American privateers,<ref>[[Benjamin Franklin]] also engaged France in the war, which meant that many of the privateers were also from France.</ref> such as the [[Raid on Lunenburg (1782)]], numerous raids on [[Liverpool, Nova Scotia]] (October 1776, March 1777, September, 1777, May 1778, September 1780) and a raid on [[Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia]] (1781).<ref>Roger Marsters (2004). ''Bold Privateers: Terror, Plunder and Profit on Canada's Atlantic Coast" , p. 87-89.</ref> [[File:BriggObserveregagingtheJack29May1782HalifaxPublRDodd1Sept1784BerleyRobisonCollectionUSNavalAcademy.jpg|300px|thumb|left|[[Naval battle off Halifax]]]] American Privateers also raided [[Canso, Nova Scotia]] (1775). In 1779, American privateers returned to Canso and destroyed the fisheries, which were worth £50,000 a year to Britain.<ref>Lieutenant Governor Sir Richard Hughes stated in a dispatch to Lord Germaine that "rebel cruisers" made the attack.</ref> To guard against such attacks, the [[84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)]] was garrisoned at forts around the [[Atlantic Canada]]. [[Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)]] in [[Windsor, Nova Scotia]] was the Regiment's headquarters to prevent a possible American land assault on Halifax from the Bay of Fundy. There was an American attack on Nova Scotia by land, the [[Battle of Fort Cumberland]] followed by the [[Siege of Saint John (1777)]]. There was also rebellion from those within Nova Scotia: the [[Maugerville, New Brunswick|Maugerville Rebellion]] (1776) and the [[Miramichi, New Brunswick|Battle at Miramichi (1779)]]. During the war, American Privateers captured 225 vessels either leaving or arriving at Nova Scotia ports.<ref>Julian Gwyn. Frigates and Foremasts. University of British Columbia. 2003. p. 56</ref> In 1781, for example, as a result of the [[Franco-American alliance]] against [[Great Britain]], there was also [[Naval battle off Cape Breton|a naval engagement]] with a French fleet at [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]], near Spanish River, Cape Breton.<ref>Thomas B. Akins. (1895) History of Halifax. Dartmouth: Brook House Press.p. 82</ref> The British also captured numerous American Privateers such as in the [[naval battle off Halifax]]. The Royal Navy also used Halifax as a base from which to launch attacks on New England, such as the [[Battle of Machias (1777)]]. In 1784 the western, mainland portion of the colony was separated and became the province of [[New Brunswick]], and the territory in Maine entered the control of the newly independent American state of [[Massachusetts]]. [[Cape Breton Island]] became a separate colony in 1784 only to be returned to Nova Scotia in 1820. === Loyalists === As a result of the British defeat in the American Revolution, approximately 30,000 [[United Empire Loyalists]] (American Tories) left the thirteen colonies and settled in Nova Scotia. Of these 30,000, 14,000 went to present-day New Brunswick and 16,000 went to Nova Scotia. Approximately 3,000 of this group were [[Black Loyalist]]s.<ref>About a third of whom soon moved themselves to [[Sierra Leone]] in 1792 via the [[Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor]], becoming the [[Original Settlers (Freetown)|Original settlers]] of [[Freetown, Sierra Leone|Freetown]]. As well, Large numbers of [[Canadian Gaelic|Gaelic-speaking]] [[Highland Scots]] emigrated to Cape Breton and the western part of the mainland during the late 18th century and 19th century. In 1812 [[Sir Hector Maclean, 7th Baronet|Sir Hector Maclean]] (the [[Maclean Baronets|7th Baronet of Morvern]] and 23rd Chief of the [[Clan Maclean]]) emigrated to Pictou from [[Glensanda|Glensanda and Kingairloch]] in Scotland with almost the entire population of 500. Sir Hector is buried in the cemetery at Pictou.</ref> After the Revolution there was also migration of Loyalists out of Nova Scotia because of the hardships they experienced once they arrived. The [[Nova Scotian Settlers]] - approximately 1,192 - were [[African American]]s who migrated from [[Nova Scotia]] to [[Sierra Leone]] and founded [[Freetown]] (the second colony of Sierra Leone) in 1792. The majority of these black immigrants were among 3000 former slaves and free blacks known as [[Black Loyalists]]<ref>Schama, Simon, ''Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution'', Viking Canada (2005) p. 11</ref> who sought refuge with the British during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. == Nineteenth Century == === War of 1812 === [[Image:John_Christian_Schetky,_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_(c._1830).jpg|300px|thumb|right|War of 1812, Halifax, NS: [[HMS Shannon (1806)|HMS Shannon]] leading the captured American Frigate [[USS Chesapeake (1799)|USS Chesapeake]] into [[Halifax Harbour]] (1813)]] During the [[War of 1812]], Nova Scotia’s contribution to the war effort was communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to seize American vessels.<ref>John Boileau. Half-hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia, New England and the War of 1812. Halifax: Formac Publishing. 2005. p.53</ref> Three members of the community of [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia]] purchased a privateer schooner and named it ''Lunenburg'' on August 8, 1814.<ref>C.H.J.Snider, Under the Red Jack: privateers of the Maritime Provinces of Canada in the War of 1812 (London: Martin Hopkinson & Co. Ltd, 1928), 225-258 (see http://www.1812privateers.org/Ca/canada.htm#LG)</ref> The Nova Scotian privateer vessel captured seven American vessels. The [[Liverpool Packet]] from [[Liverpool, Nova Scotia]] was another Nova Scotia privateer vessel that caught over fifty ships in the war - the most of any privateer in Canada.<ref>John Boileau. 2005. Half-hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia: New England and the War of 1812. Formac Press</ref> The [[Sir John Sherbrooke (Halifax)]] was also very successful during the war, being the largest privateer on the Atlantic coast. [[File:Dalhousie College Halifax Canada 1871.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dalhousie University]], [[Grand Parade (Halifax)]] (est. 1818)]] Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia was the [[HMS Shannon (1806)|HMS Shannon]]'s led the captured American Frigate [[USS Chesapeake (1799)|USS Chesapeake]] into [[Halifax Harbour]] (1813). Many of the prisoners were kept at [[Deadman's Island, Halifax]].<ref>John Boileau. 2005. Half-hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia: New England and the War of 1812. Formac Press</ref> At the same time, there was the [[HMS Hogue (1811)|HMS Hogue's]] traumatic capture of the American Privateer [[Young Teazer]] off [[Chester, Nova Scotia]]. On Sept. 3, 1814 a British fleet from [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] began to lay siege to [[Maine]] to re-establish British title to Maine east of the [[Penobscot River]], an area the British had re-named "New Ireland". Carving off "New Ireland" from New England had been a goal of the British government and settlers of Nova Scotia ("New Scotland") since the American Revolution.<ref>Seymour, p. 10</ref> The British expedition involved 8 war-ships and 10 transports (carrying 3,500 British regulars) that were under the overall command of Sir [[John Coape Sherbrooke]], then Lt. Gov. of [[Nova Scotia]]. <ref>Tom Seymour, ''Tom Seymour's Maine: A Maine Anthology'' (2003), pp. 10-17</ref> On July 3, 1814, the expedition captured the coastal town of [[Castine, Maine]] and then went on to raid [[Belfast, Maine|Belfast]], [[Machias, Maine|Machias]], [[Eastport, Maine|Eastport]], [[Hampden, Maine|Hampden]] and [[Bangor, Maine|Bangor]](See [[Battle of Hampden]]). After the war, Maine was returned to America through the [[Treaty of Ghent]]. The British returned to Halifax and, with the spoils of war they had taken from Maine, they built [[Dalhousie University]] (established 1818).<ref>D.C. Harvey, "The Halifax–Castine expedition," ''Dalhousie Review'', 18 (1938–39): 207–13.</ref> The most famous soldier that was buried in Nova Scotia during the war was [[Robert Ross (British Army officer)]]. Ross was responsible for the [[Burning of Washington]], including the White House. The [[Black Refugee (War of 1812)|Black Refugees]] from the [[War of 1812]] were [[African American]] slaves who fought for the [[United Kingdom|British]] and were relocated to Nova Scotia. The Black Refugees were the second group of [[African Americans]], after the [[Black Loyalists]], to defect to the British side and be relocated to Nova Scotia. There was also migration out of the colony because of the hardships immigrants faced. Reverend [[Norman McLeod (minister)|Norman McLeod]] led a large group of approximately 800 Scottish residents from the [[St. Anns, Nova Scotia]] to [[Waipu, New Zealand]], during the 1850s. === Responsible government === Nova Scotia was the first colony in [[British North America]] and in the [[British Empire]] to achieve [[responsible government]] in January–February 1848 and become [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] through the efforts of [[Joseph Howe]].<ref>Beck, J. Murray. (1983) ''Joseph Howe: The Briton Becomes Canadian 1848–1873''. (v.2). Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0388-9</ref> (In 1758, Nova Scotia also became the first British colony to establish [[representative government]]. A feat that was later commemorated by erecting the [[Sir Sandford Fleming Park|Dingle Tower]] (1908).) <gallery> File:Nova Scotia stamp.jpg|Nova Scotia postage stamp (1851-1857). Printed in England. Also used in New Brunswick. File:NSwik-stamp8c1860.jpg|Nova Scotia stamp (issued 1860) </gallery> === American Civil War === [[File:Tallahassee Ship Drawing.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[CSS Tallahassee]]]] Thousands of Nova Scotians fought in the [[American Civil War]] (1861-1865), primarily for the [[Union (American Civil War)|North]]. <ref>Marquis, Greg. In Armageddon’s Shadow: The Civil War and Canada’s Maritime Provinces. McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1998.</ref> The British Empire (including Nova Scotia) was declared neutral in the struggle between the North and the South. As a result, Britain (and Nova Scotia) continued to trade with both the [[Confederate States of America|South]] and the North. Nova Scotia’s economy boomed during the civil war. To counter trade with the South, the North created a [[Union Blockade|naval blockade]]. This blockade created tension between Britain and the North. Many [[blockade runners]] made their way back and forth between Halifax and the South. Nova Scotia was the site of two international incidents during the war: the [[Chesapeake Affair]] and the escape from [[Halifax Harbour]] of Confederate [[John Taylor Wood]] on the [[CSS Tallahassee]].<ref>Marquis, Greg. In Armageddon’s Shadow: The Civil War and Canada’s Maritime Provinces. McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1998.</ref> The war left many fearful that the North might attempt to annex [[British North America]], particularly after the [[Fenian raids]] began. In response, volunteer regiments were raised across Nova Scotia. One of the main reasons why Britain sanctioned the creation of Canada (1867) was to avoid another possible conflict with America and to leave the defence of Nova Scotia to a Canadian Government.<ref>Marquis, Greg. In Armageddon’s Shadow: The Civil War and Canada’s Maritime Provinces. McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1998.</ref> === Anti-Confederation campaign === Pro-Confederate premier [[Charles Tupper]] led Nova Scotia into the [[Canadian Confederation]] on July 1, 1867, along with New Brunswick and the [[Province of Canada]]. The [[Anti-Confederation Party]] was led by [[Joseph Howe]]. Almost three months later, in the election of September 18, 1867, the Anti-Confederation Party, won 18 out of 19 federal seats, and 36 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature. A motion passed by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1868 refusing to recognise the legitimacy of Confederation has never been rescinded. With the great [[Hants County]] bi-election of 1869, Howe was successful in turning the province away from appealing confederation to simply seeking "better terms" within it.<ref>Beck, J. Murray. (1983) ''Joseph Howe: The Briton Becomes Canadian 1848–1873''. (v.2). Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0388-9</ref> Repeal, as anti-confederation became known, would rear its head again in the 1880s, and transform into the [[Maritime Rights Movement]] in the 1920s. Some [[Flag of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia flags]] flew at half mast on [[Dominion Day]] as late as that time. === Golden age of sail === [[Image:RMS Britannia 1840 paddlewheel.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[RMS Britannia Class|''Britannia'']] of 1840 (1150 GRT), the first [[Samuel Cunard]] liner built for the transatlantic service.]] Nova Scotia became a world leader in both building and owning wooden sailing ships in the second half of the century. Nova Scotia produced internationally recognized ship builders [[Donald McKay]] and [[William Dawson Lawrence]]. Notable ships included the [[barque]] [[Stag (barque)|''Stag'']], a clipper renowned for speed and the [[full rigged ship|ship]] [[William D. Lawrence (ship)|''William D. Lawrence'']], the largest wooden [[full rigged ship|ship]] ever built in Canada. The fame Nova Scotia achieved from sailors was assured when [[Joshua Slocum]] became the first man to sail single-handedly around the world (1895). This international attention continued into the following century with the many racing victories of the [[Bluenose]] schooner. Nova Scotia was also the birthplace and home of [[Samuel Cunard]], a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] shipping magnate, born at [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], who founded the [[Cunard Line]]. === North West Rebellion === The [[Halifax Provisional Battalion]] was a military unit from [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]], which was sent to fight in the [[North-West Rebellion]] in 1885. The battalion was under command of Lieut.-Colonel James J. Bremner and consisted of 168 non-commissioned officers and men of the [[The Princess Louise Fusiliers]], 100 of the [[The Halifax Rifles (RCAC)|63rd Battalion Rifles]], and 84 of the [[1st (Halifax-Dartmouth) Field Artillery Regiment, RCA|Halifax Garrison Artillery]], with 32 officers. The battalion left Halifax under orders for the North-West on Saturday, 11th April, 1885 and they stayed for almost three months.<ref> The history of the North-west rebellion of 1885: Comprising a full and ... By Charles Pelham Mulvany, Louis Riel, p. 410</ref> == Twentieth Century == === Second Boer War === [[File:BoerWarVictoryParade,BarringtonSt.HalifaxNovaScotiabyNotmanStudioNSARMNo1983-310Neg5691.jpg|thumb| Boer War Victory Parade, Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia]] During the [[Second Boer War]] (1899-1902), the First Contingent was composed of seven Companies from across Canada. The Nova Scotia Company (H) consisted of 125 men. (The total First Contingent was a total force of 1,019. Eventually over 8600 Canadians served.) The mobilization of the Contingent took place at Quebec. On October 30, 1899, the ship Sardinian sailed the troops for four weeks to Cape Town. The Boer War marked the first occasion in which large contingents of Nova Scotian troops served abroad (individual Nova Scotians had served in the Crimean War). The [[Battle of Paardeberg]] in February 1900 represented the second time Canadian soldiers saw battle abroad (the first being the Canadian involvement in the [[Nile Expedition]]). <ref>{{cite web|author=Canadian War Museum |year=2008|title=Battle of Paardeberg|url=http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battlepaardeberg_e.html|publisher=[[Canadian War Museum]]|accessdate=2008-05-10}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Canadians also saw action at the Battle of Faber's Put on 30 May 1900.<ref>{{cite web|author=Canadian War Museum |year=2008|title=Battle of Faber's Put|url=http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battlefabersput_e.html|publisher=[[Canadian War Museum]]|accessdate=2008-05-10}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> On 7 November 1900, the [[Royal Canadian Dragoons]] engaged the Boers in the [[Battle of Leliefontein]], where they saved British guns from capture during a retreat from the banks of the [[Komati River]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Canadian War Museum |year=2008|title=Battle of Leliefontein|url=http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/boer/battleleliefontein_e.html|publisher=[[Canadian War Museum]]|accessdate=2008-05-10}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Approximately 267 Canadians died in the War. 89 men were killed in action, 135 died of disease, and the remainder died of accident or injury. 252 were wounded. Of all the Canadians who died during the war, the most famous was the young Lt. [[Harold Lothrop Borden]] of [[Canning, Nova Scotia]]. Harold Borden's father was Sir [[Frederick W. Borden]], Canada's Minister of Militia who was a strong proponent of Canadian participation in the war.<ref>http://angloboerwarmuseum.com/Boer70g_hero7_borden1.html</ref> Another famous Nova Scotian casualty of the war was [[Charles Carroll Wood]], son of the renoun Confederate naval captain [[John Taylor Wood]] and the first Canadian to die in the war.<ref>John Bell. Confederate Seadog: John Taylor Wood in War and Exile. McFarland Publishers. 2002. p. 59</ref> ===First World War=== During [[World War I]], Halifax became a major international [[port]] and [[Navy|naval]] facility. The harbour became a major shipment point for war supplies, [[troop ship]]s to [[Europe]] from [[Canada]] and the [[United States]] and [[hospital ship]]s returning the wounded. These factors drove a major [[military]], [[Industrial sector|industrial]] and [[residential]] expansion of the city.<ref>''The Halifax Explosion and the Royal Canadian Navy'' John Armstrong, University of British Columbia Press, 2002, p.10-11.</ref> On Thursday, December 6, 1917, when the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, was devastated by [[Halifax Explosion|the huge detonation]] of a French cargo ship, fully loaded with wartime explosives, that had accidentally collided with a Norwegian ship in "The Narrows" section of the [[Halifax Harbour]]. Approximately 2,000 people (mostly Canadians) were killed by debris, fires, or collapsed buildings, and it is estimated that over 9,000 people were injured.<ref name=cbc>[http://www.cbc.ca/halifaxexplosion/he2_ruins/he2_ruins_explosion.html CBC - Halifax Explosion 1917]</ref> This is still the [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|world's largest man-made accidental explosion]].<ref name="Jay White 1994 p. 266">Jay White, "Exploding Myths: The Halifax Explosion in Historical Context", ''Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 explosion in Halifax'' Alan Ruffman and Colin D. Howell editors, Nimbus Publishing (1994), p. 266</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Nova Scotia}} *[[List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Nova Scotia]] *[[History of Acadia]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== {{main|Bibliography of Nova Scotia}} *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=UmGa73sExSIC&lpg=PP1&dq=History%20of%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true History of Nova Scotia, for Schools By Duncan Campbell] BiblioLife, 2009 ISBN 1115659804 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=pDg7hxoVz30C&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Quest%20of%20the%20Folk%3A%20Antimodernism%20and%20Cultural%20Selection%20in%20Twentieth-Century%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The quest of the folk : antimodernism and cultural selection in twentieth-century Nova Scotia BY Ian McKay] McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994 ISBN 0773511792 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Fwlt7N5UZwYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Conservative%20Reformer%201804-1848%3B%20The%20Briton%20Becomes%20Canadian%201848-1873&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Conservative reformer, 1804-1848 - v. 2. The Briton becomes Canadian BY Joseph Howe and J. Murray Beck] McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984 ISBN 0773504451 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=6LFOPGedtQ8C&lpg=PA485&dq=Workers%20and%20the%20State%20in%20Twentieth%20Century%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1754-2004: from imperial bastion to ...By Philip Girard, Jim Phillips] Society for Canadian Legal History, 2004 ISBN 0802080219 *[http://books.google.ca/books?id=2Vu5SZevt3MC&lpg=PP1&dq=Politics%20of%20Nova%20Scotia&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true Against the Grain: Foresters and Politics in Nova Scotia By Anders Sandberg, Peter Clancy] UBC Press, 2000 ISBN 0774807652 {{Subdivisions of Nova Scotia}} {{Canada History}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Nova Scotia}} [[Category:History of Nova Scotia| ]] [[Category:Conflicts in Nova Scotia]] [[fr:Histoire de la Nouvelle-Écosse]] [[pl:Historia Nowej Szkocji]] [[ru:История Новой Шотландии]]'